Fast Facts from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2017


Electricity
	ii ti^i ir
Agriculture
Commercial
Residential
Transportation
Industry
2017 Total Emissions
2016-2017 Change
1990-2017 Change
To learn more about the inventory, visit
www.epa.aov/qhqemissions/inventorv-us-qreenhouse-qas-emissions-and-sinks. or
explore the data at www3.epa.qov/dimatechanqe/qhqemissions/inventorvexplorer.
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Percentages may not add to 100% due to independent rounding and the way the inventory quantifies U.S. territories (not shown) as a separate sector.
Nitrous Oxide (N20)
Fluorinated Gases
Methane (CH4)
Carbon Dioxide (C02)
6,457 million metric tons of CO, equivalent
total emissions
total emissions
C02 emissions from
fossil fuel combustion:
C02 removals by forests
and other lands:
CO, emissions
CO emissions
C02 emissions from fossil
fuel combustion
Commissions from fossil
fuel combustion
of total emissions
of total emissions

-------
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Gas
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT C02 Equivalents)
8,000-
7,000-
6,000-
5,000-
4,000-
3,000-
2,000-
1,000-
l HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3
I Methane
Nitrous Oxide
I Carbon Dioxide
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions/Sinks
by Chapter/IPCC Sector
8,000 -
7,000-
¦	Waste ¦ Industrial Processes ¦ Agriculture
¦	Energy ¦ Land Use, Land-Use Change,
and Forestry (sinks)
o- 6,000-
LU
O 5,000-
0
_ 4,000-
1	3,000-
2,000-
1,000-
0-


1 1 1 1 1

-1,000-1
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
2017 U.S.CO2 Emissions
from Fossil Fuel Combustion by
Fuel Type and End-Use Sector
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
2,000
1,600-
1,200-
800-
400
0
Relative Contribution
by Fuel Type
I

233
294
41


/
/
/
U32
¦ "I
~
/
V «/

Note: Electricity generation also includes emissions of less than 0.5 Tg CO, Eq. from
geothermal-based electricity generation.
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Allocated to Economic Sectors
1 Residential 1 Commercial ¦ Agriculture
Industry ¦ Electric Power Industry ¦ Transportation
000 -
000-
000 -
000 -
Note: Does not include U.S. territories.
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
with Electricity Distributed to
Economic Sectors
I Agriculture
I Transportation
I Residential
Industry
Commercial
o
o
s
s
DUO —
DUO —
Note: Does not include U.S. territories.
* Additional sources that do not exceed 0.05 MMT CO, Eq. in all listed years:
CO,: Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells, Magnesium Production and Processing.
CH4: Ferroalloy Production, Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption, Iron and
Steel Production and Metallurgical Coke Production, Incineration of Waste.
N20: Natural Gas Systems, Petroleum Systems.
PFCs: Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances.
+ Does not exceed 0.05 MMT CO, Eq.
1:1 Emissions from Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumption are not included
specifically in summing energy sector totals.Net carbon fluxes from changes in
biogenic carbon reservoirs are accounted for in the estimates for land use, land-use
change, and forestry.
b Emissions from international bunker fuels are not included in totals.
LULUCF emissions of CH4and N ,0 are reported separately from gross emissions
totals.
d Total gross emissions exclude the land use, land-use change, and forestry category.
Net emissions include this category.
Notes: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding.
Gas/Source*
1990
2005
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
O
O
5,121.2
6,130.6
5,522.9
5,572.1
5,423.0
5,306.7
5,270.7 1
Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,738.8
5,744.8
5,157.4 5,199.3 5,047.1 4,961.9 4,912.0
Transportation
1,469.1
1,857.0
1,682.7
1,721.6
1,734.0
1,779.0
1,800.6
Electric Power Sector l ,820.0
2,400.0
2,038.3 2,037.1 1,900.6 1,808.9 1,732.0
Industrial
857.5
853.4
840.0
819.6
807.9
807.6
810.7
Residential 338.2
357.9
329.3 346.8 317.8 292.9 294.5
Commercial
226.5
226.8
224.6
232.9
245.5
232.1
232.9
U.S. Territories 27.6
49.7
42.5 41.4 41.4 41.4 41.4
Non-Energy Use of Fuels
119.6
139.6
123.5
119.9
126.9
113.7
123.2
Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical Coke Production 101.6
68.2
53.5 58.4 47.8 42.3 41.8
Cement Production
33.5
46.2
36.4
39.4
39.9
39.4
40.3
Petrochemical Production 21.2
26.8
26.4 26.5 28.1 28.1 28.2
Natural Gas Systems
30.0
22.6
25.1
25.5
25.1
25.5
26.3
Petroleum Systems 9.0
11.6
25.1 29.6 31.7 22.2 23.3
Ammonia Production
13.0
9.2
9.5
9.4
10.6
10.8
13.2
Lime Production 11.7
14.6
14.0 14.2 13.3 12.9 13.1
Incineration of Waste
8.0
12.5
10.3
10.4
10.7
10.8
10.8
Other Process Uses of Carbonates 6.3
7.6
11.5 13.0 12.2 11.0 10.1
Urea Fertilization
2.4
3.5
4.4
4.5
4.7
4.9
5.1
Urea Consumption for Non-Agricultural Purposes 3.8
3.7
4.6 1.8 4.6 5.1 5.0
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
1.5
1.4
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
Liming 4.7
4.3
3.9 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.2
Ferroalloy Production
2.2
1.4
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.8
2.0
Soda Ash Production 1.4
1.7
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
Titanium Dioxide Production
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
-
Glass Production 1.5
1.9
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3
Aluminum Production
6.8
4.1
3.3
2.8
2.8
1.3
1.2
Phosphoric Acid Production 1.5
1.3
1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Zinc Production
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
Lead Production 0.5
0.6
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumptiona 219.4
230.7
315.5 323.2 317.7 317.2 322.2
International Bunker Fuelsb
103.5
113.1
99.8
103.4
110.9
116.6
120.1
CH.C
4
779.8
691.4
663.0
662.1
661.4
654.9
656.3
Enteric Fermentation
164.2
168.9
165.5
164.2
166.5
171.9
175.4
Natural Gas Systems 193.1
171.4
165.6 165.1 167.2 165.7 165.6
Landfills
179.6
131.4
112.9
112.5
111.2
108.0
107.7
Manure Management 37.1
53.7
58.1 57.8 60.9 61.5 61.7
Coal Mining
96.5
64.1
64.6
64.6
61.2
53.8
55.7
Petroleum Systems 42.1
36.7
41.6 42.1 39.5 38.2 37.7
Wastewater Treatment
15.3
15.4
14.3
14.3
14.5
14.2
14.2
Rice Cultivation 16.0
16.7
11.5 12.7 12.3 13.7 11.3
Stationary Combustion
8.6
7.8
8.7
8.9
8.5
7.9
7.8
Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells 6.6
6.9
7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 6.9
Abandoned Underground Coal Mines
7.2
6.6
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.7
6.4
Mobile Combustion 12.9
9.6
4.5 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.2
Composting
0.4
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
Petrochemical Production 0.2
0.1
co
o
CM
o
CM
o
o
o
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
International Bunker Fuels1, 0.2
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
N2Oc
370.3
375.8
365.4
362.7
374.1
364.5
360.5
Agricultural Soil Management 251.7
254.5
265.2 262.3 277.8 267.6 266.4
Stationary Combustion
25.1
34.3
32.7
33.0
30.6
30.1
28.6
Manure Management 14.0
16.5
17.4 17.4 17.6 18.2 18.7
Mobile Combustion
42.0
39.0
22.1
20.2
18.8
17.9
16.9
Nitric Acid Production 12.1
11.3
10.7 10.9 11.6 10.1 9.3
AdipicAcid Production
15.2
7.1
3.9
5.4
4.3
7.0
7.4
Wastewater Treatment 3.4
4.4
co
bo
>0
cn
o
N20 from Product Uses
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Composting 0.3
1.7
1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Caprolactam, Glyoxal.and Glyoxylic Acid Production 1.7
2.1
o
csi
p
csi
p
csi
p
csi
Incineration of Waste 0.5
0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Semiconductor Manufacture
+
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues +
0.1
o
p
p
p
p
International Bunker Fuelsb
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3
99.7
141.3
158.9
163.1
165.3
166.2
169.1
HFCs
46.6
122.3
146.1
150.7
153.8
155.0
158.3
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances 0.3
102.1
141.7 145.2 149.2 151.7 152.7
HCFC-22 Production 46.1
20.0
CM
LO
CO
csi
cq
-^r
o
LO
-^r
Semiconductor Manufacture 0.2
0.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
Magnesium Production and Processing
+
+
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
PFCs
24.3
6.7
5.9
5.6
5.1
4.4
4.1
Semiconductor Manufacture
2.8
3.2
2.9 3.1
3.1 3.0 3.0
Aluminum Production 21.5
3.4
-^r
p
csi
LO
csi
o
co
SF«
28.8
11.8
6.3
6.3
5.8
6.3
6.1
Electrical Transmission and Distribution 23.1
8.3
4.4 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.3
Magnesium Production and Processing 5.2
2.7
1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1
Semiconductor Manufacture
0.5
0.7
o
p
p
o
>0
p
nf3
+
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
Semiconductor Manufacture
+
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
Total Emissions'1
6,371.
0
7,339.
B
6,710.2
m
6,623.8
6,492.3
6,456.7
LULUCF Emissions 7.8
16.0
17.5 17.7 28.3 15.5 15.5
LULUCF CH4 Emissions 5.0
9.0
9.9 10.1 16.5 8.8 8.8
LULUCF N,0 Emissions 2.8
7.0
7.6 7.7 11.8 6.7 6.7
LULUCF Carbon Stock Change (814.8)
(756.1)
(731.0) (687.8) (739.4) (738.1) (729.6)
LULUCF Sector Net Total (807.0)
(740.0)
(713.5) (670.0) (711.1) (722.6) (714.1)
Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks)
5,564.
o
6,599.
0

-------
HHI&lfrl .-A : -u-
Global Warming Potentials (100-Year Time Horizon)
Gas
GWP
CO,
1
ch4
25
n2q
298
HFC-23
14,800
HFC-32
675
HFC-43-10mee
1,640
HFC-125
3,500
HFC-134a
1,430
HFC-143a
4,470
HFC-152a
124
PiFC-227ea
3,220
HFC-236fa
9,810
cf4
7,390

12,200
¦
8,830
8ft,
8,860

10,300

9,160
I",
9,300
sf6
22,800
NF„
17,200
Global warming potential (GWP) is defined
as the cumulative radiative forcing effects of
a gas over a specified time horizon resulting
from the emission of a unit mass of gas
relative to a reference gas. The GWP-weighted
emissions of direct greenhouse gases in
the U.S. Inventory are presented in terms of
equivalent emissions of carbon dioxide (CO.,),
using units of million metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalents (MMT CGt, Eq.).
Conversion:
1 million metric tons = 106 metric tons = 105 kg.
The molecular weight of carbon is 12, and the
molecular weight of oxygen is 16; therefore,
the molecular weight of CO;-, is 44 (i.e., 12
+ [16 x 2]), as compared to 12 for carbon
alone.Thus, the weight ratio of carbon to
carbon dioxide is 12/44.
Conversion from gigagrams of gas to million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:
/ Gg \	/ MMT \
MMT C0,Eq. = (0f gasj x (GWP) x ^ooo Ggj
Source:
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)

n
a
'sm
Ss".
—
,* * r.-

mm
Energy Units
Btu
British thermal unit
1 Btu
MBtu
Thousand Btu
1 ;x 10s Btu
MMBtu
Million Btu
1 x 106 Btu
BBtu
Billion Btu
1 x TO9 Btu
TBtu
Triilion Btu
1 x 1 (F Btu
QBtu
Quadrillion Btu
1 x 10W Btu

For more information on calculating C02 emissions per kWh, download eGRID
data at www.epa.aov/enerav/egrid.
For other related information, see www.eDa.aov/ahaemissions and
https://unfccc.int.
Carbon Information
Conversion Factors to Energy Units and Carbon Contents by Fuel Type
The values in this table provide conversion factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents.
These factors can be used as default factors, if local data are not available.
Fuel Type
Heat Content
Carbon (C) Content
Coefficients
Carbon Dioxide (CO,) per Physical Unit
Solid Fuels
Million Btu/MetricTon
kg C/Million Btu
kg C02/Metric Ton
Anthracite Coal
24.88
28.28
2,579.9
Bituminous Coal
26.33
25.40
2,452.2
Sub-bituminous Coal
18.89
26.20
1,814.7
Lignite
14.19
26.67
1,387.6
Coke
23.69
31.00
2,692.8
Unspecified Coal
27.59
25.34
2,563.4
Gas Fuels
Btu/Cubic Foot
kg C/Million Btu
kg C02/Cubic Foot
Natural Gas
1,036
14.43
0.0548
Liquid Fuels
Million Btu/Petroleum Barrel
kg C/Million Btu
kg COj/Petroleum Barrel
Motor Gasoline
5.06
19.46
361.0
Distillate Fuel Oil
5.83
20.17
431.2
Residual Fuel Oil
6.29
20.48
472.3
Jet Fuel
5.67
19.70
409.6
Aviation Gasoline
5.05
18.86
349.2
LPG
3.55
16.83
219.1
Kerosene
5.67
19.96
415.0
Still Gas
6.00
18.20
400.4
Petroleum Coke
6.02
27.85
614.7
Peritanes Plus
4.62
19.1
323.6
Unfinished Oils
5.83
20.31
434.2
Note: For fuels with variable heat contents and carbon content coefficients, this table presents 2017 U.S. average values. All factors are presented in gross
calorific values (GCV) (i.e., higher heating values). LPG = liquefied petroleum gases.
Unit Conversions
t
1 pound
= 0.454 kilograms
= 16 ounces

1 kilogram
= 2.205 pounds
= 35,27 ounces

1 short ton
= 0.9072 metric tons
= 2,000 pounds

1 cubic foot
= 0.02832 cubic meters
= 28.3168 liters

1 cubic meter
= 35.315 cubic feet
= 1,000 liters

1 U.S. gallon
= 3.78541 liters
= 0.03175 barrels
= 0.02381 barrels petroleum
1 liter
= 0.2642 U.S. gallons
= 0.0084 barrels
= 0.0063 barrels petroleum
1 barrel
= 31.5 U.S. gallons
= 119 liters
= 0.75 barrels petroleum
1 barrel petroleum
= 42 U.S. gallons
= 159 liters

1 mile
= 1 609 kilometers
= 5,280 feet

1 kilometer
= 0.6214 miles
= 3,280.84 feet

1 square mile
= 2.590 square kilometers
= 640 acres

1 square kilometer
= 0.386 square miles
= 100 hectares

1 acre
= 43,560 square feet
= 0.4047 hectares
= 4,047 square meters

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