^«^EZDy% United States LhI Environmental Protection Agency Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention Proposed Designation of 1,2-I)ichloropropane (CASRN 78-87-5) as a High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation August 22,2019 ------- Table of Contents List of Tables iii Acronyms and Abbreviations iv 1. Introduction 1 2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3 Approach 3 Results and Discussion 3 3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 4 Approach 4 CDR and TRI Tables 4 CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 10 4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 11 Approach 11 Results and Discussion 11 Persistence and bioaccumulation 12 Approach 12 Results and Discussion 14 5. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 14 Approach 14 Results and Discussion 14 6. Hazard potential 15 Approach 15 Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 15 7. Exposure potential 19 Approach 19 Results and Discussion 19 8. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the chemical substance's priority 24 9. Proposed designation and Rationale 24 10. References 25 ii ------- List of Tables Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in Pounds) 3 Table 2. 1,2-Dichloropropane (78-87-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use (2016 CDR reporting cycle) 5 Table 3. 1,2-Dichloropropane (78-87-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use (2012 CDR reporting cycle) 5 Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloropropane, Reporting Year 2011 .... 6 Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloropropane, Reporting Year 2015 .... 7 Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloropropane, Reporting Year 2017 .... 9 Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dichloropropane 12 Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,2-Dichloropropane 13 Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for 1,2-Dichloropropane 15 Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,2-Dichloropropane 17 Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,2-Dichloropropane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017 and Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential 20 Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 21 Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population 21 in ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations Term Description ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Biomon. Biomonitoring BOD Biochemical oxygen demand BP Boiling point CAA Clean Air Act CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number CBI Confidential Business Information CDR Chemical Data Reporting CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CFR Code of Federal Regulations Concen. Concentration CWA Clean Water Act CPDat Chemical and Products Database ECOTOX Ecotoxicology Database EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration FR Federal Register GC Gas chromatography HPLC High performance liquid chromatography IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IUR Inventory Update Rule K Thousand Koc Organic carbon-water partition coefficient Kow Octanol-water partition coefficient M Million MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry MP Melting point NAICS North American Industry Classification System NIH National Institute of Health NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NR Not reported OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •OH Hydroxyl radical OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PEL Permissible Exposure Limit iv ------- POTW Publicly owned treatment works PPE Personal protective equipment PPM Parts per million RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REL Recommended Exposure Limit RY Reporting Year SOP Standard Operating Procedure SMILES Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System Tl/2 Half-life TG Test guidance TLV Threshold Limit Value TRI Toxics Release Inventory TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TWA Time weighted average USGS United States Geological Survey VP Vapor pressure WS Water solubility V ------- 1. Introduction In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high- priority substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines, without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of exposure under the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA. Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant to TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen the candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and considerations: • the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance; • persistence and bioaccumulation; • potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations; • storage near significant sources of drinking water; • conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical substance; • the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production volume; and • other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the chemical substance's priority. This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.9 for a may present risk finding. The information sources used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012) (40 CFR 702.9(b)). Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority chemical substance would immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final rule, Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (40 CFR 702). 1,2-Dichloropropane is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as referenced in the March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that 1,2- dichloropropane is a suitable candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority substance. The proposed designation is based on the results of the review against the aforementioned criteria and considerations as well as review of the reasonably available information on 1,2- dichloropropane, including relevant information received from the public and other information as appropriate. 1 NOTE: For all 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to: fattps https://www.regn. 2 https://www. substances-control-act-tsca '2018-t it te40~vo 13 3 -pa it 702. xnit and ¦under-the-toxic- ------- EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation of 1,2-dichloropropane. The docket number for providing comments on 1,2-dichloropropane is EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0428 and is available at www.reeulations.eov. The information, analysis and basis used for the review of the chemical is organized as follows: • Section 1 (Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended TSCA and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations - pertinent to the prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances. • Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This section presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of the chemical substance. • Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of use under TSCA. • Section 4 (Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents information and analysis regarding potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations, including children, women of reproductive age, and workers, with respect to the chemical substance. • Section 5 (Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and the chemical's fate characteristics. • Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents information and analysis considered regarding the risk from storage of the chemical substance near significant sources of drinking water. • Section 7 (Hazardpotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to the chemical substance. • Section 8 (Exposurepotential): This section presents information and analysis regarding the exposures to the chemical substance. • Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical substance's priority. • Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and the information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA to support the proposed designation. 2 ------- 2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume Approach EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance using information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for 1,2-dichloropropane reported under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule.3 Results and Discussion The national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range to protect individual site production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented in Table 1. Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in Pounds) i Chemical ID 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1,2- Dichloropropane (78-87-5) >100M to 500M >50M to 100M Not available >100Mto 500M >100Mto 500M Withheld4 CBI5 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld IVI = million Reference: U.S. EPA (201.3) and U.S. EPA (201.7) Production volume of 1,2-dichloropropane in 2015, as reported to EPA during the 2016 CDR reporting period, was withheld by EPA to protect CBI6. Production volume of 1,2- 3 Over time, the requirements for reporting frequency, production volume thresholds, and chemical substances under the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule have changed. CDR was formerly known as the Inventory Update Rule (IUR). The first IUR collection occurred in 1986 and continued every four years through 2006. As part of two rulemakings in 2003 and 2005, EPA made a variety of changes to the IUR, including to change the reporting frequency to every five years to address burdens associated with new reporting requirements. Additional changes to reporting requirements were made in 2011, including to suspend and replace the 2011 submission period with a 2012 submission period, return to reporting every four years, and require the reporting of all years beginning with 2011 production volumes. The reporting of production volumes for all years was added because of the mounting evidence that many chemical substances, even larger production volume chemical substances, often experience wide fluctuations in production volume from year to year. In addition, also as part of the 2011 IUR Modifications final rule (76 FR 50816, Aug 16, 2011), EPA changed the name of the regulation from IUR to CDR to better reflect the distinction between this data collection (which includes exposure-related data) and the TSCA Inventory itself (which only involves chemical identification information). 4 This information is withheld, because EPA is releasing the 2016 CDR data in stages. EPA released the initial 2016 CDR data in May 2017. The initial data included national production volume (released in ranges), other manufacturing information, and processing and use information, except for information claimed by the submitter to be confidential business information (CBI) or information that EPA is withholding to protect claims of CBI. EPA anticipates releasing additional data after completion of an effort to obtain CBI substantiation required by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, which amended the Toxic Substances Control Act. 5 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI. 6 This information is withheld, because EPA is releasing the 2016 CDR data in stages. EPA released the initial 2016 CDR data in May 2017. The initial data included national production volume (released in ranges), other manufacturing information, and processing and use information, except for information claimed by the submitter to be confidential business information (CBI) or information that EPA is withholding to protect claims of CBI. EPA anticipates releasing additional data after completion of an effort to obtain CBI substantiation required by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, which amended the Toxic Substances Control Act. 3 ------- dichloropropane as reported to EPA has remained stable from 1986-2002, and withheld from 2006-2015 (Table 1). 3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use Approach EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to mean the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in commerce, used, or disposed of. A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the conditions of use for 1,2-dichloropropane was submitted by manufacturers (including importers) under the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including importers) to report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import into the United States greater than 25,000 pounds per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply (in which case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 pounds per site). CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the known manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical substance, EPA assumes distribution in commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of additional uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that are not regulated under TSCA. For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5, 6). There is not a one-to-one correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported. In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6. For purposes of this proposed prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to air, wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use. CDR and TRI Tables Based on the publicly available7 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA developed a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Table 2 and Table 3, respectively). 7 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI. 4 ------- Table 2.1,2-Dichloropropane (78-87-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use8 (2016 CDR reporl ting cycle) Life-Cycle Stage Category Subcategory of Use Reference Manufacturing Domestic manufacturing Domestic manufacturing U.S. I IP A (2019a) Import Import U.S. I iPA (2019a) Processing As a reactant Intermediate in all other basic organic chemical manufacturing U.S. I •PA'2"Ul" Incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Intermediate in all other chemical product and preparation manufacturing U.S. EPA (2019a) Distribution in commerce a b Distribution in commerce Disposal " Disposal a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle state. b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce. Table 3.1,2-Dichloropropane (78-87-5) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use9 (2012 CDR reporl ting cycle) Life-Cycle Stage Category Subcategory of Use Reference Manufacturing Domestic manufacturing Domestic manufacturing U.S. I iPA (2019a) Import Import U.S. I iPA (2019a) Processing As a reactant Intermediate in all other basic organic chemical manufacturing U.S. I iPA (2019a) Distribution in commerce a b Distribution in commerce Disposal" Disposal a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle stage. b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce. EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that a condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing. 8 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table. 9 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table. 5 ------- Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloropropane, Reporting Year 2011 Activity Type Activity Industry Group NAICS Code Manufacture Produce Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Produce or import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 for on-site use/processing Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Produce or import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 for sale/distribution Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Produce or import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 as a byproduct Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation 3259 Manufacturing Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Produce or import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 as an impurity Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Process Process as a Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 reactant Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Process as an Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 impurity Process - Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 repackaging Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Otherwise Otherwise use - as Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Use a chemical processing aid Otherwise use - as Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 a manufacturing aid Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Otherwise use - Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 ancillary or other use Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 6 ------- Activity Type Activity Industry Group NAICS Code Waste Disposal/releases Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Management Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Energy recovery Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Recycling Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Treatment Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloropropane, Reporting Year 2015 Activity Type Activity Industry Group NAICS Code Manufacture Produce Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Produce or import for on-site use/processing Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Produce or import for sale/distribution Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Produce or import as a byproduct Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Produce or import as an impurity Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 7 ------- Activity Type Activity Industry Group NAICS Code Process Process as a reactant Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Process as an article component Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Process as an impurity Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Process - repackaging Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Ship and Boat Building 3366 Otherwise Use Otherwise use - as a chemical processing aid Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Otherwise use - as a manufacturing aid Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Otherwise use - ancillary or other use Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Waste Management Disposal/releases Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Ship and Boat Building 3366 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Energy recovery Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Recycling Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Treatment Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Ship and Boat Building 3366 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Reference: (U.S. EPA. 2019b) 8 ------- Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,2-Dichloropropane, Reporting Year 2017 Activity Type Activity Industry Group NAICS Code Manufacture Produce Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Import Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Produce or import for on- site use/processing Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Produce or import for sale/distribution Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Produce or Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 import as a byproduct Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Produce or Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 import as an impurity Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Process Process as a reactant Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Process as an Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 impurity Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Process - repackaging Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Otherwise Use Otherwise use - as a chemical processing aid Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Otherwise use - Foundries 3315 ctS ci manufacturing aid Otherwise use - Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 ancillary or other use Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 3253 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 3279 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 9 ------- Activity Type Activity Industry Group NAICS Code Waste Disposal/releases Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Management Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 3253 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Other Pipeline Transportation 4869 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Energy recovery Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 3252 Recycling Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Treatment Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying 2123 Basic Chemical Manufacturing 3251 Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 3253 Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 3259 Waste Treatment and Disposal 5622 Reference: (U.S. EPA. 2019b) CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use In the 2016 CDR reports, 1,2-dichloropropane was not reported as used in manufacturing commercial or consumer products. Three sites reported use of 1,1-dichloropropane as an intermediate reactant in all other basic organic chemical manufacturing. Two facilities withheld all manufacturing information. Between 2012 and 2016, the functional use of 1,2-dichloro- propane remained consistent as a reactant, or incorporated into formulation, mixture, or reaction product (Tables 2 and 3). For 1,2-dichloropropane, no consumer or commercial uses were reported in 2012 and 2016. Consumer uses were identified in additional databases, which are included in the Exposure Potential section (Section 8). TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for Reporting Year (RY) 2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017. RY 2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar years 2011, 2015, and 2017, respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities that apply to the TRI chemical at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI dataset updated in April 2019. Tables 4, 5 and 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI by industry group for 2011, 2015, and 2017. Waste management activity type includes all industry groups that reported to TRI using each waste management activity for 1,2-dichloro- propane. 10 ------- Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a high-priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be undertaken as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation. 4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations Approach In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, workers, consumers or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U. These data provide an indication about whether children or other susceptible subpopulation may be potentially exposed. EPA also used human health hazard information to identify potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations. Results and Discussion At this stage, EPA identified children, women of reproductive age, consumers and workers as subpopulations who may be potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations for 1,2-dichloro- propane. Children EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles intended for children over time for 1,2-dichloropropane. The 2012 and 2016 CDR did not report any use in children's products. In the existing assessments reviewed, there was no discussion on the susceptibility of children to 1,2-dichloropropane. However, EPA identified potential developmental hazards that would impact any stage of children's development. Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statute) EPA identified studies that observed developmental and reproductive effects following exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane (Section 7, Table 9). Thus, women of reproductive age were identified as a potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation. Consideration of women of reproductive age as a potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation was also based on exposure because women of reproductive age are potential workers in the manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal of the chemical substance. Workers Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential occupational exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations based on greater exposure. Consumers Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential consumer exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations based on greater exposure. 11 ------- Persistence and bioaccumulation Approach EPA reviewed reasonably available data, such as physical and chemical properties and environmental fate characteristics, to understand 1,2-dichloropropane's persistence and bioaccumulation. Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables Table 7 and Table 8 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate characteristics of 1,2-dichloropropane, respectively. Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dichloropropane Property or Endpoint Value3 Reference Molecular Formula CsHeCh CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018) Molecular Weight 112.986 CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018) Physical State Liquid CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018) Physical Form Colorless liquid HSDB (20.1.9) citing Lewis (1997) Purity Impurities include water (200 ppm), acidity (50 ppm), iron (15 ppm), oxygenated organic compounds (1200 ppm). Also <0.1% w/w acetone and <0.1% w/w propionaldehyde reported OECD (2006) Melting Point -100 °Cb U.S. EPA (201.2a): OECD (2006) citineMackay etal. (1993) -100.53 °C CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018) Boiling Point 95.5 °Cb U.S. EPA (201.2a): OECD (2006) citineMackay etal. (1993) 96.4 °C CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018) Density 1.16 g/cm3 at 20 °Cb OECD (2006) citineMackav etal. (1993) 1.1560 g/cm3 at 20 °C CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018) Vapor Pressure 53.3 mm Hg at 25 °Cb HSDB (20.1.9) citine Boublik et al. (1984) 49.7 mm Hg at 25 °C OECD (2006) citing Mackay et al. (1993) Vapor Density 3.89 g/L (relative vapor density to air = 1) OECD (2006); HSDB (20.1.9) citine Verschueren (2001) Water Solubility 2,800 mg/L at 25 °C OECD (2006) citine Mackav etal. (1993) Log Kow 1.98 OECD (2006) citine Mackav etal. (1993) Henry's Law Constant 2.7 x 10"3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °C OECD (2006) citing Mackay et al. (1993) and Ashworth et al. (1988) Flash Point 21 °C (open cup) 13-15 °C (closed cup) OECD (2006) citing Budavari (1989); Langer (1986); Rassaerts and Witzel (1975) 16 °C HSDB (20.1.9) citine NFPA (1997) Auto Flammability 555 °C OECD (2006) 12 ------- Property or Endpoint Value3 Reference 557 °C HSDB (2019) citing NFPA (1997) Viscosity 0.85 mPa second at 20 °C OECD (2006) Refractive Index 1.44 at 20 °C HSDB (20.1.9) citing Budavari (1996) Dielectric Constant 8.93 at 26 °C U.S. DOC (.1.95.1.) Surface Tension 0.3 mN/m at 20 °C OECD (2006) Notes: aMeasured unless otherwise noted; bSelected value Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,2-Dichloropropane Property or Endpoint Value8 Reference Direct Photodegradation Not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight because the chemical structure of 1,2- dichloropropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm HSDB (201.9) citing U.S. E 9) Vapor-phase photolysis under simulated sunlight did not occur after prolonged exposure HSDB (201.9) citing Cohen etal. (1984) Indirect Photodegradation tl/2 = 24 days (based on -OH reaction rate constant of 4.4 x 10-13 cm3/molecule• second at 25 °C and an -OH concentration of 1.5 x 106 OH/cm3; estimated)13 U.S. EPA (201.2a) Hydrolysis tl/2 = 15.8 years (rate constant of 5.0 x 10-6 hours- 1 at pH 7-9 and 25 °C) OECD (2006) citing Mackav etal. (1993) Biodegradation (Aerobic) 0%/14 days based on biological oxygen demand (Japanese MITI test) HSDB (201.9) citing CITI (1992) tl/2 = 52 days in a closed system with fresh soil at 15 °C HSDB (201.9) citing vanDijk (1980) Wastewater Treatment 59% total removal (12% by biodegradation, 1.1 by sludge and 46% by volatilization to air; estimated)13 U.S. EPA (201.2a) Bioconcentration Factor 1.2-3.2 (Cyprinus caprio at 0.4 mg/L test substance concentration); 0.5-6.9 (C. caprio at 0.04 mg/L test substance concentration) SYKE (201.8); OECD (2006) citing Howard (1990); Mackay et al. (1993) Bioaccumulation Factor 7.1 (estimated)13 U.S. EPA (201.2a) Soil Organic Carbon:Water Partition Coefficient (Log Koc) 1.67 (Koc = 47) measured in silt loam HSDB (201.9) citing Chiou etal. (1979) Notes: "Measured unless otherwise noted; bEPI™ Suite physical property inputs: Log K0w = 1.98, BP = 95.5 °C, MP = -100 °C, VP = 53.3 mmHg at 25 °C, WS = 2.800 mg/L, HLC = 2.82 x 10"3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °C, BioP 120, BioA 30, BioS 30, SMILES C1CC(C1)OOH = hydroxyl radical; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; TG = test guideline; GC = gas chromatography; MITI = Ministry of International Trade and Industry; BCF = bioaccumulation factor; BOD = biochemical oxygen demand; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography 13 ------- Results and Discussion 1,2-Dichloropropane is a volatile, highly water-soluble (2,800 mg/L) liquid. Measured Henry's Law constant (2.7 x 10-3 atm-m3/mol) and vapor pressure (53.3 mm Hg) data indicate that this chemical will not be persistent in surface water and soil as it will likely volatilize upon release. In the air, 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to exist primarily in the vapor phase where it may react with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 24 days. Direct photodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane did not occur under simulated sunlight conditions after prolonged exposure. Given a measured hydrolysis half-life of 15.8 years at pH 7 9, hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process for 1,2-dichloropropane. In a Japanese MITI test, 1,2-dichloropropane displayed no biodegradation over 14 days due to biological oxygen demand (BOD). In a closed system with fresh soil at 15 °C, 1,2-dichloro- propane had a half-life of 52 days. Based on these results, 1,2-dichloropropane may persist in subsurface environments, groundwater, or enclosed pipes when volatilization is not an option. In Cyprinus caprio, 1,2-dichloropropane displayed low bioaccumulation potential with measured bioaccumulation factor values between 1.2 and 3.2 and an estimated bioaccumulation factor of 7.1. 5. Storage near significant sources of drinking water Approach To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical substance's potential human health hazard and exposure. EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 CFR Part 141) and regulations under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the consolidated list of chemical substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances and Section 313 Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) (Regulated Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by one of these authorities is an indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental hazard which, if released near a significant source of drinking water, could present an unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment. Results and Discussion EPA has established a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) and Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of zero for 1,2-dichloropropane due to potential health effects from long-term exposure above the MCL resulting in increased risk of cancer. 1,2-Dichloropropane is also a Priority Pollutant under the CWA and is subject to reporting requirements under the EPCRA. It is subject to the CAA 112(r) for the storage near significant sources of drinking water. 14 ------- 1,2-Dichloropropane is also considered a CERCLA hazardous substance and releases in quantities equal to or greater than 1,000 pounds are subject to reporting to the National Response Center under CERCLA. It is also subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA; hazardous waste number U083). RCRA directs EPA to develop and promulgate criteria for identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste, and for listing hazardous waste, taking into account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for accumulation in tissue and other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazardous characteristics. 6. Hazard potential Approach EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases to identify potential human health and environmental hazards for 1,2-dichloropropane (Table 9 and Table 10, respectively). Because, there are very few publicly available assessments for 1,2-dichloropropane with cited environmental hazard data, EPA used the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX) to identify single chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA. 2018a). It uses a comprehensive chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that is conducted according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)10. The environmental hazard information was populated in ECOTOX and is available to the public. In comparison to the approach used to survey human health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to identify additional environmental hazard data for isomers of 1,2-dichloropropane, if available, to fill in potential data gaps when there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed to the 1,2-dichloropropane (Table 10). Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables EPA identified potential human health and environmental hazards based on a review of the reasonably available information for 1,2-dichloropropane (Table 9 and Table 10, respectively). Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards It entified for 1,2-Dichloropropane Human Health Hazards Tested for a Specific Effect? Specific Effect Observed Data Source Acute Toxicity X X NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OECD (2006). CalEPA (1999). ATSDR (1989) Repeated Dose Toxicity X X IARC (2017). NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OE 36). CalEPA (1999). U.S. Genetic Toxicity X X IARC (2017). NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OE 36). CalEPA (1999). ATSDR (1989) Reproductive Toxicity X X NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OECD (2006). CalEPA (1999). ATSDR (1989) 10 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecoti 15 ------- Human Health Hazards Tested for a Specific Effect? Specific Effect Observed Data Source Developmental Toxicity X X NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OECD (2006). CalEPA (1999). U.S. EPA (1991). 89) Toxicokinetic X X NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OECD (2006). CalEPA (1999). U.S. EPA (1991). AT8DR (1989) Irritation/Corrosion X X NICNAS (2017). OECD (2006). CalEPA (1999). ATSDR (1989) Dermal Sensitization X X !ARC (2017). NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). ATSDR (1989) Respiratory Sensitization Carcinogenicity X X C (2017). NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OE 36). CalEPA (1999). ATSDR (1989) Immunotoxicology Neurotoxicity X X IARC (2017). NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). ATSDR (1989) Epidemiological Studies or Biomonitoring Studies X X 017). NICNAS (2017). U.S. EPA (2016b). OE 36). CalEPA (1999). ATSDR (1989) Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of reasonably available information to support the proposed designation. 16 ------- Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,2-Dichloropropane Isomers of 1,2-Dichloropropane (CASRN 78-87-5) Media Study Duration Taxa Groups High-Priority Chemical Candidate 1,2-Dichloropropane (CASRN 78-87-5) 1,1-Dichloropropane (CASRN 78-99-9) 1,3-Dichloropropane (CASRN 142-28-9) Data Sources 2,2-Dichloropropane (CASRN 594-20-7) Number of Studies Observed Effects Number of Studies Observed Effects Aquatic Acute exposure Vegetation 4 X 1 X Dow Chemical Co. (1988); Schafer et al. (1993); Schafer et al. (1994); Tsai and Chen (2007) Invertebrate 5 X 4 X Dow Chemical Co. (1988); Freitag et al. (1994); Hollister et al. (1968); LeBlanc (1980); Portmann and Wilson (1971); Shell Oil Co. (1986) Fish 3 X 6 X Brooke et al. (1984); Buccafusco et al. (1981); Geiger et al. (1985); Heitmuller et al. (1981); Shell Oil Co. (1986); Walbridge et al. (1983) Non-Fish Vertebrates (i.e., amphibians, reptiles, mammals) - - Chronic exposure Vegetation 3 X Dow Chemical Co. (1988); Schafer et al. (1993); Schafer et al. (1994) Invertebrate 2 X 1 X Dow Chemical Co. (1988); Hollister et al. (1968); Hunter/ESE Inc. (1989) Fish 1 X 1 X Benoit et al. (1982) Non-Fish Vertebrates (i.e., amphibians, reptiles, mammals) - - Terrestrial Acute Vegetation - - exposure Invertebrate 5 X - Neuhauser et al. (1985); Neuhauser et al. (1986) 17 ------- Vertebrates 8 X 4 X Bruckner et al. (1989); Crebelli et al. (1995); Crebelli et al. (1999); Dow Chemical Co. (1989a); Dow Chemical Co. (1989d); Dow Chemical Co. (1992a); Herr and Boyes (1997); Imberti et al. (1990); Kirk et al. (1995); Selan and Evans (1987); Trevisan et al. (1989) Chronic Vegetation - - exposure Invertebrate 1 X - Neuhauser et al. (1985) Vertebrates 20 X 2 X Bruckner et al. (1989); Dow Chemical Co. (1988); Dow Chemical Co. (1989b); Dow Chemical Co. (1989c); Dow Chemical Co. (1989e); Dow Chemical Co. (1989f); Dow Chemical Co. (1990); Dow Chemical Co. (1992b); Dow Chemical Co. (1993); Dow Chemical Co. (2000); Kirk et al. (1995); National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1986); Rohm and Haas Co. (1992); Shell Oil Co. (1986); Shell Oil Co. (1992); Terrill et al. (1991); Trevisan et al. (1989) The dash indicates that no studies relevant for environmental hazard were identified during the initial review and thus the "Observed Effects" column is left blank. The X in the Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. The N/A in the Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was not reported by one of the referenced studies' abstract (full reference review has not been conducted). 18 ------- 7. Exposure potential Approach EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental, worker/occupational, consumer and general population exposures to 1,2-dichloropropane. Release potential for environmental and human health exposure In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery; treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization); recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released to the environment. Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure EPA approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) for 1,2- dichloropropane. to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this review are detailed in the following tables. General population exposure EPA identified environmental concentration, human and ecological biomonitoring data to inform 1,2-dichloropropane's exposure potential to the general population (Table 13). Results and Discussion Release potential for environmental and human health exposure Aggregated quantities of 1,2-dichloropropane released on-site to air, water, and land, and aggregated quantities of 1,2-dichloropropane transferred off-site to POTW and other wastewater treatment facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 1 lError! Reference source not found, f or Reporting Years (RY) 2011, 2015, and 2017. The table does not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management activities (e.g., recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a TRI Form R report for 1,2-dichloropropane for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data presented were obtained from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019. 19 ------- Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,2-Dichloropropane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017 and Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential Total Total Quantities Year Number of Facilities That Reported Total Quantities Released Total Quantities Released On- Quantities Released (Disposed Total Quantities Transferred Transferred to Other (Non- POTW) On-Site to Site to Water of) On-Site to POTW Wastewater Air (lbs.) (lbs.) to Land (lbs.) (lbs.) Treatment Facilities (lbs.) 2011 15 63,770 628 3,108 0 122 2015 16 16,604 304 838 0 12,511 2017 14 19,868 225 239 0 4,803 Note: POTW = publicly owned treatment works Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b For RY 2017, fourteen facilities submitted TRI reports for 1,2-dichloropropane. The total quantities of 1,2-dichloropropane these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions), surface water, and land are: 19,868 pounds, 225 pounds, and 239 pounds, respectively. These facilities reported zero pounds of the chemical transferred to POTW and 4,803 pounds transferred off-site to other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of wastewater treatment. These transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for wastewater treatment that may lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include quantities sent off-site for other types of waste management activities that include, or may lead to, releases of the chemical. Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility sent off-site prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility. Some of the quantities of 1,2-dichloropropane received by the non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities may have been released to surface waters or to air during treatment processes at the facilities. 1,2- Dichloropropane has a vapor pressure of around 52 at 25 °C. This chemical's vapor pressure indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing, processing and use. When chemical substances are used as reactants and as intermediates, the industrial releases may be a relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when a high percentage of the chemical reacts without excess loss during its use as an intermediate. It is unknown if the actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical associated with this processing or use are not known Worker/Occupational exposure Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to volume produced, processed, distributed, used and disposed of; physical form and concentration; processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor pressure, solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and exposure controls such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a personal protective equipment (PPE) program. 20 ------- 1,2- Dichloropropane has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) n. The PEL is 75 parts per million (ppm) or 350 milligrams (mg)/cubic meter (m3) over an 8-hour work day, time weighted average (TWA). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) set the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 10 ppm TWA. 1,2- Dichloropropane has a vapor pressure of approximately 52 at 25 °C/77 °F. Its vapor pressure indicates the potential for inhalation exposure to vapors generated by the liquid at ambient room temperature conditions. The extent of inhalation exposure could vary from facility to facility depending on many factors including but not limited to engineering control, type of facility and design. Consumer exposure The 2012 CDR, and 2016 CDR \V\ 2012k I S. i j\\. 2016a) have no reported use of 1,2-dichloropropane in consumer products, however there is reported use of 1,2-dichloropropane in consumer products in the Consumer Product Database (CPDat) (Table 12). Existing assessments reviewed also indicate that humans may be exposed through use of commercial products in which 1,2-dichloropropane is used as a solvent in products such as glues, adhesives, degreasers, stain remover, car care products, and in paint remover (NICNAS .>U_ , ^ j < 86). Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers Chemical Identity Consumer Product Database Consumer Uses (List) 1,2-Dichloropropane (78-87-5) Cleaner, fluid property modulator, solvent Reference: CPDat General population exposure 1,2-Dichloropropane was reported in air, water, and soil/sediment matrices, as well as in human blood and aquatic, non-mammalian ecological biomonitoring data. Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population Database Name Env. Concen. Data Present? Human Biomon. Data Present? Ecological Biomon. Data Present? Reference California Air Resources Board no no no CARB (2005) Comparative Toxicogenomics Database no no no MDI (2002) EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center - Air Toxics Data yes no no U.S. EPA (1990) EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data yes no no U.S. EPA (2007) 11 OSHA, 2019. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-l.htmi 21 ------- Database Name Env. Concen. Data Present? Human Biomon. Data Present? Ecological Biomon. Data Present? Reference EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule yes no no U.S. EPA (.1.996) FDA Total Diet Study no no no FDA (.1.99.1.) Great Lakes Environmental Database yes no no U.S. EPA (20.1.8b) Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring Data yes no no EC (20.1.8) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea no no no ICES (20.1.8) OECD Monitoring Database no yes no OECD (20.1.8) Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey no no no U.S. EPA (2006) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey no yes no cmmrn USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council no no no USGS (1991a) USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Air no no no USGS (1.991b) USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water yes no no USGS (1.991c) USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment yes no no USGS (.1.99.1.d) USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Soil yes no no USGS (1991e) USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water yes no no USGS (199If) USGS Monitoring Data -National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue no no yes USGS (.1.99.1.g) 11 Concen.= concentration b Biomon.= biomonitoring EPA anticipates releases of 1,2-dichloropropane into the environment due to the conditions of use for 1,2-dichloropropane, particularly activities associated with the chemical's manufacturing and processing. Releases of 1,2-dichloropropane from certain conditions of use, such as manufacturing and processing activities, may result in general population exposure through breathing contaminated ambient air or consuming contaminated drinking water (CM ). Existing assessments reported that 1,2-dichloropropane appears to be stable and present in the air, soil, surface water, and groundwater fRIVM 2007. OECD 2.006. C ). Based on fate properties, such as the Henry's Law constant, EPA anticipates possible presence of 1,2-dichloropropane in air. In addition, 1,2-dichloropropane can be introduced to the environment as an impurity of 1,3-dichloropropane. Until the early 1980s, 1,3-dichloropropane 22 ------- was used as a fumigant in soil and in grain crops, where most of the chemical was released to the air or groundwater where breakdown is slow H" \ AT SDK ! *9). 23 ------- 8. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the chemical substance's priority EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical substance's priority. 9. Proposed designation and Rationale Proposed designation: High-priority substance Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information for exposure and hazard and is proposing to find that 1,2-dichloropropane may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health and/or the environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations (e.g., workers, consumers, women of reproductive age, and children). This is based on the potential hazard and potential exposure of 1,2-dichloropropane under the conditions of use described in this document to support the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA expects that the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use and disposal of 1,2-dichloropropane may result in presence of the chemical in surface water and groundwater, ingestion of the chemical in drinking water, inhalation of the chemical from air releases, exposure to workers and exposure to the general population, including exposure to children. In addition, EPA identified potential environmental (e.g., aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity), and human health hazards (e.g., acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, toxicokinetic, irritation/corrosion, dermal sensitization, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, observations in epidemiological studies or biomonitoring studies). 24 ------- 10. References *Note: All hyperlinked in-text citations are also listed below * Ashworth, R; Howe, G; Mullins, M; Rogers, T. (1988). Air-water partitioning coefficients of organics in dilute aqueous solutions. 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Acute toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas): Volume I (pp. 414). Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior. Bruckner, JV; Mackenzie, WF; Ramanathan, R; Muralidhara, S; Kim, HJ; Dallas, CE. (1989). Oral toxicity of 1,2-dichloropropane: acute, short-term, and long-term studies in rats. Toxicological Sciences. 12: 713-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(89)90003-1 Buccafusco, RJ; Ells, SJ; LeBlanc, GA. (1981). Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 26: 446-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622118 Budavari, S. (1996). The Merck index - An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. (pp. 1349). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merch and Co, Inc. Budavari, S; O'Neil, MJ; Smith, A; Heckelman, PE. (1989). The Merck index: An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals (11th ed., pp. 1247). 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Midland, MI: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Dow Chemical Co. (1989c). Propylene dichloride: dominant lethal study in Sprague-Dawley rats (final) with cover letters (pp. 113). (OTS0527736. EPA I.D. 408967206). https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults.xhtml?searchQuery=OTS0527736 Dow Chemical Co. (1989d). Propylene dichloride: Oral teratology probe study in Sprague- Dawley rats with cover letter (pp. 149). (EPA/OTS Doc.#40-896719). Midland, MI. Dow Chemical Co. (1989e). Propylene dichloride: Oral teratology study in New Zealand White Rabbits with cover letter. (EPA/OTS Doc.#40-8967189). Midland, MI. 26 ------- Dow Chemical Co. (1989f) Propylene Dichloride: Oral Teratology Study in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Final) with Cover Letter (pp.226). (EPA/OTS Doc.#40-8967207). Dow Chemical Co. (1990). Propylene dichloride: two-generation reproduction study in sprague- dawley rats (final) with cover letter (pp. 170). (TSCATS/411990. OTS0527738. EPA Doc. ID 40-9067215). Midland, MI. 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