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Definition of a Hazardous Waste
(U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH
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DEFINITION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE
EPA/600/D-S6/018
January 1086
Piibo-1
Ronald D. Hill
Di rector
Land Pollution Control Division
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
HAZARDOUS HASTE ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45268

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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recomnendation for use.
ii

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FOREWORD
Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial
products and practices frequently carry with then the increased generation of
solid and hazardous wastes. These materials, if improperly dealt with, can
threaten both public health and the environment. Abandoned waste sites and
accidental releases of toxic and hazardous substances to the environment also
have important environmental and public health istipl ications. The Hazardous
Waste Engineering Research Laboratory assists in providing an authoritative and.
defensible engineering basis for assessing arid solving these problems. Its
products support the policies, programs, and regulations of the Environmental
Protection Agency, the permitting and other responsibilities of State and local
governments, and the needs of both large and small business in handling their
wastes responsibly and economically.
This paper describes EPA's current authority and regulations for defining
hazardous waste and its minifest system. In addition, a brief review is made
of European definitions of hazardous waste. The report was developed as a
resource document: for a joint USEPA/Spain Seminar on the Treatment and Disposal
of Hazardous Waste to be held in Spain in May 1986,
William A. Cawley, Acting Director
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
ill

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ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated regulation
establishing the criteria and characteristics of hazardous waste. The criteria
established include the following factors: (1) the waste is associated with an
identified waste stream or contains constituents which ore identified in listings
in the Federal Register; (2) the waste exhibits characteristics of hazardous
waste as identified by a series of analytical tests; (3) the wastes are designated
as Acute Hazardous Haste by toxicity tests. The analytical tests relate to
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure tests. The
toxicity tests relate to oral and dermal ID 50 tests. The European Economic
Community (EEC) countries have established a list of Toxic and Dangerous Waste
but ecah EEC country has a different interpretation of the definition of these
wastes. The USEPA has also developed a manifest system which is required for
tracking the transportation of hazardous waste from the generator, through
processing, to the ultimate disposal.
iv

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TABLE Of CONTENTS,
'
Foreword						 .	111
Abstract ..... 	 , 	 .......	iv
Introduction			1
Criteria for Listing Hazardous Waste .... 		1
Characteristics of Hazardous Waste ..... 		2
European Definition of a Hazardous Waste ...........	2
List of Toxic and Dangerous Waste			3
U.S. Manifest System					3
References 						5
Table 1 - Listing of Hazardous Waste . . 		6
%
V

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-i-
DEFINITION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE
by
Ronald D. Hill
Di rector
Land Pollution Control Division
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Introduction
In 1976 the Congress of the United States enacted Public law 94-580, the
"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976" (RCRA). Under Section 3001 of
that Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was required to
"develop and promulgate criteria for identifying the characteristics of hazardous
waste and for listing hazardous wastes, 		 taking into account toxicity,
persistence, and degradabi1ity in nature, potential for accumulation in tissue,
and other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other
hazardous characteristics."* Furthermore, the USE PA was required to promulgate
regulations identifying the characteristics of hazardous wastes, and 1isting
particulcr hazardous wastes.
In r-sbponoe to these reqji rements, the USEPA promulgated regulations
establishing the criteria and characteristics of hazardous waste in May 1980.^>3
Criteria for Listing Hazardous Haste
*
Tne criteria established by the USEPA included the following factors:
1.	Exhibits characteristics of hazardous waste (discussed later).
2.	The solid waste has been found to be fatal to humans in low doses cr
it has been shown in studies to have an oral 1050 toxi ci ty on rats of
less than 2 my/1, or a dermal 1050 toxicity in rabbits of less than
200 nig. These wastes are to be designated as Acute Hazardous Waste.
3.	The waste has any of the constituents listed in Table 1* unless the
USEPA concludes that the waste is not capable of posing a hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed because of (a) the concentration of the
constituent in the waste; (b) the nature of the toxicity presented by
the constituent; (c) the persistence of the constituent of any toxic
degradation product; (d) the degree to which the constituents or any
degradation product of the constituent bioaccumulates in ecosystems;
(e) the quantities of waste generated at individual generation sites,
or on a regional or national bases.
¦*A11 constituents in Table 1 have been shown in scientific studies to have
toxic carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life
forms.

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. 2 •
Characteristics of Hazardous Vlaste
Ignitability
i.
A solid waste exhibits the characteristics of ignitability if: (1) it is
a liquid and has n flash point less than 60°C; (2) it is not a liquid, and under
standard temperature and pressure is capable of causing fire through friction,
absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes, and when ignited, burns
so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard; (3) it is an ignitable
compressed gas; (4) it is a strong oxidizer.
Corrosivi ty
A solid waste exhibits the characteristics of corrosivity if: {1} it is
aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5;
(2) it is a liquid and corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35 mm per year.
Reactivity
A solid waste exhibits the characteristic of reactivity if: (1) it is
normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonatiny; (2)
it reacts violently with water; (3) it forms a potentially explosive mixture
with water; (4) when mixed with water it generates toxic gases, vapors, or
fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger; (5) it is a cyanide or
sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5,
can generate toxic gases, vapors, or fumes; (6) it is capable of detonation or
explosive reaction if it is subjected to a strong initiating source or if
heated under confinement or at standard temperature and pressure; (7) it is a
forbidden explosive.
EP Toxicity
The extraction procedure {EP} is a test specified by the USEPA in which a
sample of the solid waste is extracted with a volume of cieioni zed water adjusted
to a pH of 5 by agitation for 24 hours at 20 to 40°C. The liquid is then
separated and analyzed. If any of the contaminants in the sample shown in the
following table are equal or greater than the listed concentration, the waste
is hazardous. The purpose of the EP test is to simulate the disposal of a
solid waste into a municipal landfill.
Arsenic
Cadmium
lead
Selenium
Endrin
Methoxychlor -
2, 4-D
5.0	mg/1
1.0	mg/1
5.0	mg/1
1.0	my/1
0.02	my/1
10.0	mg/1
10,0	mg/1
Barium
Chromium
Mercury
SiIver
Li ndana
Toxaphene
2, 4, 5-TP
(Silvex)
100.0 mg/1
5.0 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
5.0 my/1
0.4 mg/1
0.5 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
European Definition of a Hazardous Waste
The European Community (EEC) defines "toxic and dangerous" waste as any
waste containing or contaminated by the substance or materials listed in the

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following table of such nature, in such quantities, or in such concentrations
as to constitute a risk to health or the environment. The list is recognized
to be incomplete but does contain the priority materials.
List of Toxic and Danoerous Waste
Arsenic and its compounds
Cadmium and its compounds
Beryllium and its compounds
Lead and its compounds
Phenols and phenolic compounds
Isocyanates
Chlorinated solvents
Biocides and phytopharmaceutical
compounds
Pharmaceutical compounds
Ethers
Asbestos dust and fibers
Tellurium and its compounds
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
Metal carbonyls
Acids and/or basic materials used
in the surface treatment and
finishing of metals
Each individual EEC country has a different interpretation of the definition
of toxic and dangerous waste in national legislation. The waste may be defined
by type or source (West Germany), by type (Denmark and France), by inclusive
list of potentially harmful components (Belyium and The Netherlands), or to
criteria relating to their properties (United Kingdom), or with no concentration ¦
limits (Ireland).4
Mercury and its compounds
Thallium and its compounds
Hexavalent chromium compounds
Antimony and its compounds
Organic and inorganic cyanides
Other organo-halogen compounds (excluding
inert polymeric materials)
Organic solvents
Tarry materials from refining and tar
residues from distilling
Peroxides, chlorates, perch!orates, and
azides
Chemical Iaboratory materials not iden-
tifiable and/or new, whose effect on
the environment is not known
Selenium and its compounds
Soluble copper compounds
U.S. Manifest System
The manifest system is a mechanism required by RCRA for tracking the
transportation of hazardous waste from the generator, through processing, to
ultimate disposal. The most recent regulations governing the manifest system
were issued by the USEPA in March 1981.^
Responsibility for initiating the manifest lies with the hazardous waste
generator. He must first determine if the waste he generates or imports is
hazardous as defined above. Once he has determined his waste is hazardous, he
must notify the USEPA and obtain an identification number. Without a number no
generator may treat, store, or dispose of any hazardous waste. Generators who
transport waste off-site must prepare a manifest before the waste can be
transported. Ones the manifest is prepared the generator signs the document,
obtains the signature of the transporter, and files one copy. The transporter
takes the rest of the copies. The generator must keep his copy until he receives
a copy from the designated treatment, storage, or disposal facility. If he
does not receive a copy within 45 days, the generator must notify the USEPA and

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_ & -
attempt to locate the waste. The generator is responsible for the waste at all
times. Dig transporter must also have a USE PA identification as well as the
treater, storer, disposer, and transportation terminal. The transporter is
responsible for the manifest as long as he has the waste, and roust have the
facility receiving the v/aste sign the manifest that it has been accepted. A
copy is then returned to the generator. In fact, any time the waste changes
hands, the manifest must remain with the waste and a signed copy returned to
the generator. It is in this way that waste is tracked and controlled from
"cradle to grave,"

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References
1.	Public Law 94-580, "Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976," 94th
Congress, Washington, O.C., Oct. 1976.
2.	"Criteria for Identifying the Characteristics of Hazardous Haste and for
Listing Hazardous Waste," Federal Register, Vol . 45, No. 98, p. 33121,
Washington, D.C. , May 19, 1980.
3.	"Characteristics of Hazardous Waste," federal Register, Vol. 45, No. 98,
pp. 33121-33133, Washington, O.C., May 19, 1980.
4.	Hills, David A. "National Hazardous Waste Management Practices in Western
Europe," Chemistry and Industry, 6, June 1983.
5.	"Hazardous Waste Management System: General, Standards for Generators of
Hazardous Waste," Federal Register, Vol. 49, No. 55, Washington, D.C.,
March 20, 1984.

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TABLE 1
Fednrnl Register / Vol. 45, No. 90 / Monday, May 19, 1980 / Rules nnd Regulations	33123
§ 261.31 Hazardous waste fjom nonspecific sources.
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fT) Toxic waste	A

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33126 Federal Register / Vol, 45, No. 90 / Monday, May 19. 19flO / Rules and Resolutions
(f) The commercial chemical products
or manufacturing chemical ,
Intermediates, referred lo in paragraphs
(a), (b) and (d) of this section, arc
identified as toxic wastes (T) unless
otherwise designated and nre subject to
ihc small quantity exclusion defined in
§ 2Q1.5 (a) and (b). These wastes and
their corresponding EPA Hazardous
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