Supporting Healthy Houses of Worship. Effective Affordable Measures to Protect the Health of Congregations and Staff.


OCTOBER 2019
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NUMBER: 100K19002

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Contents
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Common Issues
Healthy Environments for Worship, Learning and Service	4
Asthma and Asthma Triggers	5
Buses and Vehicle Idling	6
Carbon Monoxide	7
Chemical Management	8
Drinking Water	9
Arts and Crafts Supplies	10
Extreme Heat Events	11
Indoor Air Quality/Ventilation	12
Lead	13
Mercury	14
Mold and Moisture Control	15
PCBs in Caulk and Fluorescent Light Ballasts	16
Pesticides and Pest Management	17
Radon	18
UV Radiation	19
Conserving Resources
Energy Efficiency	20
Water Efficiency	21
Waste Reduction	22
Facility Assessment
Quick Assessment	24
Resources
Top Ten Ways to Make Your House of Worship & Other Facilities Healthier	26
Federal Grants and Other Financial Assistance Opportunities	27
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
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Healthy Environments for
Worship, Learning and Service
There are thousands of places of worship in
the United States. Many of these buildings
were built decades or even over a century ago
and—like many older buildings—may contain
environmental conditions that could pose
increased risks to the health of congregants and
staff.
Children are particularly vulnerable to many
environmental risks. Since many places of worship
play important roles in children's lives—through
schooling, daycare, and other services—please
consider using this document to ensure that your
place of worship is a healthy and safe environment
for children.
This booklet is designed to identify some of the
most common types of environmental health
concerns found in older facilities and contains
voluntary recommendations that maintenance
staff may use to limit risks to congregations. It
also provides one-stop access to learn some facts
about these issues and existing low-cost or no-cost
measures to prevent, reduce, and resolve each of
the highlighted environmental issues.
By completing the voluntary Quick Assessment
activity provided near the end of this brochure,
places of worship can determine which areas and
programs will require more detailed attention.
Additionally, by implementing the highlighted
waste reduction and energy and water efficiency
actions, places of worship can conserve valuable,
financial and natural resources.
Energy and water efficiency are powerful tools
that can drastically cut short-term and long-term
operating costs. At least 25% energy savings can
occur by implementing little to no-cost actions
and energy management practices. Places of
worship can leverage the opportunity created by
utility efficiency upgrades to put in place building
upgrades and practices that enhance the health
and quality of the facility's environment. Some
examples would include improved ventilation
systems, moisture control, integrated pest
management practices, and removal of PCB-
containing lighting ballasts and building materials
from the facilities.
Another valuable cost savings tool for places of
worship is waste reduction. Reusing or recycling
materials can save money in the short term and
encourage environmentally conscious behavior
among congregants. Simple tasks like composting
food or yard waste and reusing supplies can help
conserve valuable funds.
Finally, EPA administers several grant programs
designed to promote healthy environments. Your
place of worship or local community may be
eligible for some of these grants. To learn more
about grant funding opportunities, please visit
http s: / / www, ep a. gov/ grants.
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Asthma and
Asthma Triggers
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the
lungs and makes it hard for people to breathe.
According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), more than 25 million
Americans, including one out of every 10 school
age children, have asthma.
Of children with asthma, those 11 years or
younger are significantly more likely to have
"uncontrolled" asthma, which means they face
increased risk of intense asthma attacks that can
be caused by environmental triggers.
Common asthma triggers include animal
allergens, pest allergens, mold and moisture,
smoke, dust mites, chemical odors, and outdoor
air pollutants like ozone and particle pollution or
diesel exhaust.
Please consider following the steps outlined on
this page to reduce asthma triggers that may be
present in your place of worship.

Steps to Reduce Exposures to
Asthma Triggers:
1.	Ensure that your place of worship is a
smoke free environment.
2.	Consider switching to fragrance free
cleaning products. These products are less
likely to have harsh chemical odors that
can exacerbate asthma symptoms. A link
to EPA approved "Safer Choice" cleaning
products is provided at the bottom of the
page.
3.	Keep rooms adequately ventilated and free
of clutter, dust regularly, and frequently
wash items that attract dust.
4.	Ensure that your place of worship has
an Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
program that will reduce exposures to
pesticides while reducing asthma triggers.
More information on IPM can be found
on page 17.
Learn more at:
www.epa.aov/asthma
www.epa.aov/saferchoice/products
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Buses and
Vehicle Idling
Buses:
Air pollution from older diesel vehicles and buses
has health implications for everyone, especially
children. Children are more susceptible to air
pollution because their respiratory systems are still
developing and they have a faster breathing rate.
In addition to producing a number of hazardous
pollutants, diesel exhaust contains significant
levels of particulate matter that can deposit into
the lungs causing lung damage and aggravate
respiratory conditions such as asthma.
Vehicle Idling:
Idling vehicles contribute to air pollution and
emit air toxins, which are pollutants known or
suspected to cause cancer or other serious health
effects. This is yet another important issue that
affects health at houses of worship when people
idle their vehicles during drop-offs and pick-
ups. Exhaust produced by idling vehicles can be
pulled into facilities through the air intakes of the
buildings heating, ventilating and air conditioning
(HVAC) system where it can accumulate and
cause serious health issues for staff and others
using the facilities.
In addition to other environmental benefits,
reducing vehicle idling has several financial
benefits: reduced fuel costs, energy costs and
unnecessary engine wear.
Steps to Reduce Vehicle Exhaust:
1.	Encourage policies to eliminate
unnecessary idling.
2.	Upgrade or "retrofit" buses and replace
older vehicles with newer, more efficient
models
3.	Consider establishing anti-idling zones for
all vehicles at the facilities (buses, delivery
trucks and parents).
4.	Locate passenger pickup and drop off
areas away from the place of worships air
intake supply and windows.
Learn more at:
www.epa.aov/cleandiesel/clean-school-bus
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Carbon
Monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless
gas. That results from incomplete oxidation
of carbon in combustion processes. Common
sources of CO in buildings are improperly
vented furnaces, malfunctioning gas ranges, and
exhaust fumes that have been drawn back into the
building. Worn or poorly maintained combustion
devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces), or a flue that
is improperly sized, blocked, disconnected, or
leaking, can be significant sources. Auto, truck, or
bus exhaust from attached garages, nearby roads,
or idling vehicles in parking areas can also be
sources.
Exposure to concentrated levels of CO may result
in a variety of flu-like symptoms such as dizziness,
fatigue, headaches, disorientation and nausea.
High levels of exposure can result in loss of
consciousness and death.
Combustion equipment must be maintained to
assure that there are no blockages, and air and
fuel mixtures must be properly adjusted to ensure
more complete combustion. Vehicular use should
be carefully managed adjacent to buildings.
Additional ventilation can be used as a temporary
measure when high levels of CO are expected for
short periods of time.
Steps to Prevent Carbon Monoxide
Exposures:
1.	Annually inventory and inspect all
gas burning appliances such as stoves,
furnaces and water heaters to ensure they
are properly operating and vented to the
outside.
2.	Install carbon monoxide alarms in the
buildings near appliances that burn
natural gas, oil or wood.
3.	Never let buses or other vehicles idle
directly outside of the place of worship
or other facilities, particularly in places
where air can get indoors such as air
handling intakes, windows or exit doors.
Learn more at:
www.epa.qov/indoor-air-aualitv-iaa/carbon-monoxides-impact-indoor-air-aualitv
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Chemical Management
Houses of worship may use a variety of chemicals
for cleaning and other purposes. When they are
mismanaged, chemicals can put congregations,
staff and others who use the facilities at risk
from spills, fires, and other accidental exposures.
Common hazardous chemicals include corrosive
acids, bases, oxidizers, compressed gases and
flammable solvents.
Chemical accidents impact safety, can cost
thousands of dollars to clean up, disrupt schedules
and could even temporarily close facilities.
Toxic chemicals can cause serious health effects,
including cancer; brain and nervous system
disorders; organ damage (e.g., liver, kidneys, and
lungs); irritation of the eyes, skin nose and throat;
and asthma attacks.
A proper chemical management program ensures
that all facilities are free from hazards associated
with mismanaged chemicals.
Chemicals may be considered mismanaged when
they are:
•	In poor condition or expired
•	Overabundant
•	Not needed or used
•	Not properly labeled or unknown
•	Unsecured
•	Stored near food
•	Stored in inappropriate, leaking, corroded or
cracked containers
•	Stored with incompatible chemicals
•	Stored on unstable/incompatible shelves or
cabinets
Responsible chemical management programs
start with development and implementation of
a safe chemical management plan that reduces
the risk of chemical exposures and accidents.
Proper chemical management includes: a
strong inventory control process, assessment of
chemicals for risk and benefit, prohibiting the
use of unauthorized chemicals, proper hazardous
chemicals cleanout and disposal, appropriate safety
measures, and personal protective equipment.
Steps to Improve Chemical
Management Include:
1.	Conduct annual chemical inventories
and prohibit any unauthorized, toxic or
hazardous chemicals from being brought
into the facility.
2.	Store toxic or hazardous chemicals in
appropriate containers, separated by
hazard category in a ventilated, fire
resistant, and locked area or cabinet.
3.	Label containers with the name of the
material and date it entered the facility,
and ensure that Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
for each product are in a binder readily
displayed near the chemical storage area.
4.	Conduct regular cleanouts of chemicals
that are unnecessary, outdated, and pose a
health, safety or environmental risk.
5.	Ensure proper training of staff involved
with chemical management before using
toxic or hazardous chemicals.
6. When possible, consider using EPA
approved "Safer Choice" chemical
products.
Learn more at:
www.epa.aov/environmental-topics/chemicals-and-toxics-topics
www.epa.aov/saferchoice
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Drinking Water
Clean drinking water is an essential ingredient
for good health and a safe building environment.
The vast majority of public drinking water systems
provide safe and dependable drinking water to
citizens across the United States every day To
learn more about the quality of your drinking
water, contact your local water system or local
health department.
Older buildings may have older plumbing
materials that are made of lead. Lead is a toxic
metal that is harmful to human health and can
be found in a variety of sources (e.g. paint, dust,
water). Lead pipes are more likely to be found in
older cities and buildings built before 1988.
EPAs 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water
in Schools Toolkit was developed to assist schools
and places with child care facilities with lead in
drinking water prevention programs. It is intended
for use by building officials responsible for the
maintenance and/or safety of facilities including
the drinking water. 'Hie document introduces the
3Ts for reducing lead in drinking water, which
includes a training, testing, and telling approach.
To learn more about the 3Ts guide visit: www.epa.
gov/ safe water/ 3Ts
In addition to the 3Ts, your facility can take steps
reduce exposure to lead in drinking water:
•	Talk to your water system and local health
department about water testing.
•	Use only cold water for food and beverage
preparation.
•	Remove lead plumbing materials like lead
service lines or drinking water coolers listed
in EPAs 3Ts as containing lead lined coolers.
•	Clean faucet and drinking water fountain
aerators (screens) regularly.
•	Make sure that if filters are used they are
maintained and are certified to remove lead
(or any other contaminants of concern).
•	Post placards near bathroom or utility sinks
with notices if the water should not be
consumed. Use pictures if there are small
children using bathrooms.
•	Regularly flush all water outlets used for
drinking or food preparation, particularly
after times when water may have been sitting
for a long period of time (e.g. over a long
weekend or break).
Although a majority of places of worship receive
their drinking water from public water supplies,
others may operate their own water systems and
are required to comply with of regulations under
the Safe Water Drinking Act (SDWA). Make sure to
check in with your state to learn more about
drinking water requirements that may
apply to you.
Learn more at:
www.epa.aov/safewater
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Educational, Art
and Craft Supplies
Common arts and crafts supplies are used in many
houses of worship for youth activities, advertising
events, plays and more. These supplies could
include glues, cleaners, glazes, paints, solvents,
and other materials. Many of these materials are
formulated with hazardous ingredients that can be
harmful or toxic, especially to children, when used
improperly or by an inappropriate age group.
Dangerous metals such as lead, volatile organic
compounds, dust and fibers are commonly
found in the art materials and supplies. Ingestion
and skin absorption can occur when handling
these materials as well as many other hazardous
products.
Simple preventive measures can greatly reduce
harmful exposures. Careful purchase and selection
of art materials, dedicated adult supervision, and
the proper use of the product with the appropriate
age group are all simple actions that should be
implemented. For added security, always lock
up art supplies when they are not in use. 'The
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
recommends that when buying art materials,
school supplies and toys you should only purchase
those products that are labeled "Conforms to
the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) D4236 (CPSC Document #5016)" and
that do not have any cautionary warnings on the
label.
V
Steps to Reduce Exposure to Hazards
Associated with Educational, Art and
Craft Supplies:
1.	Check whether your supplies are listed
as toxic or nontoxic (should be labeled
accordingly by the Art and Creative
Materials Institute (ACMI)).
2.	Read and follow directions on labels
regarding fumes or ventilation.
3.	Ensure you have read and have available
the Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all craft
products being used.
4.	Provide ample fresh air and ventilation.
5.	Do not allow eating or drinking around
hazardous chemicals.
6.	Properly store and dispose of all products
according to label instructions.
7.	Wash hands often when using toxic or
hazardous chemicals.
Learn more at:
Art and Craft Safety Guide: www.cpsc.aov/s3fs-Public/Ddfs/blk media 5015.pdf
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Extreme Heat Events
Extreme heat events, or heat waves, are defined by
weather that is substantially hotter and/ or more
humid than average for a location at that time of
year. These conditions stress the body's ability to
maintain an ideal internal temperature, which can
lead to a range of adverse health effects. Houses of
worship should consider holding events earlier in
the in the summer to avoid extreme heat.
Children need to take extra precautions on days of
extreme heat. Dehydration, heat stroke, and other
heat illnesses may affect children more severely
than the average adult because:
•	Children have a smaller body mass to surface
area ratio than adults, making them more
vulnerable to the heat.
•	Children are more likely to become
dehydrated than adults because they can lose
fluid more quickly.
•	Children play outside more than adults, and
they may be at greater risk of heat stroke
and exhaustion because they may lack
the judgment to limit exertion during hot
weather and to rehydrate themselves.
Hot weather can also affect ozone levels and other
types of air quality. The Air Quality Index (AQI)
is a guide for reporting daily air quality. The EPA
Flag Program uses colored flags based on the
AQI to teach coaches, students and others about
outdoor air quality conditions.
Facilities can raise a colored flag each day that
corresponds to their local air quality forecast. To
check for air quality conditions in your area,visit
www, airno w. gov.
"J
Steps to Protect Children from
Extreme Heat:
1. Limit outdoor activity and organized
athletic events to morning hours when
possible.
2 Encourage participants to drink more
fluids.
3.	Advise the wearing of lightweight, light-
colored, loose-fitting clothing.
4.	Plant more trees and vegetation (low
pollination varieties) on facility grounds.
Learn more at:
www.epa.qov/natural-disasters/extreme-heat
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
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Indoor Air Quality/
Ventilation
Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can impact the
comfort and health of congregants and staff and
increase the risk of short-term health problems.
Inadequate IAQ can result in health concerns
such as fatigue, nausea, coughing, eye irritation,
headaches, asthma episodes, allergic reactions, and
in rare cases, life threatening conditions such as
severe asthma attacks.
Many perceived IAQ problems, however, are often
comfort problems, such as temperature, humidity
or air movement in a space being too low or too
high.
Proper ventilation with outdoor air is a key
component for good indoor air quality. In many
cases, indoor air may, potentially, be two to five
times more polluted than outdoor air. While
at times challenging due to the high occupant
densities of houses of worship, it is important that
building designers incorporate ventilation systems
that provide adequate outdoor ventilation air
complying with the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers'
standard (ASHRAE) 62.1-2010 or local codes.
Factors that contribute to poor IAQ may originate
from inadequate heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) design. Some maybe solely
in the control of facilities management, such as
proper maintenance of the HVAC system and the
amount of outside air being mechanically brought
into the building.
The cleanliness and general housekeeping of a
building is a shared responsibility and requires the
cooperation of facility management as well as the
staff who work in the building.
Many of the topics discussed in this booklet, such
as pesticides, idling, and chemical management,
are all factors that influence a facility's IAQ.
The goal of an Indoor Air Quality Management
Program is to prevent the occurrence of IAQ
problems and to respond quickly to issues before
they become serious health matters.
Steps to Improve IAQ and Ventilation:
1. Ensure the ventilation system is operating
as designed.
2. Implement a proactive IAQ management
program, such as the one highlighted in
the link below.
3. Develop and implement a tobacco-free
facility policy.
4. Establish and implement a regular
schedule for maintaining unit ventilators,
replacing air filters, cleaning supply air
diffusers, return registers and outside
air intakes, and commission the HVAC
system a minimum of once every 5 years.
5. Ensure condensate pans are clean,
unobstructed, and drain properly.
6. Keep unit ventilators clear of books,
papers and other items that can obstruct
air flow.
Learn more at:
https://www.epa.aov/indoor-air-aualitv-iaa/indoor-air-aualitv-offices-and-other-larae-buildinas
https://www.epa.aov/indoor-air-aualitv-iaa/heatina-ventilation-and-air-conditionina-checklist-lona-form
https://www.epa.aov/indoor-air-aualitv-iaa/establishina-indoor-air-aualitv-proarams-buildina-and-facilitv-manaaement
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Lead
Lead is a highly toxic metal that can have adverse
health effects for both children and adults. Hie
most common source of lead is from paint in
buildings built before 1978. Lead dust conies
from disturbing lead paint during renovations,
deteriorating lead paint, and lead-contaminated
soil that gets tracked into a building.
Children under 6 years of age are at particular risk
of lead poisoning because their bodies are still
developing. Furthermore, they frequently place
their hands, toys, and other objects that could
have dust from lead paint in their mouths. Some
playground equipment and toys may contain
lead or lead paint. Toys can pick up lead from
contaminated soil or dust. Exposure to lead can
result in lower IQ scores in children and has been
associated with headaches, slowed growth, hearing
problems, brain damage, nervous system disorders
and behavior and attention problems.
If a house of worship was built before 1978, there
is a chance that it contains lead paint, and you
should consider testing for lead paint by a certified
inspector or risk assessor.
If you hire a contractor to test for or clean up lead
in your house of worship, you should know the
following Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting
Rule Requirements for Contractors:
• Renovators must provide building owners
and occupants pre-renovation notification.
• Firms/contractors and staff performing
renovations that disturb paint must be
appropriately certified.
• Renovators must be trained and certified.
• Workers must receive on-the-job training
from a certified renovator.
• Lead-safe work practices must be followed
and documented.
Steps to Reduce Lead Exposures:
1. Interior painted areas—Examine walls
and interior surfaces to see if the paint is
cracking, chipping, or peeling, and check
for areas on doors or windows where
painted surfaces rub together.
2. Exterior painted areas—Check exterior
paint for flaking and ensure it is not
contaminating nearby soil where children
may play
3. Check large outdoor structures for peeling
or flaking paint that could contaminate
the soil around play areas.
4. Have staff ensure that children wash their
hands thoroughly after playing outside
and before eating.
Learn more at:
www.epa.gov/lead
https://www.epa.gov/oround-water-arid-dririking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinkinq-water
Find EPA Lead-Safe Certified Contractors in your area at https://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/pub/index.cfm7dosinain.firmSearch
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
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Mercury
Elemental mercury is found in thermometers,
barometers, switches, thermostats, and glass vials.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) light bulbs also
contain mercury.
Mercury spills are often caused by improper
storage and mishandling of these items. These
types of exposures can occur when elemental
mercury is spilled or when products that contain
elemental mercury break and release mercury to
the air, particularly in warm or poorly-ventilated
indoor spaces.
Mercury is a neurotoxic substance that can
produce a wide range of health effects depending
on the amount and timing of exposure. Elemental
mercury primarily causes health effects when it is
inhaled as a vapor and absorbed into the lungs.
Cleaning up mercury spills can be costly and cause
widespread environmental contamination since
it can easily be tracked through a building and to
other buildings, vehicles, and personal property
(e.g. clothes, bags, toys). Whenever possible, items
containing elemental mercury should be replaced
with alternatives, such as digital thermometers.
Steps to Prevent Mercury Exposure:
1.	Conduct an inventory of all chemicals
and locate all mercury equipment and
compounds.
2.	Contact a professional to collect and
properly dispose of all mercury equipment
and compounds.
3.	In the event of a spill, open windows, turn
down the temperature, have everyone
leave the area, and contact local or state
health or environmental agencies.
4.	Create and distribute a mercury spill
response plan.
5.	Spills the size of a single thermometer or
CFL can be cleaned by staff or facilities
personnel after opening a window and
ventilating the area.
6.	Never use a vacuum cleaner to clean
up mercury. The vacuum will put more
mercury into the air and increase
exposure.
7.	Never use a broom to clean up mercury.
It will break the mercury into smaller
droplets, spread them, and contaminate
the broom.
8.	Never wash clothing or other items that
have come in direct contact with mercury
in a washing machine, because mercury
may contaminate the machine and/or
pollute the sewage system. Clothing that
has come into direct contact with mercury
should be discarded as directed by your
local health or fire department.
Learn more at:
www.epa.aov/mercurv
www.epa.aov/cfl/cleaninq-broken-cfl
https://www.epa.aov/mercurv/what-do-if-mercurv-thermometer-breaks
https://www.epa.aov/mercurv/what-do-if-vou-spill-more-mercurv-amount-thermometer
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Mold and
Moisture Control
By checking for moisture and mold on a regular
basis and spending a few hundred dollars
of annual preventative maintenance, facility
managers could avoid the need for costly repairs,
as well as the potential legal liability due to
health risks. Potential health concerns are also an
important reason to prevent mold growth and to
clean up existing indoor mold growth.
All molds have the potential to cause health effects
that may include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose,
throat, and lungs of both mold allergic and non-
allergic people. Molds can produce allergens that
trigger allergic reactions or even asthma attacks
in people allergic to mold. Others are known to
produce potent toxins and/or irritants. Molds can
be found almost anywhere and they can grow
on virtually any organic substance, as long as
moisture and oxygen are present. There are molds
that can grow on wood, paper, carpet, foods and
insulation.
Hie presence of moisture within building
structures stimulates the growth of molds and
other biological contaminants. The key to mold
control is moisture control.
Moisture and uncontrolled humidity problems
may include roof leaks, landscaping or gutters
that direct water into or under the building, and
unvented combustion appliances. Additionally,
moist facilities provide a nurturing environment
for mites, roaches and rodents which are
associated with asthma and other diseases. Solve
moisture and condensation problems before they
become mold problems.
Steps to Prevent Mold and Control
Moisture:
1.	Maintain indoor humidity levels below
60%, ideally between 30% and 50% when
possible.
2.	Clean and dry any wet or damp spots
within 48 hours.
3.	Fix leaky plumbing and roof leaks in the
building as soon as possible.
4.	Check regularly for condensation and wet
spots.
5.	Address sources of moisture problems as
soon as possible.
6.	Scrub mold oil" hard surfaces with water
and detergent, and dry completely.
Learn more at:
www.epa.gov/mold
https://www.epa.qov/mold/mold-remediation-schools-and-commercial-buildinas-quide
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PCBs in Caulk and
Fluorescent Light Ballasts
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class
of organic chemicals that have been used in a
variety of commercial products. Buildings built
or renovated from the 1950s to the late 1970s may
contain PCBs in caulking, electronics, fluorescent
light ballasts, and other materials.
In 1979, EPA banned the commercial production
of PCBs, citing health and environmental
concerns, including but not limited to cancer,
reproductive effects, and neurological effects.
EPA has found PCB-containing caulk and PCB-
containing light ballasts can be a significant source
of PCBs in indoor air.
EPA found that old caulk used to seal gaps
around windows, doors, and joints in buildings
constructed between 1950 and 1979 may contain
as much as 30% PCBs and can emit PCBs into
the surrounding air. PCBs from caulk may also
contaminate adjacent materials such as masonry
or wood. EPA recommends removing PCB-
containing caulk during planned renovations and
repairs (e.g. when replacing windows, doors, roofs,
ventilation, etc.)
PCBs are also contained within some fluorescent
light ballast capacitors and potting material
manufactured prior to 1979. PCB-containing
fluorescent light ballasts that are currently in
use should be properly removed from buildings
to prevent indoor air exposure. Sudden rupture
of light ballasts may pose health risks to the
occupants and is difficult and costly to remediate.
Removal of PCB-containing light fixtures, as part
of lighting upgrades or a stand-alone project, is an
investment that pays off with long-term benefits
to congregants, staff, the community, and the
environment.
Conduct the following best
management practices (BMPs)
listed below on an ongoing basis to
minimize potential exposures to PCBs:
1. Ensure that ventilation systems are
operating properly and are regularly
inspected and maintained according to
system manufacturer instructions and
guidelines or ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA
Standard 180-2012—Standard Practice
for Inspection and Maintenance of
Commercial Building HVAC Systems.
If system cleaning is needed, follow
ANSI/ACCA Standard 6 - Restoring the
Cleanliness of HVAC Systems (2007).
2. Clean inside buildings frequently to
reduce dust and residue.
3. Use a wet or damp cloth or mop to clean
surfaces.
4. Use vacuums with high efficiency
particulate air (HEPA) filters.
5. Do not sweep with dry brooms or use dry
cloths for dusting.
6. Wash hands with soap and water,
particularly before eating.
7. Wash children's toys.
Learn more at:
https://www.epa.aov/pcbs
www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/practical actions for reducing exposure to pcbs in schools
and other buildinas.pdf
https://www.epa.aov/pcbs/proaram-contacts
16
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Pesticides and
Pest Management
It is important to keep your place of worship
free of pests that cause health concerns and
property damage. That said, pesticides need
to be used carefully and judiciously especially
when used in sensitive areas where children are
present. Children are more sensitive than adults
to pesticides and can have greater exposure to
pesticides from crawling, exploring, or other
hand-to-mouth activities.
Adverse effects of pesticide exposure range from
mild symptoms of dizziness and nausea to serious,
long-term neurological, developmental and
reproductive disorders.
EPA recommends that facilities use an Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) approach to reduce pest
and pesticide risk and exposure. Implementing
IPM practices in facilities can reduce or minimize
economic and health related issues caused by pests
and pesticides.
All building occupants and staff play a role
in ensuring that a facility's IPM program is
successful. By working together, everyone can
have a role in creating an ongoing safe and healthy
place of worship.
Steps to Reduce Pesticide Risks and
Manage Pests in your Facility:
The central features of an IPM program are the
implementation of exclusion and sanitation
practices that keep pests out.
Exclusion Practices:
1.	Install high-density door sweeps on all
doors to keep out mice, rats and roaches.
2.	Block then seal open spaces around
utility pipes coming into the building
with copper mesh wire and sealant. Open
spaces as small as 1/4 inch, or less than
half the width of a dime, will allow mice
and other pests into a building.
3.	Install screens on all windows, particularly
if they are open during warm months.
Sanitation Practices:
1.	Clean and mop floors in all food service
areas daily, including office spaces.
2.	Use sealable containers or canisters to
provide secure storage for edible food
items and snacks.
3. Bag and completely close all garbage and
place in dumpsters outside of the building
daily.
Learn more at:
https://vww.epa.QOv/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ipm in buildinas.pdf
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
17

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Radon
Radon is a radioactive, colorless, and odorless
gas that comes from the natural (radioactive)
breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water.
Radon gas can enter a building through cracks and
holes in the floor and become trapped in indoor
air. Radon can be found in both old and new
buildings and cannot be felt when inhaled into
your lungs.
Prolonged exposure to radon can result in lung
cancer. Higher radiation doses may result in
children due to their smaller bodies and faster
breathing rates compared to adults. The EPA
estimates that radon is responsible for 21,000 lung
cancer deaths every year making radon the second
leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S., after
smoking.
EPA encourages all building owners to test for
radon gas. Radon test kits cost $10-15 and can be
purchased from environmental laboratories, local
hardware stores and building supply companies or
through the National Radon Hotline, (800) 767-
7236.
If you are interested in finding a qualified company
to test for radon or address high levels of radon
in your place of worship, contact your state radon
program for help in finding qualified professionals
in your area. You can find contact information
for your state radon program by going to https://
www.epa.gov/radon/find-information-about-local-
radon-zones-and-state-contact-information.
.ON
HAD Ok
Steps to Reduce Radon Exposure:
1.	Test occupied rooms for radon, following
EPA and state protocols.
2.	Install radon mitigation systems which,
are designed to reduce and remove radon
from indoor air if the rooms testing results
show radon concentrations of 4 pCi/L or
higher.
Learn more at:
https://sosradon.org/
https://www.epa.gov/radon
18
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UV Radiation
While short exposure to sunlight is enjoyable and
beneficial as an important source of Vitamin D,
too much exposure to the sun can be dangerous.
Most people are not aware that skin cancer, while
largely preventable, is the most common form of
cancer in the United States. In fact, 5.4 million
basal and squamous cell skin cancer are diagnosed
each year. Melanoma, the most deadly type of skin
cancer, accounts for about 76,000 cases of skin
cancer. One in five Americans will develop skin
cancer in their lifetime. One American dies from
skin cancer every hour.
Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from
the sun can result in painful sunburns. It can also
lead to more serious health problems, including
skin cancer, premature aging of the skin, cataracts
and other eye damage, and immune system
suppression. Because they tend to play outside
more frequently for long periods of time and
may not have the benefit of sunscreen or shade,
children are particularly at risk. By following
some simple steps, children and adults can still
enjoy time in the sun and be protected from
overexposure to UV radiation.
Steps to Protect Against Overexposure
to UV Radiation:
1.	Take steps to prevent sunburns. Sunburns
significantly increase a persons lifetime
risk of developing skin cancer, especially
for children.
2.	Wear protective clothing. A long-sleeved
shirt, a wide brimmed hat, and sunglasses
are strongly recommended.
3.	Generously apply broad-spectrum
sunscreen with a minimum Sun
Protection Factor (SPF) of 30+
approximately 15 minutes prior to going
outside. Sunscreen should provide
protection from both ultraviolet A (UVA)
and ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. Reapply
every two hours, even on cloudy days, and
after swimming or sweating.
4.	Provide access to shade on property
grounds, and remember that the suns UV
rays are strongest between 10 a.m. and 4
p.m.
5.	Visit EPA's UV Index page to access real
time information about the amount of UV
radiation your community faces, www,
epa.gov/sunsafety/uv-index-1
UV INDEX
Exposure Category
UV Index Range
Low
2 or less
Moderate
3 to 5
High
6 toe
Very High
3 to 10
Extreme
11+
Learn more at:
https://www.epa.aov/sunsafetv
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
19

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Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency is an important tool for places
of worship to save money and natural resources.
The savings from improved energy performance
can help pay for building improvements and
other upgrades that enhance the facilities and
experiences of the congregants.
In addition, energy and water efficiency are
connected. Because electricity or natural gas is
used to pump, heat, and treat water throughout
a facility, every gallon of water has an energy
footprint. Evaluating energy and water use
together will maximize savings, especially in areas
of heated water use and water-intensive HVAC and
commercial kitchen equipment.

ENERGY STAR
Energy Efficiency Opportunities in
Houses of Worship:
Low-Cost Measures:
1. Use EPA's measurement and tracking
tool, Portfolio Manager, to assess energy
performance.
2. Turn off lights when not in use or when natural
daylight can be used.
3. Set back the thermostat in the evening and at
other times when the building is unoccupied.
4. Perform monthly maintenance of heating and
cooling equipment to ensure efficient operation
throughout the year.
5. Educate staff about how their behaviors affect
energy use.
6. Use Energy Star's Commercial Building Design
Resource, Target Finder, to set energy targets
and integrate efficiency goals into the design of
new properties.
Cost-Effective Investments:
1. Install energy-efficient lighting systems and
controls, which will improve light quality and
reduce heat gain. Installing new energy-efficient
lighting systems will also serve to remove any
potentially harmful PCB-containing light
ballasts.
2. Upgrade and maintain heating and cooling
equipment.
3. Use a performance-based contract to guarantee
energy savings from upgrades.
4. Work with an energy services provider to help
manage and improve energy performance.
5. Purchase energy-efficient products like
ENERGY STAR qualified office equipment.
6. Install window films and add insulation or
reflective roof coating.
Learn more at:
A resource and planning guide for clergy, staff, and laypersons at houses of worship
who want to increase the energy and water efficiency of their facilities:
https://www.eneravstar.aov/buildinas/tools-and-resources/enerav star action workbook congregations
https://www.energvstar.gov
20
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019

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Water Efficiency
Houses of Worship use water in different ways
depending on the usage and occupancy patterns,
the age of the building and its fixtures and
equipment, and the behavior of the people in it.
Reducing water use lowers the costs associated
with operating and maintaining equipment, as
well as the energy needed to heat, treat, store and
deliver water throughout the property
EPAs WaterS ense program was created to help
consumers and businesses identify ways to save
water, energy and money Houses of worship can
use WaterSense tools and resources to implement
water efficiency programs that include water
assessments and incorporate water-efficient best
practices into regular operations and maintenance
and procurement policies. Reducing the costs of
water and energy can make funds available for
other purposes or to further mission projects.
Faith leaders and youth can educate the whole
community about the benefits of saving water and
encourage everyone to make water-efficiency a
part of their everyday life.
Water Efficiency Opportunities in
Houses of Worship:
Low-Cost Measures:
1.	Use EPA's measurement and tracking tool,
Portfolio Manager, to track water usage over
time.
2.	Conduct a water assessment to find out
how much water being used and where to
prioritize improvements.
3.	Look for leaks and unexpected water use to fix
them before they add up or cause damage.
4.	Optimize water use in heating and cooling
equipment, and shut down or use standby
mode for all continuous flow equipment
between uses.
5.	Educate staff about saving water and how to
report leaks and problems.
6.	Practice water-efficient landscaping with
native and regionally-appropriate plants to
minimize watering needs.
Cost-Effective Investments:
1.	Retrofit and replace plumbing fixtures and
irrigation controllers with WaterSense labeled
models.
2.	Eliminate single-pass cooling where possible,
and work with vendors to optimize HVAC
equipment.
3.	Purchase energy-efficient products like
ENERGY STAR qualified commercial kitchen
equipment to save energy and water.
4.	include water efficiency requirements in
contracts and service agreements with
vendors to continue savings.
5.	Contact water and energy utilities for rebates
and giveaways of efficient products and
equipment.
Learn more at:
https://www.epa.aov/watersense
WaterSense at Work Best Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities at:
https://www.epa.aov/watersense/commercial-buildinas
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
21

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Waste Reduction
Americans generate millions of tons of trash in our
homes and communities. Every day, the average
individual living in the United States produces
nearly 4.5 pounds of trash. While many people
already recycle products at home, houses of
worship can also control their waste by reducing,
reusing and recycling it where available. Waste
prevention and reduction opportunities exist
everywhere.
Products that can be reused and recycled are
countless and include everything from food scraps,
yard and grounds wastes, paper, clothing, school
supplies, sports equipment, and electronics. Items
commonly recycled, and found in virtually any
house of worship, are paper, aluminum, glass,
steel, cardboard, and yard waste. Food scraps or
yard waste can be composted instead of being
thrown out and then be used to improve the soil
and support facility landscaping or gardens. Many
waste reduction efforts save money, energy, and
natural resources.
Houses of worship can implement waste reduction
programs that can include pre-post waste
reduction audits and promote programs that
reduce waste. Engage youth in the program who
will often educate the whole community about
the benefits of waste reduction and encourage
everyone to make waste reduction a part of their
everyday life. Increasing the flow of reusable and
recyclable materials can even generate extra funds
for faith groups.
Waste reduction can be further minimized by
using Waste Wise, a free EPA program through
which organizations can use strategies and track
results to eliminate costly municipal solid waste.
On food alone, EPA estimates that more food
(over 75 billion pounds) reaches landfills and
combustion facilities than any other material in
everyday trash, constituting 22% of discarded
municipal solid waste. Too often, much of the food
that is wasted is otherwise consumable and could
be diverted to the hungry or those in need. EPA
has several programs that houses of worship may
utilize to reduce and divert food waste, both in
building cafeterias and across their congregations,
including the Food Recovery Challenge. Hie
agency is also planning to relaunch the Food
Stewards Program late in 2019. The Food Stewards
Program supports the diversion of food specifically
to those in need.
Steps to Reduce Waste:
1.	Reduce waste through recycling, reusing or
composting recyclable products.
2.	Purchase more environmentally friendly
electronic and paper products.
3.	Manage obsolete electronics in an
environmentally safe way.
4.	Purchase less food to save money and
reduce waste.

Ul
w
Pi
Learn more at:
www.eDa.aov/smm/wastewise
www.eDa.aov/sustainable-manaaement-food
22	SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019

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Quick Assessment
Please use this voluntary assessment to help you reduce and prevent exposures to common
environmental health hazards in your building. Each topic area covered below has low or no-cost steps
which can be taken to improve your congregants' environmental health. This tool also highlights energy
efficiency strategies to help conserve valuable financial resources.
Asthma and Asthma Triggers
Is the building's cleaning staff encouraged to use
fragrance free cleaning products and "wet" dusting
techniques whenever possible?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are rooms free of clutter? Are they dusted regularly?
Are stuffed cushions pillows washed frequently?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Buses and Vehicle Idling
Have anti-idling policies been developed and
implemented for buses that serve the facility?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Have anti-idling zones been established for all
vehicles at the facility (school buses, delivery trucks
and cars)?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are all passenger pickup/drop off areas located away
from the facilities' air intake supply, windows and
exit doors?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Does the maintenance staff inspect and document
the condition and findings for all gas burning
appliances, furnaces and water heaters yearly to
ensure they are properly operating?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Have CO detectors been installed in the building
near appliances that burn natural gas, oil, wood or
gas?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Chemical Management
Does the building conduct a yearly inventory of all
chemicals present?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the building have a policy that prohibits any
unauthorized toxic or hazardous chemicals from
being brought inside?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are all chemicals properly labeled, stored in original
containers, dated as to when they entered the
building, and have accompanying SDS information
on site?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are all toxic or hazardous chemicals stored in
appropriate containers, separated by hazard
category, in a ventilated, fire resistant, and locked
area or cabinet?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the facility conduct cleanouts of all chemicals
that are unnecessary, outdated and posing a health
risk on a regular basis?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do you ensure proper training of staff involved with
chemical management?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Drinking Water
Are water faucets, fountain screens and aerators
regularly cleaned and sanitized?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do you have policies and procedures in place to
prevent the disposal of hazardous substances down
the toilets and/or dumping into storm drains?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
23

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Educational & Art Supplies
Do you have a policy to ensure that art materials and
supplies purchased are labeled "Conforms to ASTM
D4236"?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do your policies encourage minimizing exposure
to hazardous materials by substituting less- or
non-hazardous materials where possible for youth
activities; prohibiting food consumption around
hazardous chemicals; and washing hands often?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Is the staff reminded to follow the precautionary
recommendations listed on the labels?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do your staff have updated Safety Data Sheets for all
products being used?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Energy Efficiency
Are lights turned off when not in use or when
natural daylight can be used?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are thermostats set back in the evening and at other
times when the building is unoccupied?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do you track energy performance, perform monthly
maintenance of heating and cooling equipment,
educate congregants and staff about how their
behaviors affect energy use, and use systems and
controls that improve light quality, heating and
cooling as part of an energy efficiency program?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Extreme Heat Events
Do you advise congregants to wear lightweight,
light-colored and loose-fitting clothing during
extreme heat events?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do you remind congregants to limit physical
exertion outdoors during days with unhealthy air
conditions or periods of extreme heat?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Indoor Air Quality/Ventilation
Do you currently implement a proactive IAQ
management plan?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Do you have a tobacco-free building policy?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does maintenance staff have a regular cleaning
schedule for unit ventilators, supply air diffusers,
return registers, outside air intakes, and commission
the HVAC system a minimum of once every 5 years?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are condensate pans clean, unobstructed, and do
they drain properly?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are unit ventilators clear of books, papers that would
block or hinder air flow?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Lead
Are the walls and interior surfaces free of cracking,
chipping, or peeling paint, especially around doors
or windows where painted surfaces rub together?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are exterior walls and other large structures in the
building grounds free of cracking, chipping, or
peeling paint?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the maintenance staff provide pre-renovation
notification to staff and congregants prior to
construction activity?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are all demolition and renovation activities
impacting lead containing paint or other building
materials in the building undertaken by "certified"
and properly trained contractors?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
*Assessment Activities that may require additional, cost-effective resources and methods for resolution.
24	SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019

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Mercury
Has an inventory of all chemicals, materials and
equipment containing mercury been completed?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the building have a mercury spill kit and spill
response plan readily available on site?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Mold and Moisture Control
Is humidity in the building maintained below 60%,
and ideally between 30% and 50% where possible?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the maintenance staff repair all leaking
plumbing and roof leaks in the building as soon as
possible?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Is the building (walls/ceilings/floors) free of wetness
or condensation?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the maintenance staff clean and dry any wet or
damp spots consistently within 48 hours?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
PCBs in Caulk and Fluorescent
Light Ballasts
Have you determined whether the fluorescent
light ballasts contain PCBs? If so, have the
lighting fixtures in the building been retrofitted to
adequately remove potential PCB hazards using
recommendations highlighted in https://www.epa.
gov/pcbs/polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs-building-
materials?
Pesticides and Pest Management
Do all floors in food service areas and rooms where
food is served get cleaned and mopped daily?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are all food items stored securely in sealable
containers or canisters?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Is all garbage bagged, completely closed, and placed
in dumpsters outside the building daily?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are there high-density door sweeps installed on all
doors to keep out mice, rats and roaches?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Are all open spaces around utility pipes coming into
the building blocked with copper mesh wire or other
materials and sealed to hinder entrance into the
building by pests?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Does the building have screens installed on all
operable windows?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Radon
Have all the first floor and basement rooms of the
building been tested for the presence of radon with
results documented and available for review?
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
If room radon levels exceed 4pCi/L, have you
installed radon mitigation systems?*
~	Yes ~ No ~ N/A
~ Yes ~ No ~ N/A
Have you followed recommendations highlighted
in https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/polychlorinated-
biphenvls-pcbs-building-materials for potential
PCB-containing caulk?
~ Yes ~ No ~ N/A
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019
25

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Top 10 Ways to Make Your
Building Healthier
1.	Clear the air inside. EPAs Indoor Air Quality
Tools program provides information and tips
on how to help building managers prevent and
solve indoor air quality problems.
2.	Clear the air outside. You can reduce exposure
to engine exhaust by eliminating unnecessary
vehicle idling, installing effective emission
control systems on newer vehicles, and
replacing the oldest vehicles with new ones.
3.	Reduce/remove radon in buildings. You
should test the level of radon gas in your
buildings. No radon level is healthy. If the test
results are at or above 4pCi/L, appropriate
mitigation steps should be taken to reduce the
radon level.
4.	Use chemicals carefully. Possible health, safety
and environmental implications should be
considered before chemicals are purchased
for use. Do not allow outside, unauthorized
chemicals to be brought into the building.
Proper chemical use and management (storage,
labeling, and disposal) is critical for reducing
chemical exposures and costly accidents.
5.	Test the water. You should test the drinking
water in your building regularly.
6.	Get the lead out. Buildings built prior to 1978
should be tested for lead paint. Renovations
or repairs must be done in a way that does
not create lead dust. Children should be kept
away from lead hazards inside and outside of
buildings.
7.	Eliminate Mercury. Your environment
should be mercury-free. Consider using digital
thermometers and safer alternatives to mercury
containing products.
8.	Cover up. Encourage congregants to practice
"sunsafe behavior" and especially encourage
children to cover up, use SPF 30 or higher
broad-spectrum sunscreen, and stay out of
midday sun to avoid damaging UV rays.
9.	Use toxics with caution. Look for alternatives
to toxic pesticides and cleaning chemicals.
Remove sources of lead, mercury, and PCBs
from the your environment.
10.	Educate yourself. Know which environmental
health issues affect your building and how to
address them.
26
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019

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Federal Grants and Other Financial
Assistance Opportunities
Federal Programs
The federal government provides a variety of grant
programs to private organizations, and places of
worship may qualify for many of these grants.
For more information on federal grants, as well as
some specific examples of EPA grant programs,
please see the following links.
Information about Federal Grants
https: / / www, grants. gov
Information about EPA Grants
https://www.epa.gov/ grants
Brownfields Grant Program
https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/types-
brownfields-grant-funding
Environmental Justice Programs
https://www.epa.gov/environmentaliustice/
environmental-iustice-grants-funding-and-
technical-assistance
Energy Efficiency Assistance Programs
http://www.energystar.gov/rebate-finder
https://www.energvstar. gov/buildings/facilitv-
owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/find-
financing
Air Quality Assistance Programs
https: / / www, epa. gov/ grants/air- grants-and-
funding
State Financial Assistance Programs
Many state environmental protection and
public health agencies also provide grants to
private organizations to improve human and
environmental health. Please see the following link
to find a directory of state run environmental and
public health agencies.
https://www.epa.gov/home/health-and-
environmental-agencies-us-states-and-territories
Grants and Other Forms of Financial Assistance
Provided by Private Entities
Private entities provide many forms of financial
assistance to building owners and operators
looking to improve energy efficiency. Please see the
following link for a list of current rebate programs
provided by electric utilities designed to support
energy efficiency improvements.
https://www.dsireusa.org/
Further, there is a robust community of faith
organizations involved in environmental
stewardship, and some of these organizations may
provide financial support in case by case situations.
Please see the following link for a list of faith based
environmental stewardship organizations.
https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/owners
and managers/congregations/external faith
based environmental stewardship organizations
https://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel
SUPPORTING HEALTHY HOUSES OF WORSHIP . OCTOBER 2019	27

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