^«^EZDy% United States
LhI Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Proposed Designation of
1,3-Butadiene
(CASRN 106-99-0)
as a High-Priority Substance
for Risk Evaluation
August 22,2019
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Table of Contents
List of Tables iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume 3
Approach 3
Results and Discussion 3
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use 3
Approach 3
CDR and TRI Tables 4
CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use 22
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 23
Approach 23
Results and Discussion 23
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation 25
Approach 25
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables 25
Results and Discussion 25
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water 28
Approach 28
Results and Discussion 29
7. Hazard potential 29
Approach 29
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables 29
8. Exposure potential 31
Approach 31
Results and Discussion 31
9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority 36
10. Proposed Designation and Rationale 36
11. References 37
ii
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List of Tables
Table 1. 1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) 3
Table 2. 1,3-Butadiene (106-99-0) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use (2016
CDR Reporting Cycle) 5
Table 3. 1,3-Butadiene (106-99-0) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use (2012
CDR Reporting Cycle) 7
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,3-Butadiene, Reporting Year 2011 8
Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,3-Butadiene, Reporting Year 2015 13
Table 6. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,3-Butadiene, Reporting Year 2017 17
Table 7. Uses in Children's Products Information 24
Table 8. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,3-Butadiene 26
Table 9. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,3-Butadiene 27
Table 10. Potential Human Health Hazards Identified for 1,3-Butadiene 30
Table 11. The TRI Data on 1, 3-Butadiene from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017 Used in
this Document to Assess Exposure Potential 32
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers 34
Table 13. Exposure Information for the Environment and General Population 35
in
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term Description
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
B Billion
BP Boiling point
CAA Clean Air Act
CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
CBI Confidential Business Information
CDR Chemical Data Reporting
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CWA Clean Water Act
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
IUR Inventory Update Rule
Koc Organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient
Kow Octanol-water partition coefficient
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan
MP Melting point
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NKRA Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
POTW Publicly owned treatment works
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SIDS Screening Information Data Sets
SMILES Simplified molecular-input line-entry system
STEL Short-term exposure limit
iv
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Term Description
TBD To be determined
TLV Threshold Limit Value
TRI Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TWA Time-weighted average
VP Vapor pressure
WS Water solubility
v
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1. Introduction
In section 6(b)(1)(B) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended, and in the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) implementing regulations (40 CFR 702.3)1, a high-
priority substance for risk evaluation is defined as a chemical substance that EPA determines,
without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, may present an unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment because of a potential hazard and a potential route of
exposure under the conditions of use, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations identified as relevant by EPA.
Before designating prioritization status, under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 702.9 and pursuant
to TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A), EPA will generally use reasonably available information to screen
the candidate chemical substance under its conditions of use against the following criteria and
considerations:
• the hazard and exposure potential of the chemical substance;
• persistence and bioaccumulation;
• potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations;
• storage near significant sources of drinking water;
• conditions of use or significant changes in the conditions of use of the chemical
substance;
• the chemical substance's production volume or significant changes in production
volume; and
• other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of the
chemical substance's priority.
This document presents the review of the candidate chemical substance against the criteria and
considerations set forth in 40 CFR 702.9 for a may present risk finding. The information sources
used are relevant to the criteria and considerations and consistent with the scientific standards of
TSCA section 26(h), including, as appropriate, sources for hazard and exposure data listed in
Appendices A and B of the TSCA Work Plan Chemicals: Methods Document (February 2012)
(40 CFR 702.9(b)). EPA uses scientific information that is consistent with the best available
science. Final designation of the chemical substance as a high-priority chemical substance would
immediately initiate the risk evaluation process as described in the EPA's final rule, Procedures
for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (40 CFR 702).
1,3-butadiene is one of the 40 chemical substances initiated for prioritization as referenced in the
March 21, 2019 notice (84 FR 10491)2. EPA has determined that 1,3-butadiene is a suitable
candidate for the proposed designation as a high-priority chemical substance. The proposed
designation is based on the results of the review against the aforementioned criteria and
considerations as well as review of the reasonably available information on 1,3-butadiene,
including relevant information received from the public and other information as appropriate.
1 For all 40 CFR 702 citations, please refer to:
https://www. regulations. gov/document?D=EP A-HO-OPPT -2016-0654-0108
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/03/21/2019-054Q4/initiation-of-prioritization-under-the-toxic-
substances-co ntrol-act-tsca
1
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EPA will take comment on this proposed designation for 90 days before finalizing its designation
of 1,3-butadiene. The docket number for providing comments on 1,3-butadiene is EPA-HQ-
OPPT-2018-0451 and is available at www.regulations.eov.
The information, analysis and basis for the review of the chemical is organized as follows:
• Section 1 (Introduction): This section explains the requirements of the amended TSCA
and implementing regulations - including the criteria and considerations — pertinent to
the prioritization and designation of high-priority chemical substances.
• Section 2 (Production volume or significant changes in production volume): This section
presents information and analysis on national aggregate production volume of the
chemical substance.
• Section 3 (Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use): This section
presents information and analysis regarding the chemical substance's conditions of use
under TSCA.
• Section 4 (Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations): This section presents
information and analysis regarding potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations,
including children, women of reproductive age, and workers, with respect to the chemical
substance.
• Section 5 (Persistence and bioaccumulation): This section presents information and
analysis regarding the physical and chemical properties of the chemical substance and the
chemical's fate characteristics.
• Section 6 (Storage near significant sources of drinking water): This section presents
information and analysis considered regarding the risk from the storage of the chemical
substance near significant sources of drinking water.
• Section 7 (Hazardpotential): This section presents the hazard information relevant to the
chemical substance.
• Section 8 (Exposurepotential): This section presents information and analysis regarding
the exposures to the chemical substance.
• Section 9 (Other risk-based criteria): This section presents the extent to which EPA
identified other risk-based criteria that are relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
• Section 10 (Proposed designation): Based on the results of the review performed and the
information and analysis presented, this section describes the basis used by EPA to
support the proposed designation.
2
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2. Production volume or significant changes in production volume
Approach
EPA considered current volume or significant changes in volume of the chemical substance
using information reported by manufacturers (including importers). EPA assembled reported
information for years 1986 through 2015 on the production volume for 1,3-butadiene reported
under the Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule. The
national aggregate production volume, which is presented as a range to protect individual site
production volumes that are confidential business information (CBI), is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1986-2015 National Aggregate Production Volume Data (Production Volume in
Pounds) i
Chemical ID
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1,3-Butadiene
(106-99-0)
>1B
>1B
>1B
>1B
>1B
>1B
4,321,004,265
IB to 5B
IB to 5B
IB to 5B
IB to 5B
B = billion
Reference: U.S. EPA (20.1.3) and U.S. EPA (20.1.
Results and Discussion
Production volume of 1,3-butadiene in 2015, as reported to EPA during the 2016 CDR reporting
period, was between 1 and 5 billion pounds. The exact aggregate production volume is available
for one year, 2011, in which 4.3 billion pounds of 1,3-butadiene was domestically manufactured
or imported. Production volume of 1,3-butadiene as reported to EPA has remained stable from
1986-2016 (Table 1).
3. Conditions of use or significant changes in conditions of use
Approach
EPA assembled information to determine conditions of use or significant changes in conditions
of use of the chemical substance. TSCA section 3(4) defines the term "conditions of use" to
mean the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance
is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in
commerce, used, or disposed of.
A key source of reasonably available information that EPA considered for determining the
conditions of use for 1,3-butadiene was submitted by manufacturers (including importers) under
the 2012 and 2016 CDR reporting cycles. CDR requires manufacturers (including importers) to
report information on the chemical substances they produce domestically or import into the
United States greater than 25,000 lbs per site, except if certain TSCA actions apply (in which
case the reporting requirement is greater than 2,500 lbs per site). CDR includes information on
the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. Based on the known
manufacturing, processing and uses of this chemical substance, EPA assumes distribution in
commerce. CDR may not provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or
chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e., disposal). While EPA may be aware of additional
uses, CDR submitters are not required to provide information on chemical uses that are not
regulated under TSCA.
3
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For chemical substances under review that are included on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
chemical list, information disclosed by reporting facilities in Part II Section 3 ("Activities and
Uses of the Toxic Chemical at the Facility") of their TRI Form R reports was used to supplement
the CDR information on conditions of use (Tables 4, 5 and 6). There is not a one-to-one
correlation between conditions of use reported under CDR and information reported in Part II
Section 3 of the TRI Form R because facilities are not required to disclose in their Form R
submissions the specific uses of TRI chemical substances they manufactured on-site or imported.
In addition to the information disclosed in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R, the information
pertaining to waste management activities (i.e., disposal/releases, energy recovery, recycling, and
treatment) disclosed in other sections of the Form R was also used to supplement the CDR
information on conditions of use as shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6. For purposes of this proposed
prioritization designation, EPA assumed end-of-life pathways that include releases to air,
wastewater, and solid and liquid waste based on the conditions of use.
CDR and TRI Tables
Based on the publicly available3 manufacturing information, industrial processing and use
information, and consumer and commercial use information reported under CDR, EPA
developed a list of conditions of use for the 2016 and 2012 reporting cycles (Tables 2 and 3,
respectively).
3 Some specific chemical uses may be claimed by CDR submitters as confidential business information (CBI) under
section 14 of TSCA. In these cases, EPA has indicated that the information is CBI.
4
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Table 2.1,3-Butadiene (106-99-0) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use4 (2016
CDR Reporting
Cycle)
Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Manufacturing
Importing
Importing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Intermediate in:
- Adhesive manufacturing
- All other basic organic
chemical manufacturing
- Organic fiber manufacturing
- Petrochemical manufacturing
- Petroleum refineries
- Plastic material and resin
manufacturing
- Synthetic rubber
manufacturing
- Wholesale and retail trade
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Other in:
- Plastic material and resin
manufacturing
- Synthetic rubber
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Plasticizers in:
- Plastic material and resin
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a reactant
Solvents (which become part of
product formulation or mixture) in:
- Synthetic rubber
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing -incorporation
into article
Other in:
- Rubber product
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing -incorporation
into formulation, mixture,
or reaction product
Processing aids, not otherwise
listed in:
- Petrochemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing -incorporation
into formulation, mixture,
or reaction product
Other in:
- Petrochemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Recycling
Recycling
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Distribution in
commerce
Distribution in commerce
Distribution in commerce
4 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
5
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Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Commercial Uses
Fuels and related products
Fuels and related products
U.S. EPA (201.9a)
Commercial Uses
Plastic and rubber products
not covered elsewhere
Plastic and rubber products not
covered elsewhere
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Commercial Uses
Automotive care products
Automotive care products
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Commercial Uses
Other (specify) in:
Monomer used in
polymerization process
Sold to re-sellers for
petroleum fuel and
petrochemical industry
Rubber tires
Other in:
- Monomer used in
polymerization process
- Sold to re-sellers for petroleum
fuel and petrochemical
industry
- Rubber tires
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Consumer Uses
Plastic and rubber products
not covered elsewhere
Plastic and rubber products not
covered elsewhere
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Consumer Uses
Rubber Tires
Rubber tires
U.S. EPA (2019a)
( onsunvi' I scs
Disposal
Aulomoliw caiv producls
Disposal
Aulomoliw caiv producls
Disposal
a CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemical substances. CDR may not
provide information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products
(i.e., disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle
stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
6
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Table 3.1,3-Butadiene (106-99-0) Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use5 (2012
CDR Reporting
Cycle)
Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Manufacturing
Domestic
manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Manufacturing
Importing
Importing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a
reactant
Intermediate in:
- Adhesive manufacturing
- All other basic organic chemical
manufacturing
- Petrochemical manufacturing
- Petroleum refineries
- Plastic material and resin manufacturing
- Synthetic rubber manufacturing
- Wholesale and retail trade
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a
reactant
Other in:
- Plastics material and resin
manufacturing
- Synthetic rubber manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing as a
reactant
Fuels and fuel additives in:
- Petroleum refineries
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing—
incorporation into
formulation,
mixture, or
reaction product
Intermediate in:
- Petrochemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing—
incorporation into
formulation,
mixture, or
reaction product
Other in:
- Petrochemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing—
incorporation into
formulation,
mixture, or
reaction product
Processing aids, not otherwise listed in:
- Petrochemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Processing -
repackaging
Intermediate in:
- Wholesale and retail trade
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Processing
Recycling
Recycling
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Distribution in
commerce
Dislnliulion in
commerce
Distribution in ( ommerce
5 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
7
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Life-Cycle Stage
Category
Subcategory
Reference
Commercial Uses
Plastic and rubber
products not
covered elsewhere
Plastic and rubber products not covered
elsewhere
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Commercial Uses
Other (specify) in:
Petrochemicals
Petrochemical
Applications
Plastic Resins
Other in:
- Petrochemicals
- Petrochemical applications
- Plastic resins
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Consumer Uses
Plastic and rubber
products not
covered elsewhere
Plastic and rubber products not covered
elsewhere
U.S. EPA (2019a)
Disposal
Disposal
Disposal
11 CDR includes information on the manufacturing, processing, and use of chemicals. CDR may not provide
information on other life-cycle phases such as distribution or chemical end-of-life after use in products (i.e.,
disposal). The table row is highlighted in gray to indicate that no information is provided for this life-cycle stage.
b EPA is particularly interested in information from the public on distribution in commerce.
EPA used TRI data to identify additional conditions of use and to supplement CDR information
about conditions of use. In addition, TRI information from 2017 is useful for demonstrating that
a condition of use reported to CDR in 2015 is still ongoing.
Table 4. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,3-Butadiene, Reporting Year 2011
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
2211
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Scientific research and development services
5417
Import
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
8
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Produce or
import for on-
site
use/processing
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Produce or
import for
sale/
distribution
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Produce or
import as a
byproduct
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
2211
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
9
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Scientific research and development services
5417
Produce or
import as an
impurity
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Process
Process as a
reactant
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Rubber product manufacturing
3262
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Process as an
article
component
Textile furnishings mills
3141
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Process as an
impurity
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Rubber product manufacturing
3262
Process as a
formulation
component
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Process -
repackaging
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
10
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise use
- as a
chemical
processing aid
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Otherwise use
- as a
manufacturing
aid
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Otherwise use
- ancillary or
other use
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Ship and boat building
3366
Scientific research and development services
5417
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/
releases
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
2211
Textile furnishings mills
3141
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Rubber product manufacturing
3262
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Ship and boat building
3366
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Scientific research and development services
5417
11
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Energy
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
recovery
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Rubber product manufacturing
3262
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Recycling
Textile furnishings mills
3141
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Treatment
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Rubber product manufacturing
3262
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Ship and boat building
3366
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
12
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Table 5. Activities and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,3-Butadiene, Reporting Year 2015
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Oil and gas extraction
2111
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
2211
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Scientific research and development services
5417
Import
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Produce or
import for
on-site use/
processing
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Produce or
import for
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
13
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
sale/
distribution
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Produce or
import as a
byproduct
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
2211
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Scientific research and development services
5417
Produce or
import as an
impurity
Oil and gas extraction
2111
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Process
Process as a
reactant
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Process as an
article
component
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Gasoline stations
4471
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
14
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Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Process as an
impurity
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Process as a
formulation
component
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Process -
repackaging
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Otherwise
Use
Otherwise
use - as a
chemical
processing
aid
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Otherwise
use -
ancillary or
other use
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Ship and boat building
3366
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/
releases
Oil and gas extraction
2111
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
2211
15
-------
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
3259
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Ship and boat building
3366
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Gasoline stations
4471
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Scientific research and development services
5417
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Energy
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
recovery
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Recycling
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Gasoline stations
4471
Treatment
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
3241
Basic chemical manufacturing
3251
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fibers and
filaments manufacturing
3252
16
-------
Activity
Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
3311
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
3364
Ship and boat building
3366
Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers
4247
Other pipeline transportation
4869
Waste treatment and disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
Table 6. Activil
ties and Uses Reported to TRI for 1,3-Butadiene, Reporting Year 2017
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Manufacture
Produce
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
2211
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
3311
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Scientific Research and Development Services
5417
Import
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
17
-------
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Produce or
import for on-
site use/
processing
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Produce or
import for
sale/distribution
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Produce or
import as a
byproduct
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
2211
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
3311
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Scientific Research and Development Services
5417
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
18
-------
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Produce or
import as an
impurity
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process
Process as a
reactant
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process as an
article
component
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Process as an
impurity
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Process as a
formulation
component
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Process -
repackaging
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Otherwise Use
Otherwise use -
as a chemical
processing aid
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
19
-------
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Otherwise use -
ancillary or
other use
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Waste
Management
Disposal/
releases
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
2211
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
3259
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
3311
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Scientific Research and Development Services
5417
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Energy recovery
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Recycling
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
20
-------
Activity Type
Activity
Industry Group
NAICS
Code
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Treatment
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
3241
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
3251
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial and Synthetic
Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing
3252
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
3253
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing
3364
Ship and Boat Building
3366
Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers
4246
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers
4247
Other Pipeline Transportation
4869
Waste Treatment and Disposal
5622
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
21
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CDR and TRI Summary and Additional Information on Conditions of Use
According to reports to the 2016 CDR, 1,3-butadiene was manufactured domestically and
imported into the United States. It has been associated more with industrial processing and use
than commercial and consumer use. It was processed most commonly as a reactant, and was also
processed through incorporation into a formulation, mixture, or reaction product and through
incorporation into articles. The chemical substance was reported as recycled. The most
commonly identified industrial functional category was as an intermediate; common industrial
use sectors included: petrochemical manufacturing, synthetic rubber manufacturing, plastic
material and resin manufacturing, and petroleum refineries. Commercial product categories
consisted of plastic and rubber products, rubber tires, fuels and related products, sold to re-sellers
for petroleum fuel and petrochemical industry, automotive products, and monomer used in
polymerization process. A small number of consumer uses were identified, which consisted of
automotive care products, rubber tires, and plastic and rubber products. Consumer uses were also
identified in additional databases, which are included in the Exposure Potential section (Section
8).
The information reported to the 2016 CDR for manufacture, industrial processing and use, and
commercial and consumer use information is similar to that reported to the 2012 CDR.
Companies generally submitted greater details to the 2016 CDR than to the 2012 CDR regarding
processing and use information. In addition, the following commercial uses were reported to the
2016 CDR but not reported to the 2012 CDR: monomer used in the polymerization process,
rubber tires, automotive care products, and sold to re-sellers for petroleum fuel and the
petrochemical industry. The 2012 CDR contained repackaging as a processing type that was not
identified in the 2016 CDR. Overall, CDR information shows that processing and use did not
change significantly between the 2012 and 2016 CDR periods.
TRI data reported in Part II Section 3 of the TRI Form R ("Activities and Uses of the Toxic
Chemical at the Facility") were compiled for Reporting Years (RY) 2011, 2015, and 2017. RY
2011, 2015, and 2017 reflect the chemical activities at reporting facilities in calendar years 2011,
2015, and 2017, respectively. Each facility filing a TRI Form R discloses activities that apply to
the TRI chemical at the facility. The TRI data presented above are from the TRI dataset updated
in April 2019. Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6 present the activities and uses reported to TRI by
industry group for 2011, 2015, and 2017, respectively. Waste management activity type include
all industry groups that reported to TRI using each waste management activity for 1,3-butadiene.
According to public comments, there are many uses of 1,3-butadiene and it has widespread
function as a monomer for several types of polymer (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0451-0004). The
handling and use of 1,3-butadiene in the production of synthetic rubber occurs under carefully
controlled conditions with negligible potential for occupational exposure or environmental
release. Because the synthetic rubbers are stable and do not degrade back to the 1,3-butadiene
monomer, the potential for exposure to 1,3-butadiene during processing of the elastomers and
consumer use of articles produced from synthetic rubber is negligible. Synthetic rubber is
manufactured for tires, auto parts, the medical industry, adhesives and sealants, footwear,
industrial goods, the construction industry, appliances, lubricants, fabrics, and wires and cables
(EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0451-0003). Manufacturers have identified residual amounts of the
chemical in aerosol propellants, architectural paints and coatings, and also in resins; and
22
-------
formulators are uncertain how much remains in the end product from the residuals in raw
materials (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0451-0005). The aerospace industry uses 1,3-butadiene as a
constituent within products or formulations used in the manufacture, operation, and maintenance
of aerospace products. This substance can be used as a constituent in adhesives and resins for
pre-impregnated fiberglass or carbon reinforced fabrics and tapes, and as a constituent in space
vehicle propellants. Specific aerospace industrial uses include, but may not be limited to,
adhesives critical to electrical and circuit boards for its thermal properties and low outgassing
properties. It is also a component of pre-impregnated fiberglass or carbon reinforced fabrics and
tapes, and epoxy resin adhesive systems for bonding and sealing of glass to metal components
(EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0451 -0009).
Should the Agency decide to make a final decision to designate this chemical substance as a
high-priority substance, further characterization of relevant TSCA conditions of use will be
undertaken as part of the process of developing the scope of the risk evaluation.
4. Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
Approach
In this review, EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations, such as children, women of reproductive age, workers, consumers
or the elderly. EPA analyzed processing and use information included on the CDR Form U.
These data provide an indication about whether children may be potentially exposed or other
susceptible subpopulations may be exposed. EPA also used human health hazard information to
identify potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations.
Results and Discussion
At this stage, EPA identified children, women of reproductive age, consumers and workers as
subpopulations who may be potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations for 1,3-butadiene.
Children
EPA used data reported to the 2012 and 2016 CDR to identify uses in products and articles
intended for children over time for 1,3-butadiene. Table 7 summarizes the non-CBI CDR
information regarding commercial and consumer use and notes whether the chemical substance
was identified as being used in products intended for children. EPA also identified potential
developmental hazards that would impact any stage of children's development.
23
-------
Table 7. Uses in Children's Products Information6
Consumer
or
Commercial
Used in
Chemical
Year
Product Category (Product concentration,
number of workers)
Products
Intended for
Children
1,3-
2012
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Both
NKRA
Butadiene
(106-99-0)
Petrochemicals
Commercial
No
Petrochemical applications
Commercial
No
Plastic resins
Commercial
No
2016
Fuels and related products
Commercial
No
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Commercial
Yes
Automotive care products
Commercial
No
Monomer used in polymerization process
Commercial
No
Rubber tires
Commercial
No
Sold to re-sellers for petroleum fuel and
petrochemical industry
Commercial
No
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Consumer
Yes
Rubber tires
Consumer
No
Automotive care products
Consumer
No
Notes: NKRA = not known or reasonably ascertainable
Reference: U.S. EPA (20.1.9a)
Women of reproductive age (e.g., pregnant women per TSCA statute)
EPA identified studies that observed developmental and reproductive effects following exposure
to 1,3-butadiene (Section 7, Table 10). Thus, women of reproductive age were identified as a
potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation.
Consideration of women of reproductive age as a potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulation was also based on exposure because women of reproductive age are potential
workers in the manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal of the
chemical substance.
Workers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential
occupational exposures, which EPA indicates that workers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
Consumers
Please refer to the Exposure Potential section (Section 8) for a summary of potential consumer
exposures, which EPA indicates that consumers are potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on greater exposure.
6 Certain other uses that are excluded from TSCA are not captured in this table.
24
-------
5. Persistence and bioaccumulation
Approach
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, such as physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate characteristics to understand 1,3-butadiene's persistence and
bioaccumulation.
Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Tables
Tables 8 and 9 summarize the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate
characteristics of 1,3-butadiene, respectively.
Results and Discussion
1,3-Butadiene is a moderately water-soluble (735 mg/L) gas with a vapor pressure of 2,107 mm
Hg. Despite its moderate water solubility, 1,3-butadiene's measured Henry's Law constant
(7.36 x 10"2 atm-m3/mol) indicates that it is not likely to persist in surface water but rather
volatilize upon release. Gaseous 1,3-butadiene absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm and may be
susceptible to direct photodegradation; however, the primary pathway for atmospheric
degradation of 1,3-butadiene is likely to proceed through indirect photolysis via bimolecular
reactions with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals, and ozone at rates
corresponding to half-lives of 3.7 hours, 14.9 hours, and 33.6-40.8 hours, respectively.
1,3-Butadiene is not expected to hydrolyze due to a lack of hydrolyzable functional groups.
In aerobic aquatic environments, 1,3-butadiene was not observed to be readily biodegradable
as it achieved only 0-4 percent degradation over a 28-day incubation period using a sludge
inoculum and the OECD 301C, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) test method.
Based on these results, this chemical may persist in subsurface environments, groundwater, or
enclosed pipes when volatilization is not an option. Additionally, this chemical is expected to
have low bioaccumulation potential based on an estimate of 10 for both bioconcentration factor
and bioaccumulation factor and a measured log Kow of 1.99.
25
-------
Table 8. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,3-Butadiene
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Molecular Formula
CA
Rumble (2018)
Molecular Weight
54.091 g/mole
Rumble (2018)
Physical State
Gas
Rumble (2018)
Physical Form
Colorless gas (shipped as a compressed
gas/liquified; liquid at <-4.4 °C)
HSDB (2015) citina NIOSH (2010)
Purity
Impurities includes acetylene
HSDB (2015) citina IARC (1986)
Melting Point
-108.9 °C
U.S. EPA (2012); ATSDR(2012)
Boiling Point
-4.4 °C
U.S. EPA (2012)
Density
0.6194 g/mL at 25 °C
Sun and Wristers (2002); Lide (2008)
Vapor Pressure
2107 mm Hg at 25 °C
Daubert and Danner (1985); ATSDR
(2012)
Vapor Density
1.88 (relative vapor density to air = 1)
DR (2012) citina NIOSH (2005);
ECB (2002)
Water Solubility
735 mg/L at 25 °C
McAuliffe (1966). >R (2012)
Log Kow
1.99
Daubert and Danner (1985); U.S. EPA
(2012); ATSDR (2012) citina Hansch et
al. (1995)
Henry's Law
Constant
7.36 x 10"2 atm-m3/mol at 25 °C
(calculated from vapor pressure and
water solubility)
U.S. EPA (2012); ATSDR (2012)
Flash Point
-85 (Abel Pensky closed cup) °C
Sun and Wristers (2002); ECB (2002)
-76 °C (closed cup)
DR (2012) citina Lewis (2007); ECB
(2002)
Auto Flammability
417.8 °C
Sun and Wristers (2002)
415 °C
ECB (2002)
414 °C
DR (2012) citina Lewis (2007)
Viscosity
0.33 mPa-s at -40 °C;
0.25 mPa-s at 0 °C;
0.20 mPa-s at 40 °C
Sun and Wristers (2002)
Refractive Index
1.43 at 25 °C;
1.42 at 1.3 °C
Sun and Wristers (2002); HSDB (2015)
Dielectric Constant
TBD
TBD
26
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Surface Tension
13.4 dynes/cm at 20 °C
11SDB (2015) citina U.S. Coast Guard
(1978)
aMeasured unless otherwise noted
TBD = to be determined, if reasonably available. EPA is particularly interested in information from the
public on these properties or endpoints.
Table 9. Environmental Fate Characteristics of 1,3-Butadiene
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Direct
Photodegradation
Absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore, may be
susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight
HSDB (2015)
The primary pathway of destruction of 1,3-butadiene is
likely to occur by photo-initiated bimolecular processes
rather than direct photochemical degradation
DR (2012);
Kopczynski et al.
(1972)
ti/2 = 3.7 hours (based on a 12-hour day with 1.5 x 106
OH/cm3 and hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant of
6.93 x 1011 cm3/molecule-sec at 25 °C)
HSDB (2015)
ti/2 =5.6 hours (based on a 12-hour day with 5 x 105
molecules OH /cm3 and hydroxyl radical reaction rate
constant of 6.93 x 10~n cm3/molecule-sec at 25 °C)
Major products formed from the reaction include acrolein
and formaldehyde
DR (2012) citina
Atkinson (1989) and
Baker et al. (2005)
Indirect
Photodegradation
ti/2 = 1.4-1.7 days (based on a 12-hour day with 7 x 1011
molecules ozone/cm3 and an ozone reaction rate constant of
6.7 x 10"18 cm3/molecule-sec at 25 °C)
Major products formed from the reaction of 1,3-butadiene
with ozone are acrolein, formaldehyde, acetylene, ethylene,
and formic anhydride
HSDB (2015);
ATSDR (2012) citina
Atkinson and Carter
(1984b)
ti/2 = 14.9 hours (based on a 12-hour day with 2.4 x 10s
nitrate molecules/cm3 and a nitrate radical reaction rate
constant of 5.4 x 10~14 cm3/molecule-sec at 22 °C)
Acrolein was identified as the major product of this
reaction
HSDB (2015);
ATSDR (2012) citina
Atkinson et al. (1984a)
Not expected to hydrolyze due to lack of hydrolysable
functional groups
ECB (2002)
Hydrolysis
Metabolic byproducts of 1,3-butadiene can be hydrolyzed
rapidly
DR (2012) citina
Kirman (2010)
27
-------
Property or
Endpoint
Value3
Reference
Biodegradation
0-4%/28 days (based on OECD 301C study with 1-drop of
sludge/L)
NITE (2019)
Biodegradation of 1,3-butadiene in water and soil proceeds
through oxidation to form 3,4-epoxy-l-butene, a potent
electrophile (with pure cultures)
DR (2012) citina
Houetal. (1979);
Patel et al. (1982), and
Watkinson and
Somerville (1976)
Wastewater
Treatment
97% total removal (0.02% by biodegradation, 0.53% by
sludge, 96% by volatilization to air; estimated)13
U.S. EPA (2012)
Bioconcentration
Factor
10 (estimated)13
U.S. EPA (2012)
Bioaccumulation
Factor
10 (estimated)b
U.S. EPA (2012)
Soil Organic
Carbon:Water
Partition
Coefficient (Log
Koc)
2.46
DR (2012) citina
Hansch et al. (1995)
and Lyman et al.
(1990)
aMeasured unless otherwise noted
bEPI Suite™ physical property inputs: Log Kow = 1.99, BP = -4.40 °C, MP = -108.90 °C, VP = 2110 mmHg, WS
= 735 mg/L SMILES C(C=C)=C
6. Storage near significant sources of drinking water
Approach
To support the proposed designation, EPA screened each chemical substance under its conditions
of use with respect to the seven criteria in TSCA section 6(b)(1)(A) and 40 CFR 702.9. The
statute specifically requires the Agency to consider the chemical substance's storage near
significant sources of drinking water, which EPA interprets as direction to focus on the chemical
substance's potential human health hazard and exposure.
EPA reviewed reasonably available information, specifically looking to identify certain types of
existing regulations or protections for the proposed chemical substances. EPA considered the
chemical substance's potential human health hazards, including to potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, by identifying existing National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 40 CFR Part 141) and regulations
under the Clean Water Act (CWA; 40 CFR 401.15). In addition, EPA considered the
consolidated list of chemical substances subject to reporting requirements under the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA; Section 302 Extremely Hazardous
Substances and Section 313 Toxic Chemicals), the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; Hazardous Substances), and the Clean Air Act
(CAA) Section 112(r) (Regulated Chemicals for Accidental Release Prevention). Regulation by
one of these authorities is an indication that the substance is a potential health or environmental
28
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hazard which, if released near a significant source of drinking water, could present an
unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment.
Results and Discussion
1,3-Butadiene is subject to TRI reporting under EPCRA ( 2). It has been designated
a CERCLA hazardous substance and releases in quantities equal to or greater than 10 pounds are
subject to reporting to the National Response Center under CERCLA. 1,3-Butadiene also has a
threshold quantity of 10,000 pounds on the CAA's list of Regulated Chemicals for Accidental
Release Prevention ( ).
EPA has not established Maximum Contaminant Levels or Goals for 1,3-butadiene; however, it
was identified on both the Third ( *A 2009) and Fourth (U.S. EPA 2016) Contaminant
Candidate Lists (CCL) under SDWA. It is not considered a priority pollutant under CWA.
7. Hazard potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases
to identify potential human health and environmental hazards for 1,3-butadiene.
Because there are very few publicly available assessments for dibutyl phthalate with cited
environmental hazard data, EPA uses the infrastructure of ECOTOXicology knowledgebase
(ECOTOX) to identify single chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial life (U.S. EPA,
2018a). It uses a comprehensive chemical-specific literature search of the open literature that is
conducted according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)7. The environmental hazard
information was populated in ECOTOX and is available to the public. In comparison to the
approach used to survey human health hazard data, EPA also used a read-across approach to
identify additional environmental hazard data for isomers of 1,3-butadiene, if available, to fill in
potential data gaps when there were no reported observed effects for specific taxa exposed to
1,3-butadiene.
Potential Human Health and Environmental Hazard Tables
EPA did not identify environmental hazard information for 1,3-butadiene. However, EPA
identified potential human health hazards and those are summarized in Table 10. EPA is
particularly interested in information from the public on environmental hazards.
7 The ECOTOX Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) can be found at: https://cfpnb.epa.gov/ecotox/
29
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Table 10. Potential Human Heall
th Hazards Identified for 1,3-Butadiene
Human Health
Hazards
Tested for
Specific Effect
Effect
Observed
Data Source
Acute Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). OEHHA (2013 . )R (2012). U.S.
EPA (2008). U.S. EPA (2002). ECB (2002). Env Canada
(2000). NTP (1999)
Repeated Dose
Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). NTP (2016). OEHHA (2013). ATSDR
(2012). IARC (2012). U.S. EPA (2008). Cal EPA
(2000). NTP (1999). NTP (1993)
Genetic Toxicity
X
X
(2012). IARC (2012). U.S. EPA (2008). U.S. EPA
(2002). ECB (2002). Env Canada (2000). ?).
NTP (1993). RIVM (2009)
Reproductive
Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). OEHHA (2013 . )R (2012). U.S.
EPA (2008). U.S. EPA (2002). ECB (2002). Env Canada
(2000). NTP (1999). NTP (1993). OEHHA (2004)
Developmental
Toxicity
X
X
NICNAS (2013). OEHHA (2013 . )R (2012). U.S.
EPA (2008). U.S. EPA (2002). ECB (2002). Env Canada
(2000). NTP (1999). NTP (1993)
Toxicokinetic
X
NICNAS (2013). NTP (2016). OEHHA (2013). ATSDR
(1993)
Irritation/Corrosion
X
X
ECB (2002). NTP (1999). NTP (1993)
Dermal
Sensitization
DR12012), U.S. EPA (2008)
Respiratory
Sensitization
DR (20.1.2). U.S. EPA (2008)
Carcinogenicity
X
X
NICNAS (20.1.3). NTP (20.1.6). OEHHA (20.1.3). ATSDR
(20.1.2). IARC (20.1.2). U.S. EPA (2008). Cal EPA
(2000). NTP (.1.999). NTP (.1.993). RIVM (2009)
Immunotoxicity
X
X
NICNAS (20.1.3). ATSDR (20.1.2). Env Canada (2000)
Neurotoxicity
X
X
OEHHA (20.1.3). ATSDR (20.1.2). U.S. EPA (2008). ECB
Epidemiological
Studies or
Biomonitoring
Studies
X
X
NICNAS (20.1.3). NTP (20.1.6). OEHHA (20.1.3). ATSDR
(20.1.2). IARC (20.1.2). U.S. EPA (2008). Cal EPA
(2000). NTP (.1.999). NTP (.1.993)
Note: The "X" in the "Effect Observed" column indicates when a hazard effect was reported by one or more of the
referenced studies. Blank rows indicate when information was not identified during EPA's review of reasonably
available information to support the proposed designation.
30
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8. Exposure potential
Approach
EPA considered reasonably available information to identify potential environmental,
worker/occupational, consumer and general population exposures to 1,3-butadiene.
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
In addition to other required information, a submission of a TRI Form R report must include the
quantities of a TRI chemical the facility released on-site to air, water, or land, and the quantities
it transferred off-site to another facility for further waste management. On-site release quantities
are reported in Part II Section 5 of the TRI Form R, and off-site transfers are reported in Part II
Section 6. Waste management activities include: transfers of a TRI chemical in wastewater to a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) facility or to a non-POTW wastewater treatment
facility for the purpose of treatment for destruction or removal; combustion for energy recovery;
treatment (treatment includes treatment via incineration for destruction and waste stabilization);
recycling; and release, including disposal. During treatment, combustion for energy recovery, or
recycling activities, it is possible that some of the quantities of the TRI chemical will be released
to the environment.
Worker/Occupational and consumer exposure
EPA's approach for assessing exposure potential was to review the physical and chemical
properties, conditions of use reported in CDR, and information from the National Institutes of
Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and Products Database (CPDat) for 1,3-
butadiene's to inform occupational and consumer exposure potential. The results of this review
are detailed in the following tables.
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration data to inform 1,3-butadiene's exposure potential
(Table 13).
Results and Discussion
Release potential for environmental and human health exposure
Aggregated quantities of 1,3-butadiene released on-site to air, water, and land, and aggregated
quantities of 1,3-butadiene transferred off-site to POTWs and other wastewater treatment
facilities (non-POTW) are presented in Table 11 for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The table does
not include any of the reported quantities pertaining to other waste management activities (e.g.,
recycling, combustion for destruction) that occurred on-site or off-site during RY 2011, 2015,
and 2017. The "Number of Facilities" is the count of unique facilities that filed a TRI Form R
report for 1,3-butadiene for RY 2011, 2015, and 2017. The TRI data presented were obtained
from the TRI dataset following its update in April 2019.
31
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Table 11. The TRI Data on 1, 3-Butadiene from Reporting Years 2011, 2015, and 2017
Used in this Document to Assess Exposure Potential
Year
Number of
F acilities
That
Reported
Total
Quantities
Released
On-Site to
Air (lbs.)
Total
Quantities
Released On-
Site to Water
(lbs.)
Total
Quantities
Released
(Disposed of)
On-Site to
Land (lbs.)
Total
Quantities
Transferred
to POTW
(lbs.)
Total Quantities
Transferred to
Other (Non-POTW)
Wastewater
Treatment Facilities
(lbs.)
2011
195
1,276,301
1,344
6,126
1
50,629
2015
200
1,824,555
160
18,140
3
123,443
2017
190
1,353,825
233
35,852
4
43,916
Note: POTW = publicly owned treatment works
Reference: U.S. EPA. 20.1.9b
For RY 2017, 190 facilities submitted TRI reports for 1,3-butadiene. The total quantities of 1,3-
butadiene these facilities released on-site to air (as fugitive and stack emissions), surface water
and land are: 1,353,825 pounds; 233 pounds; and 35,852 pounds, respectively. These facilities
reported four pounds of the chemical transferred to POTWs and 43,916 pounds transferred off-
site to other non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities for the purpose of wastewater treatment.
These transfer categories represent two types of off-site transfers for wastewater treatment that
may lead to releases from the receiving facilities. They do not include quantities sent off-site for
other types of waste management activities that include, or may lead to, releases of the chemical.
Quantities transferred off-site represent the amount of a toxic chemical a facility sent off-site
prior to any waste management (e.g., treatment) at a receiving facility. Some of the quantities of
1,3-butadiene received by the non-POTW wastewater treatment facilities may have been released
to surface waters or to air during treatment processes at the facilities.
1,3-Butadiene has a vapor pressure of 2,107 mm Hg at 25 °C. This chemical's vapor pressure
indicates potential for air releases from volatilization during manufacturing, processing, and use.
When chemical substances are used as a reactant, the industrial releases may be a relatively low
percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when a high percentage
of the chemical reacts without excess loss during its use as an intermediate. The actual
percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical associated with this
processing or use are not known.
When chemical substances are incorporated into formulations, mixtures, or reaction products, the
industrial releases may be a relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower
percentage releases occur when a high percentage of the volume is incorporated without
significant process losses during its incorporation into a formulation, mixture, or product. The
actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical associated with this
processing or use are not known.
32
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When chemical substances are repackaged, the industrial releases may be a relatively low
percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur when a high percentage
of the chemical is repackaged without significant process losses during its repackaging. The
actual percentages, quantities, and media of releases of the reported chemical associated with this
processing or use are not known.
When chemical substances have industrial use as chemical intermediates, the industrial releases
may be a relatively low percentage of the production volume. Lower percentage releases occur
when a high percentage of the chemical reacts without excess loss during its use as an
intermediate. The actual percentage and quantity of release of the reported chemical associated
with this category are not known.
When chemical substances have industrial use as solvents in product formulations or mixtures,
the industrial and/or end use releases may be a relatively high percentage of the production
volume. Higher percentage releases occur when the chemical's intended use is as a solvent that
may evaporate into the atmosphere or may be collected and disposed to aqueous media. In some
cases, some engineering controls or capture for recycle or reclamation may reduce these losses.
The actual percentage and quantity of release of the reported chemical associated with this
category are not known but could be high.
Worker/occupational exposure
Worker exposures to this chemical may be affected by many factors, including but not limited to
volume produced, processed, distributed, used and disposed of; physical form and concentration;
processes of manufacture, processing, and use; chemical properties such as vapor pressure,
solubility, and water partition coefficient; local temperature and humidity; and exposure controls
such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and the existence of a personal protective
equipment (PPE) program.
1,3-Butadiene has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL)8. The PEL is 1 part per million (ppm) over an 8-hour work day, time-
weighted average (TWA). The OSHA Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) for 1,3-Butadiene is 5
ppm (OS ). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACG1H)
set the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) at 2 ppm TWA.
1,3-Butadiene is a gas at ambient room temperature conditions and there is the potential for
inhalation exposure to the gas. The extent of inhalation exposure could vary from facility to
facility depending on many factors including but not limited to engineering controls, type of
facility, and process design.
Consumer exposure
Based on CDR reporting information, 1,3-butadiene appears to be used in several types of
consumer products, specifically plastic and rubber products, rubber tires, and automotive care
products. The National Institutes of Health Consumer Product Database and the Chemical and
8 OSHA, 2009. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).
https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-peis/tablez-l.html
33
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Products Database (CPDat) report use of 1,3-butadiene in consumer products such as adhesives
and paints and coatings (Table 12).
Table 12. Exposure Information for Consumers
Chemical
Identity
Consumer Product Database
Consumer Uses (List)
1,3-Butadiene
(106-99-0)
Adhesive, anti-adhesive, anti-friction, anti-setoff, apparel, automotive, automotive care,
automotive component, binding, building material, casting agent, cleaner, electronics,
filler, filler building material, fluid property modulator, glass cleaner, hardener,
insulation, lubricant, metal surface treatment, paint, paint binding, paper, paving,
photographic, plastic polish, plastic, polish, printing, printing ink, propellant, rubber,
surface treatment, textile
Reference: CPDat
In addition, according to recent available assessments, 1,3-butadiene is also listed as being used
to manufacture several consumer products (NTP 1999. AT SDR 2012. NICNAS 2013. NTP
2016). The primary route of exposure to 1,3-butadiene is inhalation, and although some exposure
may occur through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or dermal contact, these routes of
exposure were considered unlikely in recent assessments (NTP 2016. AT SDR 2012). 1,3-
Butadiene is not a common contaminant of water supplies (NTP 2016). Some cooking oils, such
as rapeseed or canola, have been noted to release 1,3-butadiene when heated (NTP 2016).
General population exposure
EPA identified environmental concentration data to inform 1,3-butadiene's exposure potential
(Table 13).
The primary route of general population exposure to 1,3-butadiene is reported as inhalation. 1,3-
Butadiene is almost always present at very low concentrations in U.S. cities and large suburban
areas (OEHHA ). Recent available assessments note the general population is exposed to
low levels of 1,3-butadiene in the air due to its presence in gasoline, motor-vehicle exhausts as a
product of incomplete combustion of gasoline and diesel oil, the thermal breakdown of plastics,
and cigarette smoke (NTP 2016).
Releases of 1,3-butadiene from certain conditions of use, such as manufacturing, disposal, or
hazardous waste treatment activities, may result in general population exposures (OEHHA.
2013). Elevated concentrations of 1,3-butadiene have been measured in the vicinity of heavily
trafficked areas, refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and plastic and rubber factories
(C ). Populations living in areas near oil refineries, chemical manufacturing plants,
and plastic and rubber factories—where 1,3-butadiene is manufactured or used—would be
expected to have higher exposures (ATSDR ). Smokers, those exposed to secondhand
smoke, and individuals inhaling smoke from wood fires would also be exposed to higher levels
of 1,3-butadiene (A I'SDR .Oil. IA'U-
1,3-Butadiene also is formed naturally as a by-product of forest fires (NTP 2016.1 ARC ).
Low levels of 1,3-butadiene have been detected in U.S. drinking water supplies, food samples,
and within plastic or rubber food containers. However, reports note a lack of data available to
34
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quantify general population exposure to 1,3-butadiene by routes other than inhalation, although it
is expected to be low in comparison to breathing contaminated air CNTP 2016. AT SDR ).
Table 13. Exposure Information for the
Environment and General Population
Database Name
Env.
Concen.
Data
Present?
Human
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Ecological
Biomon.
Data
Present?
Reference
California Air Resources Board
no
no
no
CARB (2005)
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
yes
no
no
MDI (2002)
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology
Information Center - Air Toxics Data
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (1990)
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
no
no
no
U.S. EPA (2007)
EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Rule
yes
no
no
U.S. EPA (1996)
FDA Total Diet Study
no
no
no
FDA (1991)
Great Lakes Environmental Database
no
no
no
(2018b)
Information Platform for Chemical
Monitoring Data
no
no
no
EC (2018)
International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea
no
no
no
ICES (2018)
OECD Monitoring Database
no
no
no
OECD (2018)
Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey
no
no
no
U.S. EPA (2006)
The National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
no
no
no
cm
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council
no
no
no
USGS (1991a)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Air
no
no
no
USGS (1991b)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Ground Water
yes
no
no
USGS (1991c)
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Sediment
no
no
no
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Soil
no
no
no
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Surface Water
no
no
no
USGS (199111
USGS Monitoring Data -National Water
Quality Monitoring Council, Tissue
no
no
no
USGS (1991s)
a Concen.= concentration
b Biomon.= biomonitoring
35
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9. Other risk-based criteria that EPA determines to be relevant to the designation of
the chemical substance's priority
EPA did not identify other risk-based criteria relevant to the designation of the chemical
substance's priority.
10. Proposed Designation and Rationale
Proposed Designation: High-priority substance
Rationale: EPA identified and analyzed reasonably available information and is proposing to
find that 1,3-butadiene may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health and/or the
environment, including potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations, (e.g., workers,
consumers, women of reproductive age and children). This is based on the potential hazard and
potential exposure of 1,3-butadiene under the conditions of use described in this document to
support the prioritization designation. Specifically, EPA expects that the manufacturing,
processing, distribution, use and disposal of 1,3-butadiene may result in presence of the chemical
in surface water, ingestion of the chemical in drinking water, inhalation of the chemical from air
releases, exposure to workers, exposure to consumers and exposure to the general population,
including exposure to children. In addition, EPA identified potential human health hazards (e.g.,
acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity,
irritation, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and observations in epidemiologic
and/or biomonitoring studies).
36
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