^«^EZDy% United States
LhI Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Proposed Designation of
1,2-Diehloroethane
(CASRN 107-06-2)
as a High-Priority Substance
for Risk Evaluation
August 22,2019
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Table of Contents
List of Tables iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3
Approach 3
Results and Discussion 3
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 4
Approach 4
CDR and TRI Tables 4
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 15
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 16
Approach 16
Results and Discussion 16
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation 17
Approach 17
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables 17
Results and Discussion 19
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 20
Approach 20
Results and Discussion 20
7. Hazard potential 21
Approach 21
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 21
8. Exposure potential 25
Approach 25
Results and Discussion 25
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority 29
10. Proposed Designation and Rationale 29
11. References 30
ii
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List of Tables
Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) 3
Table 2. 1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use
(2016 CDR Reporting Cycle) 5
Table 3. 1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use
(2012 CDR Reporting Cycle) 6
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2011 7
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2015 10
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2017 12
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dichloroethane 17
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,2-Dichloroethane 18
Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for 1,2-Dichloroethane 22
Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,2-Dichloroethane 23
Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,2-Dichloroethane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential 26
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 27
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population 27
in
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term
Description
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Biomon.
Biomonitoring
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
BP
Boiling point
CAA
Clean Air Act
CASRN
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
CBI
Confidential business information
CDR
Chemical Data Reporting
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
Concen.
Concentration
CWA
Clean Water Act
CPDat
Chemical and Products Database
EC HA
European Chemicals Agency
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FR
Federal Register
EPCRA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
GC
Gas chromatography
HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography
IUR
Inventory Update Rule
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
K
Thousand
Koc
Organic carbon-water partition coefficient
Kow
Octanol-water partition coefficient
M
Million
MCL
Maximum contaminant level
MCLG
Maximum contaminant level goal
MITI
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MP
Melting point
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
NIH
National Institute of Health
NKRA
Not known or reasonably ascertainable
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NR
Not reported
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
•OH
Hydroxyl radical
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit
iv
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Term
Description
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Biomon.
Biomonitoring
POTW
Publicly owned treatment works
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
REL
Recommended Exposure Limit
SARA
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
SMILES
Simplified molecular-input line-entry system
TG
Test guidance
TLV
Threshold Limit Value
TRI
Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
VP
Vapor pressure
WS
Water solubility
V
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1. Introduction
In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high-
priority substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines,
without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of
exposure under the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA.
Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant
to TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen
the candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and
considerations:
• the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance;
• persistence and bioaccumulation;
• potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations;
• storage near significant sources of drinking water;
• conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical
substance;
• the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production volume;
and
• other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority.
This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and
considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.9 for a may present risk finding. The information sources
used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of
TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in
Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012)
(40 CFR 702.9(b)). EPA uses scientific information that is consistent with the best available
science. Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority substance would
immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final rule, Procedures
for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (40 CFR 702)1.
1,2-Dichloroethane is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as referenced
in the March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that 1,2-dichloroethane is a
suitable candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority chemical substance. The
proposed designation is based on the results of the review against the aforementioned criteria and
considerations as well as review of the reasonably available information on 1,2-dichloroethane,
including relevant information received from the public and other information as appropriate.
1 NOTE: For all 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to:
https://www.govinfo.gov/confent/pkg/CFR-2018-title40-vol33/xml/CFR-2018-title40-vol33-part702.xml and
fattps://www.regutations.gov/doeiiment?D=EPA~HO~OPPT~20.1.6-0654-0.1.08
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/docnments/2019/03/21/2019-05404/init.iation-of-prioritization-niider-the-toxic-
subsfances-control-act-tsca
1
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EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation
of 1,2-dichloroethane. The docket number for providing comments on 1,2-dichloroethane is
EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0427 and is available at www.regulations.gov.
The information, analysis and basis used for the review of the chemical is organized as follows:
• Section 1 (Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended
TSCA and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations -
pertinent to the prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances.
• Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This
section presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of
the chemical substance.
• Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section
presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of
use under TSCA.
• Section 4 (Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents
information and analysis regarding potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations,
including children, women of reproductive age, and workers, with respect to the
chemical substance.
• Section 5 (Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and
analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and
the chemical's fate characteristics.
• Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents
information and analysis considered regarding the risk from storage of the chemical
substance near significant sources of drinking water.
• Section 7 (HazardPotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to
the chemical substance.
• Section 8 (Exposure Potential): This section presents information and analysis
regarding the exposures to the chemical substance.
• Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA
identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
• Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and
the information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA
to support the proposed designation.
2
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2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume
Approach
EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance
using information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported
information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for 1,2-dichloroethane
reported under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
rule.3
Results and Discussion
The national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range to protect individual
site production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) i
Chemical ID
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1,2-
>10M
>50M
>50M
>50M
>50M
20B
20B
20B
20B
Dichloroethane
to
to
to
to
to
>1B
28,109,768, 185
to
to
to
to
(107-06-2)
50M
100M
100M
100M
100M
3 0B
3 0B
3 0B
3 0B
IVI = million, B = billion
Reference: U.S. EPA (20.1.3) and U.S. EPA (20.1.7)
Production volume of 1,2-dichloroethane in 2015, as reported to EPA during the 2016 CDR
reporting period, was between 20 and 30 billion lbs. National aggregate production volume for
1,2-dichloroethane has generally increased over time. In reporting year (RY) 1986, aggregate
production volume was between 10 million and 50 million lbs, and from RY 1990 to RY 2002, it
was between 50 million and 100 million lbs. In RY 2006, aggregate production volume was at
least 1 billion lbs, and in 2011, 28.1 billion lbs of 1,2-dichloroethane were manufactured or
imported. From 2011 to 2015, national aggregate production volume for this chemical was
between 20 billion and 30 billion lbs (Table 1).
3 Over time, the requirements for reporting frequency, production volume thresholds, and chemical substances under
the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule have changed. CDR was formerly known as the Inventory Update Rule
(IUR). The first IUR collection occurred in 1986 and continued every four years through 2006. As part of two
rulemakings in 2003 and 2005, EPA made a variety of changes to the IUR, including to change the reporting
frequency to every five years to address burden associated with new reporting requirements. Additional changes to
reporting requirements were made in 2011, including to suspend and replace the 2011 submission period with a
2012 submission period, return to reporting every four years, and require the reporting of all years beginning with
2011 production volumes. The reporting of production volumes for all years was added because of the mounting
evidence that many chemical substances, even larger production volume chemical substances, often experience wide
fluctuations in production volume from year to year. In addition, also as part of the 2011 IUR Modifications final
rule (76 FR 50816, Aug 16, 2011), EPA changed the name of the regulation from IUR to CDR to better reflect the
distinction between this data collection (which includes exposure-related data) and the TSCA Inventory itself (which
only involves chemical identification information).
3
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3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use
Approach
EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions
of use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to
mean the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance
is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in
commerce, used, or disposed of.
A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the
conditions of use for 1,2-dichloroethane was submitted by manufacturers (including importers)
under the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including
importers) to report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import
into the United States greater than 25,000 lbs per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply (in
which case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 lbs per site). CDR includes
information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the
known manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical substance, EPA assumes distribution
in commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution
or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of
additional uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that
are not regulated under TSCA.
For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and
Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement
the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5 and 6). There is not a one-to-one
correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II
Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R
submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported.
In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information
pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and
treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR
information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6. For purposes of this proposed
prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to air,
wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use.
CDR and TRI Tables
Based on the publicly available4 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use
information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA
developed a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Tables 2 and 3,
respectively).
4 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI.
4
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Table 2.1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use5
(2016 CDR Reporting
Cycle)
Life Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacture
Domestic
manufacture/Import
CBI6
\ (2019a)
Manufacture
Domestic Manufacture
Domestic Manufacture
4(2019a)
Processing
Processing -
incorporating into
formulation, mixture or
reaction product
Fuels and fuel additives
in:
- All other petroleum
and coal products
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing -
incorporating into
formulation, mixture or
reaction product
Functional fluids:
- Pharmaceutical and
medicine
manufacturing
\ (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Intermediate in:
- Petrochemical
manufacturing
- Plastic material and
resin
manufacturing
- All other basic
organic chemical
manufacturing
\(2019a)
Processing
Recycling
Recycling
\(2019a)
Distribution in
Commerce a b
Distribution
Distribution
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Industrial Uses
Laboratory chemicals
- Services
- Wholesale and
retail trade
4(2019a)
Commercial Uses
Fuels and related
products
Fuels and related
products
4(2019a)
Commercial Uses
Plastic and rubber
products not covered
elsewhere
Plastic and rubber
products not covered
elsewhere
a}
Consumer Uses
Plastic and rubber
products not covered
elsewhere
Plastic and rubber
products not covered
elsewhere
a}
Disposal
Disposal
11 CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
CBI = confidential business information
5 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
6 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
5
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Table 3.1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use7
(2012 CDR Reporting
Cycle)
Life Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacture
Domestic manufacture
Domestic manufacture
U.S. I
iPA (2019a)
Manufacture
Import
Import
U.S. I
iPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Intermediates in:
All other basic organic
chemical
manufacturing
Plastics material and
resin manufacturing
Petrochemical
manufacturing
U.S. I
iPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Other: Used to
manufacture vinyl
chloride in
petrochemical
manufacturing
a}
Processing
Processing -
incorporating into
formulation, mixture or
reaction product
Processing aids,
specific to petroleum
production:
Oil and gas drilling,
extraction, and support
activities
\ (2019a)
Processing
Recycling
Recycling
a)
Distribution in
Commerce a b
Distribution
Distribution
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Commercial Uses
Plastic and rubber
products not covered
elsewhere
\ (2019a)
Consumer Uses
Plastic and rubber
products not covered
elsewhere
\(2019a)
Disposal
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
7 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
6
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EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information
about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that
a condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing.
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2011
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import for on-site
use/processing
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import for
sale/distribution
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import as a
byproduct
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import as an
impurity
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Process
Process as a
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
reactant
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
7
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Process as an
article
component
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an
impurity
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Process as a
formulation
component
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process -
repackaging
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use -
as a chemical
processing aid
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Otherwise use -
ancillary or other
use
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
8
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Treatment
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
9
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Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2015
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import for on-site
use/processing
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import for
sale/distribution
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import as a
byproduct
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import as an
impurity
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Process
Process as a
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
reactant
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process as an
article
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
component
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Process as an
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Process as a
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
formulation
component
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
10
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Process -
repackaging
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise
Otherwise use -
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Use
as a chemical
processing aid
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Otherwise use -
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
ancillary or other
use
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Disposal/releases
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Management
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
11
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Treatment
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2017
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import for on-site
use/processing
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import for
sale/distribution
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
12
-------
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Produce or
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
import as a
byproduct
Produce or
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
import as an
impurity
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Process
Process as a
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
reactant
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process as an
article
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
component
Process as an
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
impurity
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Process as a
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
formulation
component
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process -
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
repackaging
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise
Otherwise use -
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Use
as a chemical
processing aid
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Otherwise use -
as a
manufacturing
aid
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Otherwise use -
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
ancillary or other
use
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
13
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Disposal/releases
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Management
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Treatment
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
2123
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
14
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing
3256
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
3279
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use
For the 2016 CDR, five sites reported use of 1,2-dichloroethane as an intermediate reactant in
plastic material and resin manufacturing, seven sites reported as an intermediate reactant in all
other basic organic chemical manufacturing, one site reported as an intermediate reactant in
petrochemical manufacturing, and three sites reported their industrial sector as CBI for use as an
intermediate reactant. One site reported use of 1,2-dichloroethane as a fuel additive in all other
petroleum and coal products manufacturing. One site reported use of 1,2-dichloroethane as a
closed system functional fluid in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing. One site reported
use of 1,2-dichloroethane as a laboratory chemical in the services and wholesale and retail trade
sector.
In the 2016 CDR reports, one site reported use of 1,2-dichloroethane in plastic and rubber
products for both commercial and consumer uses. One site reported use of 1,2-dichloroethane in
fuels and related products for commercial use. Consumer uses were also identified in additional
databases, which are included in the Exposure Potential section (Section 8).
For 1,2-dichloroethane there has not been a significant change in the conditions of use based on
2012 and 2016 CDR reports.
TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic
Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for RY 2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017. RY 2011, RY
2015, and RY 2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar years 2011,
2015, and 2017, respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities that apply to
the TRI chemical at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI dataset updated
in April 2019. Tables 4, 5, and 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI by industry group
for 2011, 2015, and 2017. Waste management activity type include all industry groups that
reported to TRI using each waste management activity for 1,2-dichloroethane.
During the first public comment period for the draft high-priority designation of 1,2-
dichloroethane, one commenter stated that 1,2-dichloroethane is used for conversion to vinyl
chloride, conversion to other chlorinated hydrocarbons, conversion to ethylene amines, as a
pharmaceutical precursor, as a precursor for flame retardants, as a laboratory reagent, as a
laboratory standard, and as an oxidation inhibitor in large scale controlled oxidative chemical
reactions (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0427-0006). Another public comment indicates that 1,2-
dichloroethane is found as an impurity in some adhesives in amounts less than 0.1% (EPA-HQ-
OPPT-2018-0421-0003).
15
-------
One public comment states that specific aerospace industrial uses of that 1,2-dichloroethane
include, but may not be limited to, heat resistant adhesives for primary and secondary structural
and external metallic airframe parts, intermediates for the synthesis of organics, dispersants for
plastics and elastomers, components of fumigants and insecticides, low friction and anti-knock
coatings, bond primers, as a component in paint and varnish and paint removers, as a component
of degreasing and cleaning solvents, and as a reagent (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0421-0003). The
commenter also stated that 1,2-dichloroethane can be used as a constituent in adhesives,
intermediates, dispersants, fumigants and insecticides, coatings and paint, paint removers,
solvents, and reagents (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0427-0005). The use as a pesticide ingredient
(fumigants and insecticides), however, was said by one commenter to have ceased (EPA-HQ-
OPPT-2018-0427-0006).
Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a
high-priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be
undertaken as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation.
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
Approach
In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, consumers, workers,
or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U.
These data provide an indication about whether children or other susceptible subpopulation may
be potentially exposed. EPA also used human health hazard information to identify potentially
exposed or susceptible subpopulations.
Results and Discussion
At this stage, EPA identified consumers and workers as subpopulations who may be potentially
exposed or susceptible subpopulations for 1,2-dichloroethane assessment.
Children
EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles
intended for children over time for 1,2-dichloroethane. The 2012 and 2016 CDR did not report
any use in children's products.
Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statute)
EPA identified developmental and reproductive toxicity studies following 1,2-dichloroethane
exposure; however, no effects were observed in these studies. Therefore, women of reproductive
age are not considered a susceptible subpopulation with respect to 1,2-dichloroethane at this
time. During the scoping and risk evaluation process, the issue of potentially-exposed or
susceptible subpopulations will be reconsidered following a systematic search of the relevant
scientific literature.
16
-------
Workers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential
occupational exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
Consumers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential consumer
exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation
Approach
EPA reviewed reasonably available data, such as physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate characteristics, to understand 1,2-dichloroethane's persistence and
bioaccumulation.
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables
Tables 7 and 8 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate
characteristics of 1,2-dichloroethane, respectively.
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dichloroethane
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Molecular
Formula
C2H4CI2
CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Molecular
Weight
98.959 g/mole
CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Physical State
Liquid
CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Melting Point
-35.6 °Cb
HSDB (2010); CRC Handbook (Rumble. 2018)
-35.5 °C
PllVSDfOD (2012)
-35.5-36 °C
OECD (2002)
Boiling Point
83.4 °Cb
HSDB (2010): CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
83.5 °C
PllVSDfOD (2012)
83.5-85.1 °C
OECD (2002)
Density
1.2454 at g/cm3 at 25 °Cb
HSDB (2010); CRC Handbook (Rumble. 2018)
1.23 g/cm3 at 20 °C
ATSDR (2001) citina CRC Handbook (Lide.
1998)
Vapor Pressure
78.9 mm Hg at 25 °Cb
PlivsoroD (2012); HSDB (2010) citing Daubert
and Danner (1989)
79.1 mm Hg at 25 °C
ATSDR (2001) citina Daubert et al. (1989)
79.96 mm Hg at 25 °C
Mackay et al. (2006) citing McGovern (1943)
Vapor Density
3.42 (relative vapor density to
air = 1)
NTP. 2016
Water
Solubility
8,600 mg/L at 25 °Cb
PhvsDroD (2012); HSDB (2010) citina Horvath et
al. (1999)
17
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
8,690 mg/L at 20 °Cb
DR (2001) citina Verschueren (1996)
8,490-9,000 mg/L at 20 °C
OECD (2002)
Log Kow
1.48b
PhvsDroD (2012); HSDB (2010); Mackav et al.
(2006) citing Hansch et al. (1995)
1.76
WHO IPCS (1995)
1.45 at 23±1.5 °C
OECD (2002)
Henry's Law
Constant
1.18 x 10"3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °Cb
PhvsDroD (2012) citina Leiahton and Calo (1981)
1.1 x 10"3 atm-m3/mol at 20 °C
ATSDR (2001) citina Staudinaer and Roberts
(1996)
Flash Point
13 °C (closed cup);
18 °C (open cup)
DR (2001) citina Budavari et al. (1989);
HSDB C
Auto
Flammability
413 °C
ATSDR (2001) citina Weiss (1980)
Viscosity
0.829 mPa-second at 20 °C;
0.775 mPa-second at 25 °C
ECHA 2019 citina Mumford and Phillips (1950)
Refractive
Index
1.4449 at 20 °C
WHO IPCS (1995): HSDB (2010): CRC
Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Dielectric
Constant
10.45 at 20 °C as liquid;
1.0048 at 120 °C as vapor
HSDB (2010) citina Kirk-Othmer (Snedecor.
2004)
aMeasured unless otherwise noted
bSelected value
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,2-Dichloroethane
Property or
Endpoint
Value8
Reference
Direct
Photodegradation
Not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis
by sunlight because 1,2-dichloroethane does not
contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths
>290 nm
HSDB (2010) citina Lvman
(1990)
Indirect
Photodegradation
11/2 = 65 days (based on -OH reaction rate constant
of 2.48 x 10"13 cm3/molecule-second at 25 °C)
HSDB (2010): PIwsditod
(2012) citina Kwok and
Atkinson (1994)
ti/2 = 73 days (based on -OH reaction rate constant
of 2.2 x 10"13 cm3/molecule• second and an -OH
concentration of 5 x 105 OH/cm3 at 25 °C)
ATSDR (2001.) citina Arnts
(1989) and Atkinson (1989)
Atmospheric degradation products: formyl
chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen chloride,
and chloroethanol
AIM HI (2001) citina U.S.
EPA (1993)
Hydrolysis
ti/2 = 65 and 72 years
(based on first order rate constant = 2.1 x 10"8
second"1 and 1.8 x 10"8 second"1, respectively, in
neutral conditions at 25 °C)
ATSDR (2001) citina
Barbash and Reinhard
(1989) and Jeffers et al.
(1989)
18
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Biodegradation
(Aerobic)
Water: 0%/21 days (modified shake-flask test)
HSDB (2010) citing Mudder
and Musterman (1982)
Water: 20-63%/7 days with 5-27% from
volatilization after an unspecified acclimation
period (static-flask method)
WHO IPCS (.1.995) citing
Tabak (1981)
Water: 1.6%/14 days based on BOD
1.1% after 14 days based on GC (Japanese MITI
test)
NITE (20.1.0)
Water: tu2 =100 days
ATSDR (200.1.) citina Caocl
and Larsen (1995)
Biodegradation
(Anaerobic)
Groundwater: tin = 63-165 days
NICNAS (20.1.4) citina
Lawrence (2006)
Water: 11/2 = 400 days
ATSDR (200.1.) citina Caixl
and Larsen (1995)
Sediment: tm = 52 days based on an observed
0.013/day
ATSDR (200.1.) citina
Pcijncnburg et al. (1998)
Sediment: 0%/35 days
WHO IPCS (.1.995) citina
Jafvert and Wolfe (1987)
Wastewater
Treatment
45% total removal (16% by biodegradation, 1% by
sludge and 28% by volatilization to air; estimated)13
\ (20.1.2)
Bioconcentration
Factor
2 (Lepomis macrochirus); ti/2 = 2 days for clearance
from tissues
WHO IPCS (.1.995) citina
Barrows (1980)
Bioaccumulation
Factor
3.8 (estimated)b
U.S. EPA (20.1.2)
Soil Organic
Carbon:Water
Partition
Coefficient (Log
Koc)
1.28-1.62 (Koc = 194-2)
(200.1.) citina Chiou
(1980), Sabljic (1995), and
Borisover (1997)
"Measured unless otherwise noted
bEPI Suite™ (physical property inputs: Log Kow = 1.48, BP = 83.4 °C, MP = -35.6 °C, VP = 78.9 mmHg, WS =
8600 mg/L, HLC = 1.18 x 10"3 atm-m3/mole), BioP = 120, BioA = 30 and BioS = 30 SMILES: C1CCC1
•OH = hydroxyl radical; BOD = biochemical oxygen demand; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development; TG = test guideline; GC = gas chromatography; MITI = Ministry of International Trade and
Industry
Results and Discussion
1,2-Dichloroethane is a volatile liquid and a halogenated hydrocarbon that is highly water
soluble (8,600 mg/L). The measured Henry's Law constant (1.18 x 0-3 atm-m3/mol) and vapor
pressure (78.9 mm Hg) suggest that this chemical will not be persistent in surface water and soil
as it will likely volatilize upon release.
In air, 1,2-dichloroethane is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight due to
the absence of chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm. Additionally, hydrolysis is
not expected to be an important fate process for 1,2-dichloroethane with the hydrolysis half-life
being between 65 and 72 years. In the vapor phase, 1,2-dichloroethane is expected to react with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life between 65 and 73 days. The
19
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degradation products that can form include formyl chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen
chloride, and chloroethanol.
In aerobic water using the modified shake-flask test, 0 percent of 1,2-dichloroethane degraded
over 21 days. In a static-flask test, 20-63 percent degraded over 7 days, with 5-27 percent lost to
volatilization. In anaerobic groundwater, 1,2-dichloroethane degraded with a half-life of 63-165
days. Therefore, this chemical may persist in subsurface environments, groundwater, or enclosed
pipes when volatilization is not an option. The measured bioconcentration factor in Lepomis
macrochirus was 2 with a half-life of 2 days for clearance from tissues and the estimated
bioaccumulation factor is 3.8 indicating that 1,2-dichloroethane has low bioaccumulation
potential.
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water
Approach
To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions
of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The
statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near
significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical
substance's potential human health hazard and exposure.
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of
existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the
chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 CFR Part 141) and regulations under the
Clean Water Act (CWA) (40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the consolidated list of
chemical substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances and
Section 313 Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r)
(Regulated Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by one of these authorities
is an indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental hazard which, if released
near a significant source of drinking water, could present an unreasonable risk of injury to human
health or the environment.
Results and Discussion
EPA has established a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) and Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) for 1,2-dichloroethane due to potential health effects from long-term exposure
above the MCL. 1,2-dichloroethane is also a Priority Pollutant under the CWA.
1,2-Dichloroethane is subject to reporting requirements under EPCRA (40 CFR 372.65). It is
considered a CERCLA hazardous substance and releases in quantities equal to or greater than
100 pounds are subject to reporting to the National Response Center under CERCLA (40 CFR
302.4).
20
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1,2-Dichloroethane is also subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act [RCRA;
hazardous waste numbers D028 (40 CFR 261.24), U077 (40 CFR 261.33), F024, F025 (40 CFR
261.31), KOI8, K029, K096 (40 CFR 261.32)]. RCRA directs EPA to develop and promulgate
criteria for identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste, and for listing hazardous
waste, taking into account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for
accumulation in tissue and other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other
hazardous characteristics.
One public comment looked at 15 sites that manufacture 1,2-dichloroethane and identified 90
1,2-dichloroethane storage tanks that hold pure or crude 1,2-dichloroethane. The comment states
that fifty-seven percent of the tanks were located closest to freshwater rivers or tributaries, while
the remaining 43% were located closest to brackish bays or tributaries. The comment also states
that it is unclear whether any of these bodies of water (fresh and brackish) are used as drinking
water sources. The comment further states that, overall, the identified 1,2-dichloroethane storage
tanks were an average of 3,300 and 2,500 feet from freshwater and brackish water, respectively,
and ranged from 100 to 8,000 feet between both types of water bodies (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-
0427-0006).
7. Hazard potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases
to identify potential human health and environmental hazards for 1,2-dichloroethane (Tables 9
and 10, respectively).
Because, there are very few publicly available assessments for 1,2-dichloroethane with cited
environmental hazard data, EPA used the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase
(ECOTOX) to identify single chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA,
2018). It uses a comprehensive chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that is
conducted according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)8. The environmental hazard
information was populated in ECOTOX and is available to the public. In comparison to the
approach used to survey human health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to
identify additional environmental hazard data for isomers of 1,2-dichloroethane, if available, to
fill in potential data gaps when there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed
to the 1,2-dichloroethane (Table 10).
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables
EPA identified potential human health and environmental hazards based on a review of the
reasonably available information for 1,2-dichloroethane (Tables 9 and 10, respectively).
8 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at:
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/help.cfm?helptabs=tab4
21
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Table 9. Potential Human Health I
azards Identified for 1,2-Dichloroethane
Human Health
Hazards
Tested for a
Specific
Effect?
Specific
Effect
Observed
Data Source
Acute Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). U.S. EPA (2010). OECD
EnvCanj >4)
Repeated Dose
Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). U.S. EPA (2010). OECD
I ARC (1999). EnvCanac D. NTP
itwij. i s t il'iXIN!
Genetic Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). OECD (2C .
(2001). ATSDR (2001). IARC (1999). NTP
Reproductive
Toxicity
X
NICNAS (2f
) 13). U.S. EPA (2010). OECD
(2002). ATS
DR (2001)
Developmental
Toxicity
X
NICNAS (2(
(2002). ATS
\ (20.1.0). OECD
DR (2
Toxicokinetic
X
X
NICNAS (2(
).1.3). U.S. EPA (20.1.0). OECD
CalEPA (20(
)5). EnvCanada (.1.994)
Irritation/Corrosion
X
X
NICNAS (2013). U.S. EPA (2010). OECD
(2002)
Dermal Sensitization
X
NICNAS (2013)
Respiratory
Sensitization
Carcinogenicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). U.S. EPA (2010). OECD
IARC (1999). U.S. EPA (1987). NCI (1978)
Immunotoxicology
X
X
OECD (2002). ATSDR (2001). EnvCanada
Neurotoxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). U.S. EPA (2010). OECD
(2002). ATSDR (2001). Cal 305).
EnvCan; (4}
Epidemiological
Studies or
Biomonitoring
Studies
X
X
010). CalEPA (2005). ATSDR
(2001). IARC (1999)
Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the
referenced studies. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of reasonably
available information to support the proposed designation.
22
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Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,2-Dichloroethane
Isomers of
1,2-Dichloroethane
High-Priority
Chemical
(CASRN 107-06-2)
Study
Duration
Candidate
1,1-Dichloroethane
Media
Taxa Groups
1,2-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 107-06-2)
(CASRN 75-34-3)
Dichloroethane
Data Sources
(CASRN 1300-21-6)
Number
Observed
Number
Observed
of Studies
Effects
of Studies
Effects
Acute
Vegetation
1
X
2
X
Tsai and Chen (2007); Wu et al. (2014)
exposure
Invertebrate
Call et al. (1980); Foster and Tullis (1984);
Foster and Tullis (1985); Freitag et al.
(1984); Great Lakes Environment Center
12
X
3
X
(2005); Kramer et al. (1983); LeBlanc
(1980); Mayer and Ellersieck (1986); Price
et al. (1974); Qureshi et al. (1982); Sanchez-
Fortun et al. (1997); Sauvant et al. (1995a);
Sauvant et al. (1995b); Sauvant et al. (1995c)
Fish
X
1
X
Buccafusco et al. (1980); Geiger et al.
(1985); Great Lakes Environment Center
Aquatic
D
(2005); Heitmuller et al. (1981); Mayer and
Ellersieck (1986); Walbridge et al. (1983)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians, reptiles,
mammals)
-
-
Chronic
Vegetation
-
-
exposure
Invertebrate
l
X
-
Call et al. (1980)
Fish
4
X
-
Ahmad et al. (1984); Barrows et al. (1978);
Benoit et al. (1982); Black et al. (1982)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians, reptiles,
mammals)
2
X
-
Black etal. (1982)
Terrestrial
Vegetation
1
X
1
X
Crebelli (1988)
23
-------
Media
Study
Duration
Acute
exposure
Taxa Groups
High-Priority
Chemical
Candidate
1,2-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 107-06-2)
Isomers of
1,2-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 107-06-2)
1,1-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 75-34-3)
Dichloroethane
(CASRN 1300-21-6)
Data Sources
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Invertebrate
4
X
-
Bang and Telford (1966); Bhatia and
Bansode (1971); Leesch (1984); Neuhauser
etal. (1985)
Vertebrates
4
X
-
Kitchin et al. (1993); Sasaki et al. (1998);
Crebelli et al. (1999); Crebelli et al. (1995)
Chronic
exposure
Vegetation
-
3
X
Dietz and Schnoor (2001); Lewis et al.
(1979)
Invertebrate
15
X
-
Bang and Telford (1966); Jefferson (1942)
Lindgren (1954); Punj (1970);
Shivanandappa and Raiendran (1987)
Vertebrates
1
X
-
Witt et al. (2000)
The dash indicates that no studies relevant for environmental hazard were identified during the initial review and thus the "Observed Effects" column is left blank. The X in the
Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. The N/A in the Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard
effect was not reported by one of the referenced studies' abstract (full reference review has not been conducted).
24
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8. Exposure potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental,
worker/occupational, consumer, and general population exposures to 1,2-dichloroethane.
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment.
Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure
EPA's approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical
properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of
Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) for 1,2-
dichloroethane to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this
review are detailed in the following tables.
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration, human and environmental biomonitoring data to
inform 1,2-dichloroethane's exposure potential to the general population (Table 13).
Results and Discussion
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
Aggregated quantities of 1,2-dichloroethane released on-site to air, water, and land, and
aggregated quantities of 1,2-dichloroethane transferred off-site to POTW and other wastewater
treatment facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 12 for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The
table does not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management
activities (e.g., recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY
2011, 2015, and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a
TRI Form R report for 1,2-dichloroethane for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data presented
were obtained from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019.
25
-------
Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,2-Dichloroethane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential
Total
Total Quantities
Year
Number of
Facilities
That
Reported
Total
Quantities
Released
Total
Quantities
Released
Quantities
Released
(Disposed
Total
Quantities
Transferred
Transferred to
Other(non-
POTW)
On-Site to
On-Site to
of) On-Site
to POTW
Wastewater
Air (lbs.)
Water (lbs.)
to Land
(lbs.)
(lbs.)
Treatment
Facilities (lbs.)
2011
60
392,609
3,284
44,728
136
1,042
2015
57
415,471
2,554
34,028
263
22,280
2017
55
434,807
2,309
20,996
261
2,464
POTW = publicly owned treatment works
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
For RY 2017, 55 facilities submitted TRI reports for 1,2-dichloroethane. The total quantities of
1,2-dichloroethane these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions),
surface water and land are: 434,807 pounds; 2,309 pounds; and 20,996 pounds, respectively.
These facilities reported 261 pounds of the chemical transferred to POTW and 2,464 pounds
transferred off-site to other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of
wastewater treatment. These transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for
wastewater treatment that may lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include
quantities sent off-site for other types of waste management activities that include, or may lead
to, releases of the chemical.
Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility sent off-site
prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility. Some of the quantities of
1,2-dichloroethane received by the non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities may have been
released to surface waters or to air during treatment processes at the facilities.
1,2-Dichloroethane has a vapor pressure of around 79 mm Hg at 25 °C/77°F. This chemical's
vapor pressure indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing,
processing and use.
When chemical substances are used as reactants and as intermediates, the industrial releases may
be a relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when
a high percentage of the chemical reacts without excess loss during its use as a reactant or an
intermediate. It is unknown the actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the
reported chemical associated with this processing or use.
Worker/Occupational exposure
Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to
volume produced, processed, distributed, used and disposed of; physical form and concentration;
processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor pressure,
solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and exposure controls
such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a personal protective
equipment (PPE) program.
26
-------
1,2-Dichloroethane has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL) (OSHA. 2009). The PEL is 50 parts per million (ppm) over an 8-hour
work day, time weighted average (TWA), with 100 ppm acceptable Ceiling limit and 200 ppm
acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling limit for 5 min in any 3 hours period.
This chemical also has a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 1 ppm TWA, with short term exposure limit (STEL) of
2 ppm (NIOSH. 2005). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) set the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 10 ppm TWA.
1,2-Dichloroethane has a vapor pressure of approximately 79 mm Hg at 25 °C/77 °F.
1,2-Dichloroethane's vapor pressure indicates the potential for inhalation exposure to vapors
generated by the liquid at ambient room temperature conditions.
Consumer exposure
CDR reporting and information from the National Institutes of Health Consumer Product
Database do not report on the use of 1,2-dichloroethane in consumer products. However,
according to the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat). 1,2-dichloroethane may be present in
consumer products such as fragrances, electronics, plastics, rubbers and solvents (Table 12).
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers
Chemical Identity
Consumer Product Database
Consumer Uses (List)
1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2)
Electronics, fragrance, plastic, rubber, solvent
Reference: CPDat
General population exposure
Releases of 1,2-dichloroethane from certain conditions of use, such as manufacturing, disposal,
or waste treatment activities, may result in general population exposures via drinking water
ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation from air releases. 1,2-Dichloroethane has been used in
leaded gasoline (ATSDR 2011).
Table 13. Exposure Information for the
Environment and General Population
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
California Air Resources Board
No
no
no
o
o
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
Yes
no
no
MDI (2002)
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology
Information Center - Air Toxics Data
Yes
no
no
\ (1990)
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
Yes
no
no
\ ami)
EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
Yes
no
no
\ (1996)
27
-------
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
FDA Total Diet Study
Yes
no
no
FDA CI99.1.)
Great Lakes Environmental Database
Yes
no
no
\ (20.1.8)
Information Platform for Chemical
Monitoring Data
Yes
no
yes
EC (2018)
International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea
No
no
no
ICES (20.1.8)
OECD Monitoring Database
No
yes
no
OECD (2018)
Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey
No
no
no
\ (2006)
The National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
No
yes
no
CDCiMOl
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council
Yes
no
no
USGS (1991a)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Air
Yes
no
no
S(1991b)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water
Yes
no
no
S (1.991c)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment
Yes
no
no
S (.1.99.1.(1)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Soil
Yes
no
no
S (.1.99 le)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water
Yes
no
no
S (.1.99.111
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue
No
no
yes
rS (1991s)
1 Conccn.= concentration
bBiomon.= biomonitoring
EPA anticipates releases of 1,2-dichloroethane into the environment because of the conditions of
use for 1,2-dichloroethane, particularly activities associated with the chemical's manufacturing.
A review of monitoring data collected under EPA rules and statutes (e.g., CAA, CWA, SDWA,
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System), indicate that 1,2-dichloroethane is detected in
air, water, soil, vegetation, and other matrices. EPA also found data indicating that 1,2-
dichloroethane is used in commercial and industrial products (U.S. EPA. 2014).
1,2-dichloroethane is known to be present in biomonitoring, drinking water, indoor
environments, surface water, ambient air, groundwater, and soil ( ). Moreover, it
has been reported to be released into the environment at high levels (U.S. EPA. 2014).
1,2-dichloroethane is found in more than 570 hazardous waste sites on the National Priorities
List (ATSDR 2001). An EPA survey found an average of 0.31 ppm 1,2-dichloroethane in
28
-------
groundwater near hazardous waste sites (NTP 1993). EPA has found 1,2-dichloroethane to have
moderate environmental persistence and a low bioaccumulation potential (U.S. EPA. 2.014).
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of
the chemical substance's priority
EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
10. Proposed Designation and Rationale
Proposed Designation: High-priority substance
Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information for exposure and
hazard and is proposing to find that 1,2-dichloroethane may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health and/or the environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations (e.g., worker, consumers). This is based on the potential hazard and potential
exposure of 1,2-dichloroethane under the conditions of use described in this document to support
the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA expects that the manufacturing, processing,
distribution, use and disposal of 1,2-dichloroethane may result in presence of the chemical in
surface water and groundwater, ingestion of the chemical in drinking water, inhalation of the
chemical from air releases and exposure to workers, exposure to consumers and exposure to the
general population, including exposure to children. In addition, EPA identified potential
environmental (e.g. aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity) and human health hazards (e.g., acute
toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, irritation/corrosion, carcinogenicity,
immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and observations in epidemiological studies).
29
-------
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