United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances
(7101)
EPA 712-C-96-147
April 1996
&EPA Ecological Effects Test
Guidelines
OPPTS 850.3020
Honey Bee Acute
Contact Toxicity
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Introduction
This guideline is one of a series of test guidelines that have been
developed by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency for use in the testing of
pesticides and toxic substances, and the development of test data that must
be submitted to the Agency for review under Federal regulations.
The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS)
has developed this guideline through a process of harmonization that
blended the testing guidance and requirements that existed in the Office
of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and appeared in Title 40,
Chapter I, Subchapter R of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the
Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) which appeared in publications of the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and the guidelines pub-
lished by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD).
The purpose of harmonizing these guidelines into a single set of
OPPTS guidelines is to minimize variations among the testing procedures
that must be performed to meet the data requirements of the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (15
U.S.C. 2601) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
(7 U.S.C. 136, etseq.).
Public Draft Access Information: This draft guideline is part of a
series of related harmonized guidelines that need to be considered as a
unit. For copies: These guidelines are available electronically from the
EPA Public Access Gopher (gopher.epa.gov) under the heading "Environ-
mental Test Methods and Guidelines" or in paper by contacting the OPP
Public Docket at (703) 305-5805 or by e-mail:
guidelines@epamail.epa.gov.
To Submit Comments: Interested persons are invited to submit com-
ments. By mail: Public Docket and Freedom of Information Section, Office
of Pesticide Programs, Field Operations Division (7506C), Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M St. SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person:
bring to: Rm. 1132, Crystal Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Ar-
lington, VA. Comments may also be submitted electronically by sending
electronic mail (e-mail) to: guidelines@epamail.epa.gov.
Final Guideline Release: This guideline is available from the U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 on The Federal Bul-
letin Board. By modem dial 202-512-1387, telnet and ftp:
fedbbs.access.gpo.gov (IP 162.140.64.19), or call 202-512-0135 for disks
or paper copies. This guideline is also available electronically in ASCII
and PDF (portable document format) from the EPA Public Access Gopher
(gopher.epa.gov) under the heading "Environmental Test Methods and
Guidelines."
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OPPTS 850.3020 Honey bee acute contact toxicity.
(a)	Scope—(1) Applicability. This guideline is intended to meet test-
ing requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C.136, et seq.).
(2) Background. The source material used in developing this test
guideline is OPP 141-1 Honey Bee Acute Contact LD50 (Pesticide As-
sessment Guidelines, Subdivision L—Hazard Evaluation; Nontarget In-
sects) EPA report 540/09-82-019, 1982.
(b)	Purpose. This guideline is designed to develop data on the acute
contact toxicity to honey bees of chemical substances subject to environ-
mental effects test regulations. The Agency will use these and other data
to assess acute hazards to bees.
(c)	Definitions. The definitions in section 3 of the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) and 40 CFR Part 792—Good Laboratory Practice
Standards apply to this test guideline. In addition, the following definitions
apply to this guideline:
LD50 is the empirically derived dose of the test substance that is
expected to result in mortality of 50 per cent of a population of bees which
is treated with a single contact dose under the conditions of the test.
Test substance is the specific form of a chemical or mixture of chemi-
cals that is used to develop the data.
(d)	Test procedures—(1) Summary of test, (i) Test bees may be
obtained directly from hives or from frames kept in an incubator. The
dosage levels for the definitive test are established, possibly requiring a
range-finding test to be conducted first. Test bees are immobilized and
randomly assigned to the various dosage levels and controls. Test sub-
stance is administered as a single topical dose, either via microapplicator
(topical drop) or via whole body exposure to impregnated dust. Bees are
closely monitored within the first 4 h after treatment, and then observed
for mortality and signs of intoxication at 24 and 48 h. The mortality pattern
is examined and subjected to the appropriate statistical analysis to derive
the LD50 and confidence limits. The complete mortality pattern, along
with signs of intoxication, should be reported.
(ii) A test is unacceptable if more than 20 per cent of the control
bees die during the test.
(2) Range-finding test. If the approximate toxicity of the test sub-
stance is unknown, a range-finding test may be conducted to determine
the dosage levels of the test substance to be used in the definitive test.
Refer to paragraph (d)(3)(iv) of this guideline for details on dosage levels
for definitive tests. If a test substance is expected to be of low toxicity,
it may be useful to conduct a limit test at 25 |ig per bee first under para-
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graph (d)(3)(iv)(B) of this guideline. If mortality occurs at this level, then
further range-finding at lower levels will be necessary. The results of the
range-finding test may then be used to establish the definitive test dosage
levels.
(3) Definitive test—(i) Administration of test substance. (A) On
the day of test initiation, young bees should be collected from the incuba-
tor or directly from the hive, immobilized with CO2 or N2, and placed
in holding cages. To initiate the test, bees in the holding cages are again
immobilized, and distributed into groups of at least 25 bees. A single dose
will be applied to each bee via microapplicator. Alternatively, test bees
may be treated via a dusting apparatus. A minimum of 25 bees is needed
for each treatment and control.
(B)	A solvent is generally used to administer the test substance. The
solvent of choice is acetone, although other volatile organic solvents have
been used successfully in cases where acetone was not suitable. Maximum
dosage volume should not exceed 5 |iL per bee, to allow for adequate
volatilization of the solvent.
(C)	If a dusting apparatus is used, a nontoxic dust diluent will be
required as a carrier.
(ii)	Controls. (A) Two concurrent controls are required during the
test: A negative control and a solvent (or carrier) control. Control bees
should be from the same source as the test groups. Control and test bees
should be kept under the same environmental conditions. The test proce-
dures should be the same for control and treated bees, except that negative
controls receive no treatment and solvent (carrier) controls are treated only
with the solvent (carrier). Solvent control bees should receive a volume
of solvent equal to the largest volume administered to the test bees. The
use of shared controls is acceptable for concurrent tests as long as the
same solvent or carrier is used for all the tests.
(B)	A test is not acceptable if more than 20 percent of the control
bees die during the test period.
(C)	A concurrent positive control with a substance of known toxicity
is not required. However, a quarterly or semiannual test with a laboratory
standard (reference toxicant) is recommended as a means of detecting pos-
sible interlaboratory or temporal variation. A laboratory standard is also
recommended when there is any significant change in source of bees.
(iii)	Number of animals tested. (A) In the definitive test, a minimum
of 25 bees should be used for each dosage level and for each control.
Bees at a treatment level may be divided into replicates if desired.
(iv)	Dosages and dosage-mortality data. (A) A minimum of five
dosage levels of the test substance should be used in the definitive test.
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These levels should be spaced geometrically. The recommended spacing
is for each dosage level to be at least 60 percent of the next higher level.
Ideally, dosage levels should be spaced so that at least three levels result
in mortality between 0 and 100 percent.
(B) For test substances expected to have relatively low toxicity, a
limit test may be conducted at 25 |ig per bee. The LD50 may be reported
as greater than 25 (ig per bee if 20 bees are dosed at 25 (ig per bee,
if no mortality occurs, and if test procedures, number of controls, and dura-
tion are the same as in a definitive test. Signs of intoxication should be
reported. If no mortality occurs, further testing is not required.
(v)	Duration of test. The definitive test consists of the administration
of the test substance followed by an observation period of 48 h.
(vi)	Observations. (A) Bees should be observed for mortality and
toxicological responses at approximately 4, 24, and 48 h after dosing. Dead
bees should not be removed from the test chambers until the test is termi-
nated.
(B) All signs of intoxication, other abnormal behavior, and mortality
should be recorded throughout the test period and reported by dosage level
and by time of occurrence. Signs of intoxication are those behaviors appar-
ently due to the test chemical and may include a wide variety of behaviors,
such as ataxia, lethargy, and hypersensitivity. All signs of intoxication and
any other abnormal behavior, that may or may not be attributed to the
test substance, should be reported.
(4) Analytical measurements—(i) Statistical analysis. (A) The data
should be analyzed by probit analysis, moving average, or binomial prob-
ability. The LD50 value, 95 percent confidence limits, and slope of the
dose-response curve should be determined for mortality at the end of the
test.
(B) All methods used for statistical analysis should be described.
(e) Test conditions—(1) Test species—(i) Selection. (A) Honey bee,
Apis mellifera, is the test species. Bees may be obtained from on-site colo-
nies or from a commercial apiary. All control and treatment bees used
in a test should be from the same source.
(B)	Bees used in the test should be in apparent good health. Only
bees from disease-free colonies should be used, and they should be kept
in conditions conforming to proper cultural practices.
(C)	Test should be conducted on worker bees 1- to 7-days-old at
test initiation. No acclimation period is necessary. Bees used in the test
should be assigned randomly to treatments and controls.
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(D) During holding and testing, bees should be shielded from exces-
sive activity or other disturbance. Bees should be handled only as much
as is necessary to conform to test procedures.
(ii) Diet. A 50 percent sugar/water solution should be provided ad
libitum throughout the holding and test periods. Purified or distilled water
should be used for the sugar solution.
(2) Facilities, (i) Tests should be conducted indoors with bees being
maintained in small test chambers. Test chambers may be constructed of
metal, plastic, wire mesh, or cardboard, or a combination of these mate-
rials. Chambers must be constructed so that a vial containing sugar water
may be attached.
(ii) Testing is done indoors to control lighting and other environ-
mental variables. Temperature should be maintained between 25 and
35 °C, with relative humidity between 50 and 80 percent. It is rec-
ommended that test bees be maintained in the dark except during dosing
and observations.
(f) Reporting. The report should include, but not necessarily be lim-
ited to, the following information:
(1)	Name and address of the facility performing the study and the
dates of the study.
(2)	Objectives and procedures stated in the approved protocol, includ-
ing any changes in the original protocol.
(3)	Statistical methods employed for analyzing the data.
(4)	The test and, if used, control substances identified by name,
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number or code number, source, lot
or batch number, strength, purity, and composition or other appropriate
characteristics.
(5)	A description of the methods used, including:
(i)	Description of housing conditions, including type, size, and mate-
rial of pens, and the approximate test room temperature, humidity, and
lighting.
(ii)	Methods of assigning bees to test chambers.
(iii)	Frequency, duration, and methods of observations.
(6)	A description of the test system used, including the scientific
name of the test species, number used, condition, age at test initiation,
and source of test bees.
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(7)	A description of the dosages, numbers of bees and replicates per
dose, and method and time of administration. The reported results should
include:
(i)	The results of range-finding tests, if conducted.
(ii)	For the definitive test, a description of signs of intoxication and
other abnormal behavior, including time of onset, duration, severity, and
number affected at each dose level and control.
(8)	A description of all circumstances that may have affected the qual-
ity or integrity of the data.
(9)	The name of the sponsor, study director, principal investigator,
names of other scientists or professionals, and the names of all supervisory
personnel involved in the study.
(10)	A description of the transformations, calculations, or operations
performed on the data, a summary and analysis of the data, and a statement
of the conclusions drawn from the analysis. Results of the analysis of data
should include the calculated LD50 value, 95 percent confidence limits,
slope of the transformed dose-response line, and the results of a goodness-
of-fit test.
(11)	The signed and dated reports of each of the individual scientists
or other professionals involved in the study, including each person who,
at the request or direction of the testing facility or sponsor, conducted
an analysis or evaluation of data or specimens from the study after data
generation was completed.
(12)	The locations where all raw data and the final report are stored.
(13)	The statement prepared and signed by the quality assurance unit.
(g) References. The following references should be consulted for ad-
ditional background material on this test guideline.
(1)	Atkins, E.L., Jr. et al. Equipment and technique used in laboratory
evaluation of pesticide dusts in toxicological studies with honey bees.
Journal of Economic Entomology 47: 965-969 (1954).
(2)	Atkins, E.L. et al. Toxicity of pesticides and other agricultural
chemicals to honey bees: Laboratory studies. University of California, Di-
vision of Agricultural Sciences, Leaflet 2287, 38 pp. (1975).
(3)	Finney, D.J. Probit Analysis. 3rd ed., Cambridge, London and
New York (1971).
(4)	Stephan, C.E. Methods for calculating an LC50. Aquatic Toxi-
cology and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634, American Society for
Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 65-84 (1977).
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(5)	Stevenson, J.H., Laboratory studies on the acute contact and oral
toxicity. Annals of Applied Biology 61: 467-472 (1968).
(6)	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Standard Evaluation Pro-
cedure, Honey Bee—Acute Contact LD50 Test. Report No. EPA-540/9-
85-002 (1985).
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