United States Office of Chemical Safety and
Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention
Proposed Designation of
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
as a High-Priority Substance
for Risk Evaluation
August 22,2019
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Table of Contents
List of Tables iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3
Approach 3
Results and Discussion 3
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 4
Approach 4
CDR and TRI Tables 4
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 9
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 10
Approach 10
Results and Discussion 10
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation 11
Approach 11
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables 11
Results and Discussion 14
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 14
Approach 14
Results and Discussion 15
7. Hazard potential 16
Approach 16
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 16
8. Exposure potential 23
Approach 23
Results and Discussion 23
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the
designation of the chemical substance's priority 27
10. Proposed designation and Rationale 28
11. References 29
ii
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List of Tables
Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production
Volume in Pounds) 3
Table 2. o-Dichlorobenzene (95-50-1) Categories and Subcategories of
Conditions of Use (2016 CDR reporting cycle) 5
Table 3. o-Dichlorobenzene (95-50-1) Categories and Subcategories of
Conditions of Use (2012 CDR reporting cycle) 6
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for o-Dichlorobenzene,
Reporting Year 201 la 6
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for o-Dichlorobenzene,
Reporting Year 2015a 7
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for o-Dichlorobenzene,
Reporting Year 2017a 8
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of o-Dichlorobenzene 11
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of o-Dichlorobenzene 13
Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for o-Dichlorobenzene 16
Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for o-Dichlorobenzene
18
Table 11. The TRI Data on o-Dichlorobenzene from Reporting Years 2011,
2015, and 2017 Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential
24
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 26
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population
26
in
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term Definition
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BCF Bioaccumulation factor
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BP Boiling Point
CAA Clean Air Act
CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
CBI Confidential Business Information
CDR Chemical Data Reporting
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CPDat Chemical and Products Database
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
GC Gas Chromatography
IUR Inventory Update Rule
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
K Thousand
Koc Organic carbon-water partition coefficient
Kow Octanol-water partition coefficient
M Million
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MP Melting Point
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NIH National Institute of Health
NKRA Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
NR Not Reported
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
•OH Hydroxyl radical
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
SIDS Screening Information Data Sets
SMILES Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System
TBD To be determined
iv
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Term Definition
TG Test Guideline
TLV Threshold Limit Value
TRI Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
VP Vapor Pressure
WS Water Solubility
v
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1. Introduction
In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high-
priority substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines,
without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of
exposure under the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA.
Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant
to TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen
the candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and
considerations:
• the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance;
• persistence and bioaccumulation;
• potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations;
• storage near significant sources of drinking water;
• conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical
substance;
• the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production volume;
and
• other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority.
This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and
considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.9 for a may present risk finding. The information sources
used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of
TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in
Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012)
(40 CFR 702.9(b)). Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority chemical
substance would immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final
rule, Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control
Act (40 CFR 702)1.
o-Dichlorobenzene is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as referenced
in the March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that o-dichlorobenzene is a
suitable candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority chemical substance. The
proposed designation is based on results of the review against the aforementioned criteria and
considerations as well as review of the reasonably available information on o-dichlorobenzene,
including relevant information received from the public and other information as appropriate.
1 For all 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title40-vol33/xml/CFR-2018-title40-vol33-part702.xml and
https://www.re gulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HO-OPPT-2Q .1.6-0654-0.1.08
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/docnments/2019/03/21/2019-05404/init.iation-of-prioritization-niider-the-toxic-
substances-control-act-tsca
1
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EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation
of o-dichlorobenzene. The docket number for providing comments on o-dichlorobenzene is
EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0444 and is available at www.regulations.gov.
The information, analysis, and basis used for the review of the chemical is organized as follows:
• Section 1 (Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended TSCA
and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations — pertinent to
the prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances.
• Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This section
presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of the
chemical substance.
• Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section
presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of use
under TSCA.
• Section 4 (Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents
information and analysis regarding potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations,
including children, women of reproductive age, and workers, with respect to the chemical
substance.
• Section 5 (Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and
analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and the
chemical's fate characteristics.
• Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents
information and analysis considered regarding the risk from the storage of the chemical
substance near significant sources of drinking water.
• Section 7 (HazardPotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to the
chemical substance.
• Section 8 (Exposure Potential): This section presents information and analysis regarding
the exposures to the chemical substance.
• Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA
identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
• Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and the
information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA to
support the proposed designation.
2
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2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume
Approach
EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance
using information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported
information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for o-dichlorobenzene
reported under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
rule.3
Results and Discussion
The national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range to protect individual
site production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds)
Chemical ID
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
o-Dichlorobenzene
(95-50-1)
>10Mto
50M
>50M to
10M
>10Mto
50M
>50M to
100M
>10Mto
50M
lOMto
<50M
500K to
1M
lOOKto
500M
lOOKto
500K
lOOKto
500K
lOOKto
500K
K = thousand, M = million
Reference: U.S. EPA (20.1.3) and U.S. EPA (20.1.7)
Production volume of o-dichlorobenzene in 2015, as reported to EPA during the 2016 CDR
reporting period, was 100,000 to 500,000 pounds (Table 1). National aggregate production
volume of o-dichlorobenzene as reported to EPA has generally decreased over time. Between
1986 and 2006, aggregate production was either 10 million to 50 million pounds [reporting years
(RY) 1986, 1994, 2002, and 2006) or 50 million to 100 million pounds (RY 1990 and 1998).
Aggregate production volume of o-dichlorobenzene was between 500,000 and 1 million pounds
in 2011, and between 100,000 and 500,000 pounds from 2012 to 2015.
3 Over time, the requirements for reporting frequency, production volume thresholds, and chemical substance under
the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule have changed. CDR was formerly known as the Inventory Update Rule
(IUR). The first IUR collection occurred in 1986 and continued every four years through 2006. As part of two
rulemakings in 2003 and 2005, EPA made a variety of changes to the IUR, including to change the reporting
frequency to every five years to address burdens associated with new reporting requirements. Additional changes to
reporting requirements were made in 2011, including to suspend and replace the 2011 submission period with a
2012 submission period, return to reporting every four years, and require the reporting of all years beginning with
2011 production volumes. The reporting of production volumes for all years was added because of the mounting
evidence that many chemical substances, even larger production volume chemical substances, often experience wide
fluctuations in production volume from year to year. In addition, also as part of the 2011 IUR Modifications final
rule (76 FR 50816, Aug 16, 2011), EPA changed the name of the regulation from IUR to CDR to better reflect the
distinction between this data collection (which includes exposure-related data) and the TSCA Inventory itself (which
only involves chemical identification information).
3
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3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use
Approach
EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions
of use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to
mean the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance
is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in
commerce, used, or disposed of.
A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the
conditions of use for o-dichlorobenzene was submitted by manufacturers (including importers)
under the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including
importers) to report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import
into the United States greater than 25,000 pounds per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply
(in which case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 pounds per site). CDR includes
information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the
known manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical substance, EPA assumes distribution
in commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution
or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of
additional uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that
are not regulated under TSCA.
For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and
Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement
the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5 and 6). There is not a one-to-one
correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II
Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R
submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported.
In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information
pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and
treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR
information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6. For purposes of this proposed
prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to air,
wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use.
CDR and TRI Tables
Based on the publicly available4 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use
information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA
developed a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Tables 2 and 3,
respectively).
4 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI.
4
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Table 2. o-Dichlorobenzene (CASRN 95-50-1) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions
of Use5 (2016 CDR reporting cycle)
Life Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacture
Domestic
manufacture/Import
CBI6
\ S I-'!1 \ ! 2019a)
Import
Import
Processing
Processing - incorporating
into formulation, mixture
or reaction product
Intermediates in:
-all other basic organic
chemical manufacturing
2.019a)
Processing - incorporating
into formulation, mixture
or reaction product
Solvents (which become
part of product
formulation or mixture)
in:
-Plastic material and
resin manufacturing
2.019a)
Processing - incorporating
into formulation, mixture
or reaction product
Pigments in:
-Printing ink
manufacturing
-Paint and coating
manufacturing
- Synthetic dye and
pigment.
2.019a)
Recvclinu
cm
Distribution in
Commerce :i ''
Distribution in Commerce
Commercial
Ink, toner, and colorant
products
Ink and toners
U.S. EPA. (2019a)
Paints and coatings
Coatings and paints,
thinners, paint removers
2.019a)
Disposal :|
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
5 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
6 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
7 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
5
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Table 3. o-Dichlorobenzene (CASRN 95-50-1) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions
of Use8 (2012 CDR reporting cycle)
Life Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacture
Import
Import
2019a)
Processing
Processing -
incorporating into
formulation, mixture
or reaction product
Solvents (which
become part of a
product formulation
or mixture):
-All Other Basic
Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
\ S I-'!1 \ ! 2019a)
Processing
Processing as a
reactant
All Other Chemical
Product and
Preparation
Manufacturing
2.019a)
Processing
Recycling
CBI9
2019a)
Distribution in
Distribution in
com mora.1
Commerce
Commercial Consumer
NKRA
NKRA
Disposal :|
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemicals. CDR may not provide
information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e.,
disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
Notes: CBI=Confidential business information; NKRA= Not known or reasonably ascertainable
EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information
about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that
a condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing.
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for o-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2011
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Produce or import for
on-site use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Produce or import as a
byproduct
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process - repackaging
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
8 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
9 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
6
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use - as a
chemical processing
aid
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise use - as a
manufacturing aid
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise use -
ancillary or other use
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy Recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 2019b
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for o-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2015
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
on-site
use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as
a byproduct
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process as an article
component
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Process -
repackaging
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
7
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use - as a
chemical processing
aid
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise use -
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
ancillary or other use
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Management
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy Recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported
to TRI for o-Dichlorobenzene, Reporting Year 2017
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as a
byproduct
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process - repackaging
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use - as a
chemical processing aid
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise use - ancillary
or other use
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
8
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Waste
Management
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy Recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing
3273
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and
Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use
For the 2012 CDR, several sites reported domestic manufacture/import of o-dichlorobenzene.
For the 2016 CDR, domestic manufacture/import of o-dichlorobenzene was claimed CBI.
Reported uses varied for processing uses or processing/industrial uses that were reported
between 2012 and 2016. In 2012, one site reported use of o-dichlorobenzene in processing -
incorporating into a formulation, mixture or reaction product in solvents in all other basic
organic chemical manufacturing. The same use was not reported in 2016. In 2012, one site
reported use of o-dichlorobenzene in processing as a reactant in all other chemical product and
preparation manufacturing; no sites reported that use in 2016. In 2016, one site reported use of o-
dichlorobenzene in processing - incorporating into formulation, mixture or reaction product - as
intermediates in all other basic organic chemical manufacturing. No sites reported that use in
2012. In 2016, one site reported the use of the chemical in processing - incorporating into
formulation, mixture or reaction product in solvents in plastic material and resin manufacturing,
and no sites reported the use in 2012. In 2016, one site reported use of o-dichlorobenzene in
processing - incorporating into formulation, mixture or reaction product - in pigments in printing
ink manufacturing, paint and coating manufacturing and synthetic dye and pigment. No sites
reported that use in 2012. Due to CBI, EPA cannot disclose whether o-dichlorobenzene is
recycled.10
For commercial and consumer uses, one site reported commercial/consumer uses in 2012 as not
known or reasonably ascertainable (NKRA). In 2016, one site reported commercial uses in ink,
toner and colorant products, inks and toners. Consumer uses were also identified in additional
databases, which are included in the Exposure Potential section (Section 8).
10 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
9
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There were no reports to CDR of any use of o-dichlorobenzene in children's products.
TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic
Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. RY 2011, 2015, and
2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar years 2011, 2015, and 2017,
respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities that apply to the TRI chemical
at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI dataset updated in April 2019.
Table 4, 5, and 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI by industry group for 2011,
2015, and 2017. Waste management activity type include all industry groups that reported to TRI
using each waste management activity for o-dichlorobenzene.
During the first public comment period for the draft high priority designation of o-dichloro-
benzene, EPA received information about uses of the chemical in the aerospace industry
including in the manufacture, operation and maintenance of aerospace products and as a
constituent in inks and oils.
Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a
high-priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be
undertaken as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation.
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
Approach
In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, workers, consumers
or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U that
indicates whether the chemical substance is used in products and articles subject to TSCA and
are intended for children. These data provide an indication about whether children or other
susceptible subpopulation may be potentially exposed (e.g., workers, women of reproductive
age). EPA also used human health hazard information to identify potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations.
Results and Discussion
At this stage, EPA identified children, women of reproductive age, consumers and workers as
subpopulations who may be potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations for o-
dichlorobenzene.
Children
EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles
intended for children over time for o-dichlorobenzene. The 2012 and 2016 CDR did not report
any use in children's products (U.S. EPA, 2019a). In the existing assessments reviewed, there
was no discussion on the susceptibility of children to o-dichlorobenzene. However, EPA
identified potential developmental hazards that would impact any stage of children's
development.
10
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Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statute)
EPA identified studies that observed developmental and reproductive effects following exposure
to o-dichlorobenzene (Section 7, Table 9). Thus, women of reproductive age were identified as a
potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation.
Consideration of women of reproductive age as a potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulation was also based on exposure because women of reproductive age are potential
workers in the manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal of the
chemical substance.
Workers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential
occupational exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
Consumers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential consumer
exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation
Approach
EPA reviewed reasonably available data, such as physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate characteristics, to understand o-dichlorobenzene's persistence and
bioaccumulation.
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables
Tables 7 and 8 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate
characteristics of o-dichlorobenzene, respectively.
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of o-Dichlorobenzene
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Molecular Formula
C6H4CI2
CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Molecular Weight
147.002 g/mole
CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Physical State
Liquid
CRC Handbook (Rumble, 2018)
Physical Form
Colorless to pale-yellow liquid
HSDB (2014) citing NIOSH (2005)
Purity
>98.0% active ingredient (high purity
grade); 80-90% active ingredient
(technical grade)
Impurities include <0.2%
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and <0.005%
monochlorobenzene (high purity grade) or
<19.0% other dichlorobenzenes isomers,
HSDB (2014) citina IARC (1982)
11
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
<1.0%trichlorobenzenes and <0.05%
monochlorobenzene (technical grade)
Melting Point
-16.7 °C
ATSDR (2006): Plivsoroo (2012):
HSDB (2014) citina O'Neil (2006):
OECD (2001)
Boiling Point
180 °Cb
ATSDR (2006): Plivsoroo (2012);
HSDB (2014) citina O'Neil (2006)
180.3 °C
OECD (2001)
Density
1.3059 g/mL at 20 °C
.vlM HI (2006); HSDB (2014)
citing O'Neil (2006)
1.3007 at 25 °Cb
OECD (2001)
Vapor Pressure
1.36 mmHg at 25 °C
ATS
Dann
OEC
DR (2006): Daubert and
er (1989): HSDB (20.1.4):
D (200.1.)
Vapor Density
5.05 (air = 1)
BSD
OEC
B (20.1.4) citing Lewis (1999);
D (200.1.)
Water Solubility
156 mg/L at 25 °C
ATSDR (2006); Baneriee et al.
(1980); HSDB (20.1.4) citing
Yalkowsky et al. (2003)
130 mg/L at 20 °C
OECD (2001)
Log Kow
3.43b
ATSDR (2006): Hansch et al.
(1995): HSDB (20.1.4): OECD
(200.1.)
3.49
OECD (200.1.)
3.56
OECD (200.1.)
Henry's Law
Constant
1.92* 10"3 atm-m3/mole at 25 °Cb
Atkinson (1989): ATSDR (2006)
1.5 x 10"3 atm-m3/mole at 20 °C
HSDB (20.1.4) citina Staudinaer and
Roberts (1996)
Flash Point
68.33 °C (open cup), 65.56 °C (closed
cup)
HSDB (20.1.4): Clavton and Clavton
(1993)
28 °C (closed cup)
ATSDR (2006)
74 °C (open cup), 68 °C (closed cup)
H.SD
B (20.1.4): ACGIH (2007)
66 °C (closed cup), 68 °C (closed cup)
OEC
D (200.1.)
Auto Flammability
648 °Cb
H.SD
OEC
B (20.1.4): ACGIH (2007);
D (200.1.)
640 °C
ATSDR (2006)
Viscosity
1.324 mPa second at 25 °C
HSDB (20.1.4) citina Lide (2005)
Refractive Index
TBD
TBD
Dielectric Constant
12.12 at 293.2 °K
HSDB (20.1.4) citina Lide (2005)
Surface Tension
36.61 dyn/cm
HSDB (20.1.4) citina Kirk-Othmer
(1993)
a Measured unless otherwise noted
bSelected value
Notes: TBD = to be determined, if reasonably available. EPA is particularly interested in information from
the public on these properties or endpoints.
12
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Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of o-Dichlorobenzene
Property or
Endpoint
Value8
Reference
Direct
Photodegradation
Not expected; does not contain chromophores that
absorb at wavelengths >290 nm
HSDB (2014) citina Lvman
et al. (1990): OECD (2001)
Indirect
Photodegradation
ti/2 = 38 days (12-hour day; 5 x 105 -OH/cm3) from
OH rate constant 4.2 * 10~13 cm3/molecule-second
at 25 °Cb
HSDB (2014) citing Atkinson
(1989); PhvsDi'OD (2012)
ti/2 = 27 days (5 x 105 -OH/cm3); -OH rate constant
3 x if)-13 cm3/molecule-second
OECD (2001)
ti/2 = 53 days (1 / 105 -OH/cm3); -OH rate constant
3 x if)-13 cm3/molecule-second
OECD (2001)
Hydrolysis
o-dichlorobenzene is not expected to undergo
hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of
hydrolysable functional groups
HSDB (2014) citina Lvman
et al. (1990)
Biodegradation
0%/28 days of theoretical BOD (Japanese MITI
test) with activated sludge (aerobic water)
HSDB (2014) citina CITI
(1992)
25%/300 days removed from an aerobic soil
column (closed system) (aerobic soil)
OECD (2001)
100%/4 months in aerobic Rhine River sediment
column (closed system) after 60-100-day lag
period (aerobic sediment)
ATSDR (2006)
ti/2 = 37 days (first-order biodegradation rate
constant = 0.0188 days"1) in acclimated anaerobic
sediment slurry obtained from the Tsurumi River,
Japan (anaerobic sediment)
HSDB (2014) citina Masunaa
et al. (1996)
6.3%/10 weeks in an alkaline soil sample
HSDB (2014) citina Haider et
al. (1974)
ti/2 =117 days in a heterogeneous aquifer at the
Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi
HSDB (2014) citina Stauffer
et al. (1994)
ti/2 =12 days in pure culture laboratory batch
microcosms following a 13-day lag period
HSDB (2014) citina Nielsen
et al. (1996)
Wastewater
Treatment
Elimination efficiencies from 15% to 53% during
infiltration and soil percolation of o-
dichlorobenzene containing wastewater from a
wastewater treatment plant
OECD (2001)
75% total removal (47% by biodegradation, 7% by
sludge, 20% by volatilization to air; estimated)13
EPI Suite (2012)
Bioconcentration
Factor
90-260 (carp) and 270-560 (rainbow trout)
HSDB (2014) citina CITI
(1992) and Oliver and Niimi
(1983)
6,212-19,700 (Selenastrum capricornuturn, algae)
HSDB (2014) citina Casserlv
et al. (1983); OECD (200.1.)
66 (whole-body BCF measured in bluegill sunfish)
HSDB (20.1.4) citina Barrows
et al. (1980)
Bioaccumulation
Factor
240 (estimated)13
EPI Suite (20.1.2)
Soil Organic
Carbon:Water
2.45 (in silt loam soil)
HSDB (20.1.4) citina Chiou et
al. (1979)
13
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Partition
Coefficient (Log
Koc)
2.5
.vlM HI (2006); HSDB
(20.1.4) citing Chiou et al.
(1979); OECD (200.1.)
3.7 (in sediment) Ise Bay, Japan
HSDB (20.1.4) citing Masunaa
et al. (1996)
4.3 (in sediment) Lake Ketelmeer, the Netherlands
HSDB (20.1.4) citina ten
Hulscher et al. (1997)
aMeasured unless otherwise noted
bEPI Suite™ physical property inputs: Log Kow = 3.43, BP = 180 °C, MP = -16.7 °C, VP = 1.36 mm Hg, WS = 156
mg/L, HLC = 0.00192 atm-m3/mole, BIOP = 40, BioA = 10 and BioS = 10 SMILES: c(c(cccl)Cl)(cl)Cl
Notes:-OH = hydroxyl radical; OECD = Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; TG = test
guideline; GC = gas chromatography; MITI = Ministry of International Trade and Industry; BCF = bioaccumulation
factor; BOD = biochemical oxygen demand
Results and Discussion
o-Dichlorobenzene is a volatile, water-soluble liquid (156 mg/L). Measured Henry's Law
constant (1.92xl0"3 atm-m3/mol) and vapor pressure (1.36 mm Hg) data indicate that this
chemical is not likely to persist in surface water or soil as it will likely volatilize upon release. In
the air, o-dichlorobenzene is expected to exist in the vapor phase where it may react with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at a rate corresponding to a half-life of 38 days. It is
not expected to be susceptible to direct photodegradation. o-Dichlorobenzene is also not
expected to be susceptible to hydrolysis in an aqueous environment due to a lack of hydrolysable
functional groups.
In aerobic aquatic environments, o-dichlorobenzene is not readily biodegradable. In water, this
chemical showed no biodegradation over a 28-day incubation period using activated sludge and
the OECD 301C test method. However, o-dichlorobenzene may biodegrade slowly under certain
environmental conditions in soils and aquatic sediments. Half-lives of 12 and 117 days have
been reported for pure culture and field studies in an aquifer, respectively. In soil, it reached 25
percent degradation after 300 days using an aerobic soil, 6.3 percent degradation after 10 weeks
using an alkaline soil, and 100 percent degradation after 4 months following a lag-phase using
river sediment.
In anaerobic aquatic environments, o-dichlorobenzene is biodegradable. It has a reported half-
life of 37 days using an acclimated anaerobic sediment slurry. These data suggest that o-
dichlorobenzene may be moderately persistent in subsurface environments, groundwater, or
enclosed pipes when volatilization is not an option. Furthermore, this chemical has low to high
potential for bioaccumulation based on measured bioconcentration factors in carp (90-260),
rainbow trout (270-560), bluegill sunfish (66), and algae (6,212-19,700), and an estimated
bioaccumulation factor of 240.
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water
Approach
To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions
of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The
14
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statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near
significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical
substance's potential human health hazard and exposure.
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of
existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the
chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 40 CFR Part 141) and regulations
under the Clean Water Act (CWA; 40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the
consolidated list of chemical substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous
Substances and Section 313 Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act
(CAA) Section 112(r) (Regulated Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by
one of these authorities is an indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental
hazard which, if released near a significant source of drinking water, could present an
unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment.
Results and Discussion
o-Dichlorobenzene is a designated toxic pollutant under Section 307(a)(1) of the CWA and as
such is subject to effluent limitations. It is also a Priority Pollutant under the CWA and is
included in the list of total toxic organics. EPA has established Ambient Water Quality Criteria
for o-dichlorobenzene. The chemical is a designated hazardous substance under Section
311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. o-Dichlorobenzene is also subject to
the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations under the SDWA with a Maximum
Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) of 0.6 (mg/L) and an enforceable Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) of 0.6 (mg/L).
o-Dichlorobenzene is subject to reporting requirements under EPCRA. It is also considered a
CERCLA hazardous substance and releases in quantities equal to or greater than 100 pounds are
subject to reporting to the National Response Center.
o-Dichlorobenzene is also subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
[RCRA; hazardous waste number U070 (non-acute hazardous waste)]. RCRA directs EPA
to develop and promulgate criteria for identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste, and for
listing hazardous waste, taking into account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature,
potential for accumulation in tissue and other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness,
and other hazardous characteristics. It is also listed on the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization (SARA), an amendment to CERCLA and the CERCLA Priority List of
Hazardous Substances.
15
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7. Hazard potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases
to identify potential human health and environmental hazards for o-dichlorobenzene (Tables 9
and 10, respectively).
EPA/OPPT used the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX) to identify
single chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA, 2018a). It uses a
comprehensive chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that is conducted
according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)11. The environmental hazard information
was populated in ECOTOX and is available for the public. In comparison to the approach used to
survey human health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to identify additional
environmental hazard data for isomers of o-dichlorobenzene, if available, to fill in potential data
gaps when there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed to the o-
dichlorobenzene (Table 10).
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables
EPA identified potential human health and environmental hazards based on a review of the
reasonable available information for o-dichlorobenzene (Tables 9 and 10, respectively).
Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for o-Dichlorobenzene
Human Health Hazards
Tested for a
Specific Effect
Specific Effect
Observed
Data Source
Acute Toxicity
X
X
EPA (2009): Cal EPA (2009).
(2006); RiVM (2001);
OECD (2001): NICNAS (2001):
I ARC (1999)
Repeated Dose Toxicity
X
X
EPA (2009): ATSDR (2006): RIVM
(2001): OECD (2001): NICNAS
(2001): IARC (1999)
Genetic Toxicity
X
EPA (2009): ATSDR (2006): OECD
(2001): NICNAS (21
Reproductive Toxicity
X
X
EPA (2009): ATSDR (2006)
Developmental Toxicity
X
EPA (2009): OECD (2001): NICNAS
(2001): IARC (1999)
Toxicokinetic
X
EPA (2009)
ATSDR (2006): OECD
(2001): NIC
NAS (2001)
Irritation/ Corrosion
X
X
EPA (2009)
> \ SDR (2006): OECD
(2001): NIC
NAS (2001)
Respiratory Sensitization
Dermal Sensitization
X
X
OECD (2001): NICNAS (2001)
11 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at:
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/help.cfm?helptabs=tab4
16
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Carcinogenicity
X
EPA (2009): Cal EPA (2009):
NICNAS (2001); IARC (1999)
Neurotoxicity
X
X
(2006)
Immunotoxicity
X
X
RIVM (2001): OECD (2001):
NICNAS (2001)
Epidemiological Studies
or Biomonitoring Studies
X
X
Mt'im (2006)
Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the
referenced studies. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of reasonably
available information to support the proposed designation.
17
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Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for o-Dich
Isomers of
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
Study
Duration
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 0-64-67)
Media
Taxa Groups
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 54-17-31)
Data Sources
Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 2532-12-26)
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Aquatic
Acute
exposure
Vegetation
13
X
10
X
Altenburger et al. (2004); Casserly et al.
(1983), Galassi and Vighi (1981); Tsai and
Chen (2007); Figueroa and Simmons (1991);
Figueroa (1990); Galassi and Vighi (1981);
Tsai and Chen (2007); Kuhn and Pattard
(1990); Nendza and Wenzel (2006); Ma et al.
(1997); Wong et al. (1984); Zhang et al.
(2016); Zhang etal. (2017)
Invertebrate
16
X
13
X
Abernethy et al. (1986); Bobra et al. (1983);
Bobra et al. (1985); Butler et al. (1960) Call
et al. (1979a) Call et al. (1980a); Call et al.
(1980b); Call et al. (1983); Curtis and Ward
(1981); Curtis et al. (1979); Davis and Hidu
(1969); Gersich et al. (1986); Kuhn et al.
(1989); LeBlanc (1980); Lindley et al.
(1999); Mortimer and Connell (1995); Radix
et al. (1999), Roghair et al. (1994); Yoshioka
etal. (1985)
orobenzene
18
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Isomers of
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
Study
Duration
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 0-64-67)
Media
Taxa Groups
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 54-17-31)
Data Sources
Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 2532-12-26)
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Aquatic
Acute
exposure
Fish
16
X
22
X
Ahmad et al. (1984); Broderius and Kahl
(1985); Buccafusco etal. (1981); Dow
Chemical Co. (1982); Call et al. (1979a);
Call et al. (1979b); Call et al. (1983);
Carlson and Kosian (1987); Chaisuksant et
al. (1997); Curtis and Ward (1981);
Dow Chemical Co. (1987); Geiger et al.
(1986); Curtis et al. (1978); Curtis et al.
(1979); Furay and Smith (1995); Ganesan et
al. (2013); Geiger et al. (1986); Heitmuller et
al. (1981); Mayer and Ellersieck (1986);
Mayes et al. (1983); Sijm et al. (1993);
Smith et al. (1991), Tanneberger et al.
(2010), Veith et al. (1983a,b), Versonnen et
al. (2003), Weil et al. (2009)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians,
reptiles, mammals)
19
-------
Isomers of
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
Study
Duration
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 0-64-67)
Media
Taxa Groups
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 54-17-31)
Data Sources
Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 2532-12-26)
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Vegetation
4
X
2
X
Ukeles (1962); Zhang et al. (2016); Zhang et
al. (2017)
Aquatic
Chronic
exposure
Invertebrate
5
X
10
X
Calamari et al. (1983); Call et al. (1980a);
Call et al. (1980b) Davis and Hidu (1969);
Deneer et al. (1988); Kuhn et al. (1989);
Mortimer and Connell (1994); Mortimer and
Connell (1995); Olmstead and LeBlanc
(2005); Radix et al. (1999); Tong et al.
(2010); Van der Zandt et al. (1994); Zhang et
al. (2012)
Fish
7
X
13
X
Ahmad et al. (1984); Barrows et al. (1978);
Black et al. (1982); Calamari et al. (1982);
Call et al. (1979b); Call et al. (1983); Carlson
and Kosian (1987); Dow Chemical Co.
(1982); Ganesan et al. (2013); Mayes et al.
(1988); Oliver and Niimi (1985); Qian et al.
(2004); Smith et al. (1990); Smith et al.
(1991); Syracuse Research Corp. (1978);
Van Leeuwen et al. (1990); Versonnen et al.
(2003)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians,
reptiles, mammals)
1
X
Black etal. (1982)
20
-------
Isomers of
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
Study
Duration
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 0-64-67)
Media
Taxa Groups
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 54-17-31)
Data Sources
Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 2532-12-26)
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Vegetation
-
-
Invertebrate
2
X
1
X
Boyd et al. (2016); Neuhauser et al. (1985)
Terrestrial
Acute
exposure
Vertebrates
15
X
12
X
Ariyoshi et al. (1975); Den Besten et al.
(1991); Kato et al. (1988); Gunawardhana et
al. (1993); Herr and Boyes (1997);
Hoglen et al. (1998); Kato and Kimura
(1997); Kimura et al. (1985); Kitchin et al.
(1993); Mally and Chipman (2002);
Miyagawa et al. (1995); Mizutani et al.
(1994); Mohtashamipur et al. (1987);
Poland et al. (1971); Stine et al. (1991);
Umemura et al. (1996); Valentovic et al.
(1993a); Valentovic et al. (1993b); Yang et
al. (1979); Younis et al. (2000)
21
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Isomers of
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
Study
Duration
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
p-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 0-64-67)
Media
Taxa Groups
o-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 95-50-1)
m-Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 54-17-31)
Data Sources
Dichlorobenzene
(CASRN 2532-12-26)
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Number
of Studies
Observed
Effects
Terrestrial
Chronic
exposure
Vegetation
4
X
1
X
Bruns and Dawson (1959); Hulzebos et al.
(1993); Meharg et al. (1998); Pfleeger et al.
(1991)
Invertebrate
-
2
X
Van Gestel et al. (1991)
Vertebrates
4
X
8
X
Den Besten et al. (1991); Gustafson et al.
(1998); Kulkarni et al. (1997); Mally and
Chipman (2002); Shelby et al. (1993);
Umemura et al. (1996); Umemura et al.
(1998); Warnasuriya et al. (2010); Witt et al.
(2000)
The dash indicates that no studies relevant for environmental hazard were identified during the initial review and thus the "Observed Effects" column is left blank.. The X in the
Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. The N/A in the Observed Effects column indicates when a hazard
effect was not reported by one of the referenced studies' abstract (full reference review has not been conducted).
22
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8. Exposure potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental,
worker/occupational, consumer, and general population exposures to o-dichlorobenzene.
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment.
Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure
EPA's approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical
properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of
Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) for o-
dichlorobenzene to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this
review are detailed in the following tables.
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration, human and ecological biomonitoring data to inform
o-dichlorobenzene's exposure potential to the general population (Table 13).
Results and Discussion
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment. An example is the release of a TRI chemical from a POTW as a result of
incomplete destruction or removal of the chemical from the waste stream during wastewater
treatment at the POTW.
23
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Aggregated quantities of o-Dichlorobenzene released on-site to air, water, and land, and
aggregated quantities of o-Dichlorobenzene transferred off-site to POTW and other wastewater
treatment facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 11 for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The
table does not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management
activities (e.g., recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY
2011, 2015, and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a
TRI Form R report for o-dichlorobenzene for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data presented
were obtained from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019.
Table 11. The TRI Data on o-Dichlorobenzene from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential
Total
Total Quantities
Year
Number of
F acilities
That
Reported
Total
Quantities
Released
On-Site to
Total
Quantities
Released On-
Site to Water
Quantities
Released
(Disposed
of) On-Site
Total
Quantities
Transferred
to POTW
Transferred to
Other (Non-
POTW)
Wastewater
Air (lbs.)
(lbs.)
to Land
(lbs.)
(lbs.)
Treatment
Facilities (lbs.)
2011
13
53,481
712
0
0
26
2015
17
59,958
250
17,269
3
0
2017
13
37,611
48
11,928
0
0
Note: POTW = publicly owned treatment works
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
For RY 2017, 13 facilities submitted TRI reports for o-dichlorobenzene. The total quantities of
o-Dichlorobenzene these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions),
surface water and land are: 37,611 pounds; 48 pounds; and 11,928 pounds, respectfully. These
facilities reported zero pounds of the chemical transferred to POTW and zero pounds transferred
off-site to other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of wastewater
treatment. These transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for wastewater
treatment that may lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include quantities
sent off-site for other types of waste management activities that include, or may lead to, releases
of the chemical.
Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility sent off-site
prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility. Some of the quantities of
o-dichlorobenzene received by the non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities may have been
released to surface waters or to air during treatment processes at the facilities.
o-Dichlorobenzene has a vapor pressure of approximately 1.36 mm Hg at 25 °C. This chemical's
vapor pressure indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing,
processing and use.
When chemical substances are used as a chemical intermediate, the industrial releases may be a
relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when a
high percentage of the chemical reacts without excess loss during its use as an intermediate. It is
24
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unknown the actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical
associated with this processing or use.
When chemical substances are incorporated into formulations, mixtures, or reaction products, the
industrial releases may be a relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower
percentage releases occur when a high percentage of the volume is incorporated without
significant process losses during its incorporation into a formulation, mixture, or product. The
actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical associated with this
processing or use are not known.
When chemical substances have industrial use as solvents in product formulations or mixtures,
the industrial and/or end use releases may be a relatively high percentage of the production
volume. Higher percentage releases occur when the chemical's intended use is as a solvent that
may evaporate into the atmosphere or may be collected and disposed to aqueous media. In some
cases, some engineering controls or capture for recycle or reclamation may reduce these losses.
The actual percentage and quantity of release of the reported chemical associated with this
category are not known but could be high.
EPA anticipates releases of o-dichlorobenzene into the environment based on the conditions of
use for o-dichlorobenzene particularly activities associated with the chemical substance's
manufacturing (including import), processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal. Based
on a review of monitoring data collected under EPA rules and statutes (e.g., CAA, CWA,
SDWA, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System), o-dichlorobenzene is detected in air,
water and soil matrixes. EPA anticipates possible presence of o-dichlorobenzene in surface water
and particularly groundwater based on fate properties, such as high-water solubility,
Worker/occupational exposure
Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to
volume produced, processed, distributed, used, and disposed of; physical form and
concentration; processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor
pressure, solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and
exposure controls such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a
personal protective equipment (PPE) program.
o-Dichlorobenzene has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL) (OSHA. 2019). The PEL is 50 parts per million (ppm) or 300 milligrams
(mg)/cubic meter (m3) Ceiling limit over an 8-hour work day, time weighted average (TWA).
This chemical also has a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 25 ppm TWA and 50 ppm Ceiling limit (NIOSH.
2005). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACG1H) set the
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 25 ppm TWA and 50 ppm Ceiling limit.
o-Dichlorobenzene has a vapor pressure of approximately 1.36 mmHg at 25 °C/77 °F. o-
Dichlorobenzene's vapor pressure indicates the potential for inhalation exposure to vapors
generated by the liquid at ambient room temperature conditions. The extent of inhalation
exposure could vary from facility to facility depending on many factors including but not limited
to engineering control, type of facility and design.
25
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o-Dichlorobenzene is indicated as being used in paints and coatings. Products used as paints and
coatings may be applied via spray or roll application methods. These methods may generate
mists to which workers may be exposed.
Consumer exposure
Consumer exposure to o-dichlorobenzene may occur because of its use in consumer products.
While IUR data do not indicate uses in consumer products, other sources, including the
Hazardous Substance Data Bank, National Institutes of Health Household Products Database,
and Source Ranking Database indicate uses in consumer products (EPA. 2009) (Table 12).
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers
Chemical Identity
Consumer Product Database
Consumer Uses (List)
o-Dichlorobenzene
(95-50-1)
Air freshener, building material, cleaner, colorant, filler, fluid property modulator,
lubricant, paint, solvent, NOC*
Note: NOC = not otherwise categorized
*The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products; solvent for waxes, gums, resins, tars, rubbers,
oils, asphalts, insecticide for termites and locust borers; for removing sulfur from illuminating gas; as intermediate in
manufacture of dyes; as heat transfer medium; as degreasing agent for metals, leather, wool; as ingredient of metal polishes;
herbicide, insecticide, and soil fumigant; and other uses, including potential consumer uses, e.g., ingredient in paint, overglaze,
lubricants, polish and cleaners; deodorants, rubber molding (EPA 2009)
General population exposure
The general population may be exposed to o-dichlorobenzene by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal
exposure. o-Dichlorobenzene was reported in air, water, and soil/sediment environmental
concentrations, as well as in human blood and aquatic, non-mammalian ecological biomonitoring
data.
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
California Air Resources Board
no
no
no
CA.RB (2005)
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
no
yes
no
MDI (2002)
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology
Information Center - Air Toxics Data
no
no
no
(1990)
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA.
(2007)
EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA.
>6)
FDA Total Diet Study
no
no
no
FDA. (1991)
Great Lakes Environmental Database
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA.
(201Sh)
26
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Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring
Data
yes
no
no
EC (2018)
International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea
yes
no
no
ICES (2
OECD Monitoring Database
no
yes
no
OECD (2018)
Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey
no
no
no
U.S. EPA
(2006)
The National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey
no
yes
no
CDC (2
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council
no
no
no
use
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Air
no
no
no
USGS (1991b)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water
yes
no
no
use
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment
yes
no
no
use
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Soil
yes
no
no
use
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water
yes
no
no
USGS (199If)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue
no
no
yes
use
a Concen.= concentration
b Biomon.= biomonitoring
Outdoor air levels have been measured and range from 0.01 to 0.1 ppb for o-dichloro-benzene
(ATSDR 2006). The primary route of exposure for the general population is inhalation. Average
intake values for the general population were estimated to be 1.8 |ig/day, on the basis of ambient
outdoor samples from seven large U.S. cities (ATSDR 2006). Several groups within the general
population have potentially higher exposures (higher than background levels) to o-
dichlorobenzene. These populations include individuals living near sites where o-dichloro-
benzene is produced or used in manufacturing and disposal sites. Individuals living in proximity
to hazardous waste sites may also be exposed to o-dichlorobenzene by contaminated
groundwater. If residential wells are the primary source of drinking water, this may pose a risk to
human health by consumption of contaminated water and by increased inhalation of and dermal
contact during showering and bathing (ATSDR 2006). Additionally, the National Fish Tissue
Study states potential exposure for the general population is likely to this chemical in fish tissue
from lakes and reservoirs of the continental United States ( )09).
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation
of the chemical substance's priority
EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
27
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10. Proposed designation and Rationale
Proposed designation: High-priority substance
Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information for exposure and
hazard and is proposing to find that o-dichlorobenzene may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health and/or the environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations, (e.g., workers, consumers, women of reproductive age, children). This is based
on the potential hazard and potential exposure of o-dichlorobenzene under the conditions of use
described in this document to support the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA expects
that the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use and disposal of o-dichlorobenzene may
result in presence of the chemical in surface water and groundwater, ingestion of the chemical in
drinking water, inhalation of the chemical from air releases, exposure to workers, exposure to
consumers and exposure to the general population, including exposure to children. In addition,
EPA identified potential environmental (e.g., aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity), and human
health hazards (e.g., acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity,
irritation/corrosion, dermal sensitization, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and observations in
epidemiological studies and biomonitoring studies).
28
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