DRAFT FINAL REPORT
for
PLUME TRACKING OF DREDGED MATERIAL
CONTAINING DIOXIN
EPA Contract No. 68-C2-0134
Work Assignment No. 7
February 14,1994
Submitted to
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region II
Prepared by
Mr. Paul Dragos
and
Ms. Carole Peven
Battelle Ocean Sciences
397 Washington Street
Duxbury, MA 02332
(617) 934-0571

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CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS , 		..								v
1.0 INTRODUCTION		1
1.1	Background and Objectives				1
1.2	Technical Approach						1
2.0 THE FIELD PROGRAM		5
2.1	Overview		5
2.2	Plume Tracking and Plume Sampling				5
2.2.1	Instrumentation											5
2.2.2	Plume Tracking/Plume Sampling Procedure							8
2.3	Barge Sampling		11
2.4	Current Meter Mooring		11
2.5	Hydrography		14
2.6	Analytical Methods 				14
2.6.1	Onboard Processing 					14
2.6.2	Laboratory Sample Processing and Analysis 		14
3.0 FIELD SURVEY RESULTS 		18
3.1	Ambient Oceanographic Conditions						18
3.1.1	General Physical Oceanography of the Area		18
3.1.2	Hydrographic Measurements		18
3.1.3	Current Measurements		23
3.1.4	Drifter Measurements 						28
3.2	Prerelease Dredged Material Samples				32
3.3	Plume Behavior		37
3.3.1	Background Water Quality 		37
3.3.2	Plume Tracking		37
3.3.3	Plume Transport 									40
3.3.4	PI ume Dispersion 				43
4.0 CONCLUSIONS 			48
5.0 REFERENCES 									49
APPENDIX 		50
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CONTENTS (continued)
TABLES
Page
Table 1. Field study instrumentation and measurement program 		3
Table 2. Dredged-material plume surveys at the 6-Mile Dump Site during survey
operations from June 7 through June 10, 1993 		5
Table 3. Field study measurements and samples collected				6
Table 4. Pre-release barge sampling of dredged material 						32
Table 5. Pre-release dredged material physical analysis 			35
Table 6. Measured PCDD/PCDF concentrations in pre-release dredged material (ng/kg,
dry weight) 		36
Table 7. Background measurements in seawater at the 6-Mile Dump Site, June 8-10, 1993 .	37
Table 8. Measured PCDD/PCDF concentrations in plume samples		47
Table 9. Estimates of dilution factors for PCDD/PCDF 5 min after release		47
FIGURES
Page
Figure 1 Chart of the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site and its environs		2
Figure 2 Schematic of the Battelle Ocean Sampling System (BOSS)		7
Figure 3 Schematic of plume survey operations				9
Figure 4 Schematic of plume survey transects		10
Figure 5 Bathymetric chart of the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site showing position of the dump
buoy (labeled "A", "B", and "C") and the current meter mooring (labelled "CM")..	12
Figure 6 Schematic of current meter mooring design 						13
Figure 7 Station map of CTD casts for ambient hydrography 			15
Figure 8 Water properties along central north-south transect. Vertical sections of
temperature, salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993 		20
Figure 9 Water properties along eastern north-south transect. Vertical sections of
temperature, salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993 ..........	21
Figure 10 Water properties along central east-west transect. Vertical sections of
temperature, salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993 				22
Figure 11 Water properties of a horizontal section at 2 meters depth. Temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993 		24
Figure 12 Water properties of a horizontal section at 8 meters depth. Temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993 		25
Figure 13 Time series of temperature at two depths from the moored current meter array .	26
Figure 14 Hourly current vectors at two depths from the moored current meter array		27
Figure 15 Vector components of the measured hourly current velocity and estimated tidal
current velocity at 4 m depth from the moored current meter array 			29
Figure 16 Vector components of the measured hourly current velocity and estimated tidal
current velocity at 20 m depth from the moored current meter array		29
Figure 17 Mean current velocity during release "01"		30
Figure 18 Mean current velocity during release "02"		30
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Figure 19 Mean current velocity during release "03" 		31
Figure 20 Mean current velocity during release "04" 		31
Figure 21 Drifting buoy positions during release "01" 		33
Figure 22 Drifting buoy positions during release "02" 		33
Figure 23 Drifting buoy positions during release "03" 		34
Figure 24 Drifting buoy positions during release "04" 		34
Figure 25 Ship's track for survey "01" 		38
Figure 26 Ship's track for survey "02" 		38
Figure 27 Ship's track for survey "03" 		39
Figure 28 Ship's track for survey "04" 		39
Figure 29 Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "01"		41
Figure 30 Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "02"		41
Figure 31 Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "03"		42
Figure 32 Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "04"		42
Figure 33 Total suspended solids concentrations measured during each plume		44
Figure 34 Dioxin concentrations measured during each plume 		46
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II, New York,
under Office of Water Contract 68-C2-0134. Mr. Douglas Pabst of Region II managed the
project. EPA personnel who participated during the survey included Mr. Doug Pabst, and Mr.
Matthew Masters both of Region II. Mr. Doug Pabst acted as EPA Chief Scientist during the
survey.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Objectives
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) issued a permit to the Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey to dredge certain areas in Newark Bay. These areas are contaminated
with elevated levels of dioxin, PCBs, and mercury (Squibb, et aL, 1991 and NOAA, 1990). The
dredged material was to be disposed at the New York Bight Dredged Material Disposal Site
(the 6-Mile Mud Dump [Figure 1]) and capped with clean material. Given the elevated levels of
dioxin, it was decided that a joint U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/USACE
Monitoring and Management Plan for the disposal of the dredged material containing dioxin
was necessary. The Plan mandated that additional monitoring was necessary in order to clearly
establish the fate of the dioxin-contaminated dredged material disposed during this project.
It was the intent of this program to make the physical and chemical measurements necessary,
during an ocean survey concurrent with disposal operations, to (1) establish the general fate of
the dredged material, (2) determine to what extent material is or is not leaving the site during
the disposal, and (3) determine the concentration of dioxins in the dredged-material plume and
dioxin dilution during disposal. The results of this study will also be utilized to make future
decisions on the disposal of dioxin-contaminated sediments.
12 Technical Approach
The program objectives were accomplished through complementary efforts in disposal plume
field measurements, and subsequent laboratory analysis. The ocean survey was executed at the
Mud Dump Site during June 7-10, 1993 aboard the OSV Anderson during which four dredged
material disposal events were tracked and sampled. The survey included plume tracking, plume
sampling, current measurements, and barge sampling. Laboratory analysis of discrete water
samples collected during the field survey were analyzed for selected polychlorinated dibenzo-/?-
dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and suspended solids. From these
measurements, the fate of the disposed dredged material and its associated PCDD/PCDF were
estimated.
The primary source of plume-tracking and plume-sampling data during the survey was the
Battelle Ocean Sampling System (BOSS). The BOSS is a towed array of water column sensors
and a pumped water sampling system. With the BOSS, measurements of water column
temperature, salinity, density, and turbidity are made continuously in situ along horizontal or
vertical profiles. At the same time, the pumping system provides a continuous supply of water
(at approximately 10 L/min) from the towfish at depth to the deck of the ship for discrete water
sampling for laboratory analysis. The ability of the BOSS to measure light transmission
(turbidity), along with other physical parameters, while simultaneously extracting a continuous
supply of sample water, all while the ship is underway and "chasing" the plume made it very
appropriate for this survey and a technological improvement over previous plume-tracking
efforts. Previous studies in plume tracking (see for instance, Kraus, N. C., 1991) have use in situ
or acoustic methods to measure or estimate physical parameters, but were required to sample
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New York
40° 50'
Long Island
6-Mile Mud Dump Site
New Jersey
74°20'W 74° 10'
Figure 1. Chart of the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site and its environs.
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water within the plume with traditional hydrowire bottles during vertical casts. Because plumes
of dredged material typically fall out of the water column quickly, and placement of sampling
bottles in the water column is slow and imprecise, these traditional water sampling techniques
have severely limited the scope of plume sampling efforts.
Table 1. Field study instrumentation and measurement program.
Measurement
Sampling
System
Parameter Measured
Description
Plume
tracking
BOSS
Salinity, density, temperature
Depth
Optical transmissivity
Sensor package towed horizontally by
vessel or lowered vertically at station.
Plume
tracking
Echosounder
Acoustic backscatterance
Bottom-depth and water-column
profiles of suspended sediment.
Qualitative indicator of plume
concentration only.
Plume
sampling
BOSS
pumped-
water
samples
Concentration PCDD/PCDF
TSS
Discrete water samples pumped
during plume-tracking operations for
lab analysis.
Current
measurement
Current
meters
Horizontal current velocity
Temperature
Near-surface and near-bottom
current meters on one mooring
located near the disposal site.
Current
measurement
Drifters
Mean current drift
Visually tracked, free-drifting buoys.
Barge
sampling
Cores or grab
sampler
Concentration PCDD/PCDF
Bulk density
Grain size analysis
Moisture content
Specific gravity of the solids
Dredged material samples taken on
the barges during loading.
In addition to the BOSS plume-tracking and plume-sampling measurements, supplementary
measurements included: (1) high-resolution echosounder profiles to aid in plume tracking, (2)
samples of dredged material taken from the barges before dumping, (3) currents measured at a
mooring deployed in the Site during the plume tracking operations, and (4) visually tracked
drifting buoys. Table 1 presents a summary of the instrumentation and measurement program.
Water samples were collected during the survey for two types of measurements (1) total
suspended solids (TSS) and (2) total PCDD/PCDF. The water samples collected for TSS and
PCDD/PCDF were partially processed on board the OSV Anderson, then stored for shipment to
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the Battelle Ocean Sciences laboratory. Because of plume heterogeneity, duplicate samples
were collected for each analysis at each sampling event. Barges were sampled during loading
operations in coordination with personnel aboard the OSV Anderson. These samples were
returned to Battelle Ocean Sciences to be analyzed for bulk density, moisture content, grain size
distribution, and PCDD/PCDF.
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2.0 THE FIELD PROGRAM
2.1 Overview
The field survey was executed at the Mud Dump during June 7-10, 1993. Four dredged material
disposals from the Newark Bay channel improvement dredging operation were successfully
surveyed by plume tracking and plume sampling (see Table 2).
Table 2. Dredged-material plume surveys at the 6-MUe Dump Site
during survey operations from June 7 through June 10,1993.
Plume
Survey*
Tug
Barge
Volume of
Material
(cubic yds)
Release
Date and
Time
"01"
{Catherine
Weaks 257
6000
6/09/93 03:38
"02"
Katherine
Weaks 256
4000
6/09/93 14:44
"03"
Katherine
Weaks 257
6000
6/10/93 06:49
"04"
Katherine
Weaks 256
4000
6/10/93 17:33
• The notation "01", "02", etc. may refer to the dumping event or to the plume
being surveyed after the release.
Control and plume samples were collected for analysis of particle size and PCDD/PCDF.
Supplementary activities during plume tracking included tracking of free drifting buoys deployed
in the plumes and deploying a current meter mooring and guard buoy near the disposal site.
The drifting buoys had 41A m long subsurface "holey sock"-type drogues centered at 9 or 19 m.
The current meters were located in 25 m of water at approximately 4, and 20 m depth at
4Q°22.14'N, 73°50.29'W. In addition, shore personnel successfully sampled four dredged
material barges for sediment size and metals chemistry analysis. Measurements made and
samples collected are summarized in Table 3 and detailed in the following paragraphs.
22 Plume Tracking and Plume Sampling
2.2.1 Instrumentation
BOSS
Plume tracking and plume sampling were conducted using the BOSS as the controlling data
acquisition and sample collecting system. The BOSS acquires high resolution profiles and
transects of suspended sediment concentration and hydrographic data, with integrated
navigation/positioning and uncontaminated pumped water sampling. Designed for towed,
underway operation, or for vertical profiling while station keeping, the BOSS performed real-
time acquisition and display of data from its in situ suite of sensors, logged concurrently with
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position data obtained via interface to the navigation system.
Figure 2 presents an operational schematic of the BOSS. The BOSS comprises an underwater
towed sensor package with noncontaminating seawater pump, an electromechanical tow cable
with internal Teflon tube for pumped water flow, a winch and handling system, and a PC
computer system with Loran/GPS navigation interface for data acquisition, recording, and real-
time display. Video monitors present simultaneous real-time displays of the in situ sensor data
and survey vessel trackline and position. In situ sensors mounted in the underwater unit include
sensors for measurement of conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD), and turbidity. A bar-code
printer is also interfaced to the BOSS system for labeling, recording, and tracking of discrete,
bottled water samples, to provide automated documentation of precise times and locations for
the samples collected from the pumped seawater manifold, and to tie all water samples to the
electronic log of BOSS measured plume suspended sediment concentration and hydrographic
data.
Table 3. Field study measurements and samples collected.
Measurement
Methods
Number of Stations and
Samples
Parameters
Measured
Plume Tracking
Plume transects
using towed
instrument
4 Dredged material plumes
tracked
Turbidity,
Salinity,
Density,
Temperature
Plume
Sampling
Discrete water
samples collected
during plume
transects using
towed instrument
pumping system
4 Dredged material plumes
sampled,
48 Discreet water samples
collected for Dioxin analysis,
52 Discreet water samples
collected for TSS analysis
TSS,
Dioxin concentration
Baseline
Hydrography
Vertical CTD casts
11 Stations
Turbidity,
Salinity,
Density,
Temperature
Baseline
Currents
Moored instrument
measurements
Continuous record of currents at
two depths during entire survey
Horizontal current
velocity
Barge Sampling
Grab samples
4 Barges sampled,
20 Dredged material samples
collected for Dioxin, grain size,
and gravimetric analysis
Dioxin concentration,
Grain size analysis,
Bulk density,
Moisture content
Acoustic Methods
The dual-frequency echosounder is an acoustic instrument which measures backscattered sound
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Loran/GPS
Echo
Sounder
Ham Copy
Printout
Real-Time
Display
Baf Code
Labels
Telemetry
Continuous Uncontaminated
Seawater Supply from Towfish
	mi— Underwater Towfish
Sensor Package
Salinity
Temperature
Depth
Turbidity
Water Sampling System
Submersible Pump
Sample Bottles
figure 2. Schematic of BatteDe Ocean Sampling System (BOSS).

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from a transmitted pulse of sound in a vertical profile through the water column. As the ship
transects the plume, the vertical profile sweeps out a vertical plane or cross-section of the
plume. Acoustic backscatter is a function of the concentration of suspended material in the
water column, however, the exact relationship between the acoustic backscatter intensity and the
actual particle concentration can only be crudely estimated (Kraus, 1991) and is not attempted
here. The qualitative echosounder data were used in real-time to aid in tracking the plume,
including locating the plume center and plume boundaries. The echosounder real-time display
was mounted adjacent to the BOSS data acquisition and display system in the OSV Anderson
main lab for this purpose. The echosounder was interfaced to the BOSS for bottom depth
measurements only.
222 Plume Tracking/Plume Sampling Procedure
Plume tracking and sampling consisted of repeated BOSS/echosounder transects through the
plume bodies from just after disposal up to 4 hrs post disposal. Figure 3 presents a schematic of
plume survey operations. Both transverse and longitudinal transects were run through the
plumes (see Figure 4) while water samples were collected at the approximate center of the
plume. Plume tracking required close coordination between the teams operating the BOSS, the
chemists handling samples, and the bridge personnel. Coordinating ships navigation was
accomplished by using the BOSS navigation system only, with video output on the bridge and in
the laboratory.
Two different types of water samples were collected using the BOSS pumping system during
plume tracking operations. These included samples for total suspended solids (TSS) and total
PCDD/PCDF. TSS samples were collected directly into precleaned 0.5-L polyethylene bottles
and PCDD/PCDF samples were collected directly into precleaned 2.0-L glass bottles from the
water-delivery system of the BOSS. The BOSS provides about 10 L/min of seawater through
Teflon tubing directly into the wet laboratory on the survey vessel. Two samples were collected
for TSS, and two for PCDD/PCDF determinations at each sampling event. TSS sample bottles
were rinsed with the incoming seawater immediately before sample collection. As samples were
being collected, the collector notified the BOSS operator to enter a marker in the electronic log
file. In this way each sample was tied to the real-time measurements of time and location
recorded by the BOSS. The water samples collected for TSS were filtered onboard the OSV
Anderson immediately after sampling; PCDD/PCDF samples were stored at 4°C for return to
Battelle Ocean Sciences.
In preparation for a plume survey, bridge personnel maintained communication with the tugs to
determine the estimated time of arrival of an approaching barge. As soon as was possible after
the release of the dredged material from the barge, the OSV Anderson ran a transect through
the approximate center of the plume and drifters were deployed to aid the bridge personnel
throughout in visually tracking the plume as it drifted with the currents. During the first
transect and in subsequent transects water samples were collected when the BOSS towfish was
located in the approximate plume center. The proposed maximal sampling scheme includes
sample events at <2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 50 min, 2 hrs, 4 hrs, and 4V6 hrs after disposal,
which are approximately logarithmically spaced in time up to 4 hrs. The exact sampling scheme,
however, was dependant on plume movement and persistence in the water column. An attempt
was made to obtain a minimum of five sampling events per plume as this was seen as likely
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Surface Plume
Drifter
Plume Body
Figure 3. Schematic of plume surrey operations.

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Transverse Plume Survey Transects
n
Water Samples
Barge	Tug
o o o
/
u
u
Surface Plume
Longitudinal Plume Survey Transects
Water Samples
N
C
Barge
I
Tug
i

D
Surface Plume
Figure 4. Schematic of plume survey transects.
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sufficient to characterize the plume TSS and PCDD/PCDF concentration changes over time.
Each straight run through the plume center (determined using the real-time display of the
echosounder and the visual sightings of the drogued drifting buoys) was identified as one
transect. Throughout the transects, the BOSS collected a continuous record of in situ
conductivity (salinity), temperature, depth, and light transmission.
Tracking the plume body was complicated by the presence of velocity shear in the water column
differentially moving the upper and lower plume, the presence of surface waves which obscured
the surface expression of the plume, and the rapid dissipation of the plume body as sandy
dredged-material settled out of the water column. After each plume survey, the scientific
personnel met to discuss their observations, procedures, and results.
23 Barge Sampling
Barges were sampled during loading operations in coordination with personnel aboard the OSV
Anderson. Access to barges for sampling was arranged with the help of the USACE.
Representative grab samples were obtained at different depths while the barge was being
loaded. The samples were logged, then chilled for return to Battelle to be analyzed for bulk
density, moisture content, grain size distribution, and PCDD/PCDF. The observations of the
barge sampler regarding the dredged material heterogeneity, sample locations, depth, and
barge's empty and loaded draft were also recorded. After a barge had been sampled, the OSV
Anderson was notified as to its estimated time of arrival via cellular phone or VHF radio.
Sampling the dredged material in barges while they were being loaded presented considerable
difficulties in terms of logistics and safety, and also presented difficulties in collecting
representative samples of heterogeneous dredged material.
2.4 Current Meter Mooring
A subsurface current meter mooring and guard buoy were deployed on the first day fo the
survey, June 7, just outside the disposal Site to the southeast of the dump buoys (40°21.51 'N,
73°50.64'W ) in approximately 26 m of water (location shown in Figure 5). The mooring
remained in place throughout the plume tracking activities and was recovered after the last
plume tracking on June 10.
Two internally recording Interocean S4 current meters were fixed on the mooring at 4, and 20 m
depth. (See Figure 6 for the mooring configuration.) Current meter depths were chosen to
sample the 2 layers of the stratified water column (above and below the pycnocline) typically
found at the Site in June, as reported by previous investigators (Tsai and Proni, 1985). Model
S4 current meters are electromagnetic current meters and each was configured with a
temperature sensor. They were programmed to record average current velocity and average
temperature every 30 min.
Prior to arrival at the station, linear mooring components (chain and wire rope) were connected
together and spooled out on deck. Before deploying the moorings, the local bathymetry was
checked using the ship's echosounder to confirm the depth at the proposed mooring position.
The shallow water depth and the near surface placement of the upper S4 current meter left little
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40°24.(W
40e23.5'N
40°23.(W
40° 22.5V
40° 22.cm
40°21.5'N
73" 50.88'W
73* 50.88'W
73* 51.07'W
73* 50.64'W
Mooring	I ariirafe
-A'	40* 22.11'N
"B-	40* 21.96'N
"C*	40* 21.97'N
"CM"	40' 21.51'N
Boi
- 23
73°52.0W 73°51.CKW 73°50.CTW 73°49.(yW
Figure 5. Bathymetric chart of the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site showing position of the
dump buoys (labeled "A", "B", and "C") and the current meter mooring
(labeled "CM"). Soundings are given in meters.
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Lighted
Guard
Buoy
4m
20m
26m
Current Meter
Acoustic
Release
Figure 6. Schematic of current meter mooring design.
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margin for error and, in fact, the current meter mooring had to be repositioned once. A
mooring deployment log, S4 checkout log, and acoustic release log were completed prior to
deployment indicating instrument serial numbers and deployment location, etc. Payout of the
current meter mooring began with the subsurface float, then the current meter array, and lastly
the anchor. Similarly, the guard buoy mooring was deployed anchor last. As mooring
components went into the water, they were checked against the mooring deployment log. After
deployment, the final position of the mooring was checked and the release operation tested
acoustically and slant-ranges determined. Recovery proceeded in the reverse order of
deployment except that the acoustic release on the current meter string was fired and the
railroad wheel anchor left behind to minimized the danger of damaging the current meters
during recovery.
2J Hydrography
On the first day of the survey, June 7, while awaiting the arrival of the first sampled barge, an
array of 11 CTD vertical profile stations was occupied and sampled for ambient hydrography.
The array covered the apex of the NY Bight, that area influenced by the presence of the
Hudson River plume. The station locations are shown in Figure 7.
2.6 Analytical Methods
2.6.1 Onboard Processing
Once a water sample was collected from the BOSS delivery system, onboard processing of the
sample began immediately. Filtration steps required to separate TSS from seawater were
completed as soon as possible (within 8-h) after collection. The nominal pore size of the filters
used was OA-fim.
Processing of the samples for TSS took place in a Class-100 clean bench located within the wet
laboratory of the OSV Anderson. Approximately 200-mL of plume sample collected was passed
through each filter. After filtration, the filter was washed with three successive 10-mL rinses of
deionized water (adjusted to pH 8 with ammonium hydroxide) to remove salt. The sample was
allowed to go dry only on the last rinse. Filters were placed in petri dishes and frozen for
storage and shipment back to the laboratory.
2.6 J Laboratory Sample Processing and Analysis
Barge and plume (water) samples were extracted and analyzed for PCDD/PCDF concentrations
following procedures in EPA's SW386 Method 8290, modified to include improvements in EPA
Method 1613. Analytical procedures were performed by Twin City Testing Corporation,
Minneapolis, MN. Grain size and specific gravity determinations were conducted by GeoPlan of
Hingham, MA. TSS measurements were performed by Battelle Ocean Sciences.
2.6.2.1 Barge Sample Processing for PCDD/PCDF Analysis
Approximately 20-g of each barge sample was extracted for PCDD/PCDF analysis. One
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procedural blank and one laboratory spike sample were prepared with each set of samples
processed. Each sample was spiked with 13C12-labeled internal standards and extracted with
toluene for 18-h in a Soxhlet extractor. The toluene extracts were concentrated in Kuderna-
Danish apparatus and solvent exchanged with hexane. The extracts were then spiked with an
enrichment efficiency internal standard and processed through a series of clean-up steps.
Sample extracts were diluted to 100-mL with hexane, transferred to separatory funnels, and
washed with sodium hydroxide (IN), sulfuric acid, and distilled water. Each extract was applied
to a column packed with alternating layers of silica gel, 44% sulfuric acid on silica gel, and 33%
IN sodium hydroxide on silica gel. Sixty- milliliters of hexane was used to elute the column.
The eluate was concentrated under nitrogen to 1-mL.
The concentrated extract was chromatographed through a 4-g activated alumina column and
eluted with 10-mL hexane, followed by 7-mL 2% methylene chloride (DCM) in hexane, and 35-
mL 60% DCM in hexane. Each fraction was collected separately. The last eluate (60% DCM
in hexane) was concentrated to 1-mL under nitrogen and chromatographed through a column
containing 1-g 5% AX-21 activated carbon on silica gel. The first fraction was eluted with 1:1
cyclohexane:DCM and the second fraction with 75:20:5 cyclohexane:methanol:benzene. The
75:20:5 solvent mixture was used to elute the third fraction, in the reverse direction, followed by
benzene, also in the reverse direction. This benzene fraction was concentrated under nitrogen,
solvent exchanged with hexane, spiked with recovery standards, and concentrated to a pre-
injection volume of 20-ju.L.
2.6.2.2	Plume Sample Processing for PCDD/PCDF Analysis
Thirteen one-liter water samples were prepared for PCDD/PCDF analysis. One procedural
blank and one laboratory spike sample were processed with the field samples. Each sample was
spiked with 13C12-labeled PCDD/PCDF internal standards and extracted with methylene chloride
in a separatory funnel for 18 hours. The extracts were transferred to Kudema-Danish apparatus
for concentration, and solvent exchanged with hexane. These concentrated hexane extracts were
spiked with enrichment efficiency standard, diluted to 100-mL with hexane, and processed
following the same procedures as the barge sample extracts.
2.6.2.3	PCDD/PCDF Analysis
Sample extracts were analyzed for PCDD/PCDF using high resolution capillary gas
chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The mass
spectrometer was operated in the electron-impact ionization mode. Five groups of ion masses
were recorded, most containing 3 ion masses for the PCDDs, two ion masses for the PCDFs,
and the masses from the corresponding isotopically labeled internal standards. The instrument
was calibrated using a five-level calibration curve, following specifications stated in Method 8290.
2.6.2.4 TSS, Grain Size, and Specific Gravity Determinations
TSS determinations for each filtered plume sample were made gravimetrically. The mass
measurements were performed to 0.1 mg. Grain-size analysis and specific-gravity analysis of
the grain-size fractions (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) were performed by Geoplan, Hingham, MA
16

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on each barge sample. A sieve and pipette method modified from Folk (1980) was used for
grain-size analysis and gravimetric techniques were used to measure specific gravity of the size
fractions.
17

-------
40°35.0'N
40°30.0'N
40°25.0'N
40°20.0'N
Figure 7. Station map of CTD casts for ambient hydrography.
15
~V~V
y
Sla
latitude
jjoogjlmlc
CI
40*31.36"N
73050.74'W
a
40'31.29'N
73*45.03^
a
40'27.00'N
73*S«.44'W
C4
40*27.02?*
73*50.7yW
C5
40*26.94'N 73*45.irW
06
40*22.7ffN
73*56.43"W
C7
40*22.80N
73*50.63*W
C8
40'22.80'N
73*45.02*W
C9
40M8.48H 73'*SOW
CIO
40'18.52'H 73*50.7yW
cn
40*18.501*
73*45.12V
Mcr
"CT
"C3"
"C6"
"C9"
"C4"
"C5"
"f*	"4"
. 6-Mile Mud Dump Site
*C7"
"C8*
+
#ci(r
"cir
km
0 2 4 6 8 10
=n
74°00.0'W
73° 50.0'W
73° 40.0'W

-------
3.0 FIELD SURVEY RESULTS
3.1 Ambient Oceanographic Conditions
3.1.1 General Physical Oceanography of the Area
The 6-Mile Mud Dump Site is located within the shallow continental shelf waters of the Middle
Atlantic Bight and within the immediate influence of the Hudson River estuary. The general
structure of the circulation in the Middle Atlantic Bight has been extensively described by
previous investigators (see for instance the review paper by Beardsley and Boicourt, 1981).
Tidal forcing accounts for much of the current variance over the continental shelf regions of the
New York Bight; as much as 40% to 70% with the highest percentages nearshore. At the Mud
Dump Site the tides are highly rectilinear running north-northwest and south-southeast in and
out of the mouth of the Hudson River (Moody, 1984). Wind forced currents account for the
second most significant portion of current variance, although the magnitude of the wind forced
currents varies seasonally and day-to-day with the meteorological conditions. Superimposed on
this combined tidal/wind forced flow is a weak mean current southward along isobaths primarily
driven by the large-scale wind stress and heat-flux patterns over the western North Atlantic. The
overall result is a current regime dominated by the tides, with a small mean flow to the south
and considerable variability caused by the local wind forcing. Unlike a simpler system such as a
small tidal channel or embayment, the wind forced variability makes predicting the currents at
any given time difficult and necessitated the current measurements of this study.
As with currents, the hydrographic structure of the Middle Atlantic Bight, including the
influence of the Hudson River estuary, has been well documented (see for instance Bowman and
Wunderlich, 1977). The water column at the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site is vertically stratified
throughout the year due to the presence of fresh Hudson River plume water, but the degree of
stratification varies seasonally. During April and May, surface water warming and the peak in
Hudson River runoff produce the strongest annual stratification of the water column with warm,
fresh water overlaying cold, salty water. By August, river runoff reaches its minimum, but the
effect of solar heating reaches its maximum and the water column is again density stratified due
to the presence of a distinct thermocline (temperature interface or discontinuity). June and July
(the period of the survey) represent transition months during which the water column of the 6-
Mile Mud Dump Site is typically stratified, but the degree of stratification varies depending on
the combined effects of river discharge and solar heating.
3.1.2 Hydrographic Measurements
During plume tracking, the position of the dredged-material disposal plume is interpreted from
small differences between the ambient water column density and turbidity and the plume density
and turbidity. Knowledge of the ambient hydrography of the receiving water is therefore
necessary to properly track plumes after release and, in addition, is essential to any future
attempt to predicting long-term fate of plumes using numerical models (Johnson, 1987). An
array of 11 CTD vertical profile stations was occupied and sampled throughout the apex of the
NY Bight using the BOSS to collect CTD and transmissometer data. These data were collected
on Day 1 of the survey, while standing by for the arrival of the first sampled barge. The station
locations are shown in Figure 7. Each vertical profile included observations of water
18

-------
temperature, salinity, density, and turbidity (beam attenuation). The data were not corrected to
slack water conditions, since the influence of tidal advection could not be precisely determined.
The data from these vertical profiles were rendered into horizontal and vertical slices or sections
for easier interpretation. These sections are presented and discussed in the following
paragraphs. All the raw vertical profiles are presented graphically in the appendix to this report.
The raw vertical profiles observed during the survey (and reproduced in the appendix)
illustrated that the water column in the vicinity of the Site was well stratified during the survey,
with wanner, fresher water overlaying colder, saltier water. There is some evidence of weak
thermocline at about 12 m depth in the Site, but no significant salinity interface. The thermal
stratification is quite strong, with water temperature differences as great as 10°C from surface to
bottom. The salinity stratification is less strong, however, (difference of 2 PSU from surface to
bottom) and the resulting density increases with depth from 22 to 25 sigma-t units. The low
salinity and density of the surface water reflected the seaward flow of fresh water from the
Hudson River estuary. The surface temperature range (15-17°C) agreed with earlier reported
measurements in the New York Bight Apex for June (Bowman and Wunderlich, 1977).
Figures 8 and 9 present vertical sections along the two longer south-north transects: the central
south-to-north transect from station "CIO" to "CI" which passes through the Dump Site and the
eastern south-to-north transect from station "Cll" to "C2". Both figures show the weak
thermocline, which was visible in the vertical profiles. Revealed in this figure is the horizontal
structure of the water column as seen in the depth variation of the thermocline with position,
from approximately 7 m depth to the north and west to 15 m depth to the south and east. In
fact, all the line of equal temperature and salinity exhibit a slight downward slope (from north to
south). The variability is obviously much stronger in the vertical than in the horizontal. The
Hudson River water introduced at the surface to the north, is much warmer and fresher than
the underlying NY Bight water but is only slightly fresher than the surface water to the south,
and is in fact slightly colder than the surface water to the south.
The horizontal structure in the east-west direction is depicted in the vertical section show in
Figure 10. This figure represents a west-to-east transect through the Mud Dump Site from
station "C6" to station "C8". (For completeness, all of the vertical sections are presented in the
appendix to this report.) Note the wedge of Hudson River water near-surface to the west as
indicated by presence of low salinity and high turbidity. This wedge is more difficult to spot in
the temperature section as its temperature is cooler than the surrounding surface water, but
warmer than the underlying water. The resulting density iso-surfaces (isopycnals) slope slightly
down from the horizontal toward the west as the Hudson River water hugs the shore while
advected with the mean current to the south.
This downward slope of the isopycnals to the south and west results from the introduction of
fresh water at the mouth of the Hudson River and results in lateral movement of any dredged-
material plume water released into this water mass. The reason for this lateral movement of the
plume is that the plume water is generally less dense than the receiving waters and so, after
some initial mixing, reaches its equilibrium buoyancy and spreads out along constant density
surfaces. If the isopycnals are not horizontal, as in this case, the plume water will "roll" downhill
along the isopycnal of equilibrium. Not all of the plume water remains in the water column.
Much of it is "dragged down" in the wake of the heavy dredged-material and is mixed to a
higher density with the receiving waters. It is the fraction of the plume which remains in the
19

-------
Sta "ClO"
Temperature (°Q
"CI"	"C4"
-CI"
K>
O
Sta -cicr
Dcnsity (a#
"C7"
"C4"
*C1*
Sta -CIO*
Salinity (psu)
-C7"	"C4"
"CI"
1
Sta "CIO-
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
*C7*	-C4-
"Cl"
Figure 8. Water properties along central north-south transect Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density,
and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993,

-------
Temperature (°C)
Sta "Cll'
"C8"
"C5"
"C2"
K)
Sta "CI 1'
Density (
-------
Sta "C6"
Temperature (°C)
"C7*
"C8"
a 10
K)
Sta *C6"
Density (ctQ
"C7"
"C8"
a 10
Sta "C6"
Salinity (psu)
*C7"
"C8"
B 10

Beam Attenuation (L/m)
Sta "C6*	"C7*	"C83"
©
B 10
Figure 10. Water properties along central east-west transect. Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, and
beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
water column for many hours or days which is of most interest in terms of fate of contaminated
particles.
Horizontal sections of water properties (Figures 11 and 12) show the same features observed in
the vertical sections. The colder, fresher surface water of Hudson River origin extends out from
the mouth of New York Harbor toward the south. Turbidity shows a distinct gradient toward
clearer water away from shore.
Figure 13 presents the time series of temperature measured by the current meter thermistors.
The thermal stratification of the water column throughout the survey period is apparent in this
figure. Temperature changed very little near-bottom, but the near-surface temperature changed
approximately 2-3°C a few times each day. The variability in the surface temperature was
associated with the tidal currents (note some of the temperature peaks are separated by roughly
12 hours). When the tidal currents flowed toward the south (ebb tide) the colder water of the
Hudson River estuary passed into the Site and when the tidal currents flowed toward the north
(flood tide) the colder water retreated.
3.1 J Current Measurements
Each current meter internally recorded a time series of orthogonal current velocity components
and temperature values. Preliminary data unpacking and quality assurance proceeds as follows.
The current and temperature data from the current meters are transferred to disk with
translation from internal instrument formats to calibrated engineering units using manufacturer
software. At this point, start and stop times were compared with field logs to verify proper
current-meter clock operation. The time-series data were then truncated, beginning and end, to
eliminate data recorded while the instruments were out of the water. Any gaps, wild points
(pegged values), or outliers are identified and flagged at this point, but none were found in this
data set. Current-velocity components were then rotated into a true north coordinate system.
These clean versions of time-series of current and temperature together with descriptive
information constitute the database of Battelle's MATLAB"-based physical oceanographic
analysis software. Analytical routines in this library were then used for analysis of the data.
Vector plots of the hourly currents are shown in Figure 14. The current-velocity vectors are
represented as sticks with length corresponding to the flow speed and direction indicating the
direction toward which the current flows. These plots provide an overview of the measurements
made during this study and are intended to show the general character of the currents at the
Site. All records were re-sampled at 1-h intervals and rotated into true east and north
components. The mean has not been removed. Joint probability distributions of current speed
and direction for hourly current data are presented in tabular and graphical form in the
Appendix to this report. Current measurements indicated:
•	The near-surface current time-series show the characteristic signal of a
predominantly tidal flow (rotating vectors) modulated with some wind-driven
variability.
•	The near-bottom current time-series also show tidal flow but the rotating tidal signal
is overwhelmed by a mean south to south-east flow.
•	Mean current speeds are nearly the same near-surface and near-bottom at
23

-------
Deotity (at)
40*25'
40*20'
40*15'
74*05"W 74*00' 73*55' 73*50' 73*45' 73*40' 73*35'
40*25
74*05'W 74*00' 73*55' 73*50' 73*45' 73*40' 73*35'
Beam Attaanrion (1/m)
40*30'
74*05'W 74*00' 73*55' 73*50' 73*45' 73*40' 73*35'
Salinity (pso)
40*30'
40*20'
74*05'W 74*00' 73*55' 73*50' 73*45'
73*40' 73*35'
Figure 11. Water properties of a horizontal section at 2 meters depth. Temperature, salinity, density, and beam
attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Deadly (ci)
40*30'
40*23
74*05'W 74*00' 73*55' 73*50" 73*45' 73*40' 73*35'
40*15'
74*05"W 74*00" 73*55' 73*50' 73*45' 73*40" 73*35'
40*30'
40*20'
74*05"* 74*00' 73*55" 73*50" 73*45" 73*40' 73*35'
40*30'
40*20"
74*05"W 74*00' 73*55' 73*50' 73*45' 73*40' 73*35'
Figure 12. Water properties of a horizontal section at 8 meters depth. Temperature, salinity, density, and beam
attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Temperature (°C)
4m
*% /
W
/ V"*-
A
/—^ / \ r
/ V"v/ * /
\ ;
r\
s / \
V x-
		s
/ \
/ v	--
/
20m
7 Jun 93
10
Figure 13. Time series of temperature at two depths from the moored curtent meter array.

-------

' > 1 A A '
\N Velocity (cm/s) at 4m depth / f f f 1
/ / / /
1	1 |	, |	1 |	1
T 4 j///
Velocity (cm/s) at 20m depth
-JY / ^ \

if im
1/ \"K^W 1 '1
7 Jim 93	8	9	10
Figure 14. Hourly current vectors at two depths from the mooted current meter array.

-------
approximately 10 cm s'1.
•	Maximum currents ranged from 28 to 31 cm s'1 with the highest speeds near-surface.
•	Near-surface currents ran most frequently toward the east-northeast and south, while
near-bottom currents were consistently toward the south-southeast.
Tidal harmonic analysis is the processes of fitting oscillations at the tidal frequencies to the
current data. Because the tides are driven by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon, tidal
frequencies (or periods) are known very precisely from astronomical observations. This analysis
was performed on the hourly current velocity data using a least-squares technique (see Foreman,
1978). The results of the harmonic tidal analysis performed on the current-velocity time series
for the primary tidal constituents are summarized in Figures 15 and 16. Depicted are the pure
tidal current velocity components (based on harmonic analysis) superimposed on the measured
components of current velocity. A degree of match between the measured velocities and the
pure tidal velocities can be seen. The magnitude of that portion of the current variance which is
associated with the tidal forcing was 45-66%, which is consistent with the previous observations
(Moody, 1984). On the other hand, the remaining 55-34% of the variance in the current record
is unaccounted for by the tides alone and is probably associated with the local wind forcing and
to a lesser extent low-frequency forcing. Velocity estimates based on the tides alone, therefore,
would be poor predictors of the speed and direction of the true velocity and velocity
measurements are required. The lack of tidal correlation verifies the need for current
measurements for this study.
Of particular interest were the current velocities as they were measured during the release
events. Figures 17 through 20 present vector plots of the mean current velocity measured
during the four hours after each release. The vectors are represented as arrows with length
corresponding to the flow speed and direction indicating the direction toward which the current
was flowing. The measurements can be summarized as follows:
•	During all releases the dominant flow direction was toward the south or southeast.
•	During release "01" the near-surface current was nearly zero, while the near-bottom
current was running approximately 10 cm/s toward the southeast.
•	During release "02" both near-surface and near-bottom currents were running
southeast at approximately 10 and 15 cm/s respectively.
•	During release "03" the near-surface current was nearly zero, while the near-bottom
current was running approximately 15 cm/s toward the southeast.
•	During release "04" both near-surface and near-bottom currents were running
approximately south at 5 cm/s.
3.1.4 Drifter Measurements
As soon as was possible after the release of the dredged material from the barge, the OSV
Anderson ran a transect through the approximate center of the plume and drifting buoys were
deployed to aid the bridge personnel in visually tracking the plume. The drifting buoys consisted
of a small surface float, a wire-rope tether, and a sub-surface drogue. The float was affixed with
a small mast and flag for visibility. The drogue was a 4Vfe-m-long by % m diameter sock made of
reinforced nylon cloth, with polyethylene pipe hoops sewn into it for support, and weighted at
the bottom. The drogues were centered either at 9 m depth (shallow drifter) or 19 m depth
28

-------
North
Velocity
(cm/s)
25
East
Velocity
(cm/s)
-25
25



Tidal Variance - 45%

r\/\

x "\
/ /\
/r^y \ i


-V/" W/' ~\ \
*S"" **sA y""
\ I \ ~~~




-25

7 Jun 93 8
10
Figure 15. Vector components of the measured hourly current velocity (solid line)
and estimated tidal current velocity (dashed line) at 4 m depth from
the moored current meter array.
North
Velocity
(cm/s)
25
East
Velocity
(cm/s)
-25
25
-25
Tidal Variance ¦ 66%
7 Jun 93 8
10
figure 16. Vector components of the measured hourly current velocity (solid line)
and estimated tidal current velocity (dashed line) at 20 m depth from
the moored current meter array.
29

-------
40'23.5'N
40"23.(W
40"22.5'N
40°22.Cm
40"21.5'N
Figure 17. Mean current velocity during release "01", Solid vector is near-surface and
dashed vector near-bottom.
40°23J'N
40*23.01$
40" 22.511
40'22.0'N
40°21J'N
figure 18. Mean current velocity during release "02". Solid vector is near-surface and
dashed vector near-bottom.
6-Mile Mud


Dump Site
«n»nvfarv — ^

+
+
+
+
4*
4-
+
¦¥
-cv:
«B«
•f
+
"CM"
+ ^ + + -
w
w lOcm/s
0 <>
•*
73'52-W 73®5rW 73*50W 73*4yw
"B
CM'
lOcmfs
	>

-------

6-Mile Mud


40'23.5'N
Dump Site
Boundary

+
40'23.(m
+
+
+
40°22J'N
+
+
+
4O*22.0N
+
-A"
mr>n *
C •+.
"B*
+
40'21.5'N
+
. "CM"
+ + +


\
lQcm/s
73" 52*W 73'51-W 73*50W 73°49W
figure 19. Mean current velocity during release "03". Solid vector is near-surface and
dashed vector near-bottom.

6-Mile Mud


40° 23.5*1
Dump Site
Boundaiy ^
+
+
40°23.CW
+
+

40°22.5
-------
(deep drifter). The position of the drifters was tracked using the OSV Anderson's position as
she ran along side the surface buoys of each drifter.
The movement of the drifters was only modestly correlated with the movement of the plumes
(as will be seen in the next section), but they give an indication of the general trend of the
plume movement. Figures 21 through 24 show the movement of the drifters for each plume
tracking event. Shown for each plume are the position of the deployment and final contact and
the elapsed time (in hours) since the dredged-material release.
32 Prerelease Dredged Material Samples
Concurrent with survey operations aboard the OSV Anderson, a member of the survey team
procured grab samples of dredged-material from barges while they were being loaded at the
Port Elizabeth Channel dredging site. Four barges were sampled in all. The pre-release barge
sampling is summarized in Table 4. Where possible, samples were collected throughout the
loading of a barge, so as to obtain representative samples. Most of the material being dredged
was fine grained sediment, silt and/or clay. Field scientists noted that much of the material was
fine black mud and many sample had an oily sheen. Dried samples were analyzed for specific
gravity of the solids; grain size distributions were determined by sieving.
Table 4. Pre-release barge sampling of dredged material.
Barge
ID
Plume
Survey
Barge
Number of Grab
Samples Collected
during Loading
Begin
Loading
Complete
Loading
Release
Barge 1
"01"
Weeks
257
6
6/7/93
14:45
6/8/93
18:30
6/9/93
03:38
Barge 2
"02"
Weeks
256
4
6/8/93
20:00
6/9/93
03:00
6/9/93
14:44
Barge 3
"03"
Weeks
257
5
6/9/93
09:27
6/9/93
24:50
6/10/92
06:49
Barge 4
"04"
Weeks
256
5
6/10/93
01:35
6/10/93
11:45
6/18/92
17:33
The results of the physical analysis of dredged material from the four barges (Table 5) is
summarized below:
•	The dredge material from barges 2, 3, and 4 were physically very similar. The
material from barge 1 was coarser than the others - only sample aliquots from this
barge contained gravel.
•	Grain size analysis showed large silt and clay fractions, with some sand, and little
gravel.
32

-------
40*22.5'N
40-22.0'
40°21.5'

4- +


6-Mile Dump
Site Boundaiy


"A'
~


d"
X

H
^5
\
h 01:34
V /
73°51.5'W 73*51.0' 73°50.5' 73°50.0'
Figure 21. Drogued drifter positions recorded during release "01". Dashed line
indicates deep drogue. Elapsed time of drifter recovery is shown.
40#22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40°21.5'

•f +



^ 6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary



"A*
UJb 	
*ry 01:02
~ * d\ V
mo* \
00:17



+ +
+
73°51.5'W 73°51.0' 73°50.5' 73°50.0'
Figure 22. Drogued drifter positions recorded during release *02". Solid line
indicates shallow drogue and dashed line indicates deep drogue.
Elapsed time of drifter recovery is shown.
33

-------
40°22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40°21.5'

+
+



*0* 6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary
"A"
~



"V
i
"B" +
R ^ 02:25



01:19 S



+ +
+
+
73° 51.5'W 73°51.0'	73°50.5' 73°50.0'
figure 23. Drogued drifter positions recorded during release "03". Solid line
indicates shallow drogue and dashed line indicates deep drogue.
Elapsed time of drifter recovery is shown.
40#22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40°21.5'

+
6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary

+



"V
i
"A'
~
* *B"
+



01:19
—C
\ 1
01:38


+ +

+
+
73°51.5'W 73°51.0'	73°50.5' 73o50.0'
Figure 24. Drogued drifter positions recorded during release *04". Solid line
indicates shallow drogue and dashed line indicates deep drogue.
Elapsed time of drifter recovery is shown.
34

-------
* Moisture content was high (approximately 50%) for most samples. Percent moisture was
lowest in samples with relatively high gravel + sand fractions. Only samples from barge
I had moisture contents less than 45%.
Table 6 presents the results of PCDD/PCDF analysis of the pre-release dredged material (See A-23
and A-24 for detailed PCDD/PCDF data). The material from barge 1 was not only physically
diverse, but also chemically inhomogeneous. This is apparent from the % RSD values calculated for
the barge 1 samples. The material from each of the other three barges were relatively homogeneous,
with the %RSD £ 36 % for all samples. Highest total dioxin concentrations were detected in
material from barge 2.
Table 5. Pre-release dredged material physical analysis.
Barge
ID
Plume
Survey
TSS
(g/mL)
%
Moisture
Grain Size Analysis*
Specific
Gravity
%
Gravel
% Sand
% Silt
% Clay
Barge 1
"01"
1.08
35.67
2.67
17.03
25.32
34.63
23.00
Barge 2
"02"
0.51
61.35
2.70
0.00
9.43
62.48
28.10
Barge 3
"03"
0.56
58.76
2.70
0.00
7.22
60.06
32.72
| Barge 4
"04"
0.68
52.28
2.70
0.00
8.96
54.46
36.58
| Mean
0.70
52.01
2.69
4.26
12.73
52.91
30.10
| Std Dev
0.22
10.00
0.01
7.38
7.31
10.94
5.08
* Gravel particles greater than 2.0 mm.
Sand particles range from 0.062 to 2.0 mm.
Silt particles range from 0.0039 to 0.062 mm.
Clay particles less than 0.0039 mm.
35

-------
Table 6. Measured PCDD/PCDF concentrations In pre-release
dredged material.
Barge
Plume
Sample ID #
Total
Total
Total
Total
ID
Survey

Dioxin
Furan
2378 CDD
2378 CDF


(ng/kg)
(ng/kg)
(ng/kg)
(ng/kg)
Barge 1
"01"
WA70001 REP1
3423.8
960
2594.2
459.2
WA7Q001 REP1 DUP
4378
1150
3290.3
568
WA70001 REP2
48.93
13.2
40.11
7.14
WA70001 REP3
3562
1050
27945
491.9
WA70001 REP4
9336
1770
6652.6
758.9
WA70001 REPS
70
17.7
54.52
11.1
average
3384
781
2942
357
standard deviation
3401
678
2431
299
% RSD
101
87
97
84
Barge 2
"02"
WA70003 REP1
16811
2480
11437.5
1257.8
WA70003 REP2
8425
2580
6603.7
1419.4
WA70003 REP3
16220
1820
10715.6
975.3
WA70003 REP4
13907.5
2320
9329.2
981.2
average
13841
2300
9522
1158
standard deviation
3310
292
1847
189
% RSD
24
13
19
16
Barge 3
"03"
WA70004 REP1
5891
2410
4647.4
1245.1
WA70004 REP2
11890
2360
8631.7
1203.9
WA70004 REP3
6096.9
1760
4896.2
850.5
WA70004 REP4
7758
2070
6258.1
968
WA70004 REP5
11877
2070
9735.4
1055.6
average
8703
2134
6834
1065
standard deviation
2677
235
2026
146
% RSD
31
11
30
14
Barge 4
"04"
WA70005 REP1
10249
1980
7994.7
1142.6
WA70005 REP2
5262.7
2050
4353.8
1038
WA70005 REP3
4205
1210
3406.6
703.3
WA70005 REP3 DUP
4280
1590
3438
772.1
WA70005 REP4
5920
1710
4843.6
848
average
6419
1785
5154
942
standard deviation
2291
256
1718
158
%RSD
36
14
33
17
36

-------
3 J Plume Behavior
A plume of particles released into the ocean will be differentiated vertically as heavier particles
fall rapidly downward through the water column and may, depending upon the processes at work
at the time, be (1) transported horizontally by any mean currents (i.e. advection), (2) dispersed
by variations in the currents with depth (velocity shear), and (3) dispersed by oceanic turbulence
and the turbulent wake of the falling plume. Of interest here are the results of these different
processes that may be at work: plume transport and dispersion (or dilution). These effects will
be considered separately.
33.1 Background Water Quality
Water was collected at four control stations just before each disposal. Two of these samples
were analyzed for PCDD/PCDF and all were analyzed for TSS to determine background levels
during the survey. All control samples were collected at stations that were located inside the
Site in the vicinity of the Dump Buoys. A summary of background water quality analyses is
presented in Table 7. The complete data record for these analyses is presented in the
Appendix.
Table 7. Background measurements in seawater at the 6-Mile Dump Site, June 8-10,1993.
Parameter
Concentration Range

-------
40°22.5'N
6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary
Release
Start (03:24)
End (05:20)
73° 50.5'W
73" 50.0'W
Figure 25. Ship's track daring plume survey "01".
40°22.5'N
6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary
End (16:22)1 start (14:27
Release
73° 50.0'W
Figure 26. Ship's track during plume survey "02".
38

-------
40®22.5*N
40°22.0'N
40°21.5'N
6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary
2nd (08:45)
Start (06:20)
73#51.5'W 73'51.0'W 73*50.5'W 73° 50.0'W
figure 27. Ship's track during plume survey "03".
40°22.5'N
40°22.0'N
40°21.5'N

4
+


6-Mile Dump



Site Boundary



Release
-A*



|C\ Start (17:02)
tj/r?


»C" +f J
®

+ +


End (19:21)
73"51.5'W 73°51.0'W 73°50.5'W 73" 50.0'W
Figure 28. Ship's track during plume survey "04".
39

-------
water-column sensor package, and for the drifter position fixes. This was accomplished using
the integrated Loran/GPS positioning system of the BOSS (previously described), which has
accuracy of better than 25 m. The ship's track is shown for the four plume surveys in Figures 25
through 28. During plume survey operations, the BOSS displayed a history of transmissometry
measurements overlaid on the ship's track which enabled real-time adjustment of the ships
course. Consequently, the ship's tracklines presented in Figures 25 through 28 reflect the
process of continuously updating the ships course to chase the plumes.
3 J J Plume Transport
The fate of the dredged-material plumes released at the Site is of critical concern both in terms
of the movement of the plume, and contaminants therein, while still in the water column
(possibly outside the Site) and the final fate of the material when it eventually reaches the
seafloor. The transmissometer aboard the BOSS towfish sensor package provided a continuous
measure of water column turbidity as it was towed horizontally through the water column.
Figure 29 through 32 present plume transport as determined from transmissometry data. In the
figures, transmissometry hits (turbidity > 2.5x background) are shown with those hits deeper
than 10 m indicated by "o"s and those hits above 10 m indicated by Vs, although it must be
remembered that much more towing was done above 10 m depth than below.
During the first 3-5 min after each dredged-material release, the OSV Anderson steered directly
through the center of the plume, as evidenced from its still visible surface expression.
Surprisingly, while the plume was visible to the eye at the surface, and a strong acoustic signal
was observed with the echosounder, little or no transmissometry signal was observed. The only
possible explanation for this is that the plumes were still quite small at this point. The
echosounder has a wide beam angle that could intersect the plume if it were not directly below
the ship but a little port or starboard, while the BOSS towfish has to be directly in the plume
(i.e., the plume directly under the ship and astern). After the first few minutes, however,
transmissometry facilitated good tracking of the plume bodies.
Dredged-material release "01" was tracked on June 9, 1993 during approximately 2 hr of
operations (Figure 29). Analysis of the dredged material (summarized in Table 5) demonstrated
the material to consist of 17% gravel, the highest fraction of coarse material in the four barges.
Accordingly, the plume settled rapidly making it difficult to track after approximately 1 hr. The
plume was transported rapidly south-southeastward by the currents as it dispersed laterally. The
plume motion was consistent with the current meter measurements during this time (Figure 17,
near-bottom currents to the southeast). The shallow drifter deployed on the first pass through
the plume moved southeast tracking well with the plume body as measured by transmissometry.
The plume crossed the southern Site boundary approximately 54 min after the release.
Dredged-material release "02" was tracked on June 9, 1993 for approximately 2 hr (Figure 30).
The source dredged-material for this release consisted mostly of silt (63%) with a high clay
content (28%), with the remaining fraction sand and no gravel. This relatively fine material was
at first easily detected in the water column, but dispersed readily and was no longer measurable
after approximately 2 hrs. The high clay content in this and all the barges was sufficient to
make the dredged-material quite cohesive, resulting in a more rapid collapse of the plume than
would otherwise have been observed. Despite the fact that strong (15-20 cm/s) mean currents
40

-------
40*22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40®21.5'
' 6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary
73" 51.5'W 73*51.0'
73° 50.5'
73° 50.0'
Figure 29. Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "01". "x"s represent
transmissometry hits (turbidity >2.5x background) above 10 m depth and "o"s
represent transmissometry hits below 10 m depth.
40*22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40*21.5'
> 6-Mile Dump
Site Boundary
Release v "A'
~

73"51.5'W
73*51.0'
73*50.5'
73*50.0'
Figure 30. Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "02". "x"s represent
transmissometry hits (turbidity >2£x background) above 10 m depth and "o"s
represent transmissometry hits below 10 m depth.
41

-------
40°22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40°21.5'


+ +


^ 6-Mile Dump


Site Boundary


Release .
"A"
~


»c
V "B"


~
i



X m



X

+
+ + +
73° 51.5'W 73° 51.0' 73°50.5' 73"50.0'
Figure 31. Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "03". "x"s represent
transmlssometry hits (turbidity >2JSx background) above 10 m depth and "o
represent transmissometry hits below 10 m depth.
40#22.5'N
40° 22.0'
40°21.5'

+ +


I,** 6-Mile Dump


Site Boundary


Release \ "A"


mcr +,i\


D i 3u




I * 1
/ *4

h * + * 1 + + •
73° 51.5'W 73#51.0' 73*50.5' 73<>50.0'
Figure 32. Plume transport based on transmissometry for release "04". "x"s represent
transmissometry hits (turbidity >2.5x background) above 10 m depth and "o
represent transmissometry hits below 10 m depth.
42

-------
were measured by the current meter array during this release (see Figure 18), the plume moved only
very slowly to the southeast and was never observed outside of the Site. This is partly due to the fact •
that the mean currents represent a 4 hr average, and this plume was observed for only 2 hrs. In fact,
Figure 14, which represents the hourly velocity vectors, shows the flow to be accelerating over the 4
hr averaging interval so that during the first 2 hrs after release the velocity was actually much less
than the average. On the other hand, the plume trajectory was consistent with the drifter trajectory
(see Figure 22).
Dredged-material release "03" was tracked on June 10, 1993 for approximately 21h. hrs (Figure 31).
Analysis of the source dredged-material from barge samples showed the material to be very similar to
release "02" (60% silt, 33% clay, 7% sand, and no gravel). The resulting plume was transported
rapidly southeastward by the currents as it dispersed laterally. Once again there was inconsistency
between the observed plume transport and the measured current velocity (Figure 19), but the drifters
(deep and shallow) tracked well with the plume (Figure 23). The plume crossed the southern Site
boundary approximately 126 min after the release.
Dredged-material release "04" was tracked on June 10, 1993 for approximately 2V4 hr (Figure 32).
The source dredged-material for this release was the finest of the four releases (54% silt, 37% clay,
9% sand, and no gravel). Consistent with this, the plume remained trackable longer than any other
plume and the was transported the farthest. The plume body was transported rapidly southward and
remained fairly compact. The plume motion was consistent with the current meter measurements
during this time (Figure 20, currents to the south). Both the deep and shallow drifters deployed in
the plume were transported southward, tracking well with the plume body as measured by
transmissometry. The plume crossed the southern Site boundary approximately 92 min after the
release.
The results of plume transport can be summarized as follows:
•	With relatively fine source material all four plumes were easily tracked using transmissometry
for up to 2Vi hrs.
•	Three of the four plumes were directly observed outside the Site. In the case of "01", this
occurred less than one hour after release.
•	All four plumes were observed most frequently in the upper water column (< 10m depth).
•	Plume transport correlated well with the drogued drifter observations, but poorly with the
current meter observations.
3.3.4 Plume Dispersion
The water column dilution of the dredged-material plumes released at the Site is a function of
their settling rate and diffusion caused by velocity shear and oceanic turbulence. Along with
plume transport, plume dilution is of critical concern in the evaluation of water quality inside
and outside the Site. PCDD/PCDF and TSS data were used to determine the dispersion
behavior over time.
Dioxin concentrations measured in the plume samples are presented in Table 8 (See A-25 and A-26
for detailed PCDD/PCDF data). Total PCDD/PCDF concentrations were in the part-per-trillion
43

-------
¦01'
30	00	90
Time (min post release)
"03"
30	00	90
Time (min post release)












0—€>-
©	
—©	
	o
120
200
150
4
g 100
f/i
V)
H
200
150
a
OS
80
•02"
Time (min post release)
"04"

30
-e—©-
00
=£L
90
1»
Time (min post release)
Figure 33. Total suspended solids concentrations measured during each plume.

-------
to 10"3 part-per-trillion range and ranged from not detected to 0.604 ng/L in water samples taken 11
min after the release "02*.
The changes in the TSS concentration in the plumes following release, based on discrete water
samples, are presented in Figure 33 for each plume. The highest suspended solids concentrations
were found in samples taken approximately 10 to 15 minutes after releases "01", "02", and "04".
TSS measurements related to release "03" were lower and more variable, with the no real peak in the
concentration versus time, suggesting that samples from this plume may not have been taken directly
in the center of the plume. For plumes "01", "02", and "04" the decrease in TSS with time after the
peak value is initially very rapid, falling from as much as 150 mg/L to 15 mg/L within the first 20
min. After this initial period, the decrease is more gradual, taking 1 to 2xh hrs to reach background (
3 mg/L). Typically the initial-mixing of the dredged-material plume water with the ambient water is
quite rapid as caused by turbulence generated in the wake of the settling plume.
TSS concentrations in the dredged-material barge samples ranged from 0.51 to 1.08 g/mL. The
initial concentration of TSS in the plumes (time since release 5 to 15 min) based on discrete water
samples was measured at 1.76 - 163 mg/L which corresponds to an initial dilution range from 3,000:1
to 614,000:1. After two hours the TSS measurements in the plumes ranged from 1.94 to 8.47 mg/L
which corresponds to a dilution range of 60,000:1 to 557,000:1.
The changes in the concentrations of PCDD/PCDF in the plumes following release, from discrete
water samples, is presented in Figure 34 for each plume. Of the plume samples chemically analyzed,
the highest concentrations were detected in samples taken 10 to 15 minutes after releases. As with
TSS the concentrations of PCDD/PCDF then decreased very rapidly, falling from as much 0.604
ng/L to just above background within 50 min.
Dilutions during initial mixing (time since release approximately 5 to 15 min) were calculated by
comparing concentrations of PCDD/PCDF measured in the plumes with the concentrations measured
in the dredged material. The results are presented in Table 9. The initial dilution ranged between
4,000:1 and 110,000:1, similar to the dilutions determined for TSS. Release "03" dilution factors
could not be determined since no concentrations above detection levels were found in the water
column.
The results of plume dilution can be summarized as follows:
•	The release of the dredged-material into the water column resulted in rapid dispersal
(turbulent mixing) of the plumes during the first minutes after release. However, there
remained in the water column a volume of fines (silt and clay) which was measurable for up
to 2lA hrs.
•	From 0 to approximately 15 min, rapid settling of coarse material and turbulent mixing
resulted in initial dilutions of approximately 3,000:1 to 600,000:1.
•	Plume dilution after two hours, based on TSS, ranged from approximately 64,000:1 to
557,000:1.
•	PCDD/PCDF concentrations as high as 0.604 ng/L were measured in the water column 11
min after release.
45

-------
"01'



O ~ <1
Total Diox
Total Punu
Total 2378
n
;
CDD



O
Total 2378
CDF







Sf—-~i3—




Time (nun post release)
"03"



O ~ «
Total Diox
Total Pima
Total 2378
D
,
CDD



o
Total 2378
CDF







ra—

ra


1
0 2
0 "3
0 H 4
0 8
0 0
Time (min post release)
"02"
am
o.«
0.4
0.2



o
~
A
Total Diox
Total Purw
Total 2378
a
CDD
I

\
o
Total 2378
CDF



\\


L





6 m 1
0 29 90 4
o ""so ®
Time (min post release)
*04"
o.s
0.8
0.4
0.2



£> ~ O
Total Mo*
Total Fundi
Total 2378
n
i
CDD



O
Total 2378
CDF
(
>




—
k
|—0




Time (min post release)
Figure 34. PCDD/PCDF concentrations measured during each plume.

-------
Table 8. Measured PCDD/PCDF concentrations in plume samples.
Plume
Survey
Sample
ID#
Time After
Release
(min)
Total Dioxin
(ng/L)
Total Furan

Total 2378 CDD
(ng/L)
Total 2378 CDF
(ng/L)
"01"
0117
11
0.0069
ND
0.0069
ND
0119
16
0.089
0.012
0.0757
0.012
"02"
0148
5
0.014
0.0037
0.014
0.0037
0150
11
0.6037
0.1219
0.4638
0.0723
0158
47
0.04
0.0055
0.04
0.0055
"03"
0178
15
0.12
0.014
0.12
0.014
0181
26
ND
ND
ND
ND
0183
33
ND
ND
ND
ND
"04"
0226
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
0230
10
0.207
0.011
0.18
0.011
0233
15
0.11
0.018
0.11
0.018
Table 9. Estimates of dilution factors for PCDD/PCDF during initial mixing
(time since release approximately 5 to 15 min).
Plume
Survey
Total Dioxin
Total Furan
Total 2378 CDD
Total 2378 CDF
"01"
41,000:1
70,000:1
42,000:1
32,000:1
"02"
12,000:1
10,000:1
4,000:1
8,000:1
"03"
ND
ND
ND
ND
"04"
21,000:1
110,000:1
19,000:1
58,000:1
47

-------
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
This report presents the results from a field survey conducted at the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site
during June 7-10, 1993 aboard the OSV Anderson. In this study we have made the physical and
chemical measurements in the field necessary to determine the short-term fate and dilution of
dioxin contaminated dredged-material released into the water column.
Implications for the 6-Mile Mud Dump Site permit compliance can be summarized as follows:
•	The source dredged-material for each of the surveyed plumes was relatively fine
(although the material from barge 1 was coarser than the others) and the resulting
plumes were easily tracked using transmissometry for up to 2V6 hrs.
•	Total Dioxin, Furan, 2378 CDD, and 2378 CDF concentrations measured in the dredged-
material, as it was loaded aboard the barges, ranged from approximately 10 part-per-
trillion to 104 part-per-trillion .
•	Total Dioxin, Furan, 2378 CDD, and 2378 CDF concentrations measured in the water
column immediately after release (<15 min) were in the part-per-trillion to 10'3 part-per-
trillion range and ranged from not detected to 0.6 part-per-trillion in water samples
taken 11 minutes after the release "02".
•	Three of the four plumes were directly observed outside the Site. In the case of "01",
this occurred less than one hour after release.
•	Consistent with the mean currents for the area, the dominant flow direction during all
releases was toward the south or southeast. The proximity of the disposal buoys to the
southern boundary of the site was, of course, the single largest factor in the hasty exit
from the Site of the three of the plumes.
•	The release of the dredged-material into the water column resulted in rapid dispersal
(turbulent mixing) of the plumes during the first few minutes after release.
•	Within approximately 15 min, initial dilutions of approximately 3,000:1 to 600,000:1 were
reached based on PCDD/PCDF and TSS analysis.
•	Plume dilution after two hours, based on TSS, ranged from approximately 64,000:1 to
557,000:1.
48

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5.0 REFERENCES
Beardsley, R.C. and W.C. Boicourt. 1981, On estuarine and continental-shelf circulation in the
Middle Atlantic Bight. In Evolution of physical oceanography, BA. Warren and C.
Wunseh, Eds. MIT Press: 198-234.
Bowman, M J. and L.D. Wunderlich. 1977. Hydrographic properties. MESA New York Bight
atlas monograph 1. MESA New York Bight Project and New York Sea Grant Institute.
Albany, NY.
Folk, R. 1980. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, TX.
Foreman, M.G.G. 1978. Manual for Tidal Current Analysis and Prediction. Pacific Maine
Science Report 78-6, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, Sidney, B.C. 70 pp.
Johnson, Billy H. 1987. "User's Guide For Models of Dredged Material Disposal in Open
Water," Draft T. R., USAE WES, Vicksburg, MS.
Kraus, N. C., Ed. 1991. "Mobile, Alabama, Field Data Collection Project, 18 August - 2
September 1989 Report 1: Dredged Material Plume Survey Data Report" TR-DRP-91-3,
USAE WES, Vicksburg, MS.
Moody, J A. et al 1984. "Atlas of tidal elevation and current observations on the Northeast
American Continental Shelf and Slope," U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1611.
NOAA. 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorbed contaminants tested in
the national status and trends program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOA OMA 52.
Squibb, K. S., J. M. O'Connor, and T. J. Kneip. 1991. New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Program Toxics Characterization Report. Institute of Environmental Medicine, New
York University Medical Center, Tuxedo, NY.
Tsai, J.J., and J.R. Proni. 1985. Acoustic Study of Dredged-Material Dumping in the New York
Bight In: Ketchum, B.H., J.M. Capuzzo, W.V. Burt, I.W. Duedall, P.K. Park, and D.R.
Kester (eds), Wastes in the Ocean, VoL 6, Nearshore Waste Disposal, pp. 357-381. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
49

-------
APPENDIX

-------
Water samples collected.
SAMPLE ID
STATION
ID
WATER
DEPTH (m)
DATE
TIME
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
SAMPLE
DEPTH (m)
PROTOCOL
0117
BRG1
253
06-09-1993
03:49:26
40"21.89'N
73°51.02*W
3.78
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0119
BRG1
26.4
06-09-1993
03:53:33
40°21.83'N
73°50 59W
8.67
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0132
BRG1
263
06-09-1993
0S:17:56
40°21.49'N
73°50J8'W
4.22
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0136
BLNK1
26.7
06-09-1993
05:30:46
40"21.43'N
73*50 J9-W
4.01
QC TSS(1)
0143
BLNK2
26.7
06-09-1993
14:13:3S
40°22,12'N
73P5Q5VW
4.01
QCTSS(1)
0148
BRG2
13.6
06-09-1993
14:48:43
40°22.04'N
73°50.73,W
9.72
TSS(2)/DIXC2)
0150
BRG2
25.7
0649-1993
14:55:13
40°22.05'N
73°50.81"W
17.22
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0154
BRG2
26
06-09-1993
15:05:23
40°22.01'N
TSfSO.WW
9.74
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0158
BRG2
26.6
06-09-1993
15:31:06
40°21.92'N
73-50.68^
5.82
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0163
BRG2
265
06439-1993
16:16:01
40°21.84'N
7r50.6&'V/
10.32
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0170
BLNK3
26.1
06-10-1993
06:07:42
40°21.95'N
73m45*W
10.59
GCTSS(1)
0173
CTRL1
26.6
06-10-1993
06:32:40
40°21.83'N
73"50.60'W
1036
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0178
BRG3
25.4
06-10-1993
07:03:49
40°21.87*N
73*50.89^
7.16
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0181
BRG3
25.9
06-10-1993
07:14:42
40°21,81'N
73°50.8TW
8.82
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0183
BRG3
2S.8
06-10-1993
07:21:37
40°21.84'N
73°50.83rW
4.75
TSS{2)/DIX(2)
0189
BRG3
26.8
06-10-1993
07:58:28
40^21.79'N
73°50.67TV
7.04
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0195
BRG3
26.4
06-10-1993
08:41:02
40*21.81 *N
73°50.89rW
9.18
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0208
CTRL2
25.6
06-10-1993
09:35:44
40°23J8'N
73°50-22,W
9.23
TSS(2)/D1X(2)
0214
CTRL3
18
06-10-1993
09:53:01
40*23.54'N
73^1J4*W
1333
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0218
BLNK4
18.2
06-10-1993
09:58:40
40°23.60'N
73^1.15^
12.63
QCTSS(1)
0223
CTRL4
27.6
06-10-1993
17:04:16
40°21.91'N
73°50.64'W
9.22
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0226
BRG4
3.7
06-10-1993
17:38:14
40°22.04'N
73°S0.86'W
8.41
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0230
BRG4
20.4
06-10-1993
17:42:43
40*21.96'N
73=50.84^
11.35
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0233
BRG4
25.6
06-10-1993
17:48:23
40°21.94'N
73°50.87W
10.14
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0239
BRG4
262
06-10-1993
18:12:42
40°21.81'N
WSOM'W
9.14
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0245
BRG4
26.1
06-10-1993
18:4S:23
40*21.83'N
73°50.88'W
2.99
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0248
BRG4
25.6
06-10-1993
18:57:14
40*21.68'N
73*50.73^
13.08
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
0255
BRG4
255
06-10-1993
19:19:40
40*2U7N
73°50.72'W
13.36
TSS(2)/DIX(2)
A-l

-------
inxommar distribution
STATION: Current Matar Mooring	S/N: SOS INSTRUMENT DEPTH: 4.0 NATBR OBPTH:
I7I.ENAME: DIX06	rROM: 06/07/93 TO: 06/10/93	72 QUA POINTS
26.0 LAT:
40 1.40 CM/S
¦ a.59 CM/S
MAXIMUM -
26.22 CM/S
17.10 CM/S
MINIMUM <
-8.02 CM/S
-19.60 CM/S
Bivariate distribution and statistics of raw hourly data.

-------
ntlQOBiCY DISTRIBUTION
STATIC*: Coxrvnt Untax Mooring
nLSKMB: DIX15	FROM:
S/K: 515 2MSTIUMBK OBRl: 20.0 Win DEPTH:
06/07/93 TO: 06/10/93	72 DMA PQHITS
2C.0 LAS:
40dag 21.5' LONS;
JSdmg 50.C
BIMCXXOS TOtOUtDS
DS9MB3
a™ vbbcsst
-0- 30
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2.S
30- 60
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
60- 90
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1.4
90-120
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2.8
120-150
1
1
6
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
19.4
ISO-ISO
2
11
5
S
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
33. J
180-210
4
1
2
2
0
s
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
12.5
210-240
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
8.3
240-270
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
4.2
270-300
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
4.2
300-330
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
8.3
330-360
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2.8
SPSEB
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
•0
S5
90
95


CM/S
1
1
1
I
1
[
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
i
1
I
1
I
1
1



5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
SO
¦5
90
95
100


SUM
20
21
17
9
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
72

Ftftcmr
27.a
29.2
23,6
12.5
4.2
2.*
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0


COM PKCT
100.0
72.2
43.1
19.4
6.9
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0


SOMiMX STATISTICS
UTAH VILOCITY - 7.OS CX/S TOMUO
memi uss compomemt - x.si cm/s
nu uorth cow
20.0« CX/S
C.2* CM/8
28. 30 CM/S
immim,
nmm -
-12.46 CM/S
-22.04 CM/S
0.60 CM/S
n» a coordxhmi system whose * axis is oimctbb wjmw® 56 saanns true
X COMPOHEBT - 6.55 CM/S	SXAMDJUID DKVXMO* - 1.36 CM/S
¥ COMPONENT - -2.55 CM/S	SXAMDMID DSVIATOH - 4.06 CM/S
MMQMDM - 27.7* CM/S
5.44 CM/S
• 96 CM/S
mwmm - -14.93 cm/s
Bivariate distribution and statistics of raw hourly data.

-------
20
HISTOGRAM OF CURRENT SPEED
15
10
Station: Current Meter Mooring
from 06/07/93 to 06/10/93
s/n: 506 inst dep; 4m no. pts: 72
LLU
n
10	15	20	25
SPEED (m/s)
30
35
40
HISTOGRAM OF CURRENT DIRECTION
Current speed and direction at 4m depth.
A-4

-------
histogram of current speed
Station: Current Meter Mooring
from 06/07/93 to 06/10/93
s/n; 575 inst dep: 20m no. pts:
72
h I n n
10	15	20	25
SPEED (m/s)
30
35
40
HISTOGRAM OF CURRENT DIRECTION
20
_j
$
cc
LU
I—
Z
a:
yj
a
h—
z
laJ
o
cr
UJ
a.
201
Current speed and direction at 20m depth.
A-5

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
28 29 30 31 32
Density (at)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
0	1	1	r
Hydrographic profile from station "CI". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
8
I
Density
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
s
Hydrographic profile from station "CI". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-7

-------
Temperature (°Q
Salinity (psu)
E
Density (of)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)

Hydrographic profile from station "C3". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-8

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
fi
28 29 30 31 32
Density (at)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
0 	1	1	r
B
Hydrographic profile from station "C4". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
Density (at)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
0 	1	1	r
Hydrographic profile from station "C5". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-10

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
s
28 29 30 31 32
Density (at)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
S
Hydrographic profile from station "C6". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-ll

-------
Temperature (° C)
Salinity (psu)
s
Density (a©
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
i i	r
Hydrographic profile from station "C7". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-12

-------
Temperature fC)
Salinity (psu)
28 29 30 31
Density (aQ
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
Hydrographic profile from station "CS". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-13

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
Density (of)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
Hydrographic profile from station "C9". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-14

-------
Temperature (° C)
Salinity (psu)

I
Density (erf)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
1
Hydrographic profile from station "CIO". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-15

-------
Temperature (°C)
Salinity (psu)
28 29 30 31
Density (at)
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
Hydrographic profile from station "Cll". Vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, density, and beam attenuation for June 8, 1993.
A-16

-------
>
N"h
Sla *C9*
Temperature (°C)
"C6"
•C3"
a 10

Sta "C9"
Density (oQ
"C6"
*C3*
--21-5
a w

Salinity (psu)
Sta *€9*	"C6"	*C3»

Sta "C9*
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
"C6*
"C3"
i 10


Water properties along western north-south transect. Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, and beam
attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Temperature (°Q
Sta "CIO*
"C7"
"C4"
•cr
/
>
1
t—*
00
Sta "CIO*
Density (ctQ
*C7"
"C4"
-cr
2.5-
Sta "CIO*
Salinity (psu)
Sta *C10"
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
"C7"	*C4"
-cr
Water properties along central north-south transect Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, and beam
attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Temperature (°C)
Sta "Cll"
>
i
I—fc
*0
"C8"
"C5"
"C2"
7
Sta "Cll'
Density (aQ
"C8*	"C5"	"C2"
5
1 10
15
20
25
22
22
23
23
Water properties along eastern north-south transect,
attenuation for June 8, 1993.
Salinity (psu)
Sta 'Cll
C8
C5
5
30.5
10
15
20
25
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
Sta "Cll'	-C8-	-C5-	"C2"
5
1 10
15
20
25
0.8
0.8
0.0
Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, and beam

-------
Sta "C3"
Tempera toe (°C)
"C4"
*C5"
0 10

-------
Sta "C6"
Temperature (°C)
"CJm
"C8*
Sta W
Salinity (psu)
*C7*
*C8"
5
1 10
1* 15
20
25
J J> Jj


		"




-
30-5—" ""

c
-la cr
— JT 	 —

Sta "C6"
Density (a$
"C7"
"C8*
Beam Attenuation. (1/m)
Sta "C6*	*C7"	"C83"
MS33
Water properties along central east-west transect Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, and beam
attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Sta-CP-
Temperature (°Q
"CIO"
"Cll"
0	10
1
a 15
Sta-C9-
Density (at)
-cio-
"Cll*
0 10
Sta "C9"
Salinity (psu)
-cio-
"Cll"
a 10
Beam Attenuation (1/m)
Sta -C9-	-CIO-	"CI 13"
5 10
Water properties along southern east-west transect Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, and beam
attenuation for June 8, 1993.

-------
Selected Dioxin Data Related to Plume Survey Samples (ng/L).
Plume
Survey
SAMPLE
ID#
2378
TCDD
12378
PCDD
123478
HXCDD
123678
HXCDD
TOTAL
HPCDD
OCDD
"01"
0117
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0069
0119
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.021
0.068
"02"
0148
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.014
01S0
0.0038
ND
ND
ND
0.14
0.42
0158
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.04
"03"
0178
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.12
0181
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0183
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
"04"
0226
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0230
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.027
0.18
0233
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.11
A-23

-------
Selected Furan Data Related to Plume Survey Samples (ng/L).
Plume
Survey
SAMPLE
ID*
2378
TCDF
23478
PCDF
123478
HXCDF
123678
HXCDF
234678
HXCDF
123789
HXCDF
TOTAL
HPCDF
OCDF
"01"
0117
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0119
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.012
"02"
0148
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0037
ND
ND
ND
0150
0.0024
ND
0.0046
0.0017
0.0076
ND
0.038
0.033
0158
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0055
ND
ND
ND
"03"
0178
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.014
ND
0181
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0183
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
"04"
0226
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0230
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.011
ND
0233
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.018
ND
A-24

-------
Selected Dioxin Data Related to Barge Samples (ng/kg, dry weight).
Plume
Survey
Sample ID §
2378
TCDD
12378
PCDD
123478
HXCDD
123678
HXCDD
TOTAL
HPCDD
OCDD
"01"
WA70001 REP1
53
ND
ND
14
1000
2200
WA70001 REP1 DUP
44
3
4.3
19
1300
2800
WA70001 REP2
0.51
ND
ND
ND
13
34
WA70001 REP3
36
2.9
3.3
15
930
2400
WA70001 REP4
54
ND
5.6
30
3100
5800
WA70001 REP5
0.92
ND
ND
ND
18
46
"02"
WA70003 REP1
70
ND
7.5
41
6200
10000
WA70003 REP2
63
8.3
6.4
29
2400
5700
WA70003 REPS
54
ND
5.6
39
6300
9400
WA70003 REP4
67
ND
8.2
34
5100
8200
"03"
WA70004 REP1
79
ND
6.4
27
1500
4000
WA70004 REP2
70
ND
6.7
37
3800
7500
WA70004 REP3
66
ND
8.2
27
1500
4200
WA70004 REP4
62
ND
8.1
38
1900
5400
WA70004 REP5
61
ND
9.4
40
2900
8500
"04"
WA70005 REP1
63
8.6
9.1
40
2800
6900
WA70005 REP2
69
ND
3.8
30
1200
3700
WA70005 REP3
64
ND
5.6
23
980
2900
WA70005 REP3 DUP
66
ND
5
24
1000
2900
WA70005 REP4
58
ND
7.6
31
1300
4100
A-25

-------
Selected Furan Data Related to Barge Samples (ng/kg, dry weight).
1 Plume
Surrey
Sample ID #
2378
TCDF
23478
PCDF
123478
HXCDF
123678
HXCDF
234678
HXCDF
123789
HXCDF
TOTAL
HPCDF
OCDF
"01"
WA70001 REP1
11
11
33
9.9
9.1
3.1
230
230

WA70001 REP1 DUP
11
15
47
13
11
4.2
270
280

WA70001 REP2
0.53
ND
ND
ND
0.61
ND
2
4

WA70001 REP3
9.2
11
38
10
8.8
2.8
240
250

WA70001 REP4
22
18
ND
16
15
3.9
440
410

WA70001 REP5
1.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.8
5.8
"02"
WA70003 REP1
22
26
79
22
22
8.8
640
660

WA70003 REP2
19
25
83
20
21
8.4
660
780

WA70003 REP3

23
62
16
16
5.6
530
530

WA70003 REP4
23
19
63
28
16
ND
600
540
"03"
WA70004 REP1
21
22
60
19
17
6.6
720
530

WA70004 REP2
26
29
85
23
21
7.9
620
590

WA70004 REP3
22
24
89
20
17
6.7
410
390

WA70004 REP4
22
27
65
25
21
ND
520
460

WA70004 REP5

25
75
21
20
6.6
580
540
"04"
WA70005 REP1
25
30
73
22
25
7.6
650
570

WA70005 REP2
16
23
86
24
15
ND
470
550

WA70005 REP3
14
16
52
12
15
3.3
230
360

WA70005 REP3 DUP
17
17
52
14
16
5.1
370
410

WA70005 REP4

19
90
22
15
7.3
440
380
A-26

-------