^«^EZDy% United States
LhI Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Proposed Designation of
1,1,2-T richloroethane
(CASRN 79-00-5)
as a High-Priority Substance
for Risk Evaluation
August 22,2019
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Table of Contents
List of Tables iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3
Approach 3
Results and Discussion 3
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 4
Approach 4
CDR and TRI Tables 4
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 11
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 12
Approach 12
Results and Discussion 12
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation 13
Approach 13
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables 13
Results and Discussion 15
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 16
Approach 16
Results and Discussion 16
7. Hazard potential 17
Approach 17
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 17
8. Exposure potential 21
Approach 21
Results and Discussion 21
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority 25
10. Proposed designation and Rationale 25
11. References 26
ii
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List of Tables
Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) 3
Table 2. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use
(2016 CDR Reporting Cycle) 5
Table 3. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use
(2012 CDR Reporting Cycle) 5
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Reporting Year 2011 6
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Reporting Year 2015... 8
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Reporting Year 2017. 10
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 13
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 14
Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 18
Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 19
Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,1,2-Trichloroethane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
and Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential 22
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 23
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population 23
in
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term
Description
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BAF
Bioaccumulation factor
BOD
Biological oxygen demand
BP
Boiling point
CAA
Clean Air Act
CASRN
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
CBI
Confidential Business Information
CDR
Chemical Data Reporting
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CWA
Clean Water Act
CPDat
Chemical and Products Database
ECHA
European Chemicals Agency
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
GC
Gas chromatography
HLC
Henry's law constant
HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography
HSDB
Hazardous Substances Data Bank
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IUR
Inventory Update Rule
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
Koc
Organic carbon-water partition coefficient
Kow
Octanol-water partition coefficient
M
Million
MCL
Maximum Contaminant Level
iv
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Term
Description
MCLG
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MITI
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MP
Melting point
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
NEI
National Emissions Inventory
NIH
National Institutes of Health
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NITE
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (Japan)
NKRA
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NR
Not reported
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
•OH
Hydroxyl radical
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit
POTW
Publicly owned treatment works
REL
Recommended Exposure Limit
RY
Reporting year
SIDS
Screening information data sets
TG
Test guideline
TLV
Threshold limit value
TRI
Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TWA
Time-weighted average
VP
Vapor pressure
WS
Water solubility
V
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1. Introduction
In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high-priority
substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines, without
consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of injury to
health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of exposure under
the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA.
Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant to
TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen the
candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and
considerations:
• the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance;
• persistence and bioaccumulation;
• potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations;
• storage near significant sources of drinking water;
• conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical
substance;
• the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production
volume; and
• other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority.
This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and
considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.9 for a may present risk finding. The information sources
used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of
TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in
Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012) (40
CFR 702.9(b)). Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority chemical substance
would immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final rule,
Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (40
CFR 702).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as
referenced in the March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that 1,1,2-
trichloroethane is a suitable candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority chemical
substance. The proposed designation is based on the results of the review against the
aforementioned criteria and considerations as well as review of the reasonably available
1 NOTE: For all 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title40-vol33/xml/CFR-2018-title40-vol33-part7Q2.xml and
https://www. re gulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HO-OPPT-20.1.6-0654-0.1.08
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/docnments/2019/03/21/2019-05404/in.itiafion-of-prioritizafion-nnder-the-toxic-
subsfances-control-act-fsca
1
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information on 1,1,2-trichloroethane, including relevant information received from the public and
other information as appropriate.
EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation
of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The docket number for providing comments on 1,1,2-trichloroethane is
EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0421 and is available at www.regulations. gov.
The information, analysis, and basis for the review of the chemical is organized as follows:
• Section 1 (Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended TSCA
and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations — pertinent to the
prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances.
• Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This section
presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of the
chemical substance.
• Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section
presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of use
under TSCA.
• Section 4 (Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents
information and analysis regarding potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations,
including children, women of reproductive age, and workers, with respect to the chemical
substance.
• Section 5 (Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and
analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and the
chemical's fate characteristics.
• Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents
information and analysis considered regarding the risk from the storage of the chemical
substance near significant sources of drinking water.
• Section 7 (Hazardpotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to the
chemical substance.
• Section 8 (Exposure potential): This section presents information and analysis regarding
the exposures to the chemical substance.
• Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA
identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
• Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and the
information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA to
support the proposed designation.
2
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2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume
Approach
EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance using
information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported
information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for 1,1,2-trichloroethane
reported under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
rule.3
Results and Discussion
The national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range to protect individual site
production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds)
Chemical ID
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
U,2-
Trichloroethane
(79-00-5)
>100 M-
500 M
>100 M -
500 M
>10 M -
50 M
>100 M-
500 M
>100 M -
500 M
100 M -
<500 M
100 M-
250 M
100 M-
250 M
100 M-
250 M
100 M -
250 M
100 M -
250 M
Notes: M = million
Reference: U.S. EPA (201.3) and U.S. EPA (201.7)
Production volume of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in 2015, as reported to CDR, was 100 million pounds
to 250 million pounds. In all reporting years (RY) from 1986 to 2015, with the exception of 1994,
national aggregate production volume for 1,1,2-trichloroethane was between 100 million and 500
million pounds. In 1994, 10 million to 50 million pounds of this chemical was manufactured or
imported. Production volume of 1,1,2-trichloroethane as reported to EPA has remained stable
from 2011-2016 (Table 1).
3 Over time, the requirements for reporting frequency, production volume thresholds, and chemical substances under
the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule have changed. CDR was formerly known as the Inventory Update Rule
(IUR). The first IUR collection occurred in 1986 and continued every four years through 2006. As part of two
rulemakings in 2003 and 2005, EPA made a variety of changes to the IUR, including to change the reporting
frequency to every five years to address burdens associated with new reporting requirements. Additional changes to
reporting requirements were made in 2011, including to suspend and replace the 2011 submission period with a 2012
submission period, return to reporting every four years, and require the reporting of all years beginning with 2011
production volumes. The reporting of production volumes for all years was added because of the mounting evidence
that many chemical substances, even larger production volume chemical substances, often experience wide
fluctuations in production volume from year to year. In addition, also as part of the 2011 IUR Modifications final rule
(76 FR 50816, Aug 16, 2011), EPA changed the name of the regulation from IUR to CDR to better reflect the
distinction between this data collection (which includes exposure-related data) and the TSCA Inventory itself (which
only involves chemical identification information).
3
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3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use
Approach
EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of
use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to mean
the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance is
intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in commerce,
used, or disposed of.
A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the
conditions of use for 1,1,2-trichloroethane was submitted by manufacturers (including importers)
under the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including
importers) to report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import
into the United States greater than 25,000 pounds per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply
(in which case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 pounds per site). CDR includes
information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the
known manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical substance, EPA assumes distribution
in commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or
chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of additional
uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that are not
regulated under TSCA.
For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and
Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement
the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5, and 6, respectively). There is not a one-to-
one correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II
Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R
submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported.
In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information
pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and
treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR
information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5, 6, respectively). For the purposes of this
proposed prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to
air, wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use.
CDR and TRI Tables
Based on the publicly available4 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use
information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA developed
a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Tables 2 and 3, respectively).
4 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI.
4
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Table 2.1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use5
(2016 CDR Reporting Cycle)
Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory of Use
Reference
Manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Import
Import
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
As a reactant
Intermediate in:
•All other chemical product and
preparation manufacturing
•CBI
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Recycling
Recycling
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Distribution in Commerce ''1'
Distribution in commerce
Disposal1'
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e.,
disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
Note: CBI = confidential business information
Table 3.1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use6
Life-Cycle
Stage
Category
Subcategory of Use
Reference
Manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing/Import
CBI
UAEPAf2019a)
Domestic manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
As a reactant
Intermediate in:
•All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Other (Used to manufacture
vinyl chloride) in:
•Petrochemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Recycling
Recycling
ppA {'201 Q'i")
Distribution in
Commerce
Distribution in commerce
Industrial Uses
Use-non-incorporative activities
NKRA in:
•All other chemical product and preparation
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Disposal"
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e.,
disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
Note: CBI = confidential business information; NKRA = not known or reasonably ascertainable
5 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
6 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
5
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EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information
about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that a
condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing.
Table 4. Activil
ies and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Reporting Year 2011
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Produce or import for on-
site use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as a
byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Produce or import as an
impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an article
component
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Process as an impurity
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process - repackaging
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise Use
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
6
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Otherwise Use - ancillary
or other use
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Treatment
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: (U.S. EPA. 2019c)
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Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Reporting Year
2015
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Produce
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Produce or import for on-
site use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as a
byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as an
impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an article
component
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Process as an impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process - repackaging
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise Use
Otherwise Use - as a
manufacturing aid
Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and
Bolt Manufacturing
3327
Otherwise Use - ancillary
or other use
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
8
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and
Bolt Manufacturing
3327
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and
Bolt Manufacturing
3327
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: (U.S. EPA. 2019c)
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Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Reporting Year
2017
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for on-
site use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as a
byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as an
impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process - repackaging
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise Use
Otherwise Use - as a
manufacturing aid
Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and
Bolt Manufacturing
3327
Otherwise Use - ancillary
or other use
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
10
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and
Bolt Manufacturing
3327
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and
Bolt Manufacturing
3327
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: (U.S. EPA. 2019c)
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use
In the 2016 CDR, 1,1,2-trichloroethane was not reported as used in manufacturing commercial or
consumer products. Three sites reported processing of 1,1,2-trichloroethane as an intermediate in
all other chemical product and preparation manufacturing and one facility reported this
information as CBI.7 One facility reported that 1,1,2-trichloroethane was recycled, one site
reported that 1,1,2-trichloroethane was not recycled (e.g., not recycled, remanufactured,
reprocessed, or reused), and two facilities reported this information as CBI.
Between 2012 and 2016, the functional use of 1,1,2-trichloroethane included processing as an
intermediate in all other chemical product and preparation manufacturing (Tables 2 and 3,
respectively). Use of this chemical in petrochemical and all other chemical product and
preparation manufacturing was reported in 2012 but not 2016. In 2012, an industrial use of a non-
incorporative activity in all other chemical product and preparation manufacturing was reported.
No industrial use was reported for 2016.
The processing uses of 1,1,2-trichloroethane was roughly consistent between 2012 and 2016.
Consumer or commercial uses of 1,1,2-trichloroethane we not reported between 2012 and 2016.
CDR data show that consumer and commercial uses have not changed significantly between 2012
and 2016. Consumer uses were also identified in additional databases, which are included in the
Exposure Potential section (Section 8).
7 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
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Tables 4, 5, and 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI by industry group for 2011,
2015, and 2017, respectively. Waste management activity type includes all industry groups that
reported to TRI using each waste management activity for 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic
Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for RY 2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017. RY 2011, RY
2015, and RY 2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar years 2011,
2015, and 2017, respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities that apply to
the TRI chemical at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI dataset updated
in April 2019. One public comment indicates that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is found as an impurity in
some adhesives in amounts between 0.1% and 10% (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0421-0003).
Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a high-
priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be undertaken
as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation.
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
Approach
In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, workers, consumers,
or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U. These
data provide an indication about whether children may be potentially exposed or other susceptible
subpopulations may be exposed. EPA also used human health hazard information to identify
potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations.
Results and Discussion
At this stage, workers and consumers are considered a potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulation with respect to 1,1,2-trichloroethane based on greater exposure.
Children
EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles
intended for children over time for 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The 2012 and 2016 CDR did not report
any use in children's products. In the existing assessments reviewed, there was no discussion on
the susceptibility of children to 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statute)
EPA identified developmental and reproductive toxicity studies following 1,1,2-trichloroethane
exposure; however, no effects were observed in these studies (Section 7, Table 9). Therefore,
women of reproductive age are not considered a susceptible subpopulation with respect to 1,1,2-
trichloroethane at this time. During the scoping and risk evaluation process, the issue of
potentially-exposed or susceptible subpopulations will be reconsidered following a systematic
search of the relevant scientific literature.
12
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Workers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential occupational
exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
Consumers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for summary of potential consumer
exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation
Approach
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, such as physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate characteristics, to understand 1,1,2-trichloroethane's persistence and
bioaccumulation.
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables
Tables 7 and 8 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate
characteristics of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, respectively.
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of l,l?2-Trichloroethane
Property or Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Molecular Formula
C2H3Cl3
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Molecular Weight
133.41 g/mole
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Physical State
Liquid
O'Neil (2013); I ARC (.1.99.1.)
Physical Form
Clear, colorless liquid
HSDB (2008) citins IARC (.1.99.1.)
Purity
>96%; impurities include ethylene
dichloride, tetrachloroethane,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene
OECD (2000)
-36.6 °Cb
U.S. EPA (20.1.2); Lide and Milne (1994)
Melting Point
-35 °C
O'Neil (2013)
-36.53 °C
ATSDR (.1.989). citing Riddick et al. (1986)
Boiling Point
113.8 °Cb
U.S. EPA (20.1.2); Lide and Milne (1994)
113-114°C
O'Neil (2013)
1.4416 at 20 °C
O'Neil (2013)
Density
1.443 at 20 °C
ATSDR (.1.989) citing Torkelson andRowe
(1981)
1.43931 at 20 °C
ATSDR (.1.989) citins Riddick et al. (1986)
1.43213 g/cm3 at 25 °Cb
MacKay (2006) citing Riddick et al. (1986)
13
-------
Property or Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Vapor Pressure
23 mm Hg at 25 °Cb
U.S. EPA (2012) citins Ensineerins Sciences
Data Unit (1976)
22.49 mm Hg at 25 °C
MacKay et al. (2006) citing Riddick et al.
(1986)
19 mm Hg at 20 °C, 40 mm Hg at
35 °C
I ARC (1991) citing in Verschueren (1983)
Vapor Density
4.63 (relative vapor density to air =
1)
IARC (1991) citing in Verschueren (1983)
Water Solubility
4590 mg/L at 25°Cb
U.S. EPA (2012) citins Horvath et al. (1999)
3500 mg/L at 25 °C
OECD (2000)
4500 mg/L at 20 °C
IARC (1991)
Log Kow
1.89b
U.S. EPA (2012) citins Hansch et al. (1995)
2.05 at 25 °C
OECD (2000)
Henry's Law Constant
8.24 x 10"4 atm-m3/mol at 25 °Cb
U.S. EPA (2012) citing Leighton and Calo
(1981)
9.1 x lO 4 atm/m3-mol at 25 °C;
1.12 x lO 3 atm/m3-mol at 30 °C
ATSDR (1989) citing Ashworth et al. (1988)
Flash Point
None detected up to 75 °C
(Guideline ASTM D93)
ECHA (20.1.9) citing Anonymous (2010)
Auto Flammability
460 °C
ATSDR (1.989) citins Parrish (1983)
Viscosity
1.69 cP at 25 °C
HSDB (2008)
Refractive Index
1.4711 at 20 °C
O'Neil (2013)
Dielectric Constant
3.42 at 16 °C
NBOS (.1.95.1.)
Surface Tension
34.02 mN/m at 25 °C
HSDB (2008) citing CRC (2005)
Notes: "Measured unless otherwise noted; b Selected value
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of l,l?2-Trichloroethane
Property or Endpoint
Value3
References
Direct Photodegradation
Not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by
sunlight because the chemical structure of 1,1,2-
trichloroethane does not contain chromophores that
absorb at wavelengths >290 nm
HSDB (2008)
Indirect Photodegradation
ti/2 = 54.6 days (from -OH rate constant of 1.96 x 10~13
cm3/molecule-sec and 12-hour day with 1.5 x lO6
•OH/cm3)
U.S. EPA (20.1.2)
ti/2 = 87.2 days at 295 K, 5 x 10s -OH-radical
molecules/cm3
ECHA (20.1.9)
ti/2 = 50.2 days at 339 K, 5 x 10s -OH-radical
molecules/cm3
ECHA (20.1.9)
Hydrolysis
Stable at pH 7; ti/2 = 85 days pH 9 and 25 °C
OECD (2000)
14
-------
Property or Endpoint
Value"
References
Biodegradation (Aerobic)
Water: 5% after 28 days measured by GC (Japanese
MITI test)
NITE (2010)
Water: Not readily biodegradable (OECD TG 301C)
OECD (2000)
Water: 0% after a 24-day modified shake-flask test; 0%
after a 25-day river die-away test
HSDB (2008) citing
Tabak etal. (1981)
Soil: ti/2 = 6 months to 1 year
HSDB (2008). citine
Rathbun (1998)
Biodegradation (Anaerobic)
Water: 6 days in an unpolluted aquifer (1% organic
carbon content);
16 years in an unpolluted aquifer (0.001% organic
carbon content)
HSBD (2008). citing
Verschueren (2001)
Wastewater Treatment
27.43% total removal
(0.08% by biodegradation, 1.64% by sludge adsorption,
and 25.72% by volatilization to air; estimated)13
U.S. EPA (2012)
Bioconcentration Factor
<10 to 17
ATSDR (1989)
OECD TG 305C (carp): 0.7-2.6 at 0.3 mg/L;
2.9-4.0 at 0.03 mg/L
OECD (2000)
Carp (Cyprinus carpio): 0.7-2.6 at 0.3 ppm;
2.7-6.7 at 0.03 ppm (MITI)
SYKE (2018)
Bioaccumulation Factor
6.9 (estimated)13
U.S. EPA (2012)
Soil Organic Carbon:Water
Partition Coefficient (Log
Koc)
1.9-2.05 (Koc = 83-111) in silty clay soil;
2.2-2.32 (Koc = 174-209) in sandy loam soil
HSDB (2008) citing Gan
etal. (1989)
Notes:aMeasured unless otherwise noted 1 EPI Suite™ physical property inputs: Log K0w = 1.89, BP = 113.80 °C,
MP = -36.60 °C, VP = 23 mmHg, WS = 4,590 mg/L, HLC = 0.000824-OH = hydroxyl radical;
OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; TG = test guideline; GC = gas chromatography;
MITI = Ministry of International Trade and Industry; BOD = biochemical oxygen demand; HPLC = high
performance liquid chromatography
Results and Discussion
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a liquid that is highly soluble in water (4,590 mg/L) and highly volatile
(23 mm Hg). Measured Henry's Law constant (8.24 x 10"4 atm-m3/mol) and vapor pressure data
indicate that this chemical will not be persistent in surface water or soil as it will likely volatilize
upon release. In the air, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is expected to exist in the vapor phase where it may
react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at rates corresponding to a half-life of
54.6 days. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane does not hydrolyze at pH 7, but has a hydrolysis half-life of 85
days at pH 9.
In aerobic aquatic environments, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is not readily biodegradable. It showed no
biodegradation after 24 days in a shake-flask test and no biodegradation after 25 days in a river
die-away test. It achieved only 5 percent degradation over a 28-day incubation period in a
Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) test; its biodegradation half-life in
soil is 6 months to a year. Based on these results, 1,1,2-trichloroethane may persist in subsurface
environments, groundwater, or enclosed pipes when volatilization is not an option. 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane displayed low bioaccumulation potential with measured bioconcentration factor
15
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values of 0.7 to 6.7 in carp. Low bioaccumulation potential for this chemical is supported by an
estimated bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of 6.9 and a measured log Kow of 1.89.
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water
Approach
To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions
of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The
statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near
significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical
substance's potential human health hazard and exposure.
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of
existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the
chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 40 CFR Part 141) and regulations under the Clean
Water Act (CWA; 40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the consolidated list of chemical
substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances and Section 313
Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) (Regulated
Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by one of these authorities is an
indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental hazard which, if released near
a significant source of drinking water, could present an unreasonable risk of injury to human
health or the environment.
Results and Discussion
EPA has established a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) and Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) for 1,1,2-trichloroethane due to potential health effects from long-term exposure
above the MCL (52 FR 25690 January 30, 1991). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is designated as a toxic
pollutant under the CWA and is subject to reporting requirements under the EPCRA. It is also
considered a CERCLA hazardous substance and releases in excess of 100 pounds must be
reported (40 CFR 302.4).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is also subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act [RCRA;
hazardous waste numbers U227 (40 CFR 261.33); F002, F024, F025 (40 CFR 261.31); K019,
K020, K095, K096 (40 CFR 261.32)]. RCRA directs EPA to develop and promulgate criteria for
identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste, and for listing hazardous waste, taking into
account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for accumulation in tissue and
other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazardous characteristics.
16
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7. Hazard potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases
to potential human health and environmental hazards for 1,1,2-trichloroethane (Tables 9 and 10,
respectively).
EPA used the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX) to identify single
chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA. 2018a). It uses a comprehensive
chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that is conducted according to the
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)8. The environmental hazard information was populated in
ECOTOX and is available to the public. In comparison to the approach used to survey human
health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to identify additional environmental
hazard data for isomers of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, if available, to fill in potential data gaps when
there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed to the 1,1,2-trichloroethane
(Table 10).
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables
EPA identified human health and environmental hazards based on a review of the reasonably
available information on 1,1,2-trichloroethane (Table 9 and Table 10, respectively).
8 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/
17
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Table 9. Potential Human
lealth Hazards It
entified for l,l?2-Trichloroethane
Human Health Hazards
Tested for a
Specific Effect?
Specific Effect
Observed
Data Source
Acute Toxicity
X
X
OECD (2000); ATSDR (1989)
Repeated Dose Toxicity
X
X
U.S. EPA (2011); ATSDR (2010);
CalEPA (2006): OECD (2000):
I ARC (1.999): ATSDR (19891; U.S.
7): NCI (1978)
Genetic Toxicity
X
X
OECD (2003): OECD (2000):
I ARC (1.999): ATSDR (.1.989); U.S.
Reproductive Toxicity
X
ATSDR (.1.989)
Developmental Toxicity
X
U.S. EPA (20.1.1): OECD (2000):
ATSDR (.1.989)
Toxicokinetic
X
X
OECD (2000): I ARC (.1.999):
ATSDR (.1.989)
Irritation/Corrosion
X
X
CalEPA (2006): OECD (2000):
ATSDR (.1.989)
Dermal Sensitization
Respiratory Sensitization
Carcinogenicity
X
X
U.S. EPA (20.1.1): ATSDR (20.1.0):
CalEPA (2006): OECD (2000):
I ARC (.1.999): ATSDR (.1.989): U.S.
7): NCI (.1.978)
Immunotoxicology
X
X
U.S. EPA (20.1.1): ATSDR (.1.989)
Neurotoxicity
X
X
CalEPA (2006): OECD (2000):
ATSDR (.1.989)
Epidemiological Studies or
Biomonitoring Studies
X
X
ATSDR (20.1.0)
Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the
referenced studies. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of reasonably
available information to support the proposed designation.
18
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Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
High Priority
Chemical Candidate
1,1,2-
Trichloroethane
(CASRN# 79-00-5)
Isomers of
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
(CASRN 79-00-5)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
(CASRN# 71-55-6)
Trichloroethane
(CASRN# 25323-89-1)
Data Sources
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Aquatic
Acute
exposure
Vegetation
8
X
3
X
Adema and Vink (1981); Brack and Frank
(1998); Brack and Rottler (1994); Tsai and
Chen (2007)
Invertebrate
15
X
3
X
Adema (1978); Adema and Vink (1981);
Call et al. (1980); Freitag et al. (1994);
LeBlanc (1980); Roghair et al. (1994);
Sanchez-Fortun et al. (1997)
Fish
7
X
5
X
Adema and Vink (1981); Alexander et al.
(1978);
Buccafusco et al. (1981); Dow Chemical Co.
(1976); Geiger et al. (1985); Geiger et al.
(1986); Heitmuller et al. (1981); Smith et al.
(1991); Walbridge et al. (1983)
Non-Fish
Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians,
reptiles, mammals)
1
X
Cruz et al. (2000)
Chronic
exposure
Vegetation
-
-
Invertebrate
11
X
1
X
Adema (1978); Adema and Vink (1981);
Call et al. (1980); Thompson and Carmichael
(1989)
Fish
5
X
2
X
Adema and Vink (1981); Ahmad et al.
(1984); Barrows et al. (1978); Smith et al.
(1991); Thompson and Carmichael (1989)
19
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Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
High Priority
Chemical Candidate
1,1,2-
Trichloroethane
(CASRN# 79-00-5)
Isomers of
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
(CASRN 79-00-5)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
(CASRN# 71-55-6)
Trichloroethane
(CASRN# 25323-89-1)
Data Sources
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Non-Fish
Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians,
reptiles, mammals)
Terrestrial
Acute
Vegetation
1
X
1
X
Crebelli et al. (1988)
exposure
Invertebrate
1
X
1
X
Neuhauser et al. (1985)
Vertebrates
3
X
1
X
Crebelli et al. (1995); Crebelli et al. (1999);
Miyagawa et al. (1995)
Chronic
exposure
Vegetation
1
X
2
X
Dietz and Schnoor (2001); Hulzebos et al.
(1993)
Invertebrate
-
1
X
Rajendran (1990)
Vertebrates
1
X
2
X
Bernard et al. (1989); Elovaara et al. (1979)
The dash indicates that no studies relevant for environmental hazard were identified during the initial review and thus the "Observed Effects" column is left
blank. The X in the Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. The N/A in the Observed
Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was not reported by one of the referenced studies' abstract (full reference review has not been conducted).
20
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8. Exposure potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental,
worker/occupational, consumer, and general population exposures to 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment.
Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure
EPA's approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical
properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of
Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) for 1,1,2-
trichloroethane to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this
review are detailed in the following tables.
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration, human and ecological biomonitoring data to inform
1,1,2-trichlorpropane's exposure potential to the general population (Table 13).
Results and Discussion
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
Aggregated quantities of 1,1,2-trichloroethane released on-site to air, water, and land, and
aggregated quantities of 1,1,2-trichloroethane transferred off-site to POTW and other wastewater
treatment facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 11 for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The
table does not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management
activities (e.g., recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY
2011, 2015, and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a
TRI Form R report for 1,1,2-trichloroethane for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data
presented were obtained from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019.
21
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Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,1,2-Trichloroethane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and
Year
Number
of
Facilities
That
Reported
Total
Quantities
Released
On-Site to
Air (pounds)
Total
Quantities
Released
On-Site to
Water
(pounds)
Total
Quantities
Released
(Disposed of)
On-Site to
Land (pounds)
Total
Quantities
Transferred
to POTW
(pounds)
Total Quantities
Transferred to Other
(Non-POTW)
Wastewater
Treatment Facilities
(pounds)
2011
25
19,957
442
2
0
0
2015
25
39,299
27
17,274
4,186
0
2017
27
43,006
32
0
0
46
POTW = publicly owned treatment works
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9c
For RY 2017, 27 facilities submitted TRI reports for 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The total quantities of
1,1,2-trichloroethane these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions),
surface water and land are: 43,006 pounds; 32 pounds; and 0 pounds, respectively. These
facilities reported zero pounds of the chemical transferred to POTW and 46 pounds transferred
off-site to other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of wastewater
treatment. These transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for wastewater
treatment that may lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include quantities
sent off-site for other types of waste management activities that include, or may lead to, releases
of the chemical.
Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility sent off-site
prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility. Some of the quantities of
1,1,2-trichloroethane received by the non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities may have been
released to surface waters or to air during treatment processes at the facilities.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane has a vapor pressure of around 23 mm Hg at 25 °C. This chemical's vapor
pressure indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing, processing,
and use.
When chemical substances are used as reactants and as intermediates, the industrial releases may
be a relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when
a high percentage of the chemical reacts without excess loss during its use as an intermediate. It
is unknown the actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical
associated with this processing or use.
Worker/Occupational exposure
Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to
volume produced, processed, distributed, used and disposed of; physical form and concentration;
processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor pressure,
solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and exposure controls
such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a personal protective
equipment (PPE) program.
22
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1,1,2- Trichloroethane has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 9. The PEL is 10 parts per million (ppm) or 45 milligrams
(mg)/cubic meter (m3) over an 8-hour work day, time weighted average (TWA). This chemical
also has a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended
Exposure Limit (REL)10 of 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) TWA. The American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) set the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 10 ppm
TWA.
1,1,2- Trichloroethane has a vapor pressure of approximately 23 mm Hg at 25 °C/77 °F. 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane's vapor pressure indicates the potential for inhalation exposure to vapors
generated by the liquid at ambient room temperature conditions. The extent of inhalation
exposure could vary from facility to facility depending on many factors including but not limited
to engineering control, type of facility and design.
Consumer exposure
CDR reporting and information from the National Institutes of Health Consumer Product
Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) indicate that 1,1,2-trichloroethane
appears in automotive products. Little additional information was discussed regarding consumer
exposure in the assessments reviewed and the Consumer Product Database and the CPDat (U.S.
EPA 20.1.95") (Table 12).
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers
Chemical Identity
Consumer Product Database
Consumer Uses (List)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5)
Automotive
Reference: CPDat
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration, human biomonitoring and ecological biomonitoring
data to inform 1,1,2-trichloroethane's exposure potential to the general population.
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
California Air Resources Board
no
no
no
CARB (2005)
9 OSHA, 2009. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).
https://www.osha.gov/dsg/aim3fated-pels/tablez-l.html
10 NIOSH, 2005. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. https://www.cdc.gov/niosIi/npg/npgdcas.html
23
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Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
no
no
no
MDI (2002)
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology
Information Center - Air Toxics Data
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (.1.990)
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (2007)
EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (.1.996)
FDA Total Diet Study
no
no
no
Great Lakes Environmental Database
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (20.1.8b)
Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring
Data
yes
no
no
ECilOlSl
International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea
no
no
no
ICES (20.1.8)
OECD Monitoring Database
no
yes
no
OECD (20.1.8)
Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey
no
no
no
U.S. EPA (2006)
The National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey
no
no
no
CDC (20.1.3)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council
no
no
no
USGS (1991a)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Air
no
no
no
USGS (1991b)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water
yes
no
no
USGS (1991c)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment
yes
no
no
USGS (.1.99.Id)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Soil
yes
no
no
USGS (1991e)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water
yes
no
no
USGS (199If)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue
no
no
yes
USGS (.1.99.1.g)
aConcen.= concentration
bBiomon.= biomonitoring
Releases of 1,1,2-trichloroethane from certain conditions of use, such as manufacturing, disposal,
or waste treatment activities, may result in general population exposures via drinking water
ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation from air releases. The general population is primarily
exposed via inhalation indoors from use of paint, adhesive, or cleaning agents; a biomonitoring
survey found that more than 95 percent of blood samples collected from the general population
had 1,1,2-trichloroethane at levels below detection (ATSDR 20.1.0). Small amounts of 1,1,2-
trichloroethane are produced during chlorination of drinking water (CalEPA 2006Y Susceptible
subpopulations will respond differently to 1,1,2-trichloroethane exposure compared with the
general population.
24
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EPA anticipates releases of 1,1,2-trichloroethane into the environment because of the conditions
of use for 1,1,2-trichloroethane, particularly activities associated with the chemical's
manufacturing. A review of monitoring data collected under EPA rules and statutes (e.g., CAA,
CWA, SDWA, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) indicates that 1,1,2-
trichloroethane is detected in air, water, and soil (Table 13).
Estimated background levels of 0.00039 |ig/m3 were modeled from emissions data available in
201 1 in which reported National Emissions Inventory (NE1) was 48 tons per year (U.S. EPA.
2015). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane can form in landfills as its parent compound, 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane, is broken down; when released into the environment, the majority of 1,1,2-
trichloroethane ends up in the air although some may enter groundwater (ATSDR 1989).
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of
the chemical substance's priority
EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
10. Proposed designation and Rationale
Proposed Designation: High-priority substance
Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information for exposure and
hazard and is proposing to find that 1,1,2-trichloroethane may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health and/or the environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations, (e.g., workers and consumers). This is based on the potential hazard and
potential exposure of 1,1,2-trichloroethane under the conditions of use described in this
document to support the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA expects that the
manufacturing, processing, distribution, use and disposal of 1,1,2-trichloroethane may result in
presence of the chemical in surface water and groundwater, ingestion of the chemical in drinking
water, inhalation of the chemical from air releases, and exposure to workers and exposure to the
general population. In addition, EPA identified potential environmental (e.g., aquatic toxicity,
terrestrial toxicity), and human health hazards (e.g., acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genetic
toxicity, toxicokinetic, irritation/corrosion, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity,
observations in epidemiological studies and biomonitoring studies).
25
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