United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance
Washington, DC 20460
EPA-300-F-98-002n
February 1998
EPA Federal Facilities Toxic Release and Reduction
Initiatives Fact Sheet
Background
Executive Order 12856, entitled "Federal Compliance with
Right-To-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention
Requirements", was signed by President Clinton on
August 3, 1993. The primary objectives of EO 12856 are
to encourage Federal facilities to:
•	Develop pollution prevention plans to reduce toxic
releases by 50%;
•	Collect and report data on the quantity of hazardous
materials stored, used, and released at the facility;
•	Ensure public access to use and release information.
Federal facilities are required to submit annual TRI reports
starting in 1995 for data collected in 1994.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
1995 Waste Management Distribution
, 8%

6%

0% '


-
Recycling
Energy Recovery
¦ Treatment
& Releases
Approach
A study was undertaken to analyze Federal facility TRI data for 1994 and 1995 to: 1) determine the most commonly
used and released chemicals; 2) identify currently used pollution prevention (P2) approaches and on-going pollution
prevention research and development to lower or substitute the use of a chemical; and 3) identify potential
RD/transition needs. As of January 1998, fifteen chemical Fact Sheets have been developed. Please refer to the
back page to order Fact Sheets for other chemicals.
This Fact Sheet contains two charts and four main sections:

The charts represent the waste management distribution and percent change of TRI reported quantities.
Chemical Profile section.
Identified and used P2 approaches section.
On-going P2 research and development section.
P2 research and development/transition needs section.
TRI Reported Quantities - Percent Change 1994 and 1995
nt
c
_C
O
vO
ff"
TRI
Reporting
Releases
Recycling
Energy Recovery
Treatment
Releases plus
Off-site Treatment

On-Site Off-Site
On-Site [
Off-Sits
On-Site
Off-Site
1994 fibs)
433,959
0 7.895
9,716
31,100
700
51,354
485,313
1995 (lbs) 1
452,050
0: 40,680
9,200'
25,156 '
607
1,215"
453,265
% Change
4%
0% 415%
-5%
•19%
-13%
-96%
-7%
Page 1 of 9
TRICHLOROETHYLENE:

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CHEMICAL PROFILE: TRICHLOROETHYLENE	CAS#: 79-01-6 j
SYNONYMS	TRILENE	TRICHLOROETHENE	TCE
COMMON USES IN THE U.S.
www.epa. g ov/ttn/uatw#http://www epa.gov/ttn/uat © Trichloroethylene is used in products such as typewriter correction fluids, paint
w#	removers/strippers, adhesives, spot removers, and mg-cteaning fluids.
® Trichloroethylene is used as a degreaser of metal parts, an extraction solvent for greases, oils,
fats, waxes, and tars, a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals, and as a
refrigerant.
ACUTE HEALTH HAZARDS
www.epa.qov/ttn/uatwtfhttp://www.e pa .q o v/ttn/uat • Acute exposure to very high levels of trichloroethylene (approximately 10,000 ppm) in humans
w?	has caused death. A few of these reports have cited cardiac arrhythmias as the cause of death,
and one report noted massive liver damage.
•	Central nervous system effects are the primary effects noted from acute inhalation exposure to
trichloroethylene in humans, with symptoms including sleepiness, confusion, and feelings of
euphoria. Effects on the gastrointestinal system, liver, kidneys, and skin have also been noted.
•	Trichloroethylene absorption by inhalation, dermal, and oral exposure is very rapid.
Trichloroethylene is metabolized in humans and animals to a number of substances which
themselves are known to be toxic: chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic add, dichloroacetic acid, and
trichloroethanol.
CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS
www.epa.qov/ttn/uatw#http://www. e pa. qo v/ttn/uat « An association (but no cause-and-effect relationship) was found between elevated levels of
w#	chlorinated hydrocarbons, including trichloroethylene, in drinking water and congenital heart
disease in children of exposed parents.
•	Chronic exposure to trichloroethylene by inhalation in humans also results in central nervous
system effects.
« Case reports have reported effects such as dizziness, headache, sleepiness, nausea,
confusion, blurred vision, facial numbness, and weakness at concentrations around 100 ppm.
•	One study found increases in miscarriages in nurses exposed to trichloroethylene and other
chemicals in the workplace, although no specific association with trichloroethylene was found.
Another study found no increase in malformations in babies of 2,000 fathers and mothers
exposed to trichloroethylene in the workplace via inhalation.
•	Several human studies have investigated the relationship between inhalation exposure to
trichloroethylene and cancer.
•	These studies did not find significant increases in cancer incidence, but they are limited by lack
of exposure data and small sample size.
•	One human study reported that there was a potential association between drinking water
contaminated with trichloroethylene and an increased risk of childhood leukemia. Other studies
reexamined the data and did not agree with the association because the people were exposed
to chemicals other than trichloroethylene, and the statistical significance of the incidence of
leukemia has not been resolved.
•	Animal studies, via inhalation exposure, have reported increases in lung, liver, and testicular
tumors and increases in liver tumors via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the
stomach).
•	EPA has classified trichloroethylene as a probable human carcinogen.
•	Studies have shown that alcohol consumption in humans increases the toxicity of
trichloroethylene.
COMMON P2 INITIATIVES
www .epa.qov/ttn/u atw#htt p://www. e pa .gov/ttn/uat • Source Reduction. Eliminated or minimized the use of organic solvents for paint removal
w#	operations by implementing aqueous-based paint removers and abrasive/mechanical removers
(i.e., PM8, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sponge Media, High Pressure Water).
•	Solvent Substitution. Switched to cleaning solvents with reduced environmental impact (low
toxicity, low VOC, non-HAP, biodegradable) for hand-wiping and heavy-duty cleaning
applications.
•	Source Reduction. Mechanical parts washers utilizing aqueous cleaners are substituted for
heavy-duty cleaning applications.
Page 2 of 9
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Additional information regarding chemical hazards and access to Material Safety Data Sheets can be reached through
the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry web page; http://atsdr1.atsdr.cdc.gov.8080/- refer to ToxFAQs.
FEDERAL FACILITIES REPORTING
COMMON USES OF: TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Federal Facilities Reporting in both 1994 and 1995
Federal Facililties Reporting Only in 1994
Federal Facililties Reporting Only in 1995
3 HAND-WIPE SOLVENT
3 PAINT REMOVER
0
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
POLLUTION PREVENTION APPROACHES CURRENTLY IN USE
HAND-WIPE SOLVENT
•	KC-135 Systems Program Office, (OC-ALC), switched to cleaners under the MIL-C-87937 specification including DS-108 for wipe-prior-to-paint
applications. They are continuing to test and evaluate other commercially available solvents including borothene and hydrofluoroethers. Tinker
AFB, Oklahoma City ALC
•	Replaced 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) with a terpene cleaner for hand wiping operations. Martin Marietta
Astronautics
•	Replaced MEK with a cleaner approved by the KC-135 SPO at Tinker AFB, methyl-n-propyl ketone (MPK). ASC/RAS, Wright Patterson AFB
•	Isopropyl alcohol (!PA) is approved as an afternative to MEK. Technical Order 1-1-8 which references T.O. 1-1-691 contains specific
procedures for the use of IPA. T O. 1-1-691 recommends cleaning products qualified to MIL-C-87937, Type II. Cleaners qualified to MIL-C-
87937B are the most environmentally friendly cleaners authorized for use on C-141 aircraft and its components. (Reference: PRO-ACT
Technical Inquiry 8200}
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
•	For heavy soil removal, NAVAiR recommends low vapor pressure (LVP) organic solvents These solvents are volatile organic compounds, but
due to their tow vapor pressures and slower evaporation rates, they may be exempt from certain air regulations and produce lower air emissions
depending on how they are used, managed, and stored. LVP solvents are generally composed of aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons, terpenes,
esters, or organic blends with vapor pressures below 5 mmHg at 72 degrees F Normally, these solvents are applied with a solvent soaked
cloth,'followed by a surface wipe with a clean cloth. In some cases, a second clean cloth wipe may be required to remove residual solvent to
speed drying.
•	Nonhalogenated Systems for Cleaning Metal Parts: Production testing demonstrated the viability of spray and immersion cleaning systems for
specific cleaning applications. Based on the bench scale testing, NDCEE determined that Bruiin formula 815GD is the preferred aqueous
chemistry for mechanically and ultrasonically agitated immersion systems and will be used for production testing in the Advanced Ultrasonic
Cleaning System Daraclean 282 was selected for use in the Power Washer Cleaning System, although alt of the chemistries downselected for
the bench scale testing effectively emulsified the soils and prevented recontamination of the parts. NDCEE, POC. Richard Pirotta 814-269-
2810.
•	The Corrosion Control Element, 437 Equipment Maintenance Squadron (EMS), Charleston AFB, South Carolina significantly reduced their
hazardous waste stream by reclaiming a majority of the Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) used in their aircraft refinishmg operation. They did this
using an off-the-shelf recycling unit purchased from a local automobile body shop supply store This is one example of many recycling options
implemented by Federal Facilities to reduce the disposal of used solvents.
•	Abrasive blasting is an alternative to solvents for cleaning. In the blasting process, particulate media is propelled by compressed gases or a
liquid to impinge on the contaminated surface. No toxic or hazardous chemicals are used; however, the blasting media can become
contaminated with the materia! being blasted from the surface. There are several different types of blasting media, some multi-purpose and
others single purpose The various types of blasting media are' Mineral Grit/Sand Blasting, Steel Shot, Plastic Media, Plastic Foam, Dry Ice
(C02), Wheat Starch, Walnut Shells and Other Food By Products, and Sodium Bicarbonate.
•	Nonhalogenated Systems for Cleaning Metal Parts: Production testing demonstrated the viability of spray and immersion cleaning systems for
specific cleaning applications Based on the bench scale testing, NDCEE determined that Bruiin formula 815GD is the preferred aqueous
chemistry for mechanically and ultrasonically agitated immersion systems and will be used for production testing in the Advanced Ultrasonic
Cleaning System Daraclean 282 was selected for use in the Power Washer Cleaning System, although all of the chemistries downselected for
the bench scale testing effectively emulsified the soils and prevented recontamination of the parts NDCEE, POC: Richard Pirotta 814-269-
2810.
•	Hill AFB switched to terpenes and an ethyl lactate blend for aircraft cleaning operations. Hill AFB. Ogden ALC
•	Steam cabinets or vacuum vapor degreasers will most likely be used at OC-ALC for penetrant removal prior to plating Steam cleaning is a
viable solvent alternative for removing oily or greasy residue. The heat accelerates emulsification break-down, and removal of caked-on dirt and
grease The high temperature of steam is used to heat surfaces long enough for the steam to vaporize or liquefy the oil, grease, or dirt. The
residue can then be effectively washed away with the steam condensate. Steam cleaning can also be used with a degreasing agent (often a
surfactant) to enhance the solubility of grease in water. Steam cleaners are available to perform medium duty to heavy duty cleaning jobs and
are available in a variety of different system configurations. Portable steam cleaners are available through the national stock system These
have been used at DOD facilities for removing oil. grease, sand, rust, carbon, and burnt propellant from weapons. The wastewater generated
from the steam cleaning process may be treated at an industrial wastewater treatment plant, depending on the toxicity of the dirt and grease
removed.
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POLLUTION PREVENTION APPROACHES CURRENTLY IN USE
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
•	Switched to alternative cleaners for MEK and TCA: Pensolv L805 (a terpene-based, four part cleaner); a four part cleaner {containing MEK and
toluene); and DS-108. Commodities Directorate, OC-ALC
•	Using carbon dioxide blast media system for cleaning KC-135, C-141, B-52, B-t, and F-16 engines, C02 is used in conjunction with solvent
cleaning methods as an initial cleaning step in the process. Both G.E. and Pratt and Whitney approved the use of C02 for cleaning engines.
Additional technologies successfully implemented to replace solvent usage in propulsion include: power spray washers, water-based cleaners,
and water jet. (Reference: B, Ley "Solvent Substitution in Jet Engine Maintenance at Tinker AFB" Proceedings from the 1996 Tri-Services
World-Wide Pollution Prevention Conference"). Tinker AFB
•	Resolved by switching to terpenes and an ethyl lactate blend for aircraft cleaning operations. Hill AFB. Ogden ALC
•	Steam cabinets or vacuum vapor degreasers will most likely be used at OC-ALC for penetrant removal prior to plating. Steam cleaning is a
viable solvent alternative for removing oily or greasy residue. The heat accelerates em unification break-down, and removal of caked-on dirt and
grease. The high temperature of steam is used to heat surfaces long enough for the steam to vaporize or liquefy the oil, grease, or dirt. The
residue can then be effectively washed away with the steam condensate. Steam cleaning can also be used with a degreasing agent (often a
surfactant) to enhance the solubility of grease in water. Steam cleaners are available to perform medium duty to heavy duty cleaning jobs and
are available in a variety of different system configurations. Portable steam cleaners are available through the national stock system. These
have been used at DOD facilities for removing oil, grease, sand, rust, carbon, and burnt prapellant from weapons. The wastewater generated
from the steam cfeaning process may be treated at an industrial wastewater treatment plant, depending on the toxicity of the dirt and grease
removed.
•	Tinker AFB is installing two vacuum vapor degreasers for wax removal. Vacuum vapor degreasers release less solvent to the atmosphere
because the work chamber is completely enclosed. The engine parts are placed in an airtight chamber into which solvent vapors are
introduced. After cleaning is complete, the solvent vapors in the chamber are evacuated and captured by chilling and carbon adsorption. Once
the solvent in the chamber is evacuated, the door of the chamber is opened and the workload is withdrawn. The cleaned workload is also free
from any residual solvent, and there are no subsequent emissions. (Reference: USEPA Guide to Cleaner Technologies: Cleaning and
Degreasing Process Changes, EPA/625/R-93/017. February 1994).
•	Using carbon dioxide blast media system for cleaning KC-135, C-141, B-52, B-1, and F-16 engines. C02 is used in conjunction with solvent
cleaning methods as an initial cleaning step in the process. Both G.E. and Pratt and Whitney approved the use of 002 for cleaning engines.
Additional technologies successfully implemented to replace solvent usage in propulsion include: power spray washers, water-based cleaners,
and water jet. (Reference: B. Ley "Solvent Substitution in Jet Engine Maintenance at Tinker AFB" Proceedings from the 1996 Tri-Services
World-Wide Pollution Prevention Conference"). Tinker AFB
•	Abrasive blasting is an alternative to solvents for cleaning. In the blasting process, particulate media is propelled by compressed gases or a
liquid to impinge on the contaminated surface. No toxic or hazardous chemicals are used; however, the blasting media can become
contaminated with the material being blasted from the surface. There are several different types of blasting media, some multi-purpose and
others single purpose. The various types of blasting media are: Mineral Grit/Sand Blasting, Steel Shot, Plastic Media. Plastic Foam, Dry Ice
(C02), Wheat Starch, Walnut Shells and Other Food By Products, and Sodium Bicarbonate.
•	Tinker AFB is installing two vacuum vapor degreasers for wax removal. Vacuum vapor degreasers release less solvent to the atmosphere
because the work chamber is completely enclosed. The engine parts are placed in an airtight chamber into which solvent vapors are
introduced. After cleaning is complete, the solvent vapors in the chamber are evacuated and captured by chilling and carbon adsorption. Once
the solvent in the chamber is evacuated, the door of the chamber is opened and the workload is withdrawn. The cleaned workload is also free
from any residual solvent, and there are no subsequent emissions. (Reference: USEPA Guide to Cleaner Technologies: Cleaning and
Degreasing Process Changes, EPA/625/R-93/017, February 1994),
PAINT REMOVER
•	Abrasive blasting is an alternative to solvents for coatings removal. In the blasting process, particulate media is propelled by compressed gases
or a liquid to impinge on the contaminated surface. No toxic or hazardous chemicals are used; however, the blasting media can become
contaminated with the material being blasted from the surface. There are several different types of blasting media, some multi-purpose and
others single purpose. The various types of blasting media are: Mineral Grit/Sand Blasting, Steel Shot, Plastic Media, Plastic Foam, Dry Ice
(C02), Wheat Starch, Walnut Shells and Other Food By Products, and Sodium Bicarbonate.
® Mobile Manipulation of a C02 Turbine Wheel Coatings Removal System: NDCEE tested and demonstrated the use of a centrifugally
accelerated carbon dioxide pellet turbine wheel (C02 TW) device manufactured by Cryogenics, Inc. The device was tested using Navy
equipment and compared results with current coatings removal methods. POC: Frederick Lancaster, NDCEE, 814-269-2806.
•	Automated Ultra-High Pressure Waterjet System Workcell UHPWJ (N.020): This project will evaluate the automated UHPWJ process for
thermal spray coatings removal, aid in transitioning this technology to DOD repair/refurbishment depots, and explore UHPWJ stripping as a
possible alternative to other waste-generating coatings removal processes, which utilize acid dip/media blast steps that generate hazardous
waste and damage engine components. ARDEC, Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD), NDCEE; POC: Frederick Lancaster NDCEE 814-269-
2806.
« Abrasive blasting is an alternative to solvents for coatings removal. In the blasting process, particulate media is propelled by compressed gases
or a liquid to impinge on the contaminated surface. No toxic or hazardous chemicals are used; however, the blasting media can become
contaminated with the material being blasted from the surface. There are several different types of blasting media, some multi-purpose and
others single purpose. The various types of blasting media are: Mineral GriVSand Blasting, Steel Shot, Plastic Media, Plastic Foam, Dry Ice
(C02), Wheat Starch, Walnut Shells and Other Food By Products, and Sodium Bicarbonate.
Page 4 of 9
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POLLUTION PREVENTION APPROACHES CURRENTLY IN USE
PAINT REMOVER
•	Automated Ultra-High Pressure Waterjet System WorkceU UHPWJ (N.020): This project wilt evaluate the automated UHPWJ process for
thermal spray coatings removal, aid in transitioning this technology to DOD repair/refurbishment depots, and explore UHPWJ stripping as a
possible alternative to other waste-generating coatings removal processes, which utilize acid dip/media blast steps that generate hazardous
waste and damage engine components. ARDEC, Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD), NDCEE; POC: Frederick Lancaster, NDCEE, 814-269-
2806.
*	Mobile Manipulation of a C02 Turbine Wheel Coatings Removal System: NDCEE tested and demonstrated the use of a cantrifugally
accelerated carbon dioxide pellet turbine wheel (C02 TW) device manufactured by Cryogenics, inc. The device was tested using Navy
equipment and compared results with current coatings removal methods. POC: Frederick Lancaster, NDCEE, 814-269-2806.
ON-GOING POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HAND-WIPE SOLVENT
Solvent Substitution for Fuel Tank Cleaning:
Using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a temporary substitute for the cleaning compound (NSN 6850-00-611-7993) that contains MEK for spot cleaning
fuel tanks. The B-52 program office is working with Morton Aerospace to test a substitute sealant (MC-250) that could be removed with a substitute
cleaner that does not contain HAPS. USAF, B-52 Program Office; POC: Unknown.
Alternatives for General Aircraft Maintenance:
CCAD; POC: Unknown
Non-toxic Small/Medium Caliber Automatic Weapons Cleaning Process:
ARDEC: POC: Unknown
Solvent Substitution/Low VOC Cleaners:
Navy-PaEuxant; POC: Unknown
Substitute for Hand-Wipe Solvents:
Conducted extensive testing on commercially available, environmentally-friendly hand-wipe solvents for use on the B-2 program at the Air Force
Plant 42 Palmdale site. Selected two solvents for implementation in manufacturing operations. Dynamo Id DS-108 and DS-108CA. Northrop
Grumman; POC: Unknown.
Substitute Hand-Wipe Solvents:
Evaluated 24 cleaners. Testing three potential substitutes for MEK: ISO-BLAST, MD-516F, and Androx 5564. USAF, F-15 Program Office, Wright
Patterson AFB; POC: Unknown.
Substitute Hand-Wipe Solvents:
Tested 30 commercially available hand-wipe cleaners. Of the 30 cleaners, only four passed all screening tests: SD 1291 (Brulin Corporation);
CitraSafe {Inland Technology); Super 140 (LPS Industries); and De-Solv-lt E&E (Orange-Sol, Inc.). USAF, Warner Robins ALC (WR-ALC/TI); POC:
Unknown.
Substitute Wipe Solvent:
Testing DS-108 as a substitute wipe solvent. DS-108 Solvent was developed and patented by General Dynamics, Fort Worth Division (now
Lockheed-Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems) for use in the F-16 program. DS-108 has been qualified to meet a variety of OEM and military
specifications and received toxicity clearance from the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. USAF, OC-ALC; POC: Unknown.
Surface/Solvent Diagnostics for Metal Cleaning Operations:
Army Research Laboratory; POC: Unknown
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
Environmentally Acceptable Cleaning Processes:
U.S. Army, TARDEC: POC: Unknown
Continuous Agueous Cleaning to Eliminate ODC:
RIA; POC: Unknown
Aqueous-based Deoreasino Technology:
The Army's Soldier Systems Command (SSCOM) will develop nonpolluting, nontoxic water-based degreasers for cleaning metal/ glass/plastic
surfaces using biopolymer emulsifying materials. Develop microbrally produced natural surfactants (emulsans) through fermentation processes and
optimize chemical structure of the new materials for specific oil/grease removal needs. Solve production issues for fermentation and purification of
new bioemulsifiers. Relate detergency to chemical structure. Tailor chemical structure of bioemulsifiers for specific degree sing applications.
Extramural: modify bioemulsifiers by fermentation feeding strategies. Chemically characterize new emulsifiers. Modify other similar biopolymers
with fermentation technique. Optimize bioremediation methods for emulsified oil/grease solutions. NRDEC and AMC-IOC; POC: Dr. Fred Allen 508-
233-4266
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ON-GOING POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
APMS&E for Aircraft Components:
Field demonstration of laser based facility for component cleaning, coating removal and surface preparation. Wright Lab; POC: Robert Hall,
WUMLPJ. DSN 785-2334.
APE DOM for No n-chemical Metal Cleaning of Aircraft Components:
Alternative process, engineering design and operation manual for non-chemical metal cleaning process for aircraft components, including wing
skins, fuselage panels and bulkheads, etc., prior to surface preparation, such as anodizing, and subsequent priming in preparation for coating or
adhesive bonding. Air Force Research Laboratory; POC: Phil Mykybuk, WUMLSE, DSN 785-3953, (513) 255-3953.
APEDOM for a Supercritical Fluid Cleaner for Avionics and Mechanical Components:
Alternative Process Design and Operation Manual for a supercritical fluid cleaner with an internal chamber sized to accommodate both avionics and
mechanical components. Air Force Research Laboratory: POC: Ptnl Mykytiuk, WL/MLSE, DSN 785-3953, (513) 255-3953.
Alternative Cleaning Processes for Metal and Composite Honeycomb Parts:
Corpus Christi Army Depot and NDCEE will develop an environmentally friendly cleaning process for cleaning the honeycomb core, skins, and
structural members prior to bonding. CCAD, NDCEE, POC: Mr. AJ Gonzales, 512-939-4073.
Alternative Bullet Tip Deoreasmo Agent:
ARDECiLake City Army Ammunition Plant; POC: Ms. Bianca Roberts, 816-79&-7168 ¦
Laser Cleaning and Coatings Removal:
Demonstrate the use of laser cleaning and coating removal on components ranging from turbine engine blades to landing gear and radomes.
Prototype laser-based facility will test carbon dioxide and examine laser cleaning and coating removal operations for a variety of aircraft and general
equipment cleaning. Wright Lab/MTPN; POC: Mr. Michael Waddell (513) 255-7277.
High Efficiency. low-Cost Supercritical Fluid Cleaner
SWRI developed a natural convection supercritical fluids cleaner as a substitute for 1,1,1 -triefiloroethane. SWRI also designed and built a pre-
production natural convection cleaning system. Under this project, SWRI will establish the cleaning envelope for the natural convection process. As
of June 1997, SWRI had begun the background contamination study and the particulate filtering system design. Southwest Research Institute and
Air Force Research Laboratory, POC: Mary Marshall, (210) 522-2183.
Evaluation of Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents and Cteaners for Airov Vehicles:
Identify candidate replacement solvents and recovery systems for chlorinated solvents for Army vehicle maintenance and repair. Test, evaluate and
determine environmental and economic benefits, U.S. Army Materiel Command, TACOM; POC; T,C, llandsy, TACOM, 810-574-8834.
Solvent Replacement - Vaoor Deoreaser.
Allied Signal will demonstrate a replacement for 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor degreasing. Allied Signal Army Engine Plants; POC: Mr. T. Russell, Mr.
J. Marred, 203-385-3741.
Reduce Toxic Pollutant in Ultrasonic Cleaner Discharge Wastewater
NDCEE/ Tobyhanna Army Depot; POC: Unknown
Deploy Lactate Esters as Non-toxic. Non-polluting Solvent:
Explore the use of inexpensive lactate esters, such as ethyl lactate, for paint equipment cleaning, and honeycomb structure cleaning prior to
bonding. Test recovery process. Conduct economic analysis. NCMS/ORNL; POC: Mr. Jim Frank, 708-252-7693
Laser Cleaning for Semiconductor Manufacturing:
Joint demonstration of a laser cleaning system manufactured by Neuman MicroTechnotogies, Inc. for silicon wafers, photomasks, and flat panel
display substrates. National Security Agency, Motorola, USEPA, Radiance Services Company; POC: John Robinson, (301) 654-0228, (Radiance
Services)
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Solvent Replacement:
LANL conducted a project to develop improved techniques for cleaning with supercritical carbon dioxide. LANL has a Supercritical Fluids
Experimental User facility available for exploratory evaluation and long-term R&D. Los Alamos National Laboratory; POC; Dale Spall, Ken Laintz.
Plasma Dry Cleaning:
LANL conducted a technology demonstration of plasma dry cleaning on sample components and is developing industrial process techniques.
Process uses an oxygen, radio-frequency plasma to remove hydrocarbon surface contamination, such as cutting fluids, ells, and greases from
components. Resultant by-products are carbon dioxide and water vapor. Reactive ions generated in a plasms bombard the substrate, releasing
contaminants. Los Alamos National Laboratory; POC: Harold Davis.
P2 Technology Maturation:
Ultraviolet Light/Ozone Cleaning. Wright Lab. McDonnell Douglas, SAIC; POC: Harvey Lilenfetd (314) 233-2550.
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ON-GOING POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
Nonhalooenated Systems for Cleaning Metal Parts:
Production testing demonstrated the viability of spray and immersion cleaning systems for specific cleaning applications. Based on the bench scale
testing. NDCEE determined that Brultn formula 815GD is the preferred aqueous chemistry for mechanically and ultrasonically agitated immersion
systems and will be used for production testing in the Advanced Ultrasonic Cleaning System, Daraclean 282 was selected for use in the Power
Washer Cleaning System, although all of the chemistries downselected for the bench scale testing effectively emulsified the soils and prevented
recontamination of the parts. NDCEE and ARDEC; POC: Richard Pirotta NDCEE, 814-269-2810; Ms. D, Demone, ARDEC. 201-724-6773.
Mobile Advanced. Aqueous Solution Recovery Systems:
NDCEE will test advanced separation and filtration technologies for closed loop recovery of aqueous solutions. NDCEE; POC: David Roberts, 814-
269-2885.
Liquefied Gases as Substitutes for Traditional Solvents:
U.S. Army, MICOM; POC: Unknown
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Optical Sub-system Cleaning:
ARDEC; POC: Mr. Curtis Anderson, 201-724-4287.
PAINT REMOVER
Alternate Chemical Paint Strippere:
Environmentally compatible paint strippers provide an alternative to the more hazardous products based on methylene chloride or caustic agents.
The products are effective in removing thick layers of paint buildup with minimal damage to the substrate surface. The demonstration/validation
(D/V) project confirmed that products effectively remove interior and exterior LBP from wood surfaces. POC: CERL, Susan Drodz (217>-373-6732.
Selective Stripping Process Development:
Identify "smart" stripping processes capable of selectively removing topcoats from long-life foundation layers (primers). Would allow use of
permanent foundation layers to achieve "paint for Life" systems. Any required HAPs, e.g. chromate corrosion inhibitors, could be contained within
the permanent foundation layer. If this is not stripped, then there is no pollution from stripping process. POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO; MAJ W. Kevin
Kuhn (937>-255-0943.
Evaluation of Polvmedia-lite Dry Blast Media:
This effort was to evaluate new dry blast media for paint stripping. Tests will be conducted to determine if acceptable stripping rates can be
achieved with the same or less damage to the air waft than conventional dry blast media. This is applicable to the C-5, F-15, A-10 and C-130.
POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO; MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn <937)-255-0943.
Water Jet Paint Stripping:
This effort is to develop a process to strip coatings from military ground vehicles, and small aircraft, contain the wastes, and recycle the water.
POC: TACOM; Mr. Carl Handsy (313)-574-8834.
Next Generation Energetic Stripping:
Identify and develop novel ideas using energetic means to REMOVER coating layers, i.e. laser-stripping, flashjet, pinchlamp, etc., which will allow
reduction of hazardous waste, cost and downtime of aircraft. POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO; MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn (937)-255-0943.
Polvmedia Lite Evaluation for Composites:
The effort is to evaluate new dry blast media for stripping paint from composite laminates (graphite, glass , Kevlar), Tests will be conducted to
determine if acceptable stripping rates can be achieved with insignificant or no damage to the aircraft. This is applicable to C-17 and F-22 aircraft
with potential application to other aircraft. POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO; MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn (937)-255-0943.
Medium Pressure Water Stripping:
This effort is to evaluate semi-automation and industrialization of a pressurized water process. This process can replace or enhance methylene
chloride chemical applications. It applies to C-130, C-141 and other large aircraft. Recycled water can be used in the water stripping process.
POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO; MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn (937>-255-0943.
Improved Non-HAPs Chemical Strippers:
Identify/develop environmentally acceptable chemical paint strippers with a maximum dwell time of 1-hour and strip rate comparable to methylene
chloride. POC: WUMLSS - CTIO: MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn <937)-255-0943.
Environmentally Acceptable Chemical Strippers:
This effort is to determine the range of parameters for viable environmentally acceptable processes and to evaluate handling issues. Potential
benefits are to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic chemicals (HAPs). POC: WUMLSS - CTIO; MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn (937)-255-0943.
Dry Media Stripping of Thin Skin Aluminum:
This effort will determine the effects of dry media blasting (DMB) on thinner skin aluminum, .032 and .025 inch 2024 - T3 and bare alloy. Three
different OMB will be evaluated: acrylic, poly media-lite and polymerized wheat starch. Material characterization data for comparison of the three
media will be developed from the JPATS airframe. If successful, a follow-on integration project will be started in FY98. POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO;
MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn (937)-255-0943.
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ON-GOING POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PAINT REMOVER
Development of NDE for Selective Stripping'
This effort is to develop noo destructive evaluation techniques for determining the health of the primer or "foundation layer" that is to be left on the
substrate and to inspect for corrosion under the primer or "foundation layer." POC: WL/MLSS - CTIO. MAJ W. Kevin Kuhn (937J-255-0943
Aqueous Paint Coating & Stripping:
This Army project will design and produce new pratein-based coatings for specific substrates, (metals) and clean REMOVER strategy based on new
aqueous-based systems. Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (AROEC), POC: 201-724-6518
Aircraft Qepamtmq Technology
This program will identify the best alternatives from existing/developmental methods such as non-hazardous chemical patn! stoppers (i e . no
chrome, MeCL. etc.) and mechanical procedures (PMB. Flash Lamp dry ice, waierjet, etc 1 Procedure efficiency substrate surface effects,
hazardous waste generation and A/C applicability will be investigated in order so determine the best procedure for Navy applications Comparison of
the advantages and disadvantages of each technique will also be performed Mechanical procedures eliminate hazardous chemicals, but can
damage substrate surfaces Since some aircraft skins are very thin, this is not acceptable However, combinations of some techniques (i e . flash
lamp/dry ice) could eliminate or minimize surface damage to an acceptable level. POC NAWCAD. Patuxen? River, Mr Steve Hartte. (301 )-342-
8006
Plastic Laminate As A Replace.'tieni Fo; Convent onal Topcoats
Tnis Navy effort involves using plastic laminates developed by 3M as a total-body decal to replace traditional topcoats The laminates are currently
being flight tested on F-3, F-18. and C-13Q aircraft The plastic film is laminated to the aircraft s primer with an acrylic adhesive DelaminaSing an
aircraft is accomplished by using steam to release and remove the adhesive The used laminate can then be land-filled Advantages over
traditional coatings include, reduced environmental/OSHA issues associated witri traditional paint booth applications, faster installation, elimination
of depain! hazardous waste ana OS HA issues, lighler weight compared to typicai multiple layer coatings. improved corrosion protection due to the
impenetrable nature of the plastic film, and improved survivability In addition to these advantages, commercial airline testing of the laminates have
shown a fuel savings due to decreased drag Navy. POC Dave Pulley 301/342-8050
Paint Stripping Methods - Autocrawler
This program is aimed at developing an autonomous or remotely piloted vehicle prototype designed to remove aircraft coatings The approach is to
take the existing autocrawler prototype and develop end effecler delivery systems capable of stripping coatings. The end effecters being evaluated
are 1) medium/high pressure watet, 2} wheat starch, and 3) flash lamp The program includes a prototype built for one system POC WL/MLSS -
CTIO. MAJ W Kevin Kuhn (937)-2S5-0943
Biodegradable Plastic Media - Foster Miller (SBIRi-
This effort is to deveiop biodegradable plastic media and an associated biotreatment system, which can be, used in current generation plastic media
blasting (PMB) aircraft coatings REMOVER processes This could significantly reduce the amount of heavy metals contaminated waste from
Stopping chromate and cadmium containing paints. POC WL/MLSS - CTIO MAJ W Kevin Kuhn (937) 255-0S43
POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT / TRANSITION NEEDS
HAND-WIPE SOLVENT
•	On-going R&D and existing commercial off-the-shelf technology solutions are adequately addressing the pollution prevention needs for this use.
HEAVY-DUTY SOLVENT
•	On-going R&D and existing commercial off the shelf technology solutions are adequately addressing the pollution prevention needs for this use.
PAINT REMOVER
•	On-going R&D and existing commercial off the shelf technology solutions are adequately addressing the pollution prevention needs for Shis use.
Federal Facilities Which Reported for Both 1994 and 1995
1994 Release*	1995 Release* Percent
Facility	Off-site Treatment Off-site Treatment Change
US
DOE PINELLAS PLANT. LARGO FL
3,630
0
-100%
u s
ARMY FORT CAMPBELL. FORT CAMPBELL. KY
3,000
1.34B
-55%
u s.
ARMY, SCRANTON, PA
10,563
0
-100%
u s.
ARMY, ANNISTON, AL
203,660
147,160
-28%
u s
AIR FORCE PLANT 06 GA MARIETTA, GA
250.000
304.757
22%
u s
AIR FORCE PLANT 04 TX, FORT WORTH, TX.
14,400
0
-100%
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if you have additional information regarding an identified or used P2 approach, on-going P2 research and development,
or any P2 research and developmentAransition needs, please notify Will Garvey, US EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue,
NW, Ariel Rios Building, 3rd Floor, Washington, DC 20004-2403, or fax (202) 501-0069.
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