0TF-XXC fttfORX FILE
FI MAI. REPORT
STUDY OF HALOCARUON CONCENTRATIONS
IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS
for
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
July 7, 1977
Project 1505, Contract MA-6-99-2922-J
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RESEARCH DIVISION,
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STULJY OF HALOCARBON OJNCENTRATIONS
IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS
FINAL REPORT
Dave Harsch
Air Pollution Research Section
Chemical Engineering Departunent
Washington State University
PulIman, WA 99164
Contract No. WA 6-99-2922-J
Project Officer
Dr. Alan Carlin
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
401 M Street SW
West Tower, Room 615
Washington, DC 20460
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DISCLAIMER
The contents of" this report do not necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commerical products constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use.
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CONTENTS
Disclaimer ii
Contents iii
Abstract 1
Scope of Study 1
Experimental Methods 2
References 3
Table 1 4
Table 2 8
Table 3 9
Appendix A 10
i i i
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ABSTRACT
This report presents data on concentrations of halocarbons in air
samples collected in indoor environments and in the air that people breathe
in their everyday lives. Data indicating that the automobile is a possible
source of elevated levels of chloroform and methyl bromide in urban air are
also reported. The procedure for sample collection and analysis is briefly
described, and a listing of sampling locations and conditions is given.
SCOPE OF STUDY
During the fall of 1976, the Air Pollution Research section of the
Department of Chemical Engineering at Washington State University collected
82 air samples from urban environments, representing the air that people
breathe in their everyday lives. The samples were analyzed for all of the
following halocarbons: CCL2F2 (dichlorodi fluoromethane, F^)» CCIF2CCIF2
(dichlorotetrafluoroethane, F^), CHC^F (dichlorofluoromethane, F21), CCI3F
( fluorotrichloromethane, F^), CC^CC^F (trichlorotri fluoroethane, F^),
CHCI3 (chloroform), CH3CCI3 (methyl chloroform), CCI4 (carbon tetrachloride),
CHC1 =CC 12 (trichloroethylene), and CC^CC^ (tetrachloroethylene). Representative
samples were also analyzed for CH3CI (methyl chloride) and CH2C12 (dichloro-
methane). Additionally, certain of the outdoor samples containing automobile
exhaust were found to contain a peak which was identified as CH^Br (methyl
bromide). Reported below in Table 1 are all of the halocarbon data with the
exception of the methyl bromide concentration data, which is summarized In
Table 2. Table 3 presents a summary of chloroform concentration data in samples
of automobile exhaust and of urban air containing automobile exhaust. Appendix
A below gives detailed descriptions of these sampling locations and conditions.
Perhaps the most interesting data resulting from this study were the
elevated concentrations of chloroform and methyl bromide found in urban air
1
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samples containing traces of automobile exhaust. The rural location
(Pullman, Washington) and well-established background concentration data
for the two species precluded a marine source of these elevated concentra-
tions. The apparent source of the greuter-than-ambient levels of chloroform
and of methyl bromide was exhaust from the automobile. Subsequent collection
and analysis of automobile exhaust samples showed that gasoline engines not
equipped with catalytic converters contained part-per-bi11 ion levels of
these species, which could result in parts-per-tri11 ion levels in urban air
samples containing diluted exhaust. Two papers discussing these results
have been submitted for publication (1,2), and Dr. Alan Carlin of EPA's
Office of Research and Development in Washington, DC, has received copies of
both papers.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
A detailed description of sampling locations and conditions is given
in Appendix A below. Samples were collected by using a portable, 12-volt
pump (Metal Bellows Model MB-41) to flush and fill one liter stainless steel
sampling canisters Incorporating a flow-through design. Halocarbons and mettyl
bromide analyses were accomplished by isothermal GC/ECD, utilizing a method
very similar to that described in another EPA report (3). CH3CI and CHgClg
were analyzed by GC/MS in a manner described elsewhere (4). Quantification
was accomplished by comparison with an artificially-prepared halocarbon
standard gas mixture and by static dilution of commercially-prepared parts-
per-million level gas mixtures.
2
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REFERENCE. S
1. Harsch, 0. E. and R. A. Rasmussen, Identification of Methyl Bromide in
Urban Air. Submitted to Environmental Science and Technology, 1977 .
2. Harsch, 0. E., R. A. Rasmussen, and L). fMerotti, Identification of a
Potential Source of Chloroform in Urban Air. Submitted to Chemusphere.
1977 .
3. Cronn, 0. R., R. A. Rasmussen and E. Robinson, Report for Phase I of
EPA Grant No. RU804033-01. National Environmental Research Center,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
4. Cronn, 0. R. and 0. E. Harsch, Rapid Determination of Methyl Chloride
in Ambient Air Sample by GC/MS. Analytical Letters, 9, (11), 1015-1023,
November, 1976.
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TAB l£ 1
Sairole Source
D?ntis: Office
V.'aitir: 5oon
Dtr.tis: Chair
Loi;y of SuiIding
C-j Cleaners
Work Area
Courier
Solver,*. Storage Area
Fab-i; Store
Polyester Knits
"Blends"
Wools
Dan; Hall
Roon 202 PP.
" Ah
" " P?'
Dect, Store
Shoes
Kens' Clothes
Indies' Clothes
t
Hardware Store
Paint Section
Waxes, Cleaners
Check Out
INDOOR HAlOCARBOr; CONCENTRATIONS
All values parts per trillion (ppt)
ND - Not
Detected,
NA - Not
Analyzes,
AP - Ar.aly
tical Pro
bier:,, tr
- Trace
Peak
.
£onipo
una
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
S
1C
11
12
F12
F114
ch3ci
F21
F11
F113
ch2ci2
CHC13
CH.CCl,
3 3
cci4
C ut"
2 3
C2C14
4.600
322
NA
5,800
1,220
38
NA
101
530
142
850
53C
3,435
322
NA
tr
1, ICO
43
NA
98
885
140
8't 5
5c:
3,790
215
550
tr
900
18
145
95
780
142
6ZI
CC'z
305
ND
580
ND
151
28
300
110
24;
143
fis
1 .0 X
342
NO
NA
ND
154
44
NA
128
200
133
405
2.3 x
271
KO
NA
ND
151
44
RA
195
250
152
390
6,4 x
793
tr
m
638
523
71
NA
59
2,340
178
146
5,00C
757
tr
1,100
ND
523
73
3,760
52
2,300
184
161
6.SC5
740
ND
1,000
ND
534
66
NA
56
2,220
1 ?8
175
6,350
9,320
1,610
765
no
AP
200
480
790
710
600
935
AP
3,740
148
1,135
27
18s
100
MO''
134
744
544
850
AP
1,964
ND
£40
220
134
30C
52
491
162
7S
SC
823
ND
m
m
302
97
NA
89
234
132
55
40
589
ND
HA
ND
266
47
NA
58
194
132
31
NO
725
ND
800
M
350
44
2,350
58
1,943
132
82
l(D
17,730
ND
1,520
182
AP
3.820 26,000
231
9,375
183
8,320
AP
18,340
ND
NA
ND
20,820
3,550 NA
216
4,810
186
8.670
AP
18,300
ND
NA
ND
21,090
3,800 NA
208
4,755
180
8,260
5,070
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Sample Source
Urban Street Coire-
A'i Ear*:y
Lien: Traffic
Rush Hour
Radio & TV Repair
ne^a i r Area
Coofite-
Display Floor
Automobile Dealership
Snop
Di salay Floor
foe; Store
Produce Area
Cleaners
Frozen Food
la ur,¦jror.it
Wasr.ers
Dryers
Dry Cleaners
Apartrent
Cleaning Bathroon
Pi-i
After shower, etc.
Party
After seeking a Cigarette
Drive-In Restaurant
Dining Area, Inside
Food Pres. Area
Order Window, Inside
1
2
3
F12
F1U
CH3C1
1,352
3D
NA
366
ND
1,000
654
ND
750
10,732
245
4,000
10,620
N'D
NA
10.350
ND
NA
1 ,S60
ND
NA
5,650
ND
3,000
753,CD0
ND
1,200
£3,570
ND
HA
52,250
ND
NA
348
ND
570
338
ND
1.000
633
ND
NA
1,25,1
286
700
738
215
525
831
9G
NA
441, CCO
AP
NA
713
54
2,500
3,210
430
20.000
3,140
fiD
NA
3,160
ND
NA
3,190
ND
1,790
TABLE 1 Cont.
Peak H
Compound
4
5
6
7
21
F11
Fn 3
CH2C1.
HD
818
10
NA
ND
257
17
NA
ND
1,155
20
670
ND
190,160
6,920
300
NP
186,600
5,000
NA
NO
183,040
5,000
NA
ND
174
810
NA
273
303
97
7,160
ND
30,760
325
6,100
ND
30,140
272
NA
,090
30,020
283
NA
547
V.Z
89
SO
179
47
"A*
ND
AP
AP
NA
HD
1,410
52
800
ND
1,365
35
200
KD
920
44
NA
NO
162,100
AP
NA
180
476
31
390
ND
3,870
106
420
638
657
21
NA
NO
623
26
NA
ND
597
AP
5,740
9
10
11
1?
CH,CC13
CClc
C2HC13
C,C1
2eo
212
121
131
149
14?
3?
8;
906
137
'w
ND
1 323
1 *370
1,625
13-
201
209
24?
27;
1C2
134
624
A*
1,635
4,400
123
150
22
190
1C0
670
2,010
2,460
2,100
231
255
231
1.505
1,530
1,555
94 7
1, CC 5
.NO
790
805
714
150
146
140
103
67
111 /.cc
33.770
121,200
1,325
1,070
1,050
1,260
229
1,125
178
163
161
280
282
146
1,773
1,200
1,650
2,190
56
2,155
tr
32?
342
39:
Z\2
920
198
172
255
7,000
202
192
172
182
249
207
8
CnClj
6
20
K
37
44
41
15
33
647
733
641
67
49
49
134
49
43
61
46
59
300
297
271
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Sample Sojrce
1
2
3
F12
F114
CH3C1
Cocktail Lounae
Bsr
11,270
ND
900
Tabies
10.S90
ND
1,000
Beautv Parlor
Haiting Area
278,000
7,670
1,320
D^ers
293,00C
3,070
HA
Hair Stvlinc
Waiting Area
25,250
ND
NA
Chairs
27,560
ND
NA
Floor Covering Store
Carpet Storage
1,545
123
1,000
Solvent Snelves
5,130
ND
1,100
1i1e Area
1,800
ND
2,000
Autor-obi
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Sample Source
D* scount Store
Records 6 Ajtosotive
Plastic Wares
Shoes, Furniture
Restaurant
Tables, Booth
Coynter
Ki tchen
Kovie Theater
Lobby Before Show
"heater Before Show
LoiSy After Show
Theater After Show
Body Shoo
Paint Storage
Painting Soon
Offices, Classrosn
- Xerox Root,, Dana 148
Typing Room, Dana 152
Classroom, Dana 215
Air Terminal
Baggage/Ticket Area
Restaurant/Waiting
' Concourse
Boeing 727
First Class
Coach, Front
Coach, Rear
1
2
3
F12
F1K
CH3C1
1,100
ND
4,000
433
NO
1,500
443
HO
1,500
413
tr
1,450
367
ND
NA
733
ND
NA
2,430
ND
900
2,530
110
700
1,130
27C
1,130
1,240
320
2,500
1,770
NO
525
1,955
NO ¦
NA
542
ND
760
372
7
905
3,020
ND
650
1.1 CO
236
1,240
2,450
344
1,405
1,620
172
1,400
518
40
750
475
54
1,260
905
54
1,000
TABLE 1 Cont.
Peak *
Compound
4
5
6
7
8
5
10
n
1?
21
F11
F113
CH2C12
CHC1.
J
CH3CCI3
CC1£
C,HC1,
c 3
cr.,
c <-
700
850
308
14,000
25
1,400
386
14,800
343
130
324
34
NA
19
496
238
4,530
37
ND
304
43
NA
22
43S
256
4,030
146
ND
46S
14
380
14
171
143
3?
6C
25C
339
33
NA
36
17!
143
27
5e
700
1,190
55
NA
150
1,070
144
255
1
2S
ND
693
42
850
37
349
155
55=
1,810
ND
787
33
89"
29
294
156
605
2,740
ND
379
f!D
525
81
222
156
155
640
180
159
20
525
78
222
191
255
720
no
1,100
40
570
27
452
154
37
SI
ND
1,61C
32
NA
16
192
162
48
107
,000
291
36
DC
104
11,100
233
2,410
9,nsc-
180
236
43
160
35
314
211
1,315
632
NO
462
AP
185
190
684
326
1,640
125
180
1,175
33
190
29
396
152
64
67C
360
2,930
45
730
55
745
153
106
640
tr
1,600
45
135
78
1,690
152
75
755
ND
882
320
340
47
280
210
680
AP
ND
1,010
180
160
24
555
125
170
8,350
ND
2,250
240
110
38
580
122
47
5,440
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TAliLE 2
Concentrations of Methyl dromide in Urban Air,
Auto Exhaust, Marine Air, and Rural Air Samples
Date Sample description C^Ur.ppt
9/13/76 Street corner, moderate traffic, 10 mph wind < 10
9/13/76 Same, heavy traffic < 10
10/1/76 Auto exhaust, leaded fuel, 1972 Rambler 55,000
10/1/76 Auto exhaust, nonleaded fuel, 1975 Ford Pinto < 1,000
11/6/76 Street corner, light traffic, calm, early
morning with heavy inversion 220
11/6/76 Same, heavy traffic, slight breeze 150
11/16/76 Street corner, light traffic, 5 mph wind < 10
11/16/76 Same, heavy traffic 185
11/16/76 Auto exhaust, leaded fuel, 1972 Rambler 18,000
11/16/76 Auto exhaust, nonleaded, 19/5 Ford Pinto 1,300
March
1976 Marine air, Alpha-Helix cruise off Ecuador coast up to 10*
Mar-June
1976 Marine air, Lear Jet flights over Pacific Ocean up to 10*
1976 Rural air (Klemgard), eastern Washington State 0.5 - 1.0
*Variable due to probable sample degradation
a
A I
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TAULE J
Concentrations of Chloroform in Urban Air,
Auto Exhaust, and Rural Air Samples
Date Sample Description CHC^.ppt
9/13/76 Urban air, light traffic 20
9/13/76 Urban air, heavy traffic, moderate breeze 14
9/17/76 Urban air, early morning 8
9/29/76 1972 Rambler exhaust 5,600
9/29/76 1975 Pinto exhaust 66
11/9/76 Urban air, moderate traffic 19
11/9/76 Urban air, heavy traffic 26
11/16/76 1972 Rambler exhaust 6,800
11/16/76 1975 Pinto exhaust 91
11/16/76 Urban air, heavy traffic, no breeze 88
1976 Rural air eastern Washington State 9
NOTE; The 1975 Pinto was equipped with a catalytic converter; the 1972
Rambler was not.
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APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTIONS AND LOCATIONS OK INDOOR ENVIRONMENT SAMPLES
Unless otherwise noted, all samples were taken in Pullman, Washington.
Sampling dates are given and weather conditions are noted when they may have
affected the samples. Fall weather in Pullman is generally fair with light
o o
winds, daytime highs of 70-80 F., and lows of 30-40 F. In most instances,
three samples were taken at each location. Samples were generally taken at
a height of 4-5 feet from the floor. Floors described as "tiled" with no
other explanation were covered with standard, square asphalt-type floor tiles.
The order of the locations given below is the same as that in Table 1.
The sampling locations are, in some cases, quite vague to preserve the anonymity
of the business establishment. Each business establishment was sent a form
letter describing the sampling program and thanking them for their cooperation.
The letter included concentration data for the samples which had been collected
in their particular establishment.
In general, CH3CI and CH2C12 were not analyzed in these initial three samples
because the GC/MS was not available. A special sample was taken in most
business places on 9/23-25/76, at one of the three original sample locations,
for these analyses.
10
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Dentist Office
Sampled on 9/2/76. The office is located in a two-story professional building
which is about 10 years old. Tarring of the roof of the building was in progess,
but there was no noticeable odor inside. lite building's air conditioner was on.
The waiting room had a shag carpet, and the dentist's chair area had a linoleum
floor and a strong, characteristic "dentist" smell. The lobby of the building
was also shag-carpeted and a slight tar odor was noticed.
Dry Cleaners
Sampled on 9/2/76 on a warm afternoon, about 1.5 hours after the last dry cleaning
machine had been used. The building was wel1-venti1ated with a "swamp cooler"
and fan mounted in the ceiling. There were racks of cleaned garments hanging
near the counter area. The work area sample was taken near the pressing tables.
The solvent storage sample was taken in an area to the rear of the building near
the dry cleaning machines, with several drums of solvent and many smaller cans
and bottles of solvents visible. The building is approximately 10-20 years old.
Fabic Store
Sampled on 9/9/76 on a warm, sunny morning with little wind. The entire store
was carpeted with a short-pile carpet and it is more than 30 years old. Bolts of
fabric were piled on display tables, sorted according to fabric type. A small
room air conditioner mounted over the front door was not in operation. One of
the salespersons mentioned that there are occasionally complaints of eye
irritation from customers, especially in the polyester section. Samples were
taken in the polyester (double knit) section, the "blends" section, and in the
woolen fabric section near the zippers and thread displays.
Dana Hall
Sampled on 7/18/76 (p.m.), 7/19/76 (a.m.), and 9/1/76 (p.m.) on very warm days.
Parts of Dana Hall are air-conditioned but Room 202 itself is not. A small fan
11
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provided some ventilation from an open window. Room 2U2 is the Air Pollution
Research GC/ECD analytical laboratory and contains desk space and three gas
chromatographs. [)ana Hall is the Engineering building at Washington State
University and contains offices, shops, a rid laboratories for the College of
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Air Pollution Research, and
the Department of Materials Science. It was built in 1946. Floors in most of
the rooms are tile; floors in the hallways are synthetic stone.
Department Store
Sampled on 8/31/76 on a very hot, calm afternoon. The two-story building con-
tains a shoe department and clothing store on the first floor and a fabric store
on the second floor. Building air conditioning was on. The shoe department had
a tile floor, and there was a noticeable breeze from an overhead air-conditioning
vent near the shoe display where a sample was taken. The men's section had a
shag carpet and the sample was taken near a leather coat rack. Ladies' clothing
was shag-carpeted and the sample was taken near the dressing rooms. The second-
story fabric department was not sampled. The building is more than 30 years old.
Hardware Store
Sampled on 8/31/76 on a very hot afternoon. A building air-conditioning unit was
on, and the entire store had a linoleum floor. The paint section contained shelves
of paint and spray cans. The second sample location was in an aisle containing
car and floor waxes, household cleaners, and plastic housewares. The third
location was near the checkout counters at the front of the store. The store Is
more than 3U years of age.
Urban Street Corner
The early morning sample was taken at 7 a.m. on 9/17/76 on a clear, calm morning.
The sampling location was at the corner of Main and Grand Streets. Samples of
12
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air during light traffic and rush hour conditions were taken at the same location
on 9/13/76 on a clear, warm afternoon with a moderate breeze.
Radio and TV Repair
Sampled on 9/9/76 near mid-day on a warm, sunny day. The door at the rear of the
repair area was open and the room was well-ventilated. The repair area had a
wooden floor. The owner indicated that "freons" are used to clean certain contact
points in electronic equipment in the repair area. The counter area is located between
the repair area and the display floor, and the entire front area of the establish-
ment has a linoleum floor. The building is not air-conditioned. The sample of air
in the display area was taken in the vicinity of the stereo speaker and TV console
display models. The building is more than 30 years of age.
Automobile Dealership
Sampled on the afternoon of 9/9/76. The building is less than 1CJ years old and
contains a display area and service shop. The display area is air-conditioned,
and the shop was well-ventilated by air moving through large doors at both ends
of the building. The shop was sampled in an empty service bay with undercoating
of an automobile in progress nearby, utilizing a compressed air, spray-type system
emitting noticeable odors. The display area contained several new automobiles
and is shag-carpeted, and the sample was taken near the door of a sales office.
Food Store
Sampled on the evening of 9/9/76. The store is approximately 10 years old and air-
conditioned, with tile floors. Samples were taken midway between the front and
rear of the store in the produce aisle, an aisle containing household cleaners
and detergents, and in the frozen food section. The produce and frozen food aisles
were noticeably cooler than the rest of the store. A conversation with a manager
later revealed that there had been recent refrigeration leaks in the produce cooler
sy s tern.
13
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Laundromat
Sampled on the evening of 9/9/76. The area has linoleum floors and no air con-
ditioning. Self-service dry cleaning equipment is located in the same bulding,
but it was not in service for the entire summer and fall. The building is more than
30 years of age and had contained a dry cleaning establishment which had closed
approximately a year earlier and was vacant. Samples were taken in the vicinity of
an operating clothes washer, in the clothes dryer section, and in the area containing
the self-service dry cleaning equipment. Moving ventilation air could be felt in
the washer section.
Apartment
The apartment was a small, two-room apartment in one part of the basement of a
house which had been converted to an apartment house, with four apartments on
the two upper floors. There is no air conditioning, but the apartment contains
a small refrigerator. The apartment house is more than 30 years of age. The
p.m. sample was taken on 9/9/76 in the evening after the apartment had been
closed and unoccupied all day. The bathroom sink was then cleaned with a scouring
powder (Ajax) and the toilet bowl with a crystal cleaner (Vanish), and the bath-
room air was sampled. The a.m. sample was taken on the morning of 9/10/76. After
a shower was taken and a shave cream (Foamy) and an aersol deodorant (Sure) were
used, another sample was taken. The apartment was again sampled on the evening of
9/28/76 after a single cigarette had been smoked in the apartment. The party sample
was taken in another apartment located on the ground floor of a three-story six-plex
apartment house between 10 and 20 years of age. A party was in progress in the
living room, which was well ventilated, but an odor of cigarette smoke was noticeable
in the room.
14
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Drive-in Restaurant
A fast-food drive-in with a dining area, built less than two years ago, was sampled
on 9/13/76. The dining area was air conditioned; the food preparation area was
not. The floors were linoleum. Samples were taken in the dining area, in the food
preparation area, and in a corner of the dining area near the order window.
Cocktail Lounge
A small cocktail lounge in a recently remodeled restaurant was sampled on 9/13/76.
Building air conditioning was in operation, and samples were taken in the drink
preparation area and near a table in the lounge. The floor was shag-carpeted.
Beauty Parlor
Sampled on the morning of 9/14/76; a cool, sunny day. Air conditioning was in
operation. The waiting area is shag-carpeted; the dryer area has linoleum floor-
ing. The high CH2C12 value in the waiting area was confirmed by a total-ion mass
scan with the GC/MS system. The building is 10-20 years old and is highly decorated.
Hai r Sty 1i nq
Sampled on the morning of 9/14/76. A room-sized air conditioner mounted above the
door was not in operation. Aerosol cans of hair care products were on display.
The waiting area is shag-carpeted; the chair or work area has linoleum flooring.
The building is small and was recently remodeled but is at least 30 years old.
Floor Covering Store
Sampled on the morning of 9/14/76. The store is more than 30 years old. The
rear door of the store was open and there was a cool breeze blowing into the
store. There were two smokers in the area at the time of sampling. Samples
were taken in the area where rolls of carpet were stored, in the area where tile
and linoleum were kept and displayed, and near the shelves of paste and solvent.
There is no air conditioner in the store. The flooring material was both carpet
and linoleum.
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Automobi1e
The new 1976 Ford was sampled on 9/9/7b while sitting inside a building and with
the engine off. The 1972 Rambler station wagon was sampled on 9/13/76 as it sat
in a parking lot. The windows had been shut all day and the sun had shone on
1t. The Rambler was then started for'5 minutes with the heater .on and a sample
was collected while driving. A 1975 Pinto was sampled as it sat parked along a
street in a quiet residential neighborhood. Its window had been shut all day
and 1t had sat in alternate shade and sun during the day. A 1973 Dodge station
wagon was sampled on 9/17/76 after it had sat in a closed garage all day. It
was then started, backed out of the garage, run for 5 minutes with the air
conditioner on, and sampled once again. The exhausts from the 1972 Rambler and
the 1975 Pinto were sampled on 9/29/76 after they had each been started, idled
for 5 minutes, and the warin-up idle had been disengaged. Other exhaust samples
were taken on 10/1/76 and 11/16/76 for CH^Br and CHCI3 analyses. The 1972
Rambler burned conventional "leaded" gasoline and did not have a catalytic
converter. The 1975 Pinto operated on "non-leaded" gasoline and was equipped
with a catalytic converter.
Drug and Variety Store
Sampled on 9/4/76, a cool, sunr\y day. The store is more than 3U years old and
is carpeted with indoor/outdoor carpet, and the building's air conditioning unit
was operating. Samples were taken in the gift (cards and candles) area, near the
drug prescription and photo counters, and in the area of the cosmetics displays.
Pi scount Store
This store is located in Moscow, Idaho, 8 miles east of Pullman, Washington. It
was sampled on 9/17/76, a cool and partly cloudy morning. The store is 20-30
years old, has tiled floors, and had outside air flowing through the ventilation
system but no air conditioning. Samples were taken in the automotive/hardware/
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stereo records area, in the foam and plastic-wares section, and in the shoe/furni-
ture area.
Restaurant
This establishment ib also located in Muscow", Idaho, and was sampled on 9/17/76.
The dining area is carpeted, but the food preparation area and the counter area
are tiled with small, ceramic, in-laid tile. Samples were taken in the booth/
table area,behind the counter, and in a corner of the kitchen near the walk-in
freezer. The restaurant is about 2 years old.
Movie Theater
Sampled the evening of 9/17/76 at 6:30 p.m. (before the first show) and 11 p.m.
(after the second show). The theater is more than 3U years of age and has venti-
lation fans but no air conditioning. The lobby is carpeted and the theater section
has concrete floors. The theater had been closed and ventilation turned off all
day. Samples were taken in the lobby and in the theater section before the theater
opened and then after the patrons had exited the last show. The theater was poorly
attended; less than 1/4 full. There was an odor of cigarette smoke in the theater
after the showings.
Body Shop
Sampled on the morning of 9/17/76, a cool and partly cloudy day. Windows and a rear
door were open and there was good ventilation. The shop is located on the second
floor of an auto dealership and service area. Samples were taken near the paint
storage shelves and in a closed and unoccupied painting room. There was no paint-
ing or other activity in progress at the time of the sampling.
Offices. Classroom
Three rooms in Dana Hall (see description of Dana Hall above) were sampled on
9/17/76. The "xerox" room contained two copiers which were being used at the
time. The typing area which was sampled had been recently remodeled and had
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