United States kS^laMIjk Environmental Protection ^J^iniiil m11 Agency EPA/690/R-11/013F Final 3-31-2011 Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorobenzene (CASRN 1073-06-9) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 ------- AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS CHEMICAL MANAGER: Chris Cubbison, PhD National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH This document was externally peer-reviewed under contract to: Eastern Research Group, Inc. 110 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421-3136 Questions regarding the contents of this document may be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300). l ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS iii BACKGROUND 4 HISTORY 4 DISCLAIMERS 4 QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVS 5 REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA (CANCER AND NONCANCER) 6 DERIVATION 01 PROVISIONAL VALUES 8 CANCER WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR 8 MODE-OF-ACTION DISCUSSION 8 li ------- COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS BMC benchmark concentration BMD benchmark dose BMCL benchmark concentration lower bound 95% confidence interval BMDL benchmark dose lower bound 95% confidence interval HEC human equivalent concentration HED human equivalent dose IUR inhalation unit risk LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level LOAELadj LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration LOAELhec LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human NOAEL no-ob served-adverse-effect level NOAELadj NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration NOAELhec NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human NOEL no-ob served-effect level OSF oral slope factor p-IUR provisional inhalation unit risk p-OSF provisional oral slope factor p-RfC provisional reference concentration (inhalation) p-RfD provisional reference dose (oral) POD point of departure RfC reference concentration (inhalation) RfD reference dose (oral) UF uncertainty factor UFa animal-to-human uncertainty factor UFC composite uncertainty factor UFd incomplete-to-complete database uncertainty factor UFh interhuman uncertainty factor UFl LOAEL-to-NOAEL uncertainty factor UFS subchronic-to-chronic uncertainty factor WOE weight of evidence 111 ------- Final 3-31-2011 PROVISIONAL PEER-REVIEWED TOXICITY VALUES FOR l-BROMO-3-FLUOROBENZENE (CASRN 1073-06-9) BACKGROUND HISTORY On December 5, 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) revised its hierarchy of human health toxicity values for Superfund risk assessments, establishing the following three tiers as the new hierarchy: 1) EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) 2) Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs) used in EPA's Superfund Program 3) Other (peer-reviewed) toxicity values, including ~ Minimal Risk Levels produced by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); ~ California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) values; and ~ EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Table (HEAST) values. A PPRTV is defined as a toxicity value derived for use in the Superfund Program when such a value is not available in EPA's IRIS. PPRTVs are developed according to a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and are derived after a review of the relevant scientific literature using the same methods, sources of data, and Agency guidance for value derivation generally used by the EPA IRIS Program. All provisional toxicity values receive internal review by a panel of six EPA scientists and external peer review by three independently selected scientific experts. PPRTVs differ from IRIS values in that PPRTVs do not receive the multiprogram consensus review provided for IRIS values. This is because IRIS values are generally intended to be used in all EPA programs, while PPRTVs are developed specifically for the Superfund Program. Because new information becomes available and scientific methods improve over time, PPRTVs are reviewed on a 5-year basis and updated into the active database. Once an IRIS value for a specific chemical becomes available for Agency review, the analogous PPRTV for that same chemical is retired. It should also be noted that some PPRTV documents conclude that a PPRTV cannot be derived based on inadequate data. DISCLAIMERS Users of this document should first check to see if any IRIS values exist for the chemical of concern before proceeding to use a PPRTV. If no IRIS value is available, staff in the regional Superfund and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) program offices are advised to carefully review the information provided in this document to ensure that the PPRTVs used are appropriate for the types of exposures and circumstances at the Superfund site or RCRA facility in question. PPRTVs are periodically updated; therefore, users should ensure that the values contained in the PPRTV are current at the time of use. 4 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- Final 3-31-2011 It is important to remember that a provisional value alone tells very little about the adverse effects of a chemical or the quality of evidence on which the value is based. Therefore, users are strongly encouraged to read the entire PPRTV document and understand the strengths and limitations of the derived provisional values. PPRTVs are developed by the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center for OSRTI. Other EPA programs or external parties who may choose of their own initiative to use these PPRTVs are advised that Superfund resources will not generally be used to respond to challenges of PPRTVs used in a context outside of the Superfund Program. QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVS Questions regarding the contents of the PPRTVs and their appropriate use (e.g., on chemicals not covered, or whether chemicals have pending IRIS toxicity values) may be directed to the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300), or OSRTI. INTRODUCTION No information could be found regarding the production or use of l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. This chemical belongs to the halogenated benzene class of compounds. Table 1 provides the available physicochemical properties for 1-bromo- 3-fluorobenzene. Table 1. Physicochemical Properties Table for l-Bromo-3-Fluorobenzenea Property (unit) Value Boiling point (°C) 150 Molecular weight (g/mol) 174.998363 Vapor pressure (mmHg at 25°C) 2.840 Atmospheric OH rate constant (cm3/molecule-sec at 25°C) 1.54 x 10~12 Solubility in water (mg/L at 25°C) 378 log P (octanol-water) 2.92 Henry's Law constant (atm-m3/mol at 25°C) 2.50 x 10~3 aChemIDPlus Lite; http://chem. sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.j sp No Reference Dose (RfD), Reference Concentration (RfC), or cancer assessment for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene is included in the IRIS database (U.S. EPA, 201 lb) or on the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories List (U.S. EPA, 2009). No RfD or RfC values are reported in the HEAST (U.S. EPA, 201 la). The Chemical Assessments and Related Activities (CARA) list (U.S. EPA, 1994) does not include a Health and Environmental Effects Profile (HEEP) (U.S. EPA, 1987) for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. The toxicity of l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene has not been reviewed by the ATSDR (2011) or the World Health 5 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- Final 3-31-2011 Organization (WHO, 2011). CalEPA (2008, 2009a,b) has not derived toxicity values for exposure to l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. No occupational exposure limits for 1-bromo- 3-fluorobenzene have been derived by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, 2011), the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 2005), or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 2011). The HEAST (U.S. EPA, 201 la) has not reported an EPA (1986) cancer weight-of-evidence classification for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene and has not derived any toxicity values. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2011) has not reviewed the carcinogenic potential of l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. l-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene is not included in the 11th Report on Carcinogens (NTP, 2005a). CalEPA (2009c,d) has not prepared a quantitative estimate of carcinogenic potential for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. Literature searches were conducted on sources published from 1900 through March 2011 for studies relevant to the derivation of provisional toxicity values for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene, CAS No. 1073-06-9. Searches were conducted using EPA's Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO) evergreen database of scientific literature. HERO searches the following databases: AGRICOLA; American Chemical Society; BioOne; Cochrane Library; DOE: Energy Information Administration, Information Bridge, and Energy Citations Database; EBSCO: Academic Search Complete; GeoRef Preview; GPO: Government Printing Office; Informaworld; IngentaConnect; J-STAGE: Japan Science & Technology; JSTOR: Mathematics & Statistics and Life Sciences; NSCEP/NEPIS (EPA publications available through the National Service Center for Environmental Publications [NSCEP] and National Environmental Publications Internet Site [NEPIS] database); PubMed: MEDLINE and CANCERLIT databases; SAGE; Science Direct; Scirus; Scitopia; SpringerLink; TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network): ANEUPL, CCRIS, ChemlDplus, CIS, CRISP, DART, EMIC, EPIDEM, ETICBACK, FEDRIP, GENE-TOX, HAPAB, HEEP, HMTC, HSDB, IRIS, ITER, LactMed, Multi-Database Search, NIOSH, NTIS, PESTAB, PPBIB, RISKLINE, TRI, and TSCATS; Virtual Health Library; Web of Science (searches Current Content database among others); World Health Organization; and Worldwide Science. The following databases outside of HERO were searched for risk assessment values: ACGIH, AT SDR, CalEPA, EPA IRIS, EPA HEAST, EPA HEEP, EPA OW, EPA TSCATS/TSCATS2, NIOSH, NTP, OSHA, and RTECS. REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA (CANCER AND NONCANCER) The literature search revealed no human or animal studies (acute-, short-term-, subchronic-, or chronic-duration) for development of toxicity values for 1-bromo- 3-fluorobenzene (see Table 2). A toxicological study review, conducted by the NTP, was similarly unproductive (NTP, 2005b). 6 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- Final 3-31-2011 Table 2. Summary of Potentially Relevant Data for l-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene (CASRN 1073-06-9) Notes3 Category Number of Male/Female, Species, Study Type, Study Duration Dosimetryb Critical Effects NOAELb BMDL/ BMCLb LOAELb Reference Comments0 Human 1. Oral (mg/kg-day)b None 2. Inhalation (mg/m ) None Animal 1. Oral (mg/kg-day)b None 2. Inhalation (mg/m ) None aNotes: IRIS = utilized by IRIS, date of last update; PS = principal study, NPR = not peer reviewed, N/A= not applicable. ''Dosimetry: NOAEL, BMDL/BMCL, and LOAEL values are converted to adjusted daily dose, human equivalent dose (HED in mg/kg-day) or human equivalent concentration (HEC in mg/m3) units. All exposure values of long-term exposure (4 weeks and longer) are converted from a discontinuous to a continuous (weekly) exposure. Values for inhalation (cancer and noncancer) and oral (cancer only) are further converted to an HEC/HED. Values from animal developmental studies are not adjusted to a continuous exposure. 1 7 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- Final 3-31-2011 DERIVATION OF PROVISIONAL VALUES Limitations in the available data preclude development of both cancer and noncancer toxicity values for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. CANCER WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR Limitations in the available data preclude development of a WOE descriptor for 1-bromo- 3-fluorobenzene. MODE-OF-ACTION DISCUSSION Limitations in the available data preclude determination of a mode-of-action discussion for l-bromo-3-fluorobenzene. REFERENCES ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). (2011) Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH. As cited in HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank). Available online at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen7HSDB. Accessed on 03/29/2011. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (2011) Toxicological profile information sheet. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp. Accessed on 03/29/2011. CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2008) All OEHHA acute, 8-hour and chronic reference exposure levels (chRELs) as of December 18, 2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA. Available online at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/allrels.html. Accessed on March 29, 2011. 595416. CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2009a) OEHHA/ARB approved chronic reference exposure levels and target organs. Office of Environmental Health Hazard, Sacramento, CA. Available online at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/healthval/chronic.pdf. Accessed on November 15, 2010. CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2009b) OEHHA toxicity criteria database. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA. Available online at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/ChemicalDB/index.asp. Accessed on March, 29, 2011. 8 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- Final 3-31-2011 CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2009c) Hot spots unit risk and cancer potency values. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA. Available online at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot_spots/pdf/CPFs042909.pdf. Accessed on March 29, 2011. CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2009d) Hot spots unit risk and cancer potency values. Appendix A. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California, CA. Available online at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot_spots/2009/AppendixA.pdf. Accessed on March 29, 2011. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (2011) IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Available online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php. Accessed on 03/29/11. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). (2005) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Index by CASRN. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgdcas.html. Accessed on 03/29/11. NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2005a) 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC. Available online at http://ntp- server.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=32BA9724-FlF6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932 Accessed on 03/29/11. NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2005b) 4-Bromofluorobenzene [CAS No. 460-00-4], Review of toxicological literature. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC. Available online at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/4-BFB.pdf OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). (2011) Air contaminants: occupational safety and health standards for shipyard employment, subpart Z, toxic and hazardous substances. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC. OSHA Standard 1915.1000. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=102 86. Accessed on 03/29/11. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1986) Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Prepared by the Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1987) Health and Environmental Effects Profiles. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (1994) Chemical assessments and related activities (CARA). Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-94/904. Available online at nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=6000lG8L.txt 9 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- Final 3-31-2011 U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2009) 2009 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Office of Water, Washington, DC; EPA 822-R-06-013. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/drinking/standards/dwstandards2009.pdf. Accessed 03/29/11. U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (201 la) Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). Prepared by the Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati OH for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC; EPA 540-R-97-036. Available online at http://epa-heast.ornl.gov/. Accessed 03/29/11. U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (201 lb) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/iris/. Accessed on 03/29/11. WHO (World Health Organization). (2011) Online catalogs for the Environmental Health Criteria Series. Available online at http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/ehc/en/. Accessed on 03/29/11. 10 1 -Bromo-3 -fluorob enzene ------- |