vvEPA
EPA
OSWER #9285.7-44
May 2002
REFERENCE MANUAL:
DOCUMENTATION OF UPDATES FOR THE
INTEGRATED EXPOSURE UPTAKE BIOKINETIC
MODEL FOR
LEAD IN CHILDREN (IEUBK)
WINDOWSฎ VERSION - 32-BIT VERSION
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
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NOTICE
This document provides guidance to EPA staff. It also provides guidance to the public and to the
regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise its discretion in implementing the National
Contingency Plan. The guidance is designed to implement national policy on these issues. The
document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or regulations, nor is it a regulation
itself. Thus, it cannot impose legally-binding requirements on EPA, States, or the regulated
community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. EPA may
change this guidance in the future, as appropriate.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Technical Review Workgroup for Lead
The Technical Review Workgroup for Lead (TRW) is an interoffice workgroup convened by the
U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response/Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response (OSWER/OERR).
Members
Region 1
Region 10
Mary Ballew
Marc Stifelman
Boston, MA
Seattle, WA
Region 2
NCEA/Washington
Mark Maddaloni
Karen Hogan
New York, NY
NCEA/Washington
Region 4
Paul White
Kevin Koporec
Atlanta, GA
N CE A/Cincinnati
Harlal Choudhury
Region 5
Patricia VanLeeuwen
NCEA/Research Triangle Park
Chicago, IL
Robert Elias
Region 6
OERR Mentor
Ghassan Khoury
Larry Zaragoza
Dallas, TX
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Washington, DC
Region 7
Michael Beringer
Executive Secretary
Kansas City, KS
Richard Troast
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Region 8
Washington, DC
Jim Luey
Denver, CO
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Reference Manual:
Documentation of Updates for
the Integrated Exposure
Uptake Biokinetic Model for
Lead in Children (IEUBK)
Windowsฎ version
Prepared for
The Technical Review Workgroup for Lead (TRW)
Prepared by
Syracuse Research Corporation
6225 Running Ridge Road
No. Syracuse, NY 13212
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ii
Reference Manual for IEUBKwin
Table of Contents
Table of Contents i i
List of Figures and Tables iv
1.0 Introduction to IEUBKwin Model 1
1.1 Overview of the IEUBKwin model 2
1.2 Conversion of IEUBK Model (0.99d) to IEUBKwin Model 4
1.3 Organization of the Reference Manual 4
2.0 Changes to IEUBK in Development of IEUBKwin 5
2.1 Parameter Input 5
2.2 Computation 5
2.3 Output 5
2.4 Graphing Results 6
3.0 New Functionality of IEUBKwin 7
4.0 Guidance for IEUBKwin Model 9
4.1 Guidance Documents 9
4.2 Model Software and Documentation 10
4.3 Short Sheets 10
4.4 Other Guidance Documents 11
4.5 Sources of Assistance 11
5.0 Summary and References 12
5.1 Summary 12
5.2 References 12
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iv
Reference Manual for IEUBKwin
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1-1. Biological Structure of the IEUBKwin Model 3
Table 2-1. File Extensions for DOS and Windows Versions of the IEUBK Model 6
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Reference Manual for IEUBKwin
1
1.0 Introduction to IEUBKwin Model
This Reference Manual describes the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in
Children, Windows version (IEUBKwin) and the changes made to the model since the release of
the DOS version (0.99d) in 1994. This manual provides a general overview of the changes to the
IEUBKwin model so that users who are familiar with the DOS version (0.99d) can quickly get up
to speed. This manual includes a synopsis of the types of guidance documentation available for
the IEUBK model, including directives, software documentation, short sheets, and fact sheets;
and points of contact for additional information.
Lead contamination poses significant health risks because it can affect the neurological
development of children. Young children (0-7 years) are particularly sensitive to adverse health
effects from lead exposure. The most frequently used biomarker for lead exposure is the
concentration of lead in a child's blood. Blood lead concentrations provide useful information
about recent and historical exposures to lead, and are the most widely used index of internal lead
body burdens. Health effects associated with childhood lead exposure have been determined to
occur at or below the 10 micrograms per deciliter (|ig/dL) blood lead level of concern (U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 1986, 1990; Center for Disease Control and Prevention
[CDC], 1991). The probability that children will have blood lead levels exceeding the level of
concern is an important consideration for risk assessors and may be a useful component of
remediation strategies for lead in the environment.
The IEUBKwin model is a stand-alone, PC-compatible software package
developed to assess the risks posed to children from exposure to environmental lead. The
IEUBKwin model alone does not determine the level of cleanup required for a specific site.
The IEUBKwin model is a product of the EPA's Technical Review Workgroup for Lead (TRW),
an interoffice workgroup convened by the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response/Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OSWER/OERR). The TRW is
composed of senior scientists with diverse technical expertise and perspectives in lead toxicology
and risk assessment. The goal of the TRW is to support and promote consistent application of
the best science in the field of lead risk assessment. Development of the IEUBKwin model
furthers this goal by providing users with an easier way to relate environmental concentrations of
lead with potential blood lead levels in children. The release of the IEUBKwin model represents
an ongoing effort of the EPA to provide the most current information on lead risk assessment science
and policy. The EPA will update this model periodically and issue accompanying technical
guidance.
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1.1 Overview of the IEUBKwin model
The IEUBKwin model combines estimates of lead intake from air, water, soil, dust, diet, and
paint with an absorption module for the uptake of lead from the lung and gastrointestinal tract,
and a biokinetic model of lead distribution and elimination from a child's body. This allows the
IEUBKwin model to predict plausible distributions of blood lead levels in children 6 months to 7
years of age.
The IEUBKwin model uses the following four components to calculate blood lead levels:
Exposure Component. Uses lead concentrations in environmental media to
calculate the amount of lead entering a child's body. The exposure component
uses media-specific consumption rates and lead concentrations to estimate media-
specific lead intake rates.
Uptake Component. Uses lead intake into the lungs and digestive tract and
considers absorption of lead to calculate the amount of lead that enters a child's
bloodstream.
Biokinetic Component. Considers the transfer of lead between blood and other
body tissues, or elimination of lead from the body in determining a blood lead
concentration.
Probability Distribution Component. Shows the probability of a certain
outcome (e.g., a blood lead concentration greater than 10 |ig/dL in an exposed
child based on the parameters used in the model).
The biological structure of the first three components is illustrated in Figure 1-1.
Like the DOS model (0.99d), the IEUBKwin model allows a user to estimate, for a hypothetical
child or population of children, a plausible distribution of blood lead levels centered on a
geometric mean blood lead concentration. This distribution is predicted from user-specified
information about children's exposure to lead, and is used to calculate the probability (i.e., the
risk) that children's blood lead levels will exceed the health-based level of concern (i.e., 10
|ig/dL). In simple terms, the IEUBKwin model relates environmental lead concentrations to
estimated blood lead levels in children 0 to 7 years of age. After obtaining a range of blood lead
levels for a child or group of children exposed to lead at a specific site, the user can then explore
an array of possible changes in exposure parameters and contaminated media to examine the
effects such changes have on the probability estimates predicted by the model (sensitivity
analysis).
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Tissues
Environmental Media
Body Compartments
Elimination Pools of the Body
Body Compartment or Elimination Pool Required in More Than One Component
Figure 1-1. Biological Structure of the IEUBKwin Model.
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4
1.2 Conversion of IEUBK Model (0.99d) to IEUBKwin Model
The conversion of the DOS-based IEUBK model (0.99d) to Windows began after the completion
of the Independent Validation and Verification (IV&V) of the IEUBK model. Thorough review
during the IV&V identified no programming problems that would provide inappropriate results.
However, a number of changes were recommended to conform with coding practices which
would allow an independent reviewer to replicate the functionality of the model. The results of
this process have been reported in a series of articles in a supplement to Environmental Health
Perspectives (Vol. 106, Suppl 6, December 1998). All issues identified during the IV&V were
addressed during the conversion to Windows. Aside from a number of corrections and minor
enhancements, the functionality and calculations of the IEUBKwin model are identical to those
of the IEUBK model (0.99d) except for the calculation of Pc (see Section 3.0). The conversion
to a Windows platform has also resulted in a more user-friendly model.
To ensure compatibility with the Windows platform, several file names and data input windows
required modification. All the modifications suggested by the IV&V review were also
incorporated in the Windows version of the model. For example, the naming conventions used
in the model were changed. The modifications made have no effect on the functionality of
IEUBKwin model. A detailed list of all the modifications is presented in Chapter 2. The
parameters and equations for the IEUBKwin model are described in the System Requirements
and Design Document for IEUBKwin.
1.3 Organization of the Reference Manual
This Reference Manual is intended to provide detailed information on all changes incorporated
into the IEUBKwin model since version 0.99d (1994). The remainder of this manual is
organized as follows:
Chapter 2 discusses the modifications made since version 0.99d was released, as
well as the characteristics specific to the IEUBKwin model.
Chapter 3 describes the new functional enhancements of the IEUBKwin model.
Chapter 4 provides a list and brief descriptions of guidance documents available
for the IEUBKwin model, as well as additional sources of technical assistance for
lead risk assessment.
Chapter 5 summarizes the scope of this manual and contains a listing of the
references cited in the text.
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2.0 Changes to IEUBK in Development of IEUBKwin
While the general functionality and mathematical basis for the model have not been altered,
several enhancements have been incorporated into the IEUBKwin model. The first apparent
change is in menu option names. For example, the Air Lead window under the Parameter Input
menu in the DOS (0.99d) version of the model has been changed to the Air Data window in the
IEUBKwin model. In addition, the user is no longer prompted with questions requiring
"Yes/No" responses to proceed to associated screens. The IEUBKwin model has simplified the
process of entering site-specific data by combining screens, thereby, reducing the number of data
input screens. Contact-sensitive help information for each parameter has been included in the
Parameter Input and the Computation pull-down menus. General Help and Menu Information
options provide general information about the IEUBKwin model and the process for saving and
loading files. Reminder and disclaimer windows have been included to prompt the user when
changes in one parameter require changes in another (e.g., changing Alternate Source intakes
requires changing Gl Tract Absorption Percent in the GI/Biovailability Information window).
Similar message windows have been included to alert the user when input parameters are outside
the valid range or in cases where default values should not be changed without first contacting
the TRW. The new parameter input menus and features are described in the following sections.
2.1 Parameter Input
The Parameter Input pull-down menu has several new options, including Reset All Parameters
(reverts to model defaults), Load Input From File, and Save Input To File. A separate Gl
Values/Bioavailability option has been added to allow the user to adjust the gastrointestinal
absorption coefficients to account for site-specific information on bioavailability.
2.2 Computation
The menu options for the Computation pull-down menu have been simplified and combined into
fewer input windows. The menu options are similar to those in version 0.99d; however,
selections such as Run model with current parameters, Change biokinetic default parameters,
and General information about the model have been deleted from the Single Simulation option.
General information about the model has been moved to the Help pull-down menu in the IEUBKwin
model. For the Run the Model (Single Run) option, the user needs only to select the iteration
time step and run the model.
2.3 Output
The IEUBKwin model's Output pull-down menu allows the user to view and rename results
files. Some file extensions have also been changed in the IEUBKwin model (Table 2-1). Since
the PBSTAT module was not part of the conversion effort, no file extension equivalent exists in
the IEUBKwin model for the DOS batch mode output file with the *.asc file extension.
However, the Windows *.txt output file can be used with the PBSTAT module (in DOS version
of IEUBK 0.99d) by changing the file extension from *.txt to *.asc (see IEUBKwin User's Guide
for details).
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Reference Manual for IEUBKwin
Table 2-1. File Extensions for DOS and Windows Versions of the IEUBK Model
Description
DOS File Name
(0.99d)
Windows File
Name
Single Run Model Text Results File
*.txt
*.txt
Single Run Model Plot File
Distribution Probability Percent Plot File
Probability Density Histogram Plot File
none
none
*.grf
*.grf
Multiple Runs Text Results File
*.txt
*.txt
Multiple Runs Plot File
Distribution Probability for Multiple Runs Plot File
Probability Density for Multiple Runs Plot File
*.lay
*.lay
*.lay
*.lay
Blood Pb Cone vs. Media Pb Cone Text Results File
*.txt
*.txt
Blood Pb Cone vs. Media Pb Cone Plot File
*.pbm
*.lin
Load Parameters from File
*.sv3
*.svd
Save Parameters to F ile
*.sv3
*.svd
Batch Mode Input File
*.dat
*.dat
Batch Mode Output Files
*.txt
*.asc (used in Pbstat)
*.txt
none
Media-specific Parameter Inputs Storage Files
none
* ,tmp
2.4 Graphing Results
Separate pull-down menus have been added for graphing results. In the DOS version (0.99d), the
graphing menu was an option on the Output menu. In the IEUBKwin model, the Graph pull-
down menu provides a comprehensive list of options for graphing results, including Blood Pb
Concentrations vs. Media Pb Concentrations, Distribution Probability Percent, Probability
Density Histogram, Distribution Probability for Multiple Runs, and Probability Density for
Multiple Runs.
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3.0 New Functionality of IEUBKwin
Several new functional enhancements were added to the IEUBKwin model in conversion from
DOS to Windows. These enhancements were identified during an informal requirements
analysis session with the TRW and recognized members of the scientific community. The
addition of enhancements is based on acceptance testing of the development stage described in
the OSWER System Life Cycle Management Guidance (U.S. EPA, 1988). None of these
enhancements has any effect on the mathematical basis or the biokinetics of the IEUBKwin
model. The new enhancements include the following:
Self-ins tailing program - the model can be downloaded from the Internet. To
install the model and other files on the hard drive from a diskette, the user must
select the appropriate setup executable to run. The setup executable used depends
on the existing operating system (i.e., Windows98/ME, Windows2000, Windows
NT).
The constant soil concentration within the Soil/Dust Data input window
automatically populates the soil concentration for each age group.
IEUBKwin defaults to Multiple Source analysis, whereas DOS (v.99d) defaulted
to Constant Value.
Parameter inputs can be reset to their default values without closing and restoring
the model.
The GI Values/Bioavailability input window is separated from the specific media
data entry screens.
Model results can be viewed as a text file without first saving the results to a text
file.
The Blood Pb vs. Media Concentration is a separate option in the Computation
Pull-down menu in the IEUBKwin model.
Text result and plot files can be renamed.
The IEUBKwin model directory structure contains both an Input and an Output
subdirectory for the user to save, store, and load input or output files.
The IEUBKwin model has two run mode options: (1) research mode where the
user is not prompted to provided explanations for changing model defaults; and
(2) site risk assessment mode where all default and site-specific data are captured.
The IEUBKwin model captures input data for the risk assessment mode in a
tabular format.
The IEUBKwin model provides a warning on the model output (text or graph file)
whenever the predicted blood lead concentration exceeds 30 [ig/dL. The purpose
of the warning is to inform the user than any blood lead concentrations greater
than 30 |ig/dL are outside the calibrated and validated range of the IEUBK model.
Since it was not part of the Windows conversion effort, the probability distribution component
(PBSTAT) cannot be accessed from the IEUBKwin model. However, the Batch Mode text
results file (*.txt) generated from the IEUBKwin model can be used in the DOS version of
PBSTAT by renaming the file extension from *.txt to *.asc in File Manager or Windows
Explorer. Note that the *.asc file generated by IEUBKwin will have to be modified for
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PBSTAT: all the headers must be removed except for the ID FAM BLK line; the P (PbB>C) data
column must be removed; and the data should begin at row four. Batch mode now calculates
percent exceedance for the user, using the following equation:
111 (10)- \n( geometric mean PbB)
Z = lli(G^D)
The Z score corresponds to a percentile and the probability of a child's blood lead level
exceeding 10 |ig/dL = 1 - Z score percentile. After calculating the probability, the IEUBKwin
model uses a standard normal distribution to simulate the distribution and uses a difference
approximation method to calculate the probability values. This method has simplified the
calculation from the IEUBK DOS version and the result is very precise. Additional statistical
analyses can be performed using a third party software package by exporting the results file.
The TRW has developed several guidance documents on lead risk assessment, and on the proper
use of the IEUBK model and interpretation of the model results. This chapter introduces and
explains the types of lead risk assessment guidance currently available and provides a list of
additional sources of assistance.
The user should note that results obtained from this version of IEUBKwin may differ slightly
from results obtained from the 0.99d version and earlier versions of IEUBKwin (versions 244
and earlier). A primary reason for converting the IEUBK model from DOS to Windows was to
take advantage of better mathematical features that are available with Windows. The IEUBKwin
model results are more accurate than those obtained with the DOS version of the model.
IEUBKwin v244 used distinct numerical integration algorithms to calculate Pc in the batch and
single run mode. The single run mode used an approach known as the midpoint rule with a fixed
integration interval (set as a multiple of the standard deviation of the Z-score), and batch mode
used Simpson's Rule. For risk assessment purposes, in which low error is needed at the decision
point of P10 = 5%, both approaches are sufficiently accurate. However, they yield slightly
different results. The earlier versions of the model, when run in single run mode, produced step
changes in P10 values as the geometric mean changed and yielded P10 values that were slightly
lower than the values calculated in batch mode. In this version of IEUBK Win, the Pc algorithms
have been revised so that the same algorithm is used in the batch and single modes. The current
verison of the model uses the polynomial function, shown below, to calculate Pc. This approach
is more accurate (error < 10"8), more stable {i.e., it is not affected by the integration interval), and
is more computationally efficient (i.e., iterative calculations are not needed to achieve a low error
rate).
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4.0 Guidance for IEUBKwin Model
The most current information pertaining to the IEUBKwin model and lead risk assessment is
accessible online via the help buttons and available through the EPA TRW web page at the
following uniform resource locator (URL):
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/lead
This link allows access to the following types of guidance documents on the TRW homepage:
EPA guidance: general information on lead risk assessment (e.g., OSWER
Directive: Revised Interim Soil Lead (Pb) Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA
Corrective Action Facilities [August 1994]).
Software and model documentation: information on the use and interpretation of
the results of the IEUBK model as well as specific information on how data are
used by the model (e.g., Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake
Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children [February 1994]).
Short sheets: guidance on key parameters of the IEUBKwin model, specifically
modification of defaults and evaluation of site-specific data (e.g., IEUBK Model
Mass Fraction of Soil in Indoor Dust (MSD) Variable [June 1998], Bioavailability
[October 1999] Soil Ingestion Rates [December 1999], and Sieving [April
2000]).
Fact sheets: general information on various lead-related issues (e.g., Technical
Review Workgroup for Lead of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [June
1997] and Overview of the IEUBK Model for Lead in Children. [August 1997]
[NTIS #PB99-9635-8, OSWER #9285.7-31]
All TRW products including the IEUBK model (1994) and guidance can now be downloaded
directly from the TRW web site. Printed copies of the IEUBK guidance manual and Technical
Support Document are also available through the National Technical Information Services
(NTIS) by calling 1-800-553-NTIS and providing the NTIS publication number.
4.1 Guidance Documents
Several general EPA guidance documents pertaining to lead risk assessment are available on the
TRW web site.
OSWER Directive: Revised Interim Soil Lead (Pb) Guidance for CERCLA Sites
and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities (August 1994)', OSWER #9355.4-12. As
part of the Superfund Administrative Improvements Initiative, this interim
directive establishes a streamlined approach for determining protective levels for
lead in soil at CERCLA sites and RCRA facilities.
OSWER Directive: Clarification to the 1994 Revised Interim Soil Lead (Pb)
Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities (August
1998); OSWER #9200.4-27P. This directive clarifies OSWER's policy on (1)
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using the IEUBK and blood lead studies; (2) determining the geographic area to
use in evaluating human exposure to lead contamination; (3) addressing
multimedia lead contamination; and (4) determining appropriate response actions
at lead sites.
Validation Strategy for The Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for
Lead in Children (December 1994); OSWER #9285.7-21. The Validation
Strategy describes the considerations and methods for characterizing the
confidence that can be placed in the output of the IEUBK (0.99d) model. The
validation strategy primarily addresses the empirical comparison of the IEUBK
model predictions of blood lead levels with those observed in epidemiologic
studies in which environmental lead levels were also characterized.
4.2 Model Software and Documentation
Because the IEUBKwin model is functionally similar to the IEUBK (0.99d) model, the guidance
documents for the IEUBK (0.99d) model are to be used for the IEUBKwin model.
Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead
in Children (February 1994); NTIS #PB93-963510; EPA Publication #9285.7-15-
1. The Guidance Manual assists user by providing detailed information on
environmental exposure parameters and recommendations for tailoring the model
for conducting site-specific risk assessments. It emphasizes the correct use and
interpretation of model outputs, as well as integration of the results into a
remediation strategy.
Technical Support Document for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic
Model for Lead in Children (TSD) (December 1994); NTIS #PB94-963505;
OSWER #9285.7-22. The TSD describes in detail the basis for the parameters and
equations used in the IEUBK model. The TSD is not a line-by-line documentation
of the model source code; instead, for clarity, it presents an interpreted version of
the model source code.
4.3 Short Sheets
The TRW releases updates and clarifications on the use and interpretation of the IEUBK model
and other lead related issues. These guidance documents are released as short sheets and are
published on the TRW web site as they become available.
Lead at Outdoor Firing Ranges [May 2000]. This short sheet was developed in
an effort to address concerns regarding lead toxicity at outdoor firing ranges. The
short sheet focuses on the lead toxicology and the fate of lead at outdoor firing
ranges.
TRW Recommendations for Sampling and Analysis of Soil at Lead (Pb) Sites
[April 2000]. This short sheet provides a standard set of recommendations and
protocols for the collection, preparations, and analysis of lead in soil and dust for
use in lead modeling.
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IEUBK Model Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates [December 1999]. This short sheet
provides recommendations on the substitution of default soil/dust ingestion rates
in the IEUBK model.
IEUBK Model Bioavailability Variable [October 1999]. This short sheet
discusses issues to consider and applicable methods for determining a site-specific
bioavailability value for soil-borne lead.
IEUBK Model Mass Fraction of Soil in Indoor Dust (MSD) Variable [June 1998].
This short sheet provides guidance on the parameter referred to as the K^ in the
IEUBK (0.99d) model. The MSD short sheet explains the definition and correct
derivation of MSD, as well as considerations when modifying the default. The
short sheet also outlines the applications of the MSD parameter to lead risk
assessment and preliminary remediation goals for soil lead.
4.4 Other Guidance Documents
Additional documents supplementing this Reference Manual have been prepared during the
conversion from DOS to Windows and are currently available:
User's Guide for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in
Children, Windows Version. The User's Guide is intended to serve as a quick
reference for the IEUBKwin model. It provides users with the basic information
necessary for appropriate application and interpretation of the model, including
information on model installation, inputs, analysis, output, interpretation of
results, application of results to risk assessment, and example scenarios.
System Requirements and Design for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic
Model for Lead in Children, Windows Version. This is an all inclusive synopsis
of the requirements and design specifications for the development of the
IEUBKwin model. It is intended to serve as a reference for programmers to
facilitate future enhancements to the IEUBKwin model.
4.5 Sources of Assistance
Questions concerning the use and interpretation of IEUBKwin model may be submitted to the
IEUBK technical support center via the Technical Review Workgroup for Lead (TRW) web site:
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/lead
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5.0 Summary and References
5.1 Summary
This Reference Manual has been developed to assist in the use of the IEUBKwin model. The
manual is intended to be used in conjunction with the Guidance Manual for the Integrated
Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children and the Technical Support Document
for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children. The Reference
Manual emphasizes only those aspects of the IEUBK model that were changed during the
recoding from IEUBK DOS (version 0.99d) to Windows (IEUBKwin). In addition, guidance
pertaining to appropriate input procedures and model application is available via the TRW web
site or Technical Support Center as described in Chapter 4.
5.2 References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1991. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young
Children.
Hastings, C. Approximations for Digital Computers. Princeton University Press. 1955. In:
Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables. M.
Abramowitz, I.A. Stegun, Eds. 1968. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series
55. Seventh Printing, p. 932.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead Lead at
Outdoor Firing Ranges. OSWER Directive No. 9285.7-37, Document No. EPA #540-F-00-009.
Washington, DC: May 2000.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead.
Recommendations for Sampling and Analysis of Soil at Lead (Pb) Sites OSWER Directive
No.9285.7-38, Document No. EPA #540-F-00-010. Washington, DC: April 2000.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead. IEUBK Model
Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates. OSWER Directive No. 9285.7-33, Document No. EPA
#540-F-00-007. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA: December 1999.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead. IEUBK Model
Bioavailability Variable. OSWER Directive No. 9285.7-32, Document No. EPA #540-F-00-006.
Washington, DC: U.S. EPA: October 1999.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead. System
Requirements Design for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children.
Windows Version. EPA/540/K-01/006: Washington, DC: 2001.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead. User's Guide
for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children, Windows Version
EPA/540/K-01/005: Washington, DC: 2001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Review Workgroup for Lead. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. Clarification to the 1994 Revised Interim Soil Lead (Pb)
Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities. OSWER Directive No.
9200.4-27P, Document no. EPA/540/F-98/030, PB98-963244. Washington, DC: 1998.
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