^«^EZDy% United States
LhI Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Proposed Designation of
/?-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 106-46-7)
as a High-Priority Substance
for Risk Evaluation
August 22,2019
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Table of Contents
List of Tables iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3
Approach 3
Results and Discussion 3
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 4
Approach 4
CDR and TRI Tables 4
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 11
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 12
Approach 12
Results and Discussion 12
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation 13
Approach 13
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables 13
Results and Discussion 13
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 17
Approach 17
Results and Discussion 18
7. Hazard potential 18
Approach 18
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 18
8. Exposure potential 23
Approach 23
Results and Discussion 23
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority 27
10. Proposed designation and rationale 27
11. References 28
ii
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List of Tables
Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) 3
Table 2./>-Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use
(2016 CDR Reporting Cycle) 5
Table 3, />Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use
(2012 CDR Reporting Cycle) 6
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for /;-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2011 6
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for/;-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2015 8
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for /;-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2017 10
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of/?-Dichlorobenzene 14
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of/?-Dichlorobenzene 16
Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for />Dichlorobenzene 19
Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for /;-Dichlorobenzene 20
Table 11. The TRI Data on /;-Dichlorobenzene from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential 24
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 25
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population 26
in
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term
Description
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Biomon.
Biomonitoring
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
BP
Boiling point
CAA
Clean Air Act
CASRN
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
CBI
Confidential Business Information
CDR
Chemical Data Reporting
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
Concen.
Concentration
CWA
Clean Water Act
CPDat
Chemical and Products Database
ECOTOX
Ecotoxicology Database
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FR
Federal Register
GC
Gas chromatography
HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
IUR
Inventory Update Rule
K
Thousand
Koc
Organic carbon-water partition coefficient
Kow
Octanol-water partition coefficient
M
Million
iv
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Term
Description
MCL
Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MITI
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MP
Melting point
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
NIH
National Institute of Health
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NR
Not reported
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
•OH
Hydroxyl radical
OPPT
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit
POTW
Publicly owned treatment works
PPE
Personal protective equipment
PPM
Parts per million
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
REL
Recommended Exposure Limit
RY
Reporting Year
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
SMILES
Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System
Tl/2
Half-life
TBD
To be determined
TG
Test guidance
TLV
Threshold Limit Value
TRI
Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TWA
Time weighted average
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Term Description
USGS United States Geological Survey
VP Vapor pressure
WS Water solubility
vi
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1. Introduction
In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high-
priority substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines,
without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of
exposure under the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA.
Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant
to TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen
the candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and
considerations:
• the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance;
• persistence and bioaccumulation;
• potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations;
• storage near significant sources of drinking water;
• conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical
substance;
• the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production volume;
and
• other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority.
This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and
considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.91 for a may present finding. The information sources
used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of
TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in
Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012)
(40 CFR 702.9(b)). Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority chemical
substance would immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final
rule, Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control
Act (40 CFR 702).
/>Dichlorobenzene is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as referenced
in the March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that/?-dichlorobenzene is a
suitable candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority chemical substance. The
proposed designation is based on the results of the review against the aforementioned criteria and
1 For 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to:
https://www.re gulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HO-OPPT-2016-0654-01Q8
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/docnments/2019/03/21/2019-05404/initiafion-of-prioritizafion-nnder-the-toxic-
substanees-confrol-act-tsca
1
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considerations as well as review of the reasonably available information on /;-dichlorobenzene,
including relevant information received from the public and other information as appropriate.
EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation
of />dichlorobenzene as a high-priority substance for risk evaluation. The docket number for
providing comments on /;-dichlorobenzene is EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0446 and is available at
www. re gut ati on. s. gov.
The information, analysis, and basis used for the review of the chemical is organized as follows:
• Section 1 (.Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended TSCA
and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations — pertinent to
the prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances.
• Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This section
presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of the
chemical substance.
• Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section
presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of use
under TSCA.
• Section 4 (Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents
information and analysis regarding children, pregnant women, and workers, who could be
potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations for the chemical substance.
• Section 5 (Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and
analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and the
chemical's fate characteristics.
• Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents
information and analysis considered regarding the risk from the storage of the chemical
substance near significant sources of drinking water.
• Section 7 (Hazardpotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to the
chemical substance.
• Section 8 (Exposurepotential): This section presents information and analysis regarding
the exposures to the chemical substance.
• Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA
identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
• Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and the
information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA to
support the proposed designation.
2
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2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume
Approach
EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance
using information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported
information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for /;-dichlorobenzene
reported under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
rule.3
Results and Discussion
The national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range in order to protect
individual site production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented
in Table 1.
Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds)
Chemical ID
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
p-Dichlorobenzene
(106-46-7)
lOMto
50M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
lOMto
50M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
50M to
100M
K = thousand, M = million, B = billion
Reference: U.S. EPA (20131 and U.S. EPA (201.71
Production volume of p-dichlorobenzene in 2015, as reported to EPA during the 2016 CDR
reporting period, was 50,000,000 to 100,000,000 pounds. Production volume of/?-dichloro-
benzene as reported to EPA increased from 1986 to 2011. The range in the reported production
volume from 2012 to 2015 has not changed.
3 Over time, the requirements for reporting frequency, production volume thresholds, and chemical substances under
the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule have changed. CDR was formerly known as the Inventory Update Rule
(IUR). The first IUR collection occurred in 1986 and continued every four years through 2006. As part of two
rulemakings in 2003 and 2005, EPA made a variety of changes to the IUR, including to change the reporting
frequency to every five years to address burdens associated with new reporting requirements. Additional changes to
reporting requirements were made in 2011, including to suspend and replace the 2011 submission period with a
2012 submission period, return to reporting every four years, and require the reporting of all years beginning with
2011 production volumes. The reporting of production volumes for all years was added because of the mounting
evidence that many chemical substances, even larger production volume chemical substances, often experience wide
fluctuations in production volume from year to year. In addition, also as part of the 2011 IUR Modifications final
rule (76 FR 50816, Aug 16, 2011), EPA changed the name of the regulation from IUR to CDR to better reflect the
distinction between this data collection (which includes exposure-related data) and the TSCA Inventory itself (which
only involves chemical identification information).
3
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3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use
Approach
EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of
use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to mean
the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance is
intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in
commerce, used, or disposed of.
A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the
conditions of use for /;-dichlorobenzene was submitted by manufacturers (including importers)
under the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including
importers) to report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import
into the United States greater than 25,000 pounds per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply
(in which case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 pounds per site). CDR includes
information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the
known manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical substance, EPA assumes distribution
in commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution
or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of
additional uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that
are not regulated under TSCA.
For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and
Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement
the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5 and 6). There is not a one-to-one
correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II
Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R
submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported.
In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information
pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and
treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR
information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6. For purposes of this proposed
prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to air,
wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use.
CDR and TRI Tables
Based on the publicly available4 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use
information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA
developed a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Tables 2 and 3,
respectively).
4 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has included generic use information.
4
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Table 2./j-Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use5
(2016 CDR Reporting Cycle)
Life Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacture
Domestic
manufacture/Import
CBI6
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Import
Import
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing - as a reactant
Intermediates in
Plastic material and
resin manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing -
Intermediates in
U.S. EPA (2019a)
incorporation into
formulation, mixture or
Plastic material and
resin manufacturing
reaction product
Processing -
Intermediates in
U.S. EPA (2019a)
incorporating into article
Pesticide, fertilizer,
and other agricultural
chemical
manufacturing
Processing -
incorporating into article
Odor Agents in
Wholesale and retail
trade.
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Recycling
Recycling
Distribution in
Distribution in commerce
( ommerce
( ommercial
Automotive care products
Aulomoli\e ( are
Products
Non-TSCA use
Non-TSCA Use
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Consumer
Automotive care products
Automotive Care
Products
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Non-TSCA use
Non-TSCA Use
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Air care products
Air care products
Disposal "
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
5 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
6 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed confidential business information (CBI) by the
information submitter; it does not reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
5
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Table 3./j-Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use7
(2012 CDR Reporting
Cycle)
Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory of Use
Reference
Manufacture
Import
Import
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Intermediates in Plastics
Material and Resin
Manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing -
incorporating into
formulation, mixture or
reaction product
Odor agents in:
Other (requires
additional information)
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing -
incorporating into article
Odor agents in
Wholesale and Retail
Trade
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Recycling
Recycling
: - EPA (20.1.9 ¦:
Distribution in
commerce
Distribution in
commerce
Commercial
Air care products
Air care products
U.S. EPA (20.1.9a)
Consumer
Air care products
Air care products
U.S. EPA (20.1.9a)
Disposal
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemicals. CDR may not provide
information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e.,
disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information
about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that
a condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing.
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for p-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2011
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Import
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Produce or import for on-
site use/processing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
7 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
6
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an article
component
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Process as a formulation
component
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Process - repackaging
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use - ancillary
or other use
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
7
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
Table 5. Activil
ties and Uses Reported to TRI for p-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2015
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Import
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Produce or import for
on-site use/processing
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Produce or import as a
byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Produce or import as
an impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an article
component
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet
Preparation Manufacturing
3256
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
8
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Process as a
formulation
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet
Preparation Manufacturing
3256
component
Process - repackaging
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet
Preparation Manufacturing
3256
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise Use
Otherwise use -
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
ancillary or other use
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
3279
Manufacturing
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Management
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet
Preparation Manufacturing
3256
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
3279
Manufacturing
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
3252
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
3279
Manufacturing
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
3252
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
3279
Manufacturing
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
3252
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet
Preparation Manufacturing
3256
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
3279
Manufacturing
9
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 2019b
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported
to TRI for p-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2017
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Import
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Produce or import for
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
on-site use/processing
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Produce or import as a
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
byproduct
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as an
impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an article
component
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Process - repackaging
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise
Otherwise use -
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Use
ancillary or other use
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Management
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
10
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
3253
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use
As reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR, domestic manufacture/import and import ofp-
dichlorobenzene were claimed as CBI.8 In the 2016 CDR, the chemical was reported as
processed in several ways; incorporated into formulation, mixture or reaction products; as a
reactant; incorporated into articles; and recycling. In 2016, two sites reported use of the chemical
in processing as a reactant in plastic material and resin manufacturing (intermediates). One site
reported processing - incorporation into an article (intermediates) in pesticide, fertilizer and
other agricultural chemical manufacturing. One site reported processing - incorporation into
article (intermediates) in wholesale and retail trade. Also, in 2016, one site reported processing -
incorporation into formulation, mixture or reaction product (intermediates) in plastic material
and resin manufacturing. For the 2012 CDR, two sites reported processing of />dichlorobenzene
as a reactant (intermediates) in plastics material and resin manufacturing. One site reported use
of the chemical in processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture or reaction product (odor
agents) in other industrial sector. Another site also reported processing—incorporation into
article (odor agents) in wholesale and retail trade.
Consumer and commercial uses were reported for /;-dichlorobenzene to CDR in 2012 and 2016.
In 2016, one site reported both commercial and consumer uses of the chemical in automotive
care products. One site reported both commercial and consumer uses of the chemical in non-
TSCA use in 2016. One site reported consumer uses of />dichlorobenzene in air care products in
2016. In 2012 CDR, two sites reported both commercial and consumer use of />dichlorobenzene
in air care products. Consumer uses were also identified in additional databases, which are
included in the Exposure Potential section (Section 8).
8 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has included generic use information.
11
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There were no reports to CDR of any use of p-dichlorobenzene in children's products.
TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic
Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for Reporting Year RY) 2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017.
RY 2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar
years 2011, 2015, and 2017, respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities
that apply to the TRI chemical at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI
dataset updated in April 2019. Table 4, 5, and 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI by
industry group for 2011, 2015, and 2017, respectively. Waste management activity type include
all industry groups that reported to TRI using each waste management activity for p-dichloro-
benzene.
During the first public comment period for the draft high-priority designation of />dichloro-
benzene, a public comment from one product manufacturer provided additional information on
the use of their products, especially the "most commonly used toilet and urinal deodorizers/
fresheners in the marketplace." Another public comment stated that specific aerospace industrial
uses include, but may not be limited to, products or formulations for the manufacture, operation
and maintenance of aerospace products, as a constituent in oils, and as a component of
automotive engine oils used in facilities and oils to maintain tools. The uses may be qualified for
use in federal, military, industry and company proprietary specifications (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-
0446).
Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a
high-priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be
undertaken as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation.
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
Approach
In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, workers, consumers
or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U.
These data provide an indication about whether children or other susceptible subpopulation may
be potentially exposed. EPA also used human health hazard information to identify potentially
exposed or susceptible subpopulations.
Results and Discussion
At this stage, EPA identified children, women of reproductive age, consumers and workers as
subpopulations who may be potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations for p-
dichlorobenzene.
Children
EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles
intended for children over time for /;-dichlorobenzene. The 2012 and 2016 CDR did not report
any use in children's products. However, EPA identified potential developmental hazards that
would impact any stage of children's development
12
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Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statue)
EPA identified studies that observed developmental effects following exposure top-
dichlorobenzene (Section 7, Table 9). Although no reproductive hazards were observed in the
identified studies (Table 9), EPA considers women of reproductive age as potentially exposed.
During the scoping and risk evaluation process, reproductive hazards will be considered again
following a systematic search of the relevant scientific literature.
Consideration of women of reproductive age as a potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulation was also based on exposure because women of reproductive age are potential
workers in the manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal of the
chemical substance.
Workers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential
occupational exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
Consumers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential consumer
exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation
Approach
EPA reviewed reasonably available data, such as physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate characteristics, to understand p-dichlorobenzene's persistence and
bioaccumulation.
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables
Tables 7 and 8 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate
characteristics of p-dichlorobenzene, respectively.
Results and Discussion
/>Dichlorobenzene is a volatile, water-soluble liquid (81.3 mg/L). Measured Henry's Law
constant (2.41 x 10"3 atm-m3/mol) and vapor pressure (1.74 mm Hg) data indicate that this
chemical is not likely to persist in surface water or soil as it will likely volatilize upon release. In
the air, /;-dichlorobenzene is expected to exist in the vapor phase where it may react with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at a rate corresponding to a half-life of 33 days. It is
not expected to be susceptible to direct photodegradation.
In aerobic aquatic environments, />dichlorobenzene has the potential to biodegrade under certain
conditions. In water, this chemical reached 67 percent degradation over a 28-day incubation
period using activated sludge and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) 301D test method and met the 10-day window at an initial test substance concentration
of 1.9 mg/L. However, this chemical showed no biodegradation over a 28-day incubation period
13
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using activated sludge and the OECD 301C test method at higher test substance concentrations
(100 mg/L). It is not expected to be susceptible to hydrolysis in an aqueous environment, p-
Dichlorobenzene may biodegrade slowly under certain environmental conditions in soils and
sediments. In soil, it reached 25 and 90 percent degradation after 300 days using anaerobic soil
and 6.3 percent degradation after 10 weeks using an alkaline soil. In anaerobic environments, p-
dichlorobenzene is not expected to be biodegradable. No biotransformation was observed after
12 months using anaerobic sediments. These data suggest that p-dichlorobenzene may have
moderate persistence in subsurface environments or groundwater.
This chemical has the potential for low bioaccumulation based on measured bioconcentration
factors in carp (33-190), rainbow trout (370-720), mosquito fish (78), bluegill (60), and guppy
(1,800) and a bioaccumulation factor estimate of 281.
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of p-Dich
orobenzene
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Molecular
Formula
C6H4C12
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Molecular Weight
147.002 g/mole
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Physical State
Solid
HSDB (201.8)
Melting Point
52.09 °Cb
PhvsProp Database (U.S. EPA, 2012b)
52.8-53.5 °C
ECHA (2004)
53.1 °C
HSDB (201.8) citina Larranaaa et al.
(2016); CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Sublimes
OTSfeil (2013): ATSDR (2006): HSDB
(201.8)
Boiling Point
174 °Cb
PhvsProp Database (U.S. EPA, 20.1.2b)
173-174°C
ECHA (2004)
Density
1.46 at 20 °C
OTSfeil (2013)
1.25-1.46 g/cm3 at 20 °C;
1.23 g/cm3 at 70 °C
ECHA (2004)
1.2475 g/cm3
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Vapor Pressure
1.74 mm Hg at 25 °Cb
PhvsProp Database (U.S. EPA, 20.1.2b)
citing Daubert and Danner (1989)
0.40 mm Hg at 25 °C
ECHA (20.1.9) citina Budavari (2001)
1.20-1.28 mm Hg at 2 °C;
9.98 mm Hg at 54.8 °C
ECHA (2004)
0.4 mm Hg at 25 °C
OTSfeil (2013)
Vapor Density
5.08 g/L (relative vapor density to
air= 1)
HSDB (201.8) citina Lewis (2012)
14
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Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Water Solubility
81.3 mg/L at 25 °Cb
PhvsProp Database (U.S. EPA. 2012b)
citing Yalkowsky and He (2003)
60-70 mg/L at 20 °C
ECHA (2004)
Log Kow
3.44b
PhvsProp Database (U.S. EPA. 2012b)
citing Hansch et al. (1995)
3.37 ± 0.04 at 25 °C and pH ca. 7
ECHA (20.1.9) citing Wasik (1983)
3.37-3.39
ECHA (2004)
Henry's Law
Constant
2.41 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °Cb
PhvsProp Database (U.S. EPA, 20.1.2b)
citing Shiu and Mackay (1997)
2.120 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol at 10 °C;
2.590 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol at 20 °C;
3.170 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °C
ECHA (20.1.9) citing Ashworth (1988)
2.48 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol at 20 °C
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
2.45 to 2.67 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol at 20
°C
ECHA (2004)
Flash Point
66 °C (closed cup)
ECHA (2004). HS.D.B (201.8)
Auto
Flammability
No auto flammability up to 500 °C
ECHA (2004). ECHA (20.1.9) citina
Krishnamurti (2001)
Viscosity
0.839 mPa-s at 55 °C;
0.668 mPa-s at 79 °C
HS.D.B (201.8) citina Dean (1987)
Refractive Index
1.5285 at 20 °C
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Dielectric
Constant
2.3943 at 328.2 °K
CRC Handbook (Haynes, 2014)
Notes:
aMeasured unless otherwise noted
bSelected value
15
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Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of p-Dichlorobenzene
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Direct
Does not contain chromophores that absorb at
wavelengths >290 nm; not expected to undergo direct
photolysis by sunlight
HSDB (2018)
Photodegradation
Indirect
Photodegradation
T1/2 = 33 days (based on 12-hour day with 1.5 x 106
•OH/cm3 and OH rate constant
3.2 x 10"13 cm3/mol-second at 25 °C)
PhvsProD Database (U.S. EPA.
2012b) citing Atkinson (1989)
Hydrolysis
Stable; /;-dichlorobenzene is not expected to undergo
hydrolysis based on its chemical structure, which
lacks functional groups known to undergo hydrolysis
under environmental conditions
HSDB (2018)
Biodegradation
(Aerobic)
Water: 0%/28 days based on theoretical BOD and
HPLC using an activated sludge inoculum (Japanese
MITI test; improved for a volatile substance; initial
test substance concentration of 100 mg/L)
HSDB (20.1.8) citing NTTE
Water: 80%/ 28 days mineralization and 30%/28
days with initial test substance concentrations of 8
and 40 mg/L, respectively (test comparable to MITI
[I] test)
ECHA (2004)
1.4%/8 days, 49.5%/15 days, and 67%/28 days based
on test substance analysis and initial test substance
concentration of 1.9 mg/L (OECD 30ID, closed
bottle test); />dichlorobcnzcnc meets the 10-day
window and is readily biodegradable at lower
concentrations but toxic effect at higher
concentrations is likely
Soil: 6.3%/10 weeks based on theoretical CO2
evolution in an alkaline soil sample reported for
dichlorobenzene isomers
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Haider et al.
(1974)
Sediment: 25 and 90%/300 days incubation in soil
column experiments with sediment from the Rhine
River
HSDB (20.1.8) citing van der
Meer et al. (1992)
Biodegradation
(Anaerobic)
Sediment: no biotransformation/12 months in
anaerobic Rhine River sediment column
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Bosma et al.
(1990)
Groundwater: 7.4 mg/m3/day biodegradation rate in
vadose zone in New Jersey measured above polluted
groundwater at DuPont Chambers Works
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Kurt et al.
(2013)
Wastewater
Treatment
76% total removal (46% by biodegradation, 7.1% by
sludge, and 23% by volatilization to air; estimated)13
U.S. EPA (20.1.2a)
Bioconcentration
Factor
370-720 (rainbow trout)
78 (mosquito fish)
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Chaisukant
(1997) and Oliver and Niimi
(1983)
16
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Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
33-190 (Cyprinus carpio; OECD 305)
NITE (2010)
Ranged from 60 (Lepomis macrochirus; whole-body
wet weight) to 1,800 (Poecilia reticulata', total lipid
content and BCF of 270 based on whole-body dry
weight)
ECHA (20.1.9) (range from eight
study summaries)
Bioaccumulation
Factor
281 (estimated)13
U.S. EPA (20.1.2a)
Soil Organic
Carbon:Water
Partition
Coefficient (Log
Koc)
2.44 (Koc = 273; batch equilibrium method
equivalent to OECD 106)
ATSDR (2006) citing Chiou et
al. (1983); ECHA (20.1.9)
Notes:
"Measured unless otherwise noted
bEPI Suite™ physical property inputs: Log Kow = 3.44, BP = 174 °C, MP = 52.09 °C, VP = 1.74 mm Hg, WS = 81.3
mg/L, HLC = 0.00241 atm-m3/mol, STP Exp. biodeg values of BIOP = 40, BioA = 10 and BioS = 10, SMILES
c(ccc(cl)Cl)(cl)Cl
•OH = hydroxyl radical; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography; BOD = biological oxygen demand;
OECD = Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; MITI = Ministry of International Trade and
Industry
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water
Approach
To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions
of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The
statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near
significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical
substance's potential human health hazard and exposure.
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of
existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the
chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 40 CFR Part 141) and regulations
under the Clean Water Act (CWA; 40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the
consolidated list of chemical substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous
Substances and Section 313 Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act
(CAA) Section 112(r) (Regulated Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by
one of these authorities is an indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental
hazard which, if released near a significant source of drinking water, could present an
unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment.
17
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Results and Discussion
/;-Dichlorobenzene is a designated toxic pollutant under Section 307(a)(1) of the CWA and as
such is subject to effluent limitations. It is also a Priority Pollutant under the CWA and has
Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). />Dichlorobenzene is subject to the National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations under the SDWA with a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
(MCLG) of 0.075 (mg/L) and an enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 0.075
(mg/L).
/>Dichlorobenzene is subject to reporting requirements under the EPCRA. It is also considered a
CERCLA hazardous substance and releases in quantities equal to or greater than 100 pounds are
subject to reporting to the National Response Center under the CERCLA. p-Dichlorobenzene is
listed on the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) and the CERCLA
Priority List of Hazardous Substances.
/;-Dichlorobenzene is also subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA;
hazardous waste number D027 and U072). RCRA directs EPA to develop and promulgate
criteria for identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste, and for listing hazardous waste,
taking into account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for accumulation
in tissue and other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazardous
characteristics.
7. Hazard potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases
to identify potential human health and environmental hazards for /;-dichlorobenzene (Tables 9
and 10, respectively).
EPA/OPPT used the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX) to identify
single chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA. 2018a). It uses a
comprehensive chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that is conducted
according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)9. The environmental hazard information
was populated in ECOTOX and is available for the public. In comparison to the approach used to
survey human health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to identify additional
environmental hazard data for isomers of p-dichlorobenzene, if available, to fill in potential data
gaps when there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed to thep-
dichlorobenzene (Table 10).
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables
EPA identified potential human health and environmental hazards based on a review of the
reasonably available information for /;-dichlorobenzene (Table 9 and Table 10, respectively).
9 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/
18
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Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for p-Dichlorobenzene
Human Health
Hazards
Tested for a
Specific Effect?
Specific Effect
Observed
Data Source
Acute Toxicity
X
X
ATSDR (2006). ECHA (2004). NICNAS
(2000). CalEPA (.1.997)
Repeated Dose
Toxicity
X
X
fi™'f^'^A™w'2000''
Genetic Toxicity
X
SSiSiSS
Reproduction
Toxicity
X
ATSD
U.S. E
R (2006). ECHA (2004). I ARC (1.999).
PA (.1.994)
Developmental
Toxicity
X
X
ATSD
R (2006). I ARC (.1.999). RIV.M (.1.99.1.)
Toxicokinetic
X
X
ATSDR (2006). ECHA (2004). NICNAS
(2000)
Irritation/Corrosion
X
X
ATSDR (2006). ECHA (2004). NICNAS
(2000). CalEPA (1997). RIV.M (1991)
Dermal
Sensitization
X
ECHA (2004). NICNAS (2000). U.S. EPA
Respiratory
Sensitization
X
CalEPA (2009). ECHA (2004). NICNAS
Carcinogenicity
X
X
ECHA (2004). OECD (2003). NICNAS (2000).
I ARC (1999). U.S. EPA (1994). NTP (1987)
Immunotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
X
X
EPAa»4)3^ ~ : -
Epidemiological
Studies or
Biomonitoring
Studies
X
X
(2000). I ARC (.1.999). CalEPA (1.997). NTP
Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the
referenced studies. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of reasonably
available information to support the proposed designation.
19
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Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for p-Dichlorobenzene
Isomers oip-
Dichlorobenzene
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
(CASRN 106-46-7)
o-Dichlorobenzene
Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 106-46-7)
(CASRN 95501)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 541731)
Dichlorobenzene
Reference
(CASRN 25321226)
Number of
Observed
Number
Observed
Studies
Effects
of Studies
Effects
Aquatic
Acute
exposure
Vegetation
10
X
13
X
Altenburger et al. (2004); Casserly et al. (1983); Figueroa
and Simmons (1991); Figueroa (1990); Galassi and Vighi
(1981); Kuhn and Pattard (1990); Ma et al. (1997);
Nendza and Wenzel (2006); Tsai and Chen (2007);Wong
et al. (1984); Zhang et al. (2016); Zhang et al. (2017)
Invertebrate
11
X
17
X
Abernethy et al. (1986); Bobra et al. (1983); Butler et al.
(1960); Call et al. (1979b), Call et al. (1980); Call et al.
(1983); Curtis and Ward (1981); Curtis etal. (1979);
Davis and Hidu (1969); Gersich et al. (1986); Kuhn et al.
(1989); LeBlanc (1980); Lindley et al. (1999); Mortimer
and Connell (1995); Radix et al. (1999); Roghair et al.
(1994); Yoshioka et al. (1985)
Fish
20
X
19
X
Ahmad et al. (1984); Buccafusco et al. (1981); Call et al.
(1979a); Call et al. (1979b); Call et al. (1983);
Carlson and Kosian (1987); Chaisuksant et al. (1997);
Curtis and Ward (1981);Curtis et al. (1978); Curtis et al.
(1979); Dow Chemical Co. (1982); Dow Chemical Co.
(1987); Furay and Smith (1995); Geiger et al. (1986);
Heitmuller et al. (1981); Mayer and Ellersieck (1986);
Mayes et al. (1983), Sijm et al. (1993);Smith et al.
(1991); Tanneberger et al. (2010); Veith et al. (1983);
Versonnen et al. (2003); Weil et al. (2009)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
-
-
(i.e., amphibians,
reptiles, mammals)
20
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Isomers oip-
Dichlorobenzene
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
(CASRN 106-46-7)
o-Dichlorobenzene
Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 106-46-7)
(CASRN 95501)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 541731)
Dichlorobenzene
Reference
(CASRN 25321226)
Number of
Observed
Number
Observed
Studies
Effects
of Studies
Effects
Chronic
Vegetation
2
X
4
X
Ukeles (1962); Zhang et al. (2016); Zhang et al. (2017)
exposure
Invertebrate
7
X
8
X
Calamari et al. (1983); Call et al. (1980);
Davis and Hidu (1969); Deneer et al. (1988); Kuhn et al.
(1989); Mortimer and Connell (1994); Mortimer and
Connell (1995); Olmstead and LeBlanc (2005); Radix et
al. (1999); Tong et al. (2010);
Van der Zandt et al. (1994); Zhang et al. (2012)
Fish
13
X
10
X
Ahmad et al. (1984); Barrows et al. (1980); Black et al.
(1982); Calamari et al. (1982); Call et al. (1979b); Call et
al. (1983); Carlson and Kosian (1987); Dow Chemical
Co. (1982); Ganesan et al. (2013); Mayes et al. (1988);
Oliver and Niimi (1985); Qian et al. (2004); Smith et al.
(1990); Smith et al. (1991); Syracuse Research Corp.
(1978); Van Leeuwen et al. (1990); Versonnen et al.
(2003)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
-
1
X
Black etal. (1982)
(i.e., amphibians,
reptiles, mammals)
21
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Isomers oip-
Dichlorobenzene
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
(CASRN 106-46-7)
o-Dichlorobenzene
Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 106-46-7)
(CASRN 95501)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 541731)
Dichlorobenzene
Reference
(CASRN 25321226)
Number of
Observed
Number
Observed
Studies
Effects
of Studies
Effects
Terrestrial
Acute
Vegetation
-
-
exposure
Invertebrate
1
X
2
X
Boyd et al. (2016); Neuhauser et al. (1985)
Vertebrates
9
X
18
X
Ariyoshi et al. (1975); Den Besten et al. (1991);
Gunawardhana et al. (1993); Herr and Boyes (1997);
Hoglen et al. (1998); Kato and Kimura (1997); Kato et al.
(1988); Kimura et al. (1985); Kitchin et al. (1993); Mally
and Chipman (2002); Miyagawa et al. (1995); Mizutani
et al. (1994); Mohtashamipur et al. (1987); Poland et al.
(1971); Stine et al. (1991); Umemura et al. (1996);
Valentovic et al. (1993); Yang et al. (1979); Younis et al.
(2000)
Chronic
Vegetation
1
X
4
X
Bruns and Dawson (1959); Hulzebos et al. (1993);
exposure
Meharg et al. (1998); Pfleeger et al. (1991)
Invertebrate
2
X
-
Van Gestel et al. (1991)
Vertebrates
8
X
4
X
Den Besten et al. (1991); Gustafson et al. (1998);
Kulkarni et al. (1997); Mally and Chipman (2002);
Shelby et al. (1993); Umemura et al. (1996); Umemura et
al. (1998); Warnasuriya et al. (2010); Witt et al. (2000)
The dash indicates that no studies relevant for environmental hazard were identified during the initial review and thus the "Observed Effects" column is left
blank.. The X in the Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. The N/A in the Observed
Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was not reported by one of the referenced studies' abstract (full reference review has not been conducted).
22
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8. Exposure potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental,
worker/occupational, consumer, and general population exposures for /;-dichlorobenzene.
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment.
Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure
EPA's approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical
properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of
Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) forp-
dichlorobenzene's to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this
review are detailed in the following tables.
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration data and human and ecological biomonitoring data,
to inform /;-dichlorobenzene's exposure potential (Table 13).
Results and Discussion
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
Aggregated quantities of />dichlorobenzene released on-site to air, water, and land, and
aggregated quantities of />dichlorobenzene transferred off-site to POTW and other wastewater
treatment facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 11 for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The
table does not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management
activities (e.g., recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY
2011, 2015, and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a
TRI Form R report for /;-dichlorobenzene for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data presented
were obtained from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019.
23
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Table 11. The TRI Data on /7-Dichlorobenzene from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential
Year
Number of
Facilities
That
Reported
Total
Quantities
Released
On-Site to
Air (lbs.)
Total
Quantities
Released On-
Site to Water
(lbs.)
Total
Quantities
Released
(Disposed of)
On-Site to
Land (lbs.)
Total
Quantities
Transferred to
POTW (lbs.)
Total Quantities
Transferred to
Other (Non-
POTW)
Wastewater
Treatment
Facilities (lbs.)
2011
15
53,358
5
4,214
0
0
2015
21
27,157
5
22,974
0
0
2017
18
30,506
5
24,519
0
0
Note: POTW = publicly owned treatment works
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
For RY 2017, 18 facilities submitted TRI reports for /;-dichlorobenzene. The total quantities of
/>dichlorobenzene these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions), surface
water and land are: 30,506 pounds; five pounds; and 24,519 pounds, respectively. These
facilities reported zero pounds of the chemical transferred to POTW and zero pounds transferred
off-site to other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of wastewater
treatment. These transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for wastewater
treatment that may lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include quantities
sent off-site for other types of waste management activities that include, or may lead to, releases
of the chemical. Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility
sent off-site prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility.
/;-Dichlorobenzene has a vapor pressure range of 0.4 to 1.74 mm Hg at 25 °C. This chemical's
vapor pressure indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing,
processing and use.
When chemical substances are used as a reactant, as a chemical intermediate or incorporated into
formulations, mixtures, or reaction products, the industrial releases may be a relatively low
percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when a high percentage
of the volume is incorporated without significant process losses during its use as a reactant,
intermediate or its incorporation into a formulation, mixture, or product. The actual percentages,
quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical associated with this processing or use
are not known.
Worker/Occupational exposure
Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to
volume produced, processed and distributed, used and disposed of; physical form and
concentration; processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor
pressure, solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and
exposure controls such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a
personal protective equipment (PPE) program.
24
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/;-Di chl orobenzene has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL) (0| 309). The PEL is 75 parts per million (ppm) or 450 milligrams
(mg)/cubic meter (m3) over an 8-hour work day, time weighted average (TWA). This chemical
do not have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended
Exposure Limit (REL) (NIOSH. 2005). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) set the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 10 ppm TWA.
/;-Di chl orobenzene has a vapor pressure range of 0.4 to 1.74 mm Hg at 25 °C. p-
Dichlorobenzene's vapor pressure indicates the potential for inhalation exposure to vapors
generated by the liquid at ambient room temperature conditions. The extent of inhalation
exposure could vary from facility to facility depending on many factors including but not limited
to engineering control, type of facility and design.
Some handling activities of p-dichlorobenzene may generate dust, particularly when handled as a
dry powder. Workers may be exposed to aerosolized particles.
Consumer exposure
CDR reporting and information from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consumer Product
Database (CPD) and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) indicate thatp-
dichlorobenzene is widely used in consumer products, such as toilet fresheners, toilet blocks and
mothballs, and the primary exposure occurs from breathing vapors within the home (Table 12)
(ATSDR 2006. EC 34).
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers
Chemical Identity
Consumer Product Database
Consumer Uses (List)
/;-Dichlorobcnzcnc
(106-46-7)
Adhesive, air freshener, air treatment, bathroom cleaner, cleaner, colorant,
decor, fluid property modulator, fragrance, propellant, solvent, stabilizer,
textile
Reference: CPDat
Indoor air concentration levels of />di chl orobenzene within a restroom have been measured at
0.291 to 272 ppb, which are much higher values than outdoor levels (0.01 to 1 ppb) (ATSDR.
2006). The CPD has identified several products containing/>-dichlorobenzene for air freshener
and bathroom cleaner purposes. Several case reports discussed oral ingestion of />dichlorob-
enzene due to its sweet taste or heavy use and exposure to crystals scattered in home to deter
moths ( DR. 2006). Crystal products can be inhaled and are found within the lung
parenchyma of individuals using this product, resulting in physical pathophysiology of fibrosis
(ATSDR. 2006). Consumers using />-di chl orobenzene as a moth deterrent are often exposed to
mixtures containing/;-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene (ECHA. 2004).
General population exposure
The general population is exposed to />di chl orobenzene by directly using public facilities that
use products containing this chemical. />Di chl orobenzene has been identified as the main
di chl orobenzene present in drinking water, likely resulting from its release into surface waters
after its extensive use in toilet deodorizers ( >).
25
-------
/;-Dichlorobenzene has been found to have moderate release into the environment, to be
moderately persistent, and to have a low bioaccumulation potential ( !.Q14). p-
Dichlorobenzene has been identified at 330 sites on the National Priorities List and in sediment,
soil, drinking and groundwater, and air samples (U.S. EPA. 2014. ATSDR. 2006. Environment
Canada. 2003). Most/>-dichlorobenzene in the environment is released from consumer use of
mothballs and toilet freshener, and it directly enters the environment both through air and water
release (U.S. EPA. >DR. 2006). ECHA assessed environmental exposure and
concluded that there was no reason to add measures to reduce risk of human exposure to p-
dichlorobenzene via the environment beyond those already in place (ECHA. 2004). Table 13
summarizes the information that EPA identified related to />dichlorobenzene's environmental
concentration data in air, water, and soil/sediment as well as human blood and aquatic, non-
mammalian ecological biomonitoring data.
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
California Air Resources Board
Yes
no
no
CARB (2005)
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
Yes
yes
no
MDI (2002)
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology
Information Center - Air Toxics Data
Yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (1990)
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
Yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (2007)
EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
Yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (1996)
FDA Total Diet Study
Yes
no
no
Great Lakes Environmental Database
Yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (2018b)
Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring
Data
Yes
no
no
EC (2018)
International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea
Yes
no
no
ICES (20.1.8)
OECD Monitoring Database
No
yes
no
OECD (20.1.8)
Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey
No
no
no
U.S. EPA (2006)
The National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey
Yes
yes
no
mciiooi
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council
Yes
no
no
USGS (1991a)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Air
No
no
no
USGS (1991b)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water
Yes
no
no
USGS (1.991c)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment
Yes
no
no
USGS (.1.99.Id)
26
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Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Soil
Yes
no
no
USGS (199let
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water
Yes
no
no
USGS (199If)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue
No
no
yes
USGS (199let
a Concen.= concentration
b Biomon.= biomonitoring
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of
the chemical substance's priority
EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
10. Proposed designation and rationale
Proposed Designation: High-priority substance
Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information for exposure and
hazard and is proposing to find that />dichlorobenzene may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health and/or the environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations, (e.g., workers, women of reproductive age, consumers and children). This is
based on the potential hazard and potential exposure of p-dichlorobenzene under the conditions
of use described in this document to support the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA
expects that the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use and disposal of />dichlorobenzene
may result in presence of the chemical in surface water and groundwater, ingestion of the
chemical in drinking water, inhalation of the chemical from air releases, and exposure to
workers, consumers and the general population, including exposure to children. In addition, EPA
identified potential environmental (e.g., aquatic toxicity and terrestrial toxicity) and human
health hazards (e.g., acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity,
irritation/corrosion, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and observations in epidemiological studies
or biomonitoring studies).
27
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