^«^EZDy% United States
LhI Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Proposed Designation of
1,1 -Dichloroethane
(CASRN 75-34-3)
as a High-Priority Substance
for Risk Evaluation
August 22,2019
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Table of Contents
List of Tables iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3
Approach 3
Results and Discussion 3
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 4
Approach 4
CDR and TRI Tables 4
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 11
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 12
Approach 12
Results and Discussion 12
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation 13
Approach 13
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables 13
Results and Discussion 16
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 16
Approach 16
Results and Discussion 17
7. Hazard potential 17
Approach 17
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 17
8. Exposure potential 21
Approach 21
Results and Discussion 21
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of
the chemical substance's priority 25
10. Proposed designation and Rationale 25
11. References 26
li
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List of Tables
Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) 3
Table 2. 1,1-Dichloroethane (CASRN 75-34-3) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of
Use (2016 CDR reporting cycle) 5
Table 3. 1,1-Dichloroethane (75-34-3) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use (2012
CDR reporting cycle) 5
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2011 6
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2015 7
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2017 9
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,1-Dichloroethane 13
Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,1-Dichloroethane 15
Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for 1,1-Dichloroethane 18
Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,1-Dichloroethane 19
Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,1-Dichloroethane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017 and
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential 22
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 23
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population 23
in
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term
Description
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Biomon.
Biomonitoring
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
BP
Boiling point
CAA
Clean Air Act
CASRN
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
CBI
Confidential Business Information
CDR
Chemical Data Reporting
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
Concen.
Concentration
CWA
Clean Water Act
CPDat
Chemical and Products Database
ECOTOX
Ecotoxicology Database
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FR
Federal Register
GC
Gas chromatography
HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
IUR
Inventory Update Rule
K
Thousand
Koc
Organic carbon-water partition coefficient
Kow
Octanol-water partition coefficient
M
Million
iv
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Term
Description
MITI
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MP
Melting point
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
NIH
National Institute of Health
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NR
Not reported
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
•OH
Hydroxyl radical
OPPT
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit
POTW
Publicly owned treatment works
PPE
Personal protective equipment
PPM
Parts per million
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
REL
Recommended Exposure Limit
RY
Reporting Year
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
SMILES
Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System
T1/2
Half-life
TG
Test guidance
TLV
Threshold Limit Value
TRI
Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TWA
Time weighted average
USGS
United States Geological Survey
VP
Vapor pressure
WS
Water solubility
V
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1. Introduction
In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high-priority
substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines, without
consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of injury to
health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of exposure under
the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA.
Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant
to TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen
the candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and
considerations:
• the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance;
• persistence and bioaccumulation;
• potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations;
• storage near significant sources of drinking water;
• conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical
substance;
• the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production volume;
and
• other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority.
This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and
considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.9 for a may present risk finding. The information sources
used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of
TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in
Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012)
(40 CFR 702.9(b)). EPA uses scientific information that is consistent with the best available
science. Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority chemical substance would
immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final rule, Procedures
for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (40 CFR 702).
1,1-Dichloroethane is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as referenced
in the March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that 1,1-dichloroethane is a
suitable candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority chemical substance. The
proposed designation is based on the results of the review against the aforementioned criteria and
considerations as well as review of the reasonably available information on 1,1-dichloroethane,
including relevant information received from the public and other information as appropriate.
1 NOTE: For all 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to:
https://www. regulations. gov/document?D=EP A-HO-OPPT -2016-0654-0108
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/03/21/2019-05404/initiation-of-prioritization-under-the-toxic-
subsfances-eontrol-act-fsca
1
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EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation
of 1,1-dichloroethane. The docket number for providing comments on 1,1-dichloroethane is
EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0426 and is available at www.regulations.gov.
The information, analysis, and basis for the review of the chemical is organized as follows:
• Section 1 (Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended TSCA
and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations — pertinent to
the prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances.
• Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This section
presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of the
chemical substance.
• Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section
presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of use
under TSCA.
• Section 4 (.Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents
information and analysis regarding potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations,
including children, women of reproductive age, and workers, with respect to the chemical
substance.
• Section 5 {Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and
analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and the
chemical's fate characteristics.
• Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents
information and analysis considered regarding the risk from the storage of the chemical
substance near significant sources of drinking water.
• Section 7 {HazardPotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to the
chemical substance.
• Section 8 {Exposure Potential): This section presents information and analysis regarding
the exposures to the chemical substance.
• Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA
identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
• Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and the
information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA to
support the proposed designation.
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2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume
Approach
EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance
using information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported
information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for 1,1-dichloroethane
reported under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
rule.3
Results and Discussion
The national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range to protect individual
site production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds)
Chemical ID
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1,1-
Dichloroethane
(75-34-3)
>100M
to 500M
>100M
to 500M
>500K
to 1M
>lMto
10M
>500K to
1M
>100M
to 500M
>lMto
10M
Withheld4
Withheld
Withheld
Withheld
Note: K = thousand, M = million
Reference: U.S. EPA (201.3) and U.S. EPA (201.
Production volume of 1,1-dichloroethane as reported to EPA decreased from 1986 to 2011.
Production volume from 2012 to 2015 was withheld5 (Table 1).
3 Over time, the requirements for reporting frequency, production volume thresholds, and chemical substances under
the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule have changed. CDR was formerly known as the Inventory Update Rule
(IUR). The first IUR collection occurred in 1986 and continued every four years through 2006. As part of two
rulemakings in 2003 and 2005, EPA made a variety of changes to the IUR, including to change the reporting
frequency to every five years to address burdens associated with new reporting requirements. Additional changes to
reporting requirements were made in 2011, including to suspend and replace the 2011 submission period with a
2012 submission period, return to reporting every four years, and require the reporting of all years beginning with
2011 production volumes. The reporting of production volumes for all years was added because of the mounting
evidence that many chemical substances, even larger production volume chemical substances, often experience wide
fluctuations in production volume from year to year. In addition, also as part of the 2011 IUR Modifications final
rule (76 FR 50816, Aug 16, 2011), EPA changed the name of the regulation from IUR to CDR to better reflect the
distinction between this data collection (which includes exposure-related data) and the TSCA Inventory itself (which
only involves chemical identification information).
4 This information is withheld, because EPA is releasing the 2016 CDR data in stages. EPA released the initial 2016
CDR data in May 2017. The initial data included national production volume (released in ranges), other
manufacturing information, and processing and use information, except for information claimed by the submitter to
be confidential business information (CBI) or information that EPA is withholding to protect claims of CBI. EPA
anticipates releasing additional data after completion of an effort to obtain CBI substantiation required by the Frank
R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, which amended the Toxic Substances Control Act.
5 This information is withheld, because EPA is releasing the 2016 CDR data in stages. EPA released the initial 2016
CDR data in May 2017. The initial data included national production volume (released in ranges), other
manufacturing information, and processing and use information, except for information claimed by the submitter to
be confidential business information (CBI) or information that EPA is withholding to protect claims of CBI. EPA
anticipates releasing additional data after completion of an effort to obtain CBI substantiation required by the Frank
R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, which amended the Toxic Substances Control Act.
3
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3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use
Approach
EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions
of use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to
mean the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance
is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in
commerce, used, or disposed of.
A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the
conditions of use for 1,1-dichloroethane was submitted by manufacturers (including importers)
under the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including
importers) to report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import
into the United States greater than 25,000 lbs per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply (in
which case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 lbs per site). CDR includes
information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the
known manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical, EPA assumes distribution in
commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or
chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of additional
uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that are not
regulated under TSCA.
For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and
Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement
the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5 and 6). There is not a one-to-one
correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II
Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R
submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported.
In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information
pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and
treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR
information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6. For purposes of this proposed
prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to air,
wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use.
CDR and TRI Tables
Based on the publicly available6 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use
information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA
developed a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Table 2 and Table
3, respectively).
6 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI.
4
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Table 2.1,1-Dichloroethane (CASRN 75-34-3) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions
of Use 7(2016 CD]
i reporting cycle)
Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory of Use
Reference
Manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019b)
Processing
As a reactant
Intermediate in:
- All other basic organic chemical
manufacturing
- All other chemical product and
preparation manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019b)
Processing
Distribution in
commerce
Disposal
Rec\cluiij
Distribution in
commerce
Disposal
('1)1
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
Table 3.1,1-Dichloroethane (75-34-3) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use9
(2012 CDR reporl
ting cycle)
Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory of Use
Reference
Manufacturing
Domestic
CBI10
U.S. EPA (2019b)
manufacturing/Import
Domestic manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019b)
Processing
As a reactant
Intermediate in all other basic organic
chemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019b)
Recycling
CBI
U.S. EPA (2019b)
Distribution in
Distribution in
commerce
commerce
Disposal
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
7 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
8 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
9 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
10 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
5
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EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information
about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that
a condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing.
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,1-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2011
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Produce or import for on-site
use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Produce or import as a byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Produce or import as an impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Process as an impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise Use
Otherwise use - ancillary or other
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
use
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
6
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Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Cement and Concrete Product
Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Cement and Concrete Product
Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product
Manufacturing
3273
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Plastics Product Manufacturing
3261
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 201.9(1
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TE
J for 1,1-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2015
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
7
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Produce or import for on-site
use/processing
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as a byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as an impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Process as an article component
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Process as an impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use - ancillary or other
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
use
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product
Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product
Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
8
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Cement and Concrete Product
Manufacturing
3273
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9(1
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to T
il for 1,1-Dichloroethane, Reporting Year 2017
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Import
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Produce or import for on-site
use/processing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import for
sale/distribution
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as a byproduct
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
9
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Produce or import as an impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a reactant
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Process as an article component
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Process as an impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use - ancillary or
other use
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Disposal/releases
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Management
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Recycling
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Treatment
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial
and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
3252
10
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
3279
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 201.9(1
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use
For the 2016 CDR, 1,1-dichloroethane was not reported as used in the manufacture of
commercial or consumer products. Two sites reported use of 1,1-dichloroethane as a reactant in
basic organic chemical manufacturing and in chemical product and preparation manufacturing.
One site reported that 1,1-dichloroethane was not recycled (e.g., not recycled, remanufactured,
reprocessed, or reused) and one site reported this information as CBI.11
Between 2012 and 2016, the functional uses of 1,1-dichloroethane included processing as a
reactant in basic organic chemical manufacturing and in chemical product and preparation
manufacturing, as well as use in non-incorporative activities.
Information on industrial use of 1,1-dichloroethane was withheld between 2012 and 2016 to
protect claims of CBI.12 No consumer and commercial uses for 1,1-dichloroethane were reported
to 2012 and 2016 CDR. Consumer uses were also identified in additional databases, which are
included in the Exposure Potential section (Section 8).
TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic
Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for Reporting Years (RY) 2011, 2015, and 2017. RY
2011, RY 2015, and RY 2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar
years 2011, 2015, and 2017, respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities
that apply to the TRI chemical at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI
dataset updated in April 2019. Tables 4, 5 and 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI
by industry group for 2011, 2015, and 2017. Waste management activity type includes all
industry groups that reported to TRI using each waste management activity for 1,1-
dichloroethane.
During the first public comment period for the draft high-priority designation of 1,1-
dichloroethane, one public comment states that specific aerospace industrial uses include, but
may not be limited to, heat resistant adhesives for primary and secondary structural and external
metallic airframe parts, intermediates for the synthesis of organics, dispersants for plastics and
elastomers, components of fumigants and insecticides, low friction and anti-knock coatings,
bond primers, as a component in paint and varnish and paint removers, as a component of
degreasing and cleaning solvents, and as a reagent. The commenter also stated that 1,1-
dichloroethane can be used as a constituent in adhesives, intermediates, dispersants, fumigants
11 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
12 At this time, "CBI" indicates that a data element has been claimed CBI by the information submitter; it does not
reflect the result of an EPA substantiation review.
11
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and insecticides, coatings and paint, paint removers, solvents, reagents, and as a constituent in
making high vacuum rubber. (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0426-0005).
Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a
high-priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be
undertaken as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation.
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
Approach
In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, workers, consumers
or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U.
These data provide an indication about whether children or other susceptible subpopulation may
be potentially exposed. EPA also used human health hazard information to identify potentially
exposed or susceptible subpopulations.
Results and Discussion
At this stage, EPA identified children, women of reproductive age, workers and consumers as
subpopulations who may be potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations for
1,1 -dichloroethane.
Children
EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles
intended for children over time for 1,1 dichloroethane. The 2012 and 2016 CDR did not report
any use in children's products. In the existing assessments reviewed, there was no discussion on
the susceptibility of children to 1,1-dichloroethane. EPA also identified potential developmental
hazards that would impact any stage of children's development.
Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statute)
EPA identified studies that observed developmental effects following exposure to 1,1-
dichloroethane (Section 7, Table 9). Although no reproductive hazards were identified, EPA
considers women of reproductive age as potentially exposed. During the scoping and risk
evaluation process, reproductive hazards will be considered again following a systematic search
of the relevant scientific literature.
Consideration of women of reproductive age as a potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulation was also based on exposure because women of reproductive age are potential
workers in the manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal of the
chemical substance.
Workers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential
occupational exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
12
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Consumers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential consumer
exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation
Approach
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, such as physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate characteristics, to understand 1,1-dichloroethane's persistence and
bioaccumulation.
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables
Tables 7 and 8 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate
characteristics of 1,1-dichloroethane, respectively.
Table 7. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,1-Dichloroethane
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Molecular Formula
C2H4CI2
CRC Handbook
(Rumble, 2018)
Molecular Weight
98.959 g/mol
CRC Handbook
(Rumble, 2018)
Physical State
Liquid
CRC Handbook
(Rumble, 2018)
Physical Form
Colorless, oily liquid
HSDB. 2018 citins
NIOSH (2010)
Purity
Impurities include 0.02% ethyl chloride; 0.08% butylene
oxide; 0.08%trichloroethylene; 0.01% ethylene
dichloride; 0.14% unknown for reagent grade
preparations
HSDB. 2018 citins ITC
(1980)
Melting Point
-96.9 °C
PhvsProD Database (U.S.
EPA. 2012c):
ATSDR (2015)
Boiling Point
57.4 °C
PhvsProD Database (U.S.
EPA. 2012c):
ATSDR (20.1.5)
56.3 °C
CRC Handbook
(Rumble, 2018)
Density
1.175 g/mL
ATSDR (20.1.5)
1.1757 g/mL at 20 °C
CRC Handbook
(Rumble, 2018)
Vapor Pressure
227.3 mm Hg at 25 °Cb
Daubert and Danner
(1989)
230 mm Hg at 25 °C
ATSDR (20.1.5)
13
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Vapor Density
3.44 (relative to air)
HSDB (2018) citing
Water Solubility
5,040 mg/L at 25 °Cb
HSDB (2018)
citing Horvath (1999)
0.55 g/100 g at 20 °C
ATSDR (20.1.5)
Log Kow
1.79
Hansch (1995); ATSDR
(20.1.5)
Henry's Law
Constant
5.62 x 10 3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °Cb
ATSDR (20.1.5); HSDB
(20.1.8) citins Gossett
(1987)
5.51 x 10 3 atm-m3/mol at 25 °C
ATSDR (20.1.5)
Flash Point
-12 °C (closed cup); 14 °C (open cup)
ATSDR (20.1.5)
-17 °Cb (closed cup)
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
NFPA (2010)
14 °Cb (open cup)
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
Bingham (2001)
Auto Flammability
457.8 °C (autoignition temperature)13
ATSDR (20.1.5);
NFPA (2010)
470 °C (autoignition temperature)
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
Lewis and Sax (2004)
Viscosity
0.464 mPa second at 25 °C;
0.362 mPa second at 50 °C
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
Haynes (2014)
Refractive Index
1.4167 at 20 °C
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
Haynes (2014)
Dielectric Constant
10.9 at 20 °C
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
Dreher (2014)
Surface Tension
24.07 mN/m at 20 °C
HSDB (20.1.8) citins
Haynes (2014)
Notes:
"Measured unless otherwise noted;
bSelected value
Reference: (U.S. EPA. 20.1..9d)
14
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Table 8. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,1-Dichloroethane
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Direct
Photodegradation
Not expected to be susceptible to direct
photolysis by sunlight because 1,1-
dichloroethane does not contain
chromophores that absorb at wavelengths
>290 nm
HSDB (2018) citine Lvman (1990)
Indirect
Photodegradation
ti/2 = 39 days (based on 12-hour day; 1.5 x 106
•OH/cm3 from -OH rate constant of 2.74 x 10"
13 cm3/molecules-second at 25 °C)
PhvsProt) Database (U.S. EPA 2012c)
citing Kwok and Atkinson (1994)
Hydrolysis
ti/2 = 61.3 years at 25 °C and pH 7
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Jeffers (1989)
Biodegradation
31. l%/25 days reductive dechlorination to
mainly chloroethane (14.5%) in sludge
(anaerobic water)
ATSDR (20.1.5)
ti/2 >30-60 days (anaerobic soil)
ATSDR (20.1.5): Wood (1985)
50%/7 days degradation and 19%/7 days
evaporation at 5 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane and
29%/7 days degradation and 4%/7 days
evaporation at 10 ppm (aerobic static-
screening-flask test method with a municipal
wastewater sewage inoculum)
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Tabak (1981)
Wastewater
Treatment
72% total removal (9% by biodegradation,
62% by volatilization to air, 1% to sludge;
estimated)13
U.S. EPA (20.1.2a)
Bioconcentration
Factor
7 (estimated)13
U.S. EPA (20.1.2a)
Bioaccumulation
Factor
6.8 (estimated)13
U.S. EPA (20.1.2a)
Soil Organic
Carbon:Water
Partition
Coefficient (Log
Koc)
1.48
HSDB (20.1.8) citing Sabljic (1995)
Notes: "Measured unless otherwise noted; bEPI Suite™ physical property inputs: Log K0w = 1.79, BP = 57.4 °C, MP
= -96.9 °C, VP = 227 mmHg, WS = 5,040 mg/L, BioP = 120, BioA = 30 and BioS = 30, SMILES C(C1)(C1)C
•OH = hydroxyl radical; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; TG = test guideline;
GC = gas chromatography; MITI = Ministry of International Trade and Industry; BOD = biochemical oxygen
demand; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography
15
-------
Results and Discussion
1,1-Dichloroethane is a volatile, highly water-soluble liquid (5,040 mg/L). Measured Henry's
Law constant (5.62 x 10"3 atm-m3/mol) and vapor pressure (227.3 mm Hg) data indicate that this
chemical will not be persistent in surface water and soil as it will likely volatilize upon release.
In the air, 1,1-dichloroethane will likely exist in the vapor phase where it may react with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 39 days. Given that
the measured hydrolysis half-life for 1,1-dichloroethane is 61.3 years at pH 7, hydrolysis is not
expected to be an important fate process for this chemical.
1,1-Dichloroethane may undergo some biodegradation under certain conditions. Under aerobic
conditions, 29-50 percent 1,1-dichloroethane degraded over 7 days, and 4-19 percent was lost to
evaporation in a static-screening-flask test using a municipal wastewater sewage inoculum. In
anaerobic sludge, 31.1 percent 1,1-dichloroethane underwent reductive dichlorination over 25
days to yield chloroethane as the primary degradation product. Based on these results,
1,1-dichloroethane undergoes some biodegradation, but may persist in subsurface environments,
groundwater, or enclosed pipes when volatilization is not an option. This chemical is expected to
have low bioaccumulation potential based on its estimated bioconcentration factor and
bioaccumulation factor of 7 and 6.8, respectively, along with its measured log Kow of 1.79.
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water
Approach
To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions
of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The
statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near
significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical
substance's potential human health hazard and exposure.
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of
existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the
chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 CFR Part 141) and regulations under the
Clean Water Act (CWA) (40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the consolidated list of
chemical substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances and
Section 313 Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r)
(Regulated Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by one of these authorities
is an indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental hazard which, if released
near a significant source of drinking water, could present an unreasonable risk of injury to human
health or the environment.
16
-------
Results and Discussion
1,1-Dichloroethane is a Priority Pollutant under the CWA and is subject to reporting
requirements under the EPCRA. It is also considered a CERCLA hazardous substance and
releases in quantities equal to or greater than 1,000 pounds are subject to reporting to the
National Response Center under CERCLA. 1,1-Dichloroethane is subject to the CAA 112(r) for
storage near significant sources of drinking water.
1,1-Dichloroethane is also subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA;
hazardous waste number U076). RCRA directs EPA to develop and promulgate criteria for
identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste, and for listing hazardous waste, taking into
account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for accumulation in tissue and
other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazardous characteristics.
7. Hazard potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases
to identify potential human health and environmental hazards for 1,1-dichloroethane (Tables 9
and 10, respectively).
Because there are very few publicly available assessments for 1,1-dichloroethane with cited
environmental hazard data, EPA used the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase
(ECOTOX) to identify single chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA.
2018c). It used a comprehensive chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that was
conducted according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)13. The environmental hazard
information was populated in ECOTOX and available to the public. In comparison to the
approach used to survey human health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to
identify additional environmental hazard data for isomers of 1,1-dichloroethane, if available, to
fill in potential data gaps when there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed
to the 1,1-dichloroethane (Table 10).
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables
EPA identified potential human health and environmental hazards based on a review of the
reasonably available information for 1,1-dichloroethane (Tables 9 and 10, respectively).
13 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox
17
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Table 9. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for 1,1-Dichloroethane
Human Health Hazards
Tested for
Specific Effect
Effect
Observed
Data Source
Acute Toxicity
X
X
ATSDR (2015). NICNAS (2015). OEHHA (2003)
Repeated Dose Toxicity
X
X
ATSDR (2015). U.S. EPA (2006). NICNAS
(2015). OEHHA (2003)
Genetic Toxicity
X
X
ATSDR (20.1.5). NICNAS (20.1.5). OEHHA (2003)
Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental Toxicity
X
X
ATSDR (20.1.5). NICNAS (20.1.5). OEHHA (2003)
Toxicokinetic
X
ATSDR (20.1.5). NICNAS (20.1.5). OEHHA (2003)
Irritation/ Corrosion
X
X
NICNAS (20.1.5)
Dermal Sensitization
X
NICNAS (20.1.5)
Respiratory Sensitization
Carcinogenicity
X
X
ATSDR (20.1.5). U.S. EPA (.1.990). U.S. EPA
(2006). NICNAS (20.1.5). OEHHA (.1.992) OEHHA
(2003). OEHHA (20.1.1).
Immunotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
X
X
ATSDR (20.1.5). NICNAS (20.1.5). OEHHA (2003)
Epidemiological Studies or
Biomonitoring Studies
X
ATSDR (20.1.5)
Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the
referenced data sources. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of
reasonably available information to support the proposed designation.
18
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Table 10. Potential Environmental Hazards Identified for 1,1-Dichloroethane
Isomers of
1,1-Dichloroethane
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
(CASRN 75-34-3)
1,2-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 107-06-2)
Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
1,1-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 75-34-3)
Data Sources
Dichloroethane
(CASRN 1300-21-6)
Number
Observed
Number of
Observed
of Studies
Effects
Studies
Effects
Aquatic
Acute
Vegetation
1
X
2
X
Tsai and Chen (2007); Wu et al. (2014)
exposure
Invertebrate
Call et al. (1980); Foster and Tullis (1984);
Foster and Tullis (1985); Freitag et al. (1994);
Great Lakes Environment Center (2005);
1
X
14
X
Kramer et al. (1983); LeBlanc (1980); Mayer
and Ellersieck (1986); Price et al. (1974);
Qureshi et al. (1982); Sanchez-Fortun et al.
(1997); Sauvant et al. (1995a); Sauvant et al.
(1995b); Sauvant et al. (1995c)
Fish
1
X
£
X
Buccafusco et al. (1981); Geiger et al. (1985);
Great Lakes Environment Center (2005);
Heitmuller et al. (1981); Mayer and Ellersieck
(1986); Walbridge et al. (1983)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
(i.e., amphibians, reptiles,
mammals)
-
-
Chronic
Vegetation
-
-
exposure
Invertebrate
-
1
X
Call et al. (1980)
Fish
A
X
Ahmad et al. (1984); Barrows et al. (1980);
Benoit et al. (1982); Black et al. (1982)
Non-Fish Vertebrates
Black etal. (1982)
(i.e., amphibians, reptiles,
mammals)
-
2
X
19
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Isomers of
1,1-Dichloroethane
High-Priority
Chemical Candidate
(CASRN 75-34-3)
1,2-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 107-06-2)
Media
Study
Duration
Taxa Groups
1,1-Dichloroethane
(CASRN 75-34-3)
Data Sources
Dichloroethane
(CASRN 1300-21-6)
Number
Observed
Number of
Observed
of Studies
Effects
Studies
Effects
Terrestrial
Acute
Vegetation
1
X
1
X
Crebelli et al. (1988)
exposure
Invertebrate
-
4
X
Neuhauser et al. (1985); Bhatia and Bansode
(1971); Bang and Telford (1966); Leesch
(1984)
Vertebrates
A
X
Kitchin et al. (1993); Sasaki et al. (1998),
Crebelli et al. (1999); Crebelli et al. (1995)
Chronic
Vegetation
1
X
2
X
Lewis et al. (1979); Dietz and Schnoor (2001)
exposure
Invertebrate
-
15
X
Lindgren et al. (1954); Bang and Telford
(1966); Punj (1970); Shivanandappa and
Rajendran (1987); Jefferson (1942)
Vertebrates
-
1
X
Witt et al. (2000)
The dash indicates that no studies relevant for environmental hazard were identified during the initial review and thus the "Observed Effects" column is left blank. The "X" in the "Observed
Effects" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the referenced studies. The "N/A" in the "Observed Effects" column indicates when a hazard effect was not
reported by one of the referenced studies' abstract (full reference review has not been conducted).
20
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8. Exposure potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental,
worker/occupational, consumer and general population exposures to 1,1-dichloroethane.
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment.
Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure
EPA's approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical
properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of
Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) for 1,1-
dichloroethane to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this
review are detailed in the following tables.
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration, human and environmental biomonitoring data to
inform 1,1-dichloroethane's exposure potential to the general population (Table 13).
Results and Discussion
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
Aggregated quantities of 1,1-dichloroethane released on-site to air, water, and land, and
aggregated quantities of 1,1-dichloroethane transferred off-site to POTW and other wastewater
treatment facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 11 for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The
table does not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management
activities (e.g., recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY
2011, 2015, and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a
TRI Form R report for 1,1-Dichloroethane for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data presented
were obtained from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019.
21
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Table 11. The TRI Data on 1,1-Dichloroethane from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
and Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential
Year
Number of
Facilities
That
Reported
Total
Quantities
Released
On-Site to
Air
(pounds)
Total
Quantities
Released On-
Site to Water
(pounds)
Total
Quantities
Released
(Disposed
of) On-Site
to Land
(pounds)
Total
Quantities
Transferred
to POTW
(pounds)
Total Quantities
Transferred to
Other (Non-
POTW)
Wastewater
Treatment
Facilities (pounds)
2011
15
9,026
5
415
0
0
2015
18
9,361
2
1
0
0
2017
16
8,599
0
0
0
5
POTW = publicly owned treatment works
Reference: U.S. EPA. 201.9(1
For RY 2017, sixteen facilities reported to TRI for 1,1-dichloroethane. The total quantities of
1,1-dichloroethane these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions),
surface water, and land are: 8,599 pounds; 0 pounds; and 0 pounds, respectively. These facilities
reported zero pounds of the chemical transferred to POTW and 5 pounds transferred off-site to
other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of wastewater treatment. These
transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for wastewater treatment that may
lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include quantities sent off-site for other
types of waste management activities that include, or may lead to, releases of the chemical.
Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility sent off-site
prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility. Some of the quantities of
1,1-dichloroethane received by the non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities may have been
released to surface waters or to air during treatment processes at the facilities.
1,1-Dichloroethane has a vapor pressure of around 230 mm Hg at 25 °C. This chemical's vapor
pressure indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing, processing
and use.
Worker/Occupational exposure
Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to
volume produced, processed, distributed, used and disposed of; physical form and concentration;
processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor pressure,
solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and exposure controls
such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a personal protective
equipment (PPE) program.
1,1-dichloroethane has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL) 14 The PEL is 100 parts per million (ppm) or 450 milligrams (mg)/cubic
14 OSHA, 2009. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).
https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-peis/tablez-l.html
22
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meter (m3) over an 8-hour work day, time weighted average (TWA). This chemical also has a
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit
(REL)15 of 100 ppm (450 mg/m3) TWA. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) set the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 100 ppm TWA.
1,1-Dichloroethane has a vapor pressure of approximately 230 mm Hg at 25 °C/77 F. 1,1-
Dichloroethane's vapor pressure indicates the potential for inhalation exposure to vapors
generated by the liquid at ambient room temperature conditions.
Consumer exposure
The 2012 CDR, 2016 CDR, and the National Institutes of Health Consumer Product Database
did not report on the use of 1,1-dichloroethane in consumer products. However, according to the
Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) and ATSDR (20.1.5). 1,1-dichloroethane may be present
in consumer products such as paint removers and fragrances (Table 12).
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers
Chemical Identity
Consumer Product Database
Consumer Uses (List)
1,1-Dichloroethane (75-34-3)
Fragrance
Reference: CPDat
General population exposure
1,1-dichloroethane was reported in air, water, and soil/sediment environmental concentrations, as
well as in human blood and aquatic, non-mammalian ecological biomonitoring data. A summary
of the studies from peer-reviewed databases is presented in Table 13.
Table 13. Exposure Information for the
Environment and General Population
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
California Air Resources Board
no
no
no
C.ARB (2005)
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
no
no
no
MDI (2002)
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology
Information Center - Air Toxics Data
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (1.990b)
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (2007)
EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (.1.996)
FDA Total Diet Study
no
no
no
FDA (199.1.)
Great Lakes Environmental Database
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (20.1.8d)
15 NIOSH, 2005. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. https://www.cdc.gov/niosIi/npg/npgdcas.html
23
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Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
Information Platform for Chemical
Monitoring Data
yes
no
no
mmm
International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea
no
no
no
ICES (20.1.8)
OECD Monitoring Database
no
no
no
OECD (20.1.8)
Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey
no
no
no
U.S. EPA (2006b)
The National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
no
yes
no
C°C .20.31
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council
no
no
no
USGS (1991a)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Air
yes
no
no
USGS (1991b)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water
yes
no
no
USGS (1991c)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment
yes
no
no
USGS (.1.99.1.(1)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Soil
yes
no
no
USGS (1991e)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water
yes
no
no
USGS (199If)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue
no
no
yes
USGS (1991 e)
a Concen.= concentration
b Biomon.= biomonitoring
EPA anticipates releases of 1,1-dichloroethane into the environment because of the conditions of
use for 1,1-dichloroethane, particularly activities associated with its production and use as a
solvent, cleaning agent, degreaser and its use as an intermediate in the manufacturing of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, vinyl chloride, and high-vacuum rubber. Releases of 1,1-dichloroethane from
certain conditions of use, such as manufacturing, disposal, or hazardous waste treatment
activities, may result in general population exposures, mostly via inhalation of ambient air and
ingestion of contaminated drinking water near emission sources, whereas presence in food
sources is considered very unlikely ( PR 20.1.5, CalEPA 20031
Based on fate properties, such as vapor pressure, Henry's Law constant, soil mobility and water
solubility, EPA anticipates possible presence of 1,1-dichloroethane in ambient air, and to a lesser
extent in surface water, groundwater, and soil (ATSDR20.1.5. RIVM 20071 Existing assessments
reported 1,1-dichloroethane in ambient air, waste gas from garbage dumps, surface water,
groundwater, drinking water, and other environmental media (ATSDR 20.1.5. CalEPA 20031
24
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9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of
the chemical substance's priority
EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
10. Proposed designation and Rationale
Proposed designation: High-priority substance
Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information for exposure and
hazard and is proposing to find that 1,1-dichloroethane may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health and/or the environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations, (e.g., workers, consumers, women of reproductive age, children). This is based
on the potential hazard and potential exposure of 1,1-dichloroethane under the conditions of use
described in this document to support the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA expects
that the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use and disposal of 1,1-dichloroethane may
result in presence of the chemical in surface water and groundwater, ingestion of the chemical in
drinking water, inhalation of the chemical from air releases, and exposure to workers and
exposure to the general population, including exposure to children. In addition, EPA identified
potential environmental (e.g., aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity), and human health hazards
(e.g., acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, developmental toxicity,
irritation/corrosion, carcinogenicity, and neurotoxicity).
25
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