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Office of
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Research Laboratory
Standard Operating Procedure for
Surface Paint Sample Collection Using
a Modified Wood Drill Bit with a
Variable-Speed Portable Electric Drill
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency

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EPA/600/R-10/069 August 2009 www.epa.gov/ord
Standard Operating Procedure for Surface Paint Sample
Collection Using a Modified Wood Drill Bit with a
Variable-Speed Portable Electric Drill
Prepared by
Wayne Winstead, Kristen Sorrell, David Binstock,
Cynthia Salmons, and William Gutknecht
Environmental and Industrial Sciences Division
RTI International
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

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Disclaimer
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) under EPA Contract No. EP-D-05-065 to Alion Science and Technology, Inc., and RTI
Subcontract No. SUB1174861RB. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.

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Acknowledgments
This document was prepared under the direction of the Work Assignment Contracting Officer's
Representative, Ms. Sharon L. Harper, National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Special acknowledgment is given to Dr. Hunter Daughtrey, Alion Science and Technology, Inc., for his
support of this effort and careful review of this document.

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Table of Contents
List of Tables	vi
List of Figures	vi
I.0	PRINCIPLE AND APPLICABILITY	1
2.0 SUMMARY OF METHODS	1
2.1	Paint Removal Using a Modified Drill Bit and Variable-Speed Drill	1
2.2	Alternate Method of Paint Removal Using a Wood Chisel with or without a Hot Air Gun	2
2.3	Performance of the Modified Drill-Bit-Based Method	2
2.4	Performance of the Alternate Chisel-Based Method	3
3.0 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS	3
4.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY WARNINGS	3
4.1	Use of Equipment	3
4.2	Paint Preparation	4
5.0 EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, AND REAGENTS	4
5.1	Apparatus	4
5.1.1	Variable-Speed, Portable (or Line-Powered) Electric Drill	4
5.1.2	Modified Wood Bit	4
5.1.3	Dust Scattering Guard To Be Used During Sampling	4
5.1.4	Other Materials and Supplies for Sampling Using Modified Drill Bit	4
5.1.5	Equipment To Be Used If Sampling by the Alternate Method Using a Chisel and
Hot Air Gun	5
5.1.6	Cleaning and Rinsing	6
5.2	Safety Equipment	6
6.0 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE	6
7.0 PROCEDURE	7
7.1	Vertical Surface Sampling Procedure Using a Modified Wood Bit and a Variable-Speed
Electric Drill	7
7.2	Horizontal Surface Sampling Procedure Using Modified Wood Bit and a Variable-Speed
Portable Electric Drill	9
7.3	Alternate Vertical Surface Sampling Procedure Using Wood Chisel and Hot Air Gun	9
7.4	Alternate Horizontal Surface Sampling Procedure Using Wood Chisel and Hot Air Gun	10
8.0 DATA CALCULATION	10
9.0 DATA AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT	10
10.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT	11
10.1	Wash Water	11
10.2	Leaded Paint	11
II.0	REFERENCES	11
v

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List of Tables
Table 1. Results of Analysis of Six N 1ST RM 8680 Paint-on-Fiberboard Samples Collected Using the
Modified Wood Drill Bit Method	2
List of Figures
Figure 1. Drill bits shown with reduced and standard centering pins	4
Figure 2. Section of PVC plastic pipe used to prevent scattering of dust during drilling	5
Figure 3. Paper funnels used to collect sample	5
Figure 4. Photograph of 1 x 1-cm opening cut into plaster smoothing tool	6
Figure 5. Paper funnel attached to wall for collection of drilled-out paint sample	7
Figure 6. Sampling vertical surface using modified drill bit, PVC plastic pipe section, combined paper
funnels, and 15-mL plastic centrifuge tube	8
Figure 7. Illustration of the unwanted breakage that may occur when using the modified drill bit
method to collect old, thick, brittle paint samples	8
vi

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1.0 PRINCIPLE AND APPLICABILITY
Exposure to lead (Pb) may adversely impact children's brains, nervous systems, and many organs. An
estimated 310,000 U.S. children ages 1 to 5 have elevated blood leads. In the United States, the major
exposure pathway for children to Pb is from deteriorated Pb-based paint (LBP), Pb-contaminated house
dust, and residential soil. Approximately 40% of all U.S. housing units (about 38 million homes) have
some LBP.1 The Federal regulated lead standard has been defined by the U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development (Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act, 1992)2 as equal to or
greater than 0.5% Pb by weight or 1.0 mg Pb/cm2. Homes built before 1978 are the most likely to contain
LBP. Each year, more than 10 million renovation activities occur in homes, child-care facilities, and
schools potentially containing LBP. To reduce the exposures to lead hazards during renovation, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the "Lead; Renovation, Repair, and Painting
Program; Final Rule" (RRP) in April 2008. The rule requires the use of inexpensive test kits. However, no
currently available commercial test kit can meet the performance requirements of no more than 5% false
negative results at levels greater than the Federal regulated level and no more than 10% false positive
results at levels less than the Federal regulated level.3 Additionally, the test kit procedure should be
inexpensive, take less than an hour per sample, and be easy to perform.
The simple, commercially produced test kits currently available for home testing for lead in paint are very
sensitive but do not provide quantification of the lead to meet the specifications in the RRP. As noted in
Gutknecht et al., there are several field techniques already available for direct (in situ) quantitative
analysis of lead in painted surfaces, including field-portable, X-ray fluorescence and portable laser
microprobe spectrometry.4 The instrumentation for these methods is relatively expensive and requires
extensive training. Additionally, there are numerous less expensive field methods available for
quantitatively measuring lead in solution. These include electrochemical reduction/oxidation (anodic
stripping voltammetry), complexation (colorimetry), or precipitation (gravimetry). However, to apply these
methods, paint must first be removed quantitatively from the surface and quantitatively solubilized.
Grinding may be needed to facilitate solubilization. Using the assumption that the Pb paint must be
removed to achieve the goals of the renovation and repair rule, then there is a need for a new and simple
method for sample collection of paint from surfaces.
This standard operating procedure (SOP) describes a new, rapid, and relatively inexpensive way to
remove a precise area of paint from the substrate of building structures in preparation for quantitative
analysis. This method has been applied successfully in the laboratory, as well as in the field. It is a
general use SOP and intended to be used by trained nontechnical workers.
2.0 SUMMARY OF METHODS
This SOP describes a new method for paint collection that involves removal of the paint using a modified
drill bit mounted in a variable-speed drill. The major advantage offered by this method is that it results in
both collection and grinding of the paint sample in one step. Grinding of the paint into small particles
facilitates extraction of the lead from the paint. As a service to the user of this SOP, the basics of ASTM E
1729-05,5 which involves removal of the paint using a chisel with or without heating with a hot air gun to
soften the paint, are described as an alternate method of paint collection.
2.1 Paint Removal Using a Modified Drill Bit and Variable-Speed Drill
A paint sample of known area is precisely removed down to the substrate using a modified 1/2-in
(1,27-cm) drill bit and a portable, variable-speed electric drill. The drill bit grinds the paint into a
powder while removing it. On vertical surfaces, the ground paint is dropped into a paper funnel that
directs the sample into a 15-mL plastic centrifuge tube for analysis as per EPA "Standard Operating
Procedure for the Grinding and Extraction of Lead in Paint Using Nitric Acid and a Rotor/Stator
System Powered by a High-Speed Motor"6 or some other method. The paint removed from a
horizontal surface using the drill bit is removed by sweeping it onto a piece of glazed weighing paper
using a small brush.
1

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2.2	Alternate Method of Paint Removal Using a Wood Chisel with or without a
Hot Air Gun
Removing paint from metal or hard masonry may not be feasible using the modified drill bit method
without predrilling a pilot hole to keep the bit in place during the drilling process. Also, drilling holes
may not be acceptable if the metal objects are architecturally significant. In this situation, the paint is
better removed using a 3/8-in or 1-cm wood chisel. The area to be sampled is marked on the paint
using a pencil and template, and then circumscribed with the chisel, a knife, or a scalpel. The paint
sample then is lifted out using the chisel. Brittle paint may be broken up manually by crushing within
the weighing paper. Less brittle samples may be cut into smaller pieces using the scalpel on a hard,
flat surface (e.g., glass) or using scissors. The paint may be softened before circumscribing and
before lifting with the chisel by using a hot air gun. The reader is referred to ASTM Method E1729-05
for a further description of the procedure.5
2.3	Performance of the Modified Drill-Bit-Based Method
The method performance has been determined by gravimetry and by collection and analysis of
samples of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material
(SRM) 8680 Paint on Fiberboard.7
Recovery efficiency for vertical surface sampling was determined by taping one of the funnels to a
wall, pouring a known weight of powdered paint into the funnel, and collecting the paint in a
preweighed test tube at the bottom of the funnel; recovery was determined as the weight collected in
the tube compared to the amount poured into the funnel. Recovery efficiency for horizontal surface
sampling was determined by placing a known weight of powdered paint into the depression left on a
painted board after taking out a sample by the procedure described in this SOP and then collecting
the paint by sweeping it onto a piece of glaze weighing paper and weighing the collected dust;
recovery was determined as the weight collected on the paper compared to the amount placed into
the depression. Replicate paint dust samples of about 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g were used, and all tests for
both vertical and horizontal collection methods showed recoveries greater than 99%.
Six samples of certified NIST RM 8680 Paint on Fiberboard7 (actually collected by RTI for EPA/NIST
in the 1990s) were characterized initially by sampling and acid extraction/inductively coupled plasma-
optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurement.8 9 The paint samples were removed from the
fiberboard pieces using the modified drill bit method described in this SOP, and these samples were
then ground/extracted using the rotor/stator method described in the EPA "Standard Operating
Procedure for the Grinding and Extraction of Lead in Paint Using Nitric Acid and a Rotor/Stator
System Powered by a High-Speed Motor."6 Measurement of the lead in the extract was performed
using ICP-OES with the same procedure used in the Environmental Lead Proficiency Analytical
Testing Program (ELPAT).10 Results are shown in Table 1. As noted, the average recovery exceeds
95%, and there is no significant difference between the expected values and the measured values.
Table 1. Results of Analysis of Six NIST RM 8680 Paint-on-Fiberboard Samples Collected
Using the Modified Wood Drill Bit Method
NIST Fiber Board,
RM 8680a
ICP-OES Pb Cone."
(mg/cm2)
NIST Value
(mg/cm2)
Recovery Based on
Expected Value (%)
KB2
1.20 ±0.12
1.25 ±0.35
96.0
TD5
1.48 ±0.05
1.21 ±0.38
122
DG2
1.13 ± 0.07
1.14 ±0.32
99.1
HA3
1.28 ±0.36
1.31 ±0.34
97.7
MD2
1.09 ±0.09
1.10 ±0.30
99.1
JH1
1.57 ±0.09
1.29 ±0.40
122



Av106± 12 (11%)
aPaint samples preground with wood drill bit during sample collection prior to rotor/stator grinding.
bConc. = concentration
2

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2.4 Performance of the Alternate Chisel-Based Method
The reader is referred to ASTM Method E1729-05 for information confirming the performance of this
method.5
3.0 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS
A number of acronyms and abbreviations are used in this SOP; these and their meanings are shown
below.
•	ASTM - ASTM International
•	ELPAT - Environmental Lead Proficiency Analytical Testing Program
•	EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
•	ICP-OES - inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
•	LBP - lead-based paint
•	NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology
•	Pb - elemental or ionic lead
•	QC - quality control
•	RRP - Lead; Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program; Final Rule
•	RTI - RTI International
•	SOP - standard operating procedure
•	SRM - NIST Standard Reference Material
4.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY WARNINGS
4.1 Use of Equipment
The drill and modified drill bit used in this method do not present any major hazard to the user. The
user is to follow the safety rules normally associated with use of power tools, including
•	wearing safety glasses when operating the drill,
•	taking care not to get cut or punctured from the wood drill bit, and
•	avoiding wearing especially loose clothing that could get entangled in the operating drill.
If the paint samples are removed using the alternate chisel and hot air gun method, there are several
precautions to be taken, including
•	using the scalpel, hobby knife, or any other tools to circumscribe the paint sample before
removal and the chisel with caution to avoid slips and possibly getting cut or punctured;
•	wearing safety glasses when operating the hot air gun and using the chisel; and
•	avoiding directing the hot air gun at a painted surface for an extended period of time, as this
may result in overheating and possibly a fire. Heating/burning the paint at temperatures above
1100° F (593 °C) can release lead vapor into the air. Repeated exposure can be very
hazardous to your health.
3

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4.2 Paint Preparation
•	When the paint is ground using the modified drill bit sampling method described in this SOP,
care must be taken to avoid any inhalation of this dust.
•	Any LBP or paint dust must be washed from the hands before eating or drinking. Keep food
and drinks away from areas with lead paint and paint dust.
5.0 EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, AND REAGENTS
5.1 Apparatus
5.1.1	Variable-Speed, Portable (or Line-Powered) Electric Drill
•	Variable-speed, portable drill, Model 6260 by Skill, Robert Bosch Tool Corporation, Mt.
Prospect, IL
-	3/8-in (1.0-cm) chuck
-	variable speed (0 to 2,500 rpm)
-	5.0 amp
•	Or equivalent variable-speed (0 to 2,500 rpm), electric drill with 3/8-in (1.0-cm) chuck
5.1.2	Modified Wood Bit
A steel, 1/2-in (1,27-cm) wood bit prepared as shown in Figure 1. Carefully use a metal file to
remove most of the center point taking care not to damage the flat edge of the bit that will cut into
the painted surface. File down the point to approx. 3/16 in (0.5 cm) in length, so that only a small
center point remains to hold the bit in place while drilling.
-r * —\c\J
• — WM
i * •
Figure 1. Drill bits shown with reduced and standard centering pins.
5.1.3	Dust Scattering Guard To Be Used During Sampling
One-inch (2.5-cm) section of PVC plastic pipe having approximately 1 1/8-in (2.9-crm) inside
diameter (see Figure 2)
5.1.4	Other Materials and Supplies for Sampling Using Modified Drill Bit
5.1.4.1	Adhesive tape to secure funnel to wall and sample tube to funnel
5.1.4.2	Balance with readability of ±0.001 g. GemproSOO from Precision Weighing Balances,
Bradford, MA, or equivalent (for quality control [QC] sample preparation)
5.1.4.3	Brush, 1/2-in (1.3-crn) bristle and 7-in (18-cm) length, VWR 17216-026, or equivalent
4

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Figure 2. Section of PVC plastic pipe used to prevent scattering of dust during drilling,
5.1.4.4 Disposable paper funnels with slick interior walls. Large funnel, Part # FF03-0140,
and small funnel, Part # FF05-0120, from S&S Concepts, Inc., Elk Grove, IL, 2 or equivalent.
The top (large) end of the funnel should be approximately 4.25 in (10.8 cm) across with
square sides. The bottom of the funnel should be approximately 0.25 in (0.64 cm) across so
that it will fit in the 15-mL vial. Cut two "V"-shaped notches into two opposite faces at the top
of the larger funnel approximately 1 3/4 in (4.4 cm) deep. This will allow the sample area to
be below the top of the funnel and allow the drill bit shaft to be perpendicular to the sampling
surface (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Paper funnels used to collect sample. The small funnel is taped to the end of the large
funnel to act as one funnel with an appropriately sized outlet to fit into a 15-mL collection tube.
5.1.4.5	Glycine weighing paper for collecting paint from horizontal surfaces, approximately 4
x 4 in (10.2 x 10.2 cm), VWR 12578-165, or equivalent
5.1.4.6	15-mL plastic centrifuge tube for sample collection from paper funnel or weighing
paper, VWR Catalog No. 21008-918, or equivalent
5.1.5 Equipment To Be Used If Sampling by the Alternate Method Using a Chisel
and Hot Air Gun
5.1.5.1	Adhesive tape to secure funnel to wall and sample tube to funnel
5.1.5.2	Brush, 1/2-in (1.3-cm) bristle and 7-in (18-cm) length, VWR 17216-026, or equivalent
5

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5.1.5.3	3/8-in or 1-cm. high-quality steel, wood chisel, [Note: A 3/8-in chisel is 0.952 cm in
width. If a 3/8-in chisel is used, additional effort will be needed to remove the 1 x 1-cm area
delineated with template and pencil. A 1-cm chisel may be located on the Internet (e.g.,
http://uk.shoppinq.com/xFS?KW=+10+mm+wood+chisel&CLT=SCH') or from a woodworking
supply store that carries metric tools.]
5.1.5.4	Hot air gun with temperatures less than 1100° F (593 °C), Model HT 775 Heat Gun,
Wagner Spray Tech Corp., Minneapolis, MN.13 or equivalent
5.1.5.5	15-mL plastic centrifuge tube for sample collection from paper funnel or weighing
paper, VWR Catalog No. 21008-918, or equivalent
5.1.5.6	Plastic or metal 1-cm square template to delineate 1 x 1-cm sample. Prepare by
precisely cutting 1 x 1-cm hole in metal sheet or rigid plastic sheet as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Photograph of 1 x 1-cm opening cut into plaster smoothing tool,
5.1.5.7 Scalpel or knife for circumscribing samples, VWR 25853-003, or equivalent
5.1.6 Cleaning and Rinsing
5.1.6.1	Deionized water for rinsing down drill bit, PVC tube, and/or chisel
5.1.6.2	Laboratory detergent, Alconox, VWR 21835-032, or equivalent. Prepare wash water
in 5-L carboy following instructions on detergent container.
5.1.6.3	Laboratory wipe, Kimwipe, VWR 21905-026, or equivalent
5.1.6.4	Two wide-mouth, 5-L polyethylene carboys, one for storage of soap water for washing
and one for rinse water waste, VWR 80094-464, or equivalent
5,2 Safety Equipment
Items to be used include the following.
5.2.1	Fire extinguisher if using hot air gun
5.2.2	Optional—work gloves to protect hands during drilling and using hot air gun and/or chisel
5.2.3	Safety goggles, VWR 10837-120 or equivalent
6.0 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
QC activities to be practiced during the performance of this method include the following.
6

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•	Use only clean, 15-mL plastic centrifuge tubes, drill bit, PVC plastic dust scatter control tube, and
chisel. If these are not clean, they must be thoroughly washed in soapy water, rinsed thoroughly in
deionized water, and then air dried or blotted dry with a laboratory wipe before use.
•	Clean funnel and fresh weighing paper. Use a new funnel for every sample or clean a used funnel
with a lightly wetted lab towel and allow to air dry.
•	Carefully record the sample tube label number on a sampling log and/or in a field notebook.
Adequately describe the sample collection location and characteristics of the paint, such as
estimated thickness, color, and number of layers.
•	Prior to collecting samples, a QC sample should be prepared for about every 20th sample
anticipated to be collected. This will consist of nominally 0.1 g of a NIST paint reference material,
such as NiST SRMs 2580 at nominally 4% Pb. ' 2581 at nominally 0.5%,1 or 2582 at nominally
200 mg/kg Alternatively, excess Environmental Lead Proficiency Analytical Testing (ELPAT)
program materials may be purchased from the American Industrial Hygiene Association1 for this
purpose. The samples are to be weighed to within ±0.001 g (±1 mg). Simple scales for use in the
field are available for this purpose, for example, the Gempro50Q from Precision Weighing
Balances, Bradford, MA; in the laboratory, a standard analytical balance is used to weigh the paint
samples. The weighed QC sample is to be poured through a vertically mounted, clean funnel into a
test tube following the standard procedure. Also, a QC sample is to be placed on a well-brushed,
presampled place on a horizontal surface and then collected following the standard procedure.
7.0 PROCEDURE
7.1 Vertical Surface Sampling Procedure Using a Modified Wood Bit and a
Variable-Speed Electric Drill
7.1.1	Remove the cap from the 15-mL vial and tape the vial to the bottom of the smaller paper
funnel that is taped to the larger funnel.
7.1.2	Tape the funnel to the vertical surface (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. Paper funnel attached to wall for collection of drilled-out paint sample.
7.1.3	Hold the plastic pipe section in place at the sampling position.
7.1.4	Press the modified drill bit point into the surface to be sampled within the plastic pipe
section just above the funnel notch (see Figure 6).
7

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Figure 6. Sampling vertical surface using modified drill bit, PVC plastic pipe section, combined
paper funnels, and 15-mL plastic centrifuge tube.
7.1.5	Drill slowly, which will minimize any material being thrown outside the funnel. Take care to
keep the drill bit perpendicular to the surface. Drill cautiously and deliberately until the paint is
removed, leaving only the substrate. A 1.27-crrr paint sample will be collected with the 1/2-in
(1,27-cm) modified drill bit.
7.1.6	Carefully remove the drill bit and plastic pipe section, taking care that all loose particles fall
into the funnel.
7,f.7Tap the plastic pipe and the sides of the funnel to shake any material that may cling to the
sides of these into the sample collection tube.
7.1.8	Use a clean brush to transfer any additional paint from the sample location, the plastic pipe
section, and the drill bit into the funnel and then sweep down the sides of the funnel to direct
remaining particles into the sample tube. Tap the brush lightly on the edge of the funnel to shake
residual particles in the brush into the funnel.
7.1.9	Remove the labeled tube from the bottom of the funnel and replace the cap.
[Note: Old, thick, brittle paint samples may break as the drilling is being performed, as illustrated
in Figure 7. If the samples are to be weighed, this is not an issue. If they are to be analyzed on
the basis of area, it will be necessary to estimate the additional area of the sample collected.]
Figure 7. Illustration of the unwanted breakage that may occur when using the modified drill bit
method to collect old, thick, brittle paint samples.
8

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7.2	Horizontal Surface Sampling Procedure Using Modified Wood Bit and a
Variable-Speed Portable Electric Drill
7.2.1	Press the modified drill bit point into the surface to be sampled within the plastic pipe
section.
7.2.2	Drill slowly, which will minimize any material being thrown outside the plastic pipe section.
Take care to keep the drill bit perpendicular to the surface. Drill cautiously and deliberately until
the paint is removed, leaving only the substrate. A 1,27-cm2 paint sample will be collected with
the 1/2-in (1,27-cm) modified drill bit.
7.2.3	Carefully remove the drill bit and plastic pipe section, taking care that all loose particles
remain on the sampling location.
7.2.4	Use a clean brush to wipe any additional paint from the PVC plastic pipe section and the
drill bit onto a piece of glazed weighing paper.
7.2.5	Using the brush, carefully sweep the sample from the test surface onto this same weighing
paper. Tap the brush lightly on the edge of ones' finger to shake residual particles in the brush
onto the paper.
7.2.6	Pour the sample from the weighing paper into a labeled sampling tube, gently tap the paper
to remove residual particles, and cap the tube.
7.3	Alternate Vertical Surface Sampling Procedure Using Wood Chisel and Hot
Air Gun
7.3.1	Use the 1 x 1-cm plastic template or metal template and a pencil or other marking tool to
delineate the 1-cm2 area to be sampled. Remove the template and use a scalpel, hobby knife, or
the chisel to cut around the edges of the 1-cm2 sample area.
7.3.1.1 Optionally, one may use the hot air gun to soften the paint before circumscribing the
sample with a cutting tool. The paint should be heated until just soft or just starting to blister.
7.3.2	Remove the cap from the 15-mL vial, and tape the vial to the bottom of the paper funnel.
7.3.3	Tape the funnel to the vertical surface (see Figure 5).
7.3.4	Use the wood chisel to slowly and deliberately remove the paint, taking care that it falls into
the funnel. The chisel should be pushed with steadiness and deliberation so as to remove the
entire paint sample without removing any substrate.
7.3.5	Tap on the sides of the funnel to shake any material that may cling to the sides of the
funnel into the sample tube. If the paint sample is too large to pass through the funnel into the
sample tube, one will need to turn the funnel over and "pour" the paint sample into the sample
tube. ASTM Method E1729-055 calls for taping a tray made from folded 8.5 x 11 -in (22 x 28-cm)
paper under the collection site for catching the paint sample. If the sample is too large to fit into
the tube, it should be placed on a piece of weighing paper, the paper folded over the paint, and
the paint sample carefully broken into two or three smaller pieces by manual pressure so as to fit
in the sample tube; any small particles created during this process should be brushed into the
sample tube.
7.3.6	Use a clean brush to wipe any additional paint from the sample location and the wood
chisel into the funnel and then sweep down the sides of the funnel to direct remaining particles
into the sample tube. Tap the brush lightly on the edge of the funnel to shake residual particles in
the brush into the funnel.
7.3.7	Remove the sample tube from the bottom of the funnel and replace the cap.
9

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7.4 Alternate Horizontal Surface Sampling Procedure Using Wood Chisel and
Hot Air Gun
7.4.1	Use the 1 x 1 -cm. plastic template or metal template and a pencil or other marking tool to
delineate the 1-cm2 area to be sampled. Remove the template and use a scalpel, hobby knife, or
the chisel to cut around the edges of the 1-cm2 sample area.
7.4.1.1 Optionally, one may use the hot air gun to soften the paint before circumscribing the
sample with a cutting tool. The paint should be heated until just soft or just starting to blister.
7.4.2	Use the wood chisel to slowly and deliberately lift up and remove the paint. The chisel
should be pushed with steadiness and deliberation so as to remove the entire paint sample
without removing any substrate.
7.4.3	Using a clean small brush, carefully and thoroughly sweep the sample onto the glazed
weighing paper. ASTM Method E1729-055 calls for taping a tray made from folded 8.5 x 11-in (22
x 28-cm) paper at the edge of the sampling site for collecting the paint sample.
7.4.4	Transfer the sample from the weighing paper into the labeled sample tube. Use the brush
to sweep any remaining particles from the paper into the tube, lightly tap the brush fibers over the
opening of the tube, and replace the cap. If the sample is too large to fit into the tube, is should be
placed on a piece of weighing paper, the paper folded over the paint, and the paint sample
carefully broken into two or three smaller pieces by manual pressure so as to fit in the sample
tube; any small particles created during this process should be brushed into the sample tube. If
necessary, use a scalpel or scissors to cut a large sample into smaller pieces.
7.4.5	Lightly tap the brush fibers over the opening of the tube before capping it.
8.0 DATA CALCULATION
The collected paint sample may be measured by its area (cm2) or by its mass or weight (g). The analysis
following extraction will yield a value of total jjg or mg of Pb in the extract. To calculate the concentration
in weight per unit area, divide the total value for the Pb measured by the area of the paint sample. For
example,
mg Pb/cm2 = mg Pb measured/area of paint sample in cm2.
To calculate the concentration in percent, divide the total jjg or mg of lead measured by the mass of the
paint sample and multiply by 100. For example,
% Pb = 100 x (mg Pb measured/mg of paint sample extracted).
9.0 DATA AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT
Keeping accurate and complete records will help assure that the final results of the testing can be used to
make decisions about risk and the need for lead-in-paint treatment. Activities to be performed include
those that follow.
•	Maintain all records in a bound notebook or on a form prepared specifically for recording
information pertinent to this SOP. The forms shall be maintained in a binder.
•	Each paint sample shall be given an identifying name or number that is recorded along with a
description of the sample. This description shall indicate the source of the paint, including
identification of the building, room or other space, and the sampling points in the room or space; it
is recommended that digital photographs of the sampling points be taken. Records of the physical
attributes of the paint, including color, estimated number of layers, estimated thickness, and degree
of brittleness shall be collected.
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•	The label placed on the 15-mL extraction tube shall be the same as the name or number of the
paint sample. If the tube is given a different label, an accurate record must be maintained that
relates the tube label to the name or number of the paint sample placed in the tube.
•	The date and time of the paint sample collection shall be recorded in the notebook or on the form.
•	The person performing the paint sample collection shall be identified in the notebook or on the
form.
10.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT
There are several forms of waste generated during the operation of this SOP; they are discussed below.
10.1	Wash Water
The wash water from cleaning the drill bit, PVC plastic tube, and/or chisel is to be poured into a 5-L,
polyethylene carboy that is carefully labeled with a description of the contents or can simply be
poured down the drain because the lead in the wash water will be minimal.
10.2	Leaded Paint
Excess paint chips or paint powders that are no longer needed are to be placed in a resealable
plastic bag. The bag is to be labeled with a description of the contents, the source(s) of the paint, and
the name of the person who has placed these materials in the bag. This waste paint shall be
delivered to a commercial firm that specializes in removal of hazardous waste.
11.0 REFERENCES
(1)	Jacobs, D.E., R.P. Clickner, J.Y. Zhou, S.M. Viet, D.A. Marker, J.W. Rodgers, D.C. Zeldin, P.
Broene, and W. Friedman. 2002. The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(10):A599-A606.
(2)	Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act, Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard
Reduction Program Act of 1992. Public Law 102-550.
(3)	USEPA. 2008. Lead; Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program; Final Rule. Federal Register. April
22. (pp.21691-21769). U.S. EPA, 40 CFR Part 745, EPA-HQ-2005-0049.
(4)	Gutknecht, W.F., S.L. Harper, W. Winstead, K. Sorrell, D.A. Binstock, C.A. Salmons, C. Haas, M.
McCombs, W. Studabaker, C. Wall, and C. Moore. 2009. Rapid new methods for paint collection and
lead extraction. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11,166-174.
(5)	ASTM E1729-05. May, 2005. Standard Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples for
Subsequent Lead Determination. American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken,
PA.
(6)	Sorrell, K., W. Winstead, D. Binstock, C. Salmons, and W. Gutknecht. 2009. "Standard Operating
Procedure for the Grinding and Extraction of Lead in Paint Using Nitric Acid and a Rotor/Stator
System Powered by a High-Speed Motor," Work Assignment 3-23, RTI Subcontract No.
SUB1174861RB, U.S. EPA Contract. EP-D-05-065, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, August, 2009.
(7)	NIST. 1997. Certificate of Analysis. Research Material 8680 Lead-Based Paint on Fiberboard.
National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD.
(8)	Wlliams, E.E., D.A. Binstock, and W.F. Gutknecht. Preparation of Lead-Containing Paint and Dust
Method Evaluation Materials and Verification of the Preparation Protocol by Round-Robin Analysis.
EPA 600/R-93/235, U.S. EPA: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993. Available from NTIS (NTIS
#PB94-141165).
(9)	Binstock, D.A., E.E. Wlliams, J.D. Neefus, and W.F. Gutknecht. 1994. Standard Operating
Procedure for Preparation of Method Evaluation Materials for Lead in Paint EPA 600/R-94/132, U.S.
EPA: Research Triangle Park, NC. Available from NTIS (NTIS #PB95-174090).
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(10)	ELPAT. 2007. http://www.aiha.org/Content/LQAP/PT/ELPAT.htm Environmental Lead Proficiency
Analytical Testing (ELPAT) Program, American Industrial Hygiene Association: Fairfax, VA. Web site
visit—09/21/07.
(11)	Robert Bosch Tool Corporation, Mt. Prospect, IL. Skil,Model 6260. (Available from home hardware
stores.)
(12)	S&S Concepts, Inc., Elk Grove, IL. Large funnel, Part # FF03-0140 and small funnel, Part#FF05-
0120. (Available from the manufacturer directly or automobile supply stores.)
(13)	Wagner Spray Tech Corp., Minneapolis, MN. Model HT 775 Heat Gun. (Available from home
hardware stores.)
(14)	NIST. 1996. Certificate of Analysis. Standard Reference Materials 2580, Powdered Paint, Nominal
4% Lead. National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD.
(15)	NIST. 1997. Certificate of Analysis. Standard Reference Materials 2581, Powdered Paint, Nominal
0.5% Lead. National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD.
(16)	NIST. 1996. Certificate of Analysis. Standard Reference Materials 2582, Powdered Paint, Nominal
200mg/kg Lead. National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD.
(17)	American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2700 Prosperity Ave., Suite 250, Fairfax, VA 22031.
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*>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
Recycled/Recyclable Printed on paper thai contains a minimum of
50% postconsumer fiber content processed chlorine free

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