oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
U.S. Environ men TAt. Protection Agency
2020 SmartWay
Truck Carrier
Partner Tool:
Truck Tool Technical
Documentation
U.S. Version 2.0.19 (Data Year 2019)
EPA-420-B-20-002 I January 2020 I SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway
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A FPA Environmental Protection ^^>SfT13rtWay
* * Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
2020 SmartWay
Truck Carrier Partner Tool:
Truck Tool Technical
Documentation
U.S. Version 2.0.19
(Data Year 2019)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-420-B-20-002
January 2020
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Table of Contents
1.0 OVERVIEW 7
2.0 DATA INPUTS AND SOURCES 8
2.1 C02 Factors 8
2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors 10
2.3 Alternative Fuels 18
2.4 PM ControL Effectiveness 20
3.0 EMISSION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION 22
3.1 C02 Emissions 22
3.2 NOx, PM and BC Emissions 23
3.3 Activity Calculations 27
3.4 Data Validation 32
4.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS 67
SmartWay Technical. Documentation j Table of Contents 3
EPA-420-B-20-002 | January 2020 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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¦xv
Appendices
Appendix A: MOVES20i4b NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2019 Calendar Year A-i
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr B-i
Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors C-i
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology D-i
SmartWay Technical. Documentation j Table of Contents 4
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List of Tables
Table l. C02 Factors by Fuel Type* 9
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon) 12
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles 12
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES20ioa basis) ..25
Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle Class/Body-Type/Ranking
Category (2011 Partner Data) 29
Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery Fleets 31
Table 7. Basic Range and Logical Checks 32
Table 8. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages 35
Table 9. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges 37
Table 10. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis 38
Table 11. Outlier Definition 39
Table 12. Values Flagged as Outliers 39
Table 13. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria 45
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 50
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 51
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 52
Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 53
Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year 54
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 55
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 56
Table 21. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 57
Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 58
Table 23. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon 59
Table 24. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis) 60
Table 25. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles 61
Table 26. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons) 65
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List of Figures
Figure i. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode 14
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin 17
Figure 3. Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin 17
Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers 37
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 44
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 45
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | List of Figures 6
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Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation methods, and
assumptions used within the SmartWay Truck Tool, version 2.0.19. The SmartWay Truck Tool utilizes the
most up-to-date emission factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate emissions
and associated performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate actual
pollutant emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions performance over
time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report using these Tools to develop more
advanced emissions inventories associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions
performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based performance
metrics for carbon dioxide (C02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PMand black carbon
(BC) including:1
^ Grams per mile
V- Grams per average payload ton-mile
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, Loaded miles, and
revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-
type level, or on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing detailed
segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-
out with low payloads (e.g.. those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to similar fleets
on a simple gram per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out.
Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have
fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than fleets operating at highway speeds. By
collecting detailed information on fleet operations (TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class
(2b through 8b) and body type (dry van, reefer, flatbeds, etc.), individual fleets can compare their
performance to other, similar fleets, which can help them to better manage their emissions performance.
1 At this time the Truck Tool does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles
traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse hauLers and utiLity fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1.0 7
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M Data Inputs and Sources
The SmartWay Truck Tool user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity data needed
for emissions performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The Tool calculates emissions by
multiplying fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables
within the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants, C02 factors are expressed
in grams of C02 per gallon offuel2-3 NOx, PM. and BC factors are expressed in grams of pollutant per mile
traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In general. C02 factors are
independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet, NOx. PM and BC factors,
however, vary depending upon a number of parameters, including:
Truck class
Engine model year/emission certification standard
V- Vehicle speed
Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits, including diesel
oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel particulate filters ("PM traps" or
flow-through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and
idle emission factors, and control effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the effectiveness for BC.4
2.1 C02 FACTORS
EPA populated the SmartWay Truck Tool with C02 factors that are based on fuel consumption. These factors
and their sources and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20) are not included in the current Truck Tool.
3 The Truck Tool also estimates emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions (C02, NOx and PM) are determined based
on the kWhrs used for charging.
4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions, and differences between PM and BC
control effectiveness.
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Table l. C02 Factors by Fuel Type*
g/gal
Source5
Gasoline
8,887
(i)
Diesel
10,180
(ii)
Biodiesel (B100)
9460
(iii)
Ethanol (Eioo)
5764
(iv)
CNG
7,030
(v)
LNG
4,394
(vi)
LPG
5,790
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol, diesel/biodiesel) by
applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each blend component. The Tool then
adds the emissions from each blend component together to determine total C02 emissions. Therefore,
emission factors for specific blend ratios are not needed for C025
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE)
(on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG consumption is
expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the CNG fuel estimates to GGE.
For CNG:
Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ l DGE = 1.112 GGE7
¦ Note: l GGE = 125,000 BTU and l DGE = 139,000 BTU. so l DGE = 1.112 GGE (139,000/125,000).
Cubic Feet (cuft) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The
gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel
(indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at http://edocket.access.apo.aov/cfr 200^/iulqtr/pdf/zL0cfr6Q0.ii?-Q^.pdf. Accessed 12-9-19.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive AnaLysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
https://cfpub.epa.aov/si/si public record report.cfm?Lab=OTAQ&dirEntrvld=7':?882. Accessed 12-9-19.
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). FuLl source documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the
Technical Support Document, PetroLeum Products and Natural Gas Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20ig;-07/documents/subpartmmproductdefinitions.pdf. Accessed 12-9-19.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of Availability of Expert Peer Review Record
supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-0925.1
(Spreadsheet "Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http://www.afdc.enerav.aQv/afdc/fuels/properties.htmL. Accessed 12-9-19), and 0.059 g/Btu (from CNG
calculation, source v).
vii) Table C-i in the FinaL RuLe on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). FulL source documentation is available in
Table A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2007 available at
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-aas-emissions-and-sinks-lQQ0-2007. Accessed 12-9-19.
6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based on national averages: 19 gallons of
gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum.
7 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwesteneravsolutions.net/cna-resources/enerav-volume-weiaht. Accessed 12-9-19.
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¦ 123.57 cuft = 1 GGE8
For LNG. users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon equivalent
(GGE) (on a Btu basis), cliesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG consumption is expressed in
GGE. DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the LNG fuel estimates to physical
gallons.
For LNG:
Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ l DGE = 1.7 Gallons LNG9
^ Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon
l GGE = 1.5 Gallons LNG10
Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon
3.49 Lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons11
2.2 NOx, PM AND BC FACTORS
The SmartWay Truck Tool contains NOx. PM:0 PM2,5 and BC12 emission factor outputs for on-road operation
from EPA's MGVES20i4b model for diesel and E1013 for all heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national
default temperature and fuel conditions, for model years 1989 through 2021. for the 2020 calendar year (see
Appendix A for a full list of factors). The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban or
highway), and average speed range, as discussed below.
Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed separately
by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES20i4b does not currently provide short
duration idle factors in terms of grams per hour, so MOVES20l4b was run using the Project Level scale with a
single link and with an average speed of zero. Runs were performed for typical winter and summer
conditions, taking the average of outputs from those runs to obtain g/hr factors.
8 Alternative Fuels Data Center. GasoLine and Diesel Gallon EquivaLency Methodology, http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/fuels/equivalencv methodoloav.html.
Accessed 12-9-2019.
9 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight. http://www.midwesteneravsQLutions.net/cna-resources/enerav-volurne-weiaht Accessed 12-9-
2019.
10 Ibid.
m Ibid.
12 Black carbon factors are assumed to equal the elemental carbon gram per mile factors output by the MOVES model.
*3 All gasoline consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of E10. Pure gasoline (Eo) emission factors are no longer used in the
Truck Tool. References to "gasoline" in the Tool and the associated documentation refer to E10.
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MOVES20i4b does provide emission factors for Long-duration idle for long-haul diesel trucks. These factors
are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class 8b trucks within the Truck
Tool.14 Short-duration factors are applied across the board for the remaining truck class types.
Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to assumed
engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust15) emissions are assumed unchanged
relative to their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are assumed to have no
idle emissions of either kind.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Version 2.0.19 of the Truck Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with transportation
refrigeration (reefer) units. The MOVE520i4b emissions model was used to develop emission rates for these
units for the 2019 calendar year, following these steps:
V- A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline and diesel
fueled equipment;
^ The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted from the output
files - 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);
V- Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were converted to grams
per year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an average day value, multiplying by the
number of days in each month, and summing over month. This resulted in annual grams of emissions (of
NOx, PM'o. and PM2,5) and grams of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC).
for each fuel type;
BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values of 2,819 g/gal
and 3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.
^ Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the annual grams of
emissions of NOx, PM10 and PM2,5 by the annual gallons of fuel consumed for gasoline and diesel.
Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM2,5 reefer emissions, applying
conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (0.349 for
diesel engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).16
Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Truck Tool.
14 NOx factors for Long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at Least for Late modeL engines), since engine operation temperatures
and Loads at idLe are generaLLy not high enough to activate Late-modeL emission controLs such as seLective cataLytic reduction and exhaust gas recircuLation.
15 WhiLe there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid eLectric technoLogy, EPA has not performed emission testing to
assess this effect. Therefore hybrid NOx and PM/BC exhaust emission rates are assumed to equaL conventionaL vehicLe equivaLents in the current Truck
T00L.
^ Commission for EnvironmentaL Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American BLack Carbon Emissions Estimation GuideLines: Methods for Estimating BLack
Carbon Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group, Inc. FinaL Report, May 2015.
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Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
z
0
X
PM10
pm25
BC
Diesel
49.928
1-477
1.433
0.500
Gasoline
17.642
O.996
0.916
0.112
The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from MOVES20i4b
for use in the Truck Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for E10 and diesel fuel types for
all MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy-duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The
MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school buses, refuse trucks and motor
homes represent only a small fraction of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
Source Type Name
31
Passenger Truck
32
Light Commercial Truck
43
School Bus
51
Refuse Truck
52
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
53
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
54
Motor Home
61
Combination Short-haul Truck
62
Combination Long-haul Truck
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types. These factors were
apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph,
25-50 mph, and 50+ mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted to a vehicle
class basis. In this way. the Truck Tool can select appropriate emission factors for use by:
weight class
model year
V- road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
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Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of time a given
type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50
mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29,
and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its vehicle
specific power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to
each range of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:
Equation 1
E A-:E: + A2E2 + A3E3 + Aibi + AbEb
Where:
E = uncorrected17 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and emissions
contribution by speed bin
Ai-3 = the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and Ab represent
the activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
EiV = the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and Eb represent
the emissions associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source type and model
year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red line presents the fraction of
vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present average HC
emissions for each operating mode.
17 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 beLow.
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aj
cn
o
CD
>
<
Figure i. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
0.0022
0.0021
0.0020
0.0019
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
0.0015
0.0014
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
A
i
i
D O
< 25 rnph
\ °
25 - 50 mph
/ i
/ \
\
\
\
\ °
O /
>50
fl
11
11
J \
/ r\ \
O
\
11 12 13 14 15 16
VSP Bin
o o o hcmean
—I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1—
21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37 38 39 40
V
>
o
CD
ui
For our purposes, An from Equation l is obtained by retaining the "opmoclefraction2" table from the
"MOVESExecution" database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution Generator (OMDG) during
a MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source type, roadway type, average speed
bin, and pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are normalized using average speed distributions
from the "avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode fractions in each speed bin
constitutes A..
En' is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table. This table contains
emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide variety of sourcebinlDs. For
this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebinlDs corresponding to the source type, fuel type,
and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions
obtained here were then converted to a source type basis (from their current sourcebinID basis); this was
done by retaining the "sourcebindistribution" table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by
the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during each MOVES run, and weighting the activity fractions for
each source type and model year combination in this table with the data from the "emissionratebyage" table
described above. Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is generated, by source type and model
year, for each operating mode (corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En~ for each speed
range represents the average emissions of the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted
average emissions can be calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, L-\ as follows in Equation 2:
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Equation 2
Ei =
R; + '^12'A2 ^13^13 "I" ^14^14 + ^15^15 + ^16^16
Where:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is merely an
example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated an appropriate En' for
each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation l can be used, along with the
appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of itself, this emission
factor has little value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with the modeled emission
factor for a particular source type and model year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in
Equation 3:
Equation 3
E
Z = —
E
Where:
E
E
The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type and
model year
The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated using
operating mode distributions and emission factors from the "emissionratebyage" table
I his overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component, Erf, as shown
in Equation 4:
Equation 4
En - ZEn
I he adjusted emissions, En. are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission factor for a given
source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This will allow
the Truck Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a user-
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provided speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default operating mode percentages may also
be used, as calculated above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Truck Tool by weight class, fuel type,
and model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source type. Therefore a post-
processing Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based
on internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by poLLutantID, byjoining the
"movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar year, source type, fuel type and model year.
The sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodetyearlD
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES "sizeweightfraction"
table byjoining on the sourcetypemodetyearlD. The "sizeweightfraction" table contains, for a given
combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightctassID. Given
the weightctassID, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range of vehicle weights is
determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle
classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, "M6VehType", which is
derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For each calendar year,
sourcetypemodetyearlD andpollutantlD, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and
activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac, respectively.
Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by yearlD, pollutantlD, fueltypelD,
and vehicle class (e.g., HDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity independent of the MOVES
source type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at
g/mi emission factors presented in Appendix A.
Modeling Gasoline Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel formulations
on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults
are characterized by varying market shares of and E10 and E15.18
In order to isolate Gasoline emission factors, the new Fuels Wizard included in MOVES20i4b was used to
alter the ethanol percentage of fuels nationwide to zero.
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes were evaluated for four road types - urban arterial,
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were
18 Only 2001+ model year Light-duty vehicles may use E15 fuel, and it is only sold at a handful of stations in Midwest states. See
http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/fueLs/ethanol eifi.htmL Accessed 12-9-2019.
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generated for dieseL long-haul combination trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using
national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc.). The results of the analysis are shown
for NOx and PM25 below.
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
¦ IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frwy
Figure 3. Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
I 0.01
o>
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
¦ IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
i 1 i
Urban Art Urban Frwy Rural Art Rural Fn^y
Road type
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural freeways are all
heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.19 In addition, actual emission levels are relatively
^ This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected the 50+ mph category as the most
representative of their non-urban operations.
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insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to have a significant
bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation for Truck Tool
application was to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types),
and then weight urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations in order to aggregate
emission lookup tables within the SmartWay Tool to reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types.
In addition, under this approach users can choose default speed distributions for these selections or specify
the percent of operation by major speed range (o - 25. 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the relative insensitivity to
speed for the "other" category, specifying speed distributions would only be permitted for urban arterial
operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
^ Specify % Highway/Rural ("other") operation fraction
^ Specify % urban operation distribution by speed bin, or select "default speed distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see the Truck Tool
User Guides for details).
2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES20i4b for certain alternative fuels, including E85,
natural gas, and LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below
to estimate NOx and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive
Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed
regression equations to predict the percentage change in NO* and PM emission rates relative to
conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM and BC20
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the percentage of the
biofuel component,21 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel
emission factors in Appendix A (see Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note
20 BC emission rates as a function of biodiesel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed identical to the PM relationship.
21 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing Bioo-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level - see the Truck Tool User Guides for
detaiLs regarding biodiesel use inputs.
Equation 6
% change in emissions = lexp[a x (vol% biodiesel)] -1} * 100%
Where:
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that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel
consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption
data inputs as well.)
MOVES20i4b now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biodiesel, including options for modeling
5 and 20 percent biodiesel (B5 and B20). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are consistent with EPA's 2002
study findings. MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on 2007+ model year diesel trucks because the
literature does not show consistent or significant biodiesel effects on theses engines.22 23 Accordingly, the
Truck Tool only applies adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior to 2007.
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the SmartWay Truck Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates for E10 and
E85 since, unlike biodiesel where the biofuel fraction can vary significantly, ethanol is generally blended with
gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in Section 2.2 above. NOx and PM
factors for E10 were output directly from MOVES20i4b. Given the lack of heavy-duty E85 test data,
adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles cited by the US DOE
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.24 These estimates come from a technical paper
published in the Journal of Air & Waste Management.25 Relative to conventional gas vehicles, the authors of
this paper estimate that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54% (based on 73
vehicle tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These adjustment factors are
applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in Appendix A to develop emission factors for
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the National
Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas vehicles. For this
assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition, it was also assumed
LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions.26 To be conservative, the smallest
emission reduction estimates were selected from the natural gas vehicle field test data (86% for PM and 17%
for NOx) relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are applied to the diesel emission
factors in Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for these fuels.
Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older trucks (with
minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to recent vehicle
emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences by model year in the emission rates of
gaseous fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West Virginia University27 using Class 8 trucks found that a
22 McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact of Biodieset on Modern Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID: FT011. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, CO. May 9, 2011. http://enerav.aov/eere/vehicles/downloads/impact-biodiesel-modern-diesel-enaine-emissions. Accessed 12-9-2019.
23 CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor Vehicle
Fuel in California Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation Study. Final Report Prepared for CARB. October 2011.
https://www.arb.ca.aov/fuels/diesel/altdiesel/20iiioi? CARB%20Final%2QBiodiesel%20Report.pdf. Accessed 12-9-2019.
24 See http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/vehicLes/emissions e8fi.html. Accessed 12-9-2019.
25 See http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/pdfs/technicaL paper feboo.pdf. Accessed 12-9-2019.
26 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicLes were actuaLLy sLightLy Lower than for natural gas vehicLes -
http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/vehicles/emissions propane.html Accessed 12-9-2019. However, based on engineering judgment it was assumed that
LPG PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable CNG vehicLes.
27 Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. In-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Retrofit Technology for Control of On-Road Heavy-Duty
Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air Quality Management District. September 2013. https://Lazerinitiative.oro/resources/in-use-emissions-testino-
and-demonstration-of-retrQfit-technoLoay-for-CQntroL-of-on-road-heavy-duty-enaines-2/. Accessed 12-9-2019.
E85.
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model year 2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel, 95% LNG) high-pressure direct injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and
48% less NOx and PM. respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both
vehicles operated on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that a
MY 2011 natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56% Less NOx and PM
compared to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also on the UDDS.
Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in the WVU
study, resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies these new reduction
values to comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model year gaseous fuel trucks. For model
years prior to 2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx and 86% for PM are retained.
Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation mix profiles
from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the ratio of
elemental carbon (EC) and PM2,5 emission factors from MOVES20i4a for CNG transit buses, for calendar year
2018. The ratio EC to PM2,5 varies by model year group (0.0925 for pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112 for 2002+
model years), so these different factors are applied for the different engine age groups as appropriate in
order to determine BC levels for these fuel types.
The Truck Tool applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A and B for any pre-2007
diesel truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device. The following adjustment
factors were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions: see Section 3.2 below for
details):
Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
V- Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
^ Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
References from EPA's Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF effectiveness
estimates above (20 - 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs).28 29 Note that an independent estimate of
CCV effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify CCVs when packaged with DOCs.
The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission estimates. The
Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a
28 EPA 2010a, National. Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/fiLes/2016-0Vdocuments/420fl00^l.pdf. Accessed 12-9-2019.
29 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/fiLes/20i6-0Vdocuments/42Qfi002Q.pdf. Accessed 12-9-2019.
2.4 PM CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS
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case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating emissions
were 10 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
However, the Truck Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.
At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal for PM and
BC.
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Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate activity data
(provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner level for C02, NOx, PM, and
BC as described below.
3.1 C02 EMISSIONS
C02 is calculated within the Truck Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon of fuel, (with
the exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general equation for
calculating C02 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
Equation 8
Ego2 = ((F - B) xEFf) • (B x EFb))
Where:
Ecoa = grams C02 per year
F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFf = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFb = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported kWhrs used
for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Truck Tool, with the reefer fuel type
assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However, reefer units associated with LPG and electric
trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common type of reefer engine). Accordingly, any
reefer fuel use reported for LPG and electric trucks is included in the total C02 calculation using the diesel
fuel factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocator
The Truck Carrier Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Diesel Used by truck class in order to estimate C02
emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. However, if the user does not have this
information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the Truck Tool's Fuel Allocator can be used
to apportion fuel use across truck classes.
In the Fuel Allocator, the user enters total fuel consumption and truck class MPG estimates. The allocator
then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class MPG. If the total fuel calculated
matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a "Match". However, instead of writing the
exact calculated value seen in the Fuel Allocator to the Activity screen, the Tool adjusts the class fuel
1
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amounts (and therefore MPG) so the sum matches the Total Fuel entered exactly, and then writes these
values on the Activity screen. That means, the MPG entered into the Fuel Allocator, and the calculated fuel
used seen on the Fuel Allocator, are not necessarily equal to the MPG and the fuel used that is written to the
Activity Screen.
If the user re-opens the Fuel Allocator at this point, the Allocator brings in the MPGs listed on the Activity
Screen, NOT the MPGs the user input into the calculator the first time (although it doesn't overwrite the
saved MPGs entered on the worksheet, if the user presses Cancel). For remaining calculations in the Tool,
the values shown on the Activity Screen are used. The Allocator values the user entered are saved for the
XML file, but aren't used for further calculations. Separately in the XML, the MPG and fuel totals that were put
onto the Activity Screen are also written.
3.2 NOx, PM AND BC EMISSIONS
Unlike C02 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx, PM and BC emission rates also vary substantially
depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and
operation mode (running or idle). For this reason. EPA developed lookup tables in the Truck Tool with
emission factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx, PM and BC
emission rates expressed ingrams per mile were combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total
miles) in order to estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation g
Enox - I [(Mcx ((GPMh x HDC) •• (GPMui * UDC-J - (GPMU2 x UDC2) * (GPMU3 x UDC3) - (GPMU4 x UDC4))) * TCY/
Tct) + (GPHi xH; x Tcy) + (GPHi xH, x TCY)1
Where:
Enox = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
X = summation across model years
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HDC = Highway drive cycle %(% of miles under highway/rural driving)
G PM ua/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 = 0 - 25 mph; 2 =
25 - 50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1, 2, 3, 4))
Tcy = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
Tct = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPHsd = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration Idling30
Hsdi = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
3° The idle calculation for Class 8a and Lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and Long duration idLing. and aLL idLe hours are multiplied by the
short duration idle factor for these trucks. Hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idLing emissions, while battery-electric trucks have
no idling emissions of any kind.
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GPHldi
Mldi
Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling
Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx. utilizing PM
emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown
below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)
Epm = I [«(MC x ((GPMh x HDC) + (GPMui * UDCJ. + (GPMU2 x UDC2) • (GPMU3 x UDC3) * (GPMU4 x UDC4))) x TCY/
Tct) + (GPHsdi *Hsdi x Tcy) + (GPHldi xHldi x Toy)) x (l - ((O.25 x Tdoc / Tct) + (0.05 x Tccv / Tct) + (0.9 x Tdpf / Tct)))1
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle fractions apply
across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the method assumes that estimated idle hours apply
equally to all model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with different
road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Truck Tool user must provide an
estimate of the percent of total miles associated with highway/rural driving for each truck class. The user
may also provide percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access,
surface roads in well-traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (0 - 25 / 25 - 50 / 50+ mph). This
information may be obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution
data is not available, the user may select to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The
default speed distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle class and
model year. However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically with a range of 1 to 2 percent for
the largest speed category), the percentages were averaged over all model years for a given speed
category/vehicle type combination for use within the Truck Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each truck class, for
both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Truck Tool utilizes the diesel default speed distributions for
LPG, LNG, and CNG.
Equation 10
Where:
Epm
Tdoc
Tccv
Tdpf
0.25
0.05
0.9
grams PM per year for a given truck class
Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
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Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
Operation (MOVES20ioa basis)31
Vehicle Class Speed Group
Percent by
Vehicle
Class*
Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class"
Diesels I
HDDV2b
0 - 25
35%
25-50
38%
50+
13%
Deceleration
15%
HDDV3
0 - 25
41%
25-50
36%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV4
0 - 25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV5
0 - 25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV6
0 - 25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV7
0 - 25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV8a
0 - 25
44%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
9%
HDDV8b
0 - 25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
12%
Deceleration
8%
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
I Gasoline
HDGV2b
0 - 25
43%
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
HDGV3
0 - 25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
11%
HDGV4
0 - 25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
HDGV5
0 - 25
46%
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
HDGV6
0 - 25
46%
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
HDGV7
0 - 25
45%
25-50
32%
50+
10%
Deceleration
14%
HDGV8a
0 - 25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
HDGVSb
0 - 25
43%
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
* May not sum to 10.0 due to rounding error
31 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for Highway/RuraL driving, the values in the
above table are automatically renormaLized, so as to make the sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
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As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation is associated
with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other operation due to their unique emission rate
patterns.32 However, it is assumed that most Truck Tool users will not know their fleet's deceleration fraction.
As such, the Truck Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a deceleration fraction based on
MOVES model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed distributions, the Truck Tool will
adjust the urban values from Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles specified for Highway/Rural
operation as well. The following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels
given a specific set of road type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC emission calculations follow the
same procedure.
User specifies 1 Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
40% highway/rural
30% 0-25 mph
20% 25-50 mph
10% 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM25
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):
0-25: 0.0272 g/mi
25-50: 0.0463 g/mi
50+: 0.0233 g/mi
deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must to account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 30% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default deceleration
fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% + 12%) = 27.3%
25-50: 20% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% +12%) = 18.2%
50+: 10% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% +12%) = 9.1%
deceleration: remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% - 18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding
emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams
50+ urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams
Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM2,5 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle
class combinations and converted to short tons.)
32 MOVES aLso assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission factors associated with idle in MOVES
outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, in order to utiLize the grams per hour emission factors developed for use in the
Truck Tool, MOVES outputs associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories were
renormaLized to equal 100%.
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As discussed in Section 2.3, the Truck Tool assumes that Bioo-equivalent biodiesel volumes are distributed
proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of
biodiesel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that Bio (100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by
each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for Bio using Equation 6, and
applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Truck Tool are expressed in
terms of PM25, The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PM10 / PMZl5 for a given fuel type, as summarized
below:
Gasoline -1.1304
^ Diesel -1.087
CNG - 1.1304
These factors are applied directly to the PM2,5 emission factors to obtain mass emission and performance
metrics for PMi0 within the Truck Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and LPG have PM ratios
equivalent to the CNG value. The ratio for biodiesel was assumed to equal that for diesel.
The Truck Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption, miles traveled,
payload, road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance
assessment (see Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of these
activity parameters, the Truck Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload determination, in
the absence of fleet-specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use of
calculator defaults.) The data sources and assumptions used to develop these default values are discussed
below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending upon
commodity type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and Package carriers, exact data entries
were used from the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to obtain payload distributions for the 2017 Tool.33 This data
was categorized by fuel type, truck class, body-type, and SmartWay ranking category. Body-type refers to
the categories presented in the Truck Tool payload calculator (e.g., Step Van, Beverage, Combination
Flatbed, etc.). Ranking category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload Dry Van, Dray, Mixed,
etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this categorization of the 2011 Partner data.
33 An evaluation of carrier payload data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool's default ranges rather than providing exact values.
Accordingly the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool.
3-3 ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS
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This data was then reviewed and four outliers were identified and removed from the data set.34 Next, the
data was grouped by truck class and body type and examined for notable differences in payload values
across ranking categories. However, with the exception of certain Class 8 trucks, no truck class/body-
type/ranking category combination had greater than 20 observations. Therefore, it was concluded that there
was not an adequately large data set available for establishing ranking-category specific payload
distributions for Truck Classes 2b-/ In these cases, payload data were aggregated across all ranking
categories for each truck class/body-type combination.
The Larger population of Class 8 trucks in the 2011 data set allowed for a differentiation of payload
distributions across ranking categories. Considering both available sample size and average payloads, the
following unique truck class/body-type/SmartWay ranking category groupings were established.
Class 8a Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate LTL (9.9 tons average) and non-LTL (12.4 tons average)
categories. No differentiation across categories for other body-types.
^ Class 8b Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate Heavy-bulk (24.1 tons), LTL/Moving/Package (15.0
tons), Tanker (24 tons), and all other categories (18.5 tons).
Class 8b Specialty body-types: differentiate Auto Carriers (16.2 tons), Heavy/Mixed (30.3 tons), Flatbed
(21.6 tons), and all other categories (25.6 tons).
Class 8b Dry Van Double body-types: differentiate TL/Reefer/Mixed (27.7 tons) and all other categories
(19.4 tons)
Class 8b Other body-types: differentiate Heavy/Flatbed/Mixed (27.4 tons) and all other categories (21.5
tons).
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum
values by truck class/body-type/and-or ranking category.35 Note that the average values and standard
deviations presented below are not weighted by fleet size.
34 Three Class 2bs were removed due to high payloads (16,13, and 5 tons). A Class 8b truck was removed due to incongruous text explanation ("none used").
35 Given the Lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payLoad ranges are assumed to apply to aLL fuel types.
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Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle
Class/Body-Type/Ranking Category (2011 Partner Data)
Body Type (Bin Category)
Avg Payload (tons) Std Dev
Class 2b
Flatbed
1,19
0.69
Step Van
1.14
0.48
Walk-In Van
1.05
0.48
Conventional Van
0.77
O.41
Other
0.58
0.49
Class 3
Step Van
1.65
0.53
Walk-In Van
1.64
0.57
Conventional Van
1.50
O.83
Other
1.08
0.90
Class 4
Flatbed
2.68
153
Step Van
2.24
1.19
Walk-In Van
1.70
0.80
Conventional Van
2.27
0.90
Other
1,16
O.76
Class 5
Walk-In Van
1.99
1.08
Conventional Van
339
0.99
Other
2.91
1,19
Class 6
Flatbed
4.67
1.71
Reefer
4.84
1.80
Walk-In Van
4.01
1.68
Single-Axle Van
3.78
1.19
Other
4.17
1.48
Class 7
Beverage
6.10
2.22
Flatbed
7.05
0.85
Reefer
6.03
1.27
Tanker
745
0.92
Single-Axle Van
553
1.83
Other - straight truck
8.30
4.63
Combination Flatbed
5.22
0.41
Combination Reefer
358
1.01
Dry Van - Single
544
2.57
Other - combo
590
1.15
Class 8a
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Body Type (Bin Category)
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Flatbed
10.04
5.88
Tanker
12.12
543
Single-Axle Van
8.09
3.80
Other - straight truck
9.76
4.08
Beverage
12.30
440
Combination Flatbed
12.51
1.41
Dry Van - Single (other than LTL)
12.42
4.66
Other - combo
12.68
4.56
Class 8b
Dry Van - Single (Heavy-Bulk)
24.1
2.98
Dry Van - Single (Tanker)
24.06
2.96
Dry Van - Single (other bins)
18.46
397
Dry Van - Double (Mixed-TL-Reefer)
27.74
13.33
Dry Van - Double (Other bins)
19.39
382
Dry Van - Triple
27.10
3.20
Combination Reefer
20.10
2.82
Combination Flatbed
22.50
4.23
Combination Tanker
24.90
2.89
Chassis
21.80
528
Specialty (Other bins)
25.62
2.72
Other (Other bins)
21.50
8.41
Specialty (Auto bin)*
18.20
5.29
Specialty (Heavy-bulk bin)*
29.20
7.15
Specialty (Moving bin)*
14.60
2.70
Specialty (Flatbed bin)
21.56
2.58
Other (Heavy-Flatbed-Mixed bins)
2741
6.36
* calculated using 2014 calendar year data, for new body type additions to the payload calculator.
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Truck Tool payload
calculator. For most vehicle class/body-type/ranking category combinations,36 seven default ranges are
offered for Partner selection:
"""v Range 1: from 0 tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation);
Ranges 3-5: evenly split in three sections, from (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation) to (Average
payload +1 x standard deviation);
3® In a few instances, the calculated Lower bound value for Range 2 was Less than zero. In these cases the Lower bound vaLue for Range 2 was set to zero
and the PayLoad CaLcuLator indicates Range l as "N/A".
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^ Range 6: from (Average payloacl +1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation);
and,
V- Range 7: from (Average payLoad + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 3 x standard deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the payLoad calculator determines the midpoint of the range in order to
estimate class level average payloads. The midpoint payload values for each body type are weighted by one
of the four allocation methods specified by the user in the payload calculator: # miles, # trips, % operation,
and # vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used as the class level average payload, which in
turn is used directly in determining grams per ton-mile performance metrics for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload calculator are validated using the
same data described above (see Section 3.4).
LTL and Package Fleet Payloads
For most payload validations in the Tool, ranges are calculated by class and by body type as described
above. LTL and package delivery payload validation ranges were updated using data from the 2015 tools,
and are calculated on a simple truck class basis, as there was not enough LTL and Package Delivery Partner
information to break payload out by body type. Therefore, each body type in a class is validated using the
same range, as shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery
Fleets
Truck
Class
Avg
Payload
# Obs
Standard
Dev
Ri Min R2 Min
R3 Min R4 Min
R5 Min R6 Min
R7 Min
2B
0.93
86
0.172
>0
0.30
0.761
0.875
0.990
1.104
1.190
3
1.52
61
0.269
>0
1.10
1.250
1.430
1.609
1.789
1.924
4
2.04
33
0.379
>0
1.50
1.666
1.918
2.171
2.423
2.613
5
2.62
21
0.475
>0
1.60
2.146
2.462
2.779
3.095
3-333
6
3-45
102
0.561
>0
2.70
2.892
3-266
3.640
4.015
4.296
7
5.31
84
0.754
>0
4.00
4.560
5.063
5-566
6.069
6.446
8A
9.64
67
2.357
>0
6.50
7.287
8.859
10.431
12.002
13.181
8B
15.28
144
2.903
>0
10.70
12.381
14.316
16.252
18.187
19.639
The lower payload ranges (for "Ri" and "R2") were set so as to identify less than 20% of the observed
LTL/package fleets during validation. The middle R3-R5 ranges extend from one standard deviation less
than the average payload to one standard deviation greater than the average. The upper payload values for
"R6" range from the payload average plus one standard deviation to the average plus 1.5 standard deviations.
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The range for "R7" extends above the "R6" maximum value. The maximum R7 range values are taken directly
from the original R7 maximum values described above by class and by body type.37
3.4 DATA VALIDATION
The SmartWay Truck Tool has a number of standard Logical, range and value checks that must be passed
before Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm the presence of required
data (e.g., total miles for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of Logical relationships (e.g., revenue
miles <= total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners will not be able to finalize their
fleet files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also note that there is an implicit validation check on
all numeric fields because the system will not accept any non-numeric characters (including minus signs)
within these fields.
Table 7. Basic Range arid Logical Checks
Contact Information User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Fleet Description
User must include a Partner Name.
Fleet Description
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one
character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.
Fleet Description
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
Fleet Description
If entered. DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.
Fleet Description
User must select a Fleet Type.
Fleet Description
User must indicate operational control over at least 95% of the fleet. (If Partner does not
have at least 95% operational control, Truck Tool may not be used for the fleet.)
Fleet Description
The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
If a value for the Special Hauler body type is entered, a description must be provided.
Fleet Description
Warnings are issued for any of the following Operation Type/Body Type combinations.
NOTE: This validation will only be invoked if there is a single selection made for either
Operation or Body Type - otherwise combinations can't be determined with certainty.
LTL/Chassis; LTL/Moving; LTL/Heavy; LTL/Specialized; Dray/Flatbed; Dray/Moving;
Dray/Utility; Package/Flatbed; Package/Chassis; Package/Heavy; Package/Auto;
Package/Moving; Package/Utility; Package/Specialized.
General Information
User must designate the operations split between U.S. and Canadian operations.
General Information
User must select at least one fuel type.
General Information
User must indicate what percent of the company's total freight volume they broker-
out. If no freight volume is brokered-out, a zero can be entered.
Activity Information
All fields are required, so no field can be left blank. (If appropriate, a zero can be placed
in certain fields.)
37 For two body types under Class 7 trucks (Combination Flatbed and Combination Reefer), the original Range 7 max value is Less than the new Range 6 max
value. (R7 max is 6.45 and 6.61 respectively, while the new R6 max value for all class 7 body types is 6.914). Therefore, for just these two body types within
Class 7, instead of using the original Range 7 max, we use the Range 7 max that would be calculated from the new table values. This is calculated as Avg +
2.5 x standard deviation, based on the table above (7.896 in this case). [Note it is Avg + 2.5 x standard deviation instead of Avg + 3 x standard deviation
because of the 1.5 sigma rule for Range 6. Therefore the Range 7 max value is simply 1 standard deviation Larger than the Range 6 max.]
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Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Activity Information
For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the value
must be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty Miles and
idle hours).
Activity Information
For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values, (warning)
Activity Information
For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.
Activity Information
Revenue Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for percent of total
miles for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.
Activity Information
Empty Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class
(based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Distance per truck that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck
class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
On the Biofuel Blend Worksheet, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the amount
entered for Total Fuel on the Activity Information screen.
Activity Information
For Idle Hours, the value cannot exceed 8,760.
Activity Information
For Idle Hours, values significantly outside the expected range for daily short duration
idle hours, daily long duration idle hours, and average number of days on the road
must be explained.
Activity Information
MPG must be greater than zero.
Activity Information
MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based on
a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than the total vehicle fuel volume
input.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel as a percent of total fuel that is significantly outside the expected range for
a given fleet (based on lookup table) must be explained.
Model Year & Class
Total truck count for each fleet cannot be zero.
Model Year & Class
Total truck counts for each selected truck class (those with a check mark) cannot be
zero.
PM Reduction
The number of trucks using any particular PM reduction strategy cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
PM Reduction
The sum of the trucks using either DOC or Particulate Matter Traps cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
PM Reduction
If user indicates that the company uses PM reduction equipment, there must be at
least one truck included on the PM Reduction sub-tab.
Payload Calculator
User must provide a preferred allocation method for the information entered.
Payload Calculator
The sum of the total miles or total trucks entered in the calculator must equal the
number entered on the Activity Information screen.
Payload Calculator
The calculated average cannot be equal to zero.
Payload Calculator
For percentages, the total must equal 100%.
Payload Calculator
For each body type for which some information has been entered, all of the visible field
must be completed (including the explanation field if shown).
Payload Calculator
Zero is not a valid value for any payload.
Payload Calculator
Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the given body type and
class must be explained.
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Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Payload Calculator
Ensure consistency between body-type selections in the Fleet Description section with
those from the Payload Calculator. For example, if 100% is specified for Dry Van under
Fleet Description, only Dry Vans (single, double, triple) may be selected within the
calculator. See Table 9.
Payload Calculator
If "# of Vehicles in this class" is selected, the number of body-types selected cannot
exceed the number of vehicles specified.
Data Sources
Data sources for Total Miles Driven, Gallons of Fuel Used, Average Payload, and Other
Data must be specified.
As noted in Table 7. a warning is issued if an inconsistency is identified between body-types specified within
the Fleet Description Section and those within the Payload Calculator. Warning conditions (associated with
100% body-type entries under Fleet Description) are presented in Table 8 below. Warnings are also issued if
a body type is specified in the Fleet Description section that does not appear in the payload calculator.
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Table 8. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages
Acceptable selections
Body Type (100%)
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
Dry Van
all
except
flatbed
all
all
except
flatbed
all
walk-in,
single
axle
van
beverage,
single axle van,
dry van single
single axle van,
beverage, dry
van single
dry van (single,
double, triple)
Refrigerated
other
other
other
other
reefer,
other
reefer,
beverage,
combination
reefer, other
beverage, other
combination
reefer, dry van
double, dry van
triple
Flatbed
flatbed
other
flatbed
other
flatbed
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
combination
flatbed
Tanker
other
other
other
other
other
tanker
Tanker
combination
tanker
Chassis
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
chassis
Heavy-Bulk
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
heavy-bulk
Auto Carrier
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
auto carrier
Moving
all
except
flatbed
all
all
except
flatbed
all
all
except
reefer,
flatbed
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
moving, dry van
single, dry van
double, dry van
triple, other
Specialty Hauler
other
other
other
other
other
other
Other
Specialty, other
Utility
all
all
all
all
all
except
reefer
single axle van.
combination
flatbed, other
single axle van,
combination
flatbed, other
dry van single,
combination
flatbed, other
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Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall quality of the
performance metrics calculated by the Truck Tool. Validation checks serve three purposes to this end. First,
unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the user's attention before finalizing inputs. For
example, a user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units (e.g.
reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable
industry averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly correct such
errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical conditions, resulting in
extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely exceed industry-
average payload values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to
provide additional information regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Truck Tool
comment fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to exceed
certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per
year, even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year and
highway speed limits. Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Truck Tool,
and users are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the updates to the Truck Tool validation ranges for all parameters but payload, which
is discussed above. Validation ranges are of three types:
V- "Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably lower/higher than the
expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up such entries, but this is not mandatory.
"Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from the expected
value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is accurate. Once entered, the
value will change from "Red" to "Yellow" on the data entry screen.
^ "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in order to be
accepted by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
507 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2013 calendar year were evaluated to determine the
distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption. Ten of these observations
were dropped from the analysis data set, having either 0 gallons of reefer fuel entered, or reefer fuel
consumption was greater than total consumption.38 As shown in Figure 4 below, the distribution for the
remaining reefer fleets was highly skewed toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption).
For this reason, EPA simply used 5% increments for the Range 1 and 2 validation values, but used the average
38 Additional validation ruLes have been implemented since 2013, so such data entries are no longer possible.
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plus i to 2 standard deviations for Range 4. and > 2 standard deviations for Range 5. The resulting values are
shown in Table 9 below.
Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers
200
150
100
50
0
0
0,2
0.4
0.6
0.S
Table 9. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges
Min
Max
% of Obs
Comments
Range iA
>0
0.18%
4.8%
Set to include -5% of obs
Range 2
0.18%
1.45%
5.2%
Set to include -5% of obs
Range 3
1.45%
24.25%
81.1%
Max value set at average +1 sigma
Range 4
24.25%
36.90%
4.8%
between 1 and 2 sigma from average
Range 5*
36.90%
<100%
4.0%
2+ sigma from avg
A Note - reefer fuel consumption cannot 0 - absolute error
* Note - reefer fuel consumption cannot = 100% - absolute error
Basis - all diesel reefer fleets, 2013 reporting year
The percentages shown above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity screen to
determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges for a given fleet. If the percentage designated as "Reefer" in the
Body Types section of the Truck Tool is less than 100%, then the fuel validation ranges are scaled downward
by the reported percentage.
Data Processing
Except as noted above, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional analysis
performed on the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data.39 Fleet level data was input into SAS and
grouped by truck class and bin category. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was
aggregated to the next "higher" level until at least 20 fleets were included. This process resulted in 29
39 Miles per gallon distributions were recently updated based on 2018 partner data to reflect recent changes in fleet fuel efficiency.
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groupings, as shown in Table 10. Note these groupings are mutually exclusive - e.g. "Class 6_Mixed" (Group
6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8,10.
and li).
Table 10. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
Name
# Fleets
1
2B_Expedited
35
2
2B_Mixed
96
3
2B_Package
34
4
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
5
3_Mixed
85
6
4_ Mixed
71
7
5_Mixed
59
8
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
9
6_ Mixed
124
10
6_Package
25
11
6_TL/Dry Van
51
12
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
13
7_Mixed
144
14
7_TL/Dry Van
44
15
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
16
8A_Mixed
106
17
8A_ Refrigerated
21
18
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
ig
8B_AutoCarrier
36
20
8B_Dray
109
21
8B_Expedited
26
22
8B_Flatbed
159
23
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
24
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
25
8B_Mixed
470
26
8B_Refrigerated
574
27
8B_Specialized
60
28
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
29
8B_Tanker
84
A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the following
parameters.
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Miles per vehicle
Miles per gallon
Revenue Miles (as a percent of total miles)
Empty Miles (as a percent of total miles)
The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1) the data set
for 2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.
Percent Biofuel
V> Percent Miles Traveled, Urban
Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
V> Average Idle Hours per Year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each parameter/group
combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 11.
Table 11. Outlier Definition
Metric
Unreasonably Low
Unreasonably High
Miles per Vehicle
Mean - 3*Std dev
Mean + 3*std dev
MPG
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Percent Revenue Miles
<40
100
Percent Empty Miles
0
>60
Percent Biofuel
0
>20
Percent Urban Operation
0
100
Percent Highway Operation
0
100
Average Idle Hours
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data set in order
to develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized distributions. The dropped values are shown
below in Table 12.
Table 12. Values Flagged as Outliers
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Expedited
412,514
53.503
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,118.423
97.172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
2,575.025
97.172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1.155.575
97.172
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Package
16.598.790
1.573.156
gallons per year
2B_Package
18,812.438
1.573.156
gallons per year
2B_TL/Dry Van
9.561,432
297.320
gallons per year
3_Mixed
7.488.083
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,000,532
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
10,025,500
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6.895.410
566,721
gallons per year
4_Mixed
32,131,244
1.287,415
gallons per year
4_Mixed
23.340,749
1,287,415
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5.886,948
526.173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
8,195,008
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5.391.967
526,173
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
3.981.088
229.194
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
2,229.735
229,194
gallons per year
6_Mixed
971,878
64.977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
434.514
64.977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
655.144
64.977
gallons per year
6_Package
42,086,822
5.063,945
gallons per year
6_TL/Dry Van
4.063.283
202.354
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,027,074
251.393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,991,399
251.393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2.241.644
251.393
gallons per year
7_Mixed
6,172,258
273.971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3.374.633
273.971
gallons per year
7_ Mixed
5.989.442
273.971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,559.828
273.971
gallons per year
7_TL/Dry Van
4,950.320
262,592
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
36,116,464
3.648.512
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
53.625,048
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_Mixed
57.351.694
986,765
gallons per year
8A_Refrigerated
5.643.067
443.374
gallons per year
8A_TL/Dry Van
70.846,629
2,760,796
gallons per year
8B_AutoCarrior
25.533.283
3.748,093
gallons per year
8B_Dray
14.150.069
1.604.817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
34.766,125
1,604.817
SmartWay TechnicaL Documentation | Section 3.0 40
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_Dray
13.354.331
1.604.817
gallons per year
8B_Expedited
1,424.076
218,990
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
36,752,966
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
34,640.701
2.361.101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,704.415
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,023,256
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Heavy/Bulk
9.404.277
1,037.619
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
92,200,872
7.616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
124.000,000
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
89,849.912
7,616.076
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
66,558,332
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
37,456,768
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
59.418.064
2.535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
48,225.936
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
180,000,000
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
119.000.000
2.535.432
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
33,225.674
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
42,919,799
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
28.773.217
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
37.152,519
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
20,502,480
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
53.869.408
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
18,295.369
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
18,899,380
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
31.452.760
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
67,708,438
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Specialized
109,000,000
3,815,822
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
39.566.042
3.015.269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
86,776,622
3.015.269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
41,147.713
3.015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
40,502.655
3.015.269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
102,000,000
3,015.269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
47.825,507
3.015,269
gallons per year
8B_Tl_/'Dry Van
131.000,000
3.015.269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
55,482,608
3,015,269
SmartWay TechnicaL Documentation | Section 3.0 41
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
72,226.731
3.015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
182,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
61,329,730
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/'Dry Van
99,023,569
3.015.269
gallons per year
8B_Tanker
63.833.642
2,691,859
annuaL miles/vehicle
2B_Mixed
116,299
28,854
annual miles/vehicle
3_ Mixed
85.788
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
81.697
22.873
annuaL miles/vehicle
4_ Mixed
87,149
23.285
annual miles/vehicle
5_ Mixed
93.600
18.865
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
77.510
18,865
annuaL miles/vehicle
6_Mixed
343.740
34.199
annuaL miles/vehicle
6_Package
103.854
24.362
annuaL miles/vehicle
6_TL/Dry Van
116,000
36,656
annuaL miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
135.356
35.442
annuaL miles/vehicle
/.Mixed
117.865
35.442
annuaL miles/vehicle
7_TL/Dry Van
166,021
37.351
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
5,000
78,258
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_FLatbed
7.500
78,258
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_LTL/Dry Van
271,366
69.987
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
203,275
74.314
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
175.555
74.314
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
215.350
101,711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
211,217
101,711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
248.360
101.711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
221.995
101,711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
225.974
101,711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
262.511
101.711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
208,809
101,711
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Specialized
189,507
73.838
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
195.768
90.012
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
193.195
90,012
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
189.257
90,012
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_Tl_/'Dry Van
250.391
90,012
annuaL miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
194.704
90,012
SmartWay TechnicaL Documentation | Section 3.0 42
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
191.012
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
215,143
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Tanker
148,721
79.629
% Empty Miles
3_Mixed
90.19
13.39
% Empty Miles
8B_Specialized
9938
30.34
% Empty Miles
2B_Mixed
0.02
82.54
% Empty Miles
8B_TL/'Dry Van
35.17
8737
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each metric. Each fleet was treated
equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms
presenting the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are available electronically
from SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and Mixed), the
data for miles per vehicle and miles per gallon appear normally distributed. Examples for Class 8b TL/Dry
Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 3.0 43
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Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
I I 1 I I ll
~i—1—¦—1—1—r
10000 20000
1 1 1 . . . 1 1 . 1 ¦ 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 r-
90000 100000 110000 120000
3 OOOO 4OOOO 50000 60000 70000 80000
Bin Value
/p roj 1 /E PA_T rnckT 00 IVai/Lfpd ate2016/va 13 .sas 14 DEC 16 12:41
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 44
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SmartWay
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Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
8B TL/Dry Van
Bin Width 0.25 mpg
N= 943
Avg = 6.37
stdev= 0.73
i s
CD CD CD CO
CD CD CD
03 0> (T>
Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete Levels. For example, %
Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and conversely, % Empty Miles were seldom
greater than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also displayed a discrete maximum value with no fleets using
blends higher than 20% biodiesel.40
Based on this preliminary assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each fleet group/metric
combination as shown in Table 13.
Table 13. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria
Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
High Red
2B_Expedited
35
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Package
34
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
3_ Mixed
85
M
les Per Vehicle
NONE
5,000
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
4_ Mixed
71
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
5_ Mixed
59
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_ Mixed
124
M
les Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
40 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biodiesel blend > 20%, with no red warning.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 45
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Class Category
Count
Variable
6_Package
25
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_ Mixed
144
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5,000
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_ Mixed
106
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Dray
109
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
26
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B
35
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2S:D
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
3
85
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
4
71
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
5
59
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
6
55
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
7
61
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A
61
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_Expedited
26
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed/Moving
470
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 3.0 46
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Class Category
Count
Variable
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
3_ Mixed
85
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
4_ Mixed
71
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
5_ Mixed
59
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_ Mixed
124
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_ Package
25
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_ Mixed
144
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8 A_ Mixed
106
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2S:D
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Dray
109
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8 B_ Expedited
26
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B_Package
34
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
Mean+i5StD
Mean+2StD
3_ Mixed
85
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 3.0 47
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Class Category
Count
Variable
4_ Mixed
71
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
5_ Mixed
59
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_ Mixed
124
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
6_ Package
25
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_ Mixed
144
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_ Mixed
106
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty M
les
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Empty M
les
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Empty M
les
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Empty M
les
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Percent Empty M
les
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Empty M
les
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Empty M
les
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Empty M
les
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
50.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Package
34
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
3_ Mixed
85
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
4_ Mixed
71
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
5_ Mixed
59
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_ Mixed
124
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_ Package
25
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
7_ Mixed
144
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 A_ Mixed
106
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high end, yellow
flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0 times the
standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these criteria result in
roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow for partner attention. For
several variables with a clearly skewed distribution yellow cutoffs were set to include approximately 15% of
observations, and red cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5% of observations. Selecting cutoffs at
these levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors without unduly burdening the large
majority of Truck Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text explanations.
Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max values. For
example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to 100% of total miles. In these
instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.
Tables 14-18 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination, given
the decision criteria presented in Table 13. Tables 19-22 present the number of observations that would be
flagged with yellow and red warnings for these combinations. The complete set of histograms associated
with the distributional analysis of the 2016 data is available upon request from SmartWay.
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 3.0 49
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Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute
Max
2B-Expedited
>0
9.698
16,183
63.029
90,800
500.000
2B-Mixed
>0
2.046
7.741
53.432
71.391
500.000
2B-PD
>0
5.247
11,565
47.936
65,500
500,000
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
6.799
18,007
52.984
58.368
500.000
3-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
45.712
53.814
500,000
4-Mixed
>0
1,402
6,556
40,071
51.362
500,000
5-Mixed
>0
306
3.470
40,000
49.485
500,000
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
9.631
11,696
49.080
60,950
500,000
6-Mixed
>0
2,036
10,931
51.916
67,014
500.000
6-Moving
>0
3.000
8,000
68,107
79.506
500,000
6-PD
>0
5.921
9.073
65,000
72,065
500,000
6-TL/Dry van
>0
8,632
14.133
56,713
68,836
500,000
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
12,488
15.654
54.122
72,666
500,000
7-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
67,560
78,694
500,000
7-TL/Dry van
>0
2,326
10,312
57.249
79.650
500.000
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
10.558
15.625
68.215
88,352
500.000
8 A-Mixed
>0
6,271
13.039
85,890
102,000
500,000
8A-Reefer
>0
15.505
26,162
70,000
79.308
500.000
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
10,069
13.877
97.567
128,406
500,000
8B-Auto
>0
43.H2
51.769
103,710
112.367
500.000
8B-Dray
>0
6.985
18.413
86,984
98.413
500.000
8 B-Expedited
>0
23,226
27,112
92,857
140,232
500,000
8B-FLatbed
>0
36,935
47.495
110,856
121.416
500.000
8B-Heavy
>0
44.171
48,663
101,118
108,168
500,000
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
13.983
27.504
108,634
122.156
500,000
8B-Mixed
>0
12,029
27.477
120,168
135.616
500,000
8B-Reefer
>0
36,939
52,743
147.566
163.370
500,000
SB-Special
>0
20,765
39.854
105.338
117.433
500.000
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
29,853
44.672
133.586
148.405
500.000
8B-Tanker
>0
36,503
47.076
110,517
121,090
500,000
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Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon41
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low
Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High
Red
Absolute
Max
2B
>0
508
7.15
19.62
21.70
37.5
3
>0
3.85
5.28
13.82
15.24
28.5
4
>0
5.14
6.19
12.48
13.53
244
5
>0
3.22
4.64
13.14
1455
21.4
6
>0
5.13
591
10.54
11.31
16.8
7
>0
4.64
544
10.20
11.00
15.8
8A
>0
4.12
472
8.35
8.95
12.2
8B-Auto
>0
456
4.61
530
539
93
8B-Dray
>0
511
5.15
6.55
6.75
10.5
8B-Expedited
>0
548
575
7.48
7.96
10.2
8B-Flatbed
>0
439
474
6.85
7.20
10.8
8B-Heavy
>0
3.71
394
569
594
99
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.29
559
7.38
7.68
11.8
SB-Mixed
>0
4.67
5.03
7.19
755
11.8
8B-Reefer
>0
473
5.07
7.15
750
11.9
SB-Specialized
>0
378
442
6.35
6.69
10.1
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
4.90
5.27
747
7.84
12.4
8B-Tanker
>0
4.21
4.60
6.95
7.23
10.8
¦41 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these vatues by 1.26 for gasotine and CNG vehicles; dividing by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52
for LNG vehicles - see "N on-Diesel MPG" section below for detaiLs.
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Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
53
61
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
66
72
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
59
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
61
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
55
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
55
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-PD
N/A
75
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
56
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
64
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
57
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
64
70
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
67
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 A-Mixed
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
59
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
43
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
46
54
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
57
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 B-Flatbed
N/A
62
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
34
43
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
SB-Mixed
N/A
62
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
72
76
N/A
N/A
N/A
SB-Special
N/A
40
49
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
48
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
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Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
1
5
38
44
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
41
48
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
1
5
31
37
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
33
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
1
5
28
34
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
1
5
30
35
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
40
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
36
44
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
1
5
38
45
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
1
5
40
50
N/A
6-PD
N/A
1
5
15
31
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
35
47
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
32
35
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
44
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
33
39
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
1
5
30
36
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
1
5
36
47
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
1
5
35
41
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
31
36
N/A
8 B-Auto
N/A
5
15
40
49
N/A
8 B-Dray
N/A
5
7
40
50
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
5
6
33
37
N/A
8 B-Flatbed
N/A
5
7
27
37
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
1
5
56
64
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
29
34
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
34
40
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
1
5
25
29
N/A
SB-Special
N/A
1
5
49
50
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
32
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
20
36
50
50
N/A
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Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year
Class Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Average Service Days/Year
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
96
171
320
--
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
142
200
315
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
157
213
325
--
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
135
193
309
--
Average Hours Long Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
1.00
1.73
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
1.00
24.00
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
1.00
4.11
6.10
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
--
1.00
2.53
4.18
Average Hours Short Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.87
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.42
1.99
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
0
2.36
3.60
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
—
0
2.63
4.15
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Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
H
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High
Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
6,001
1
3
40,870
3
1
95.938
2 B_ Mixed
96
720
4
9
27,933
9
4
76,590
2B_Package
34
4444
1
3
30,012
3
1
70,685
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
505
2
3
31,821
3
2
59,203
3_ Mixed
85
581
0
6
21,406
6
4
76,320
4_Mixed
71
117
3
6
22,373
6
3
53.172
5_Mixed
59
83
2
5
16,525
5
2
54,486
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
1.429
2
5
29,919
5
2
70.391
6_Mixed
124
53
6
11
31.682
11
6
79,858
6_Package
25
814
1
1
21,050
1
1
90,196
6_TL/Dry Van
51
3.179
2
4
35,069
4
2
93.498
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5.701
3
5
34,379
5
3
87,534
7_ Mixed
144
100
0
10
34,158
7
6
106,615
7_TL/Dry Van
44
1,693
2
3
34,359
3
2
109,287
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
3,458
2
5
45,351
5
2
108,183
8A_Mixed
106
155
5
9
47,086
9
5
124,901
8A_Refrigerated
21
1.738
1
1
45,741
1
1
79,469
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
7,460
3
5
59,438
5
3
155,136
8B_AutoCarrier
36
47.525
0
2
77,740
1
1
120,671
8B_Dray
109
3,165
1
9
52,699
4
4
102,164
8B_Expedited
26
22,697
1
1
63,362
1
1
150,415
8 B_ Flatbed
159
15,680
3
5
79,175
8
2
130,597
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
40,305
1
1
73,132
1
1
116,004
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
14,096
0
5
68,069
3
3
146,016
8B_Mixed
470
3,658
7
20
73,822
22
11
151,353
8B_Refrigerated
574
9,171
20
20
100,155
22
10
203,947
8B_Specialized
60
4,568
2
5
71,877
5
2
178,303
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2,072
27
33
89,129
39
19
176,478
8B_Tanker
84
28,055
4
3
78,796
0
3
136,449
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Section 3.0 55
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Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
10.00
1
3
1447
3
1
25.00
2B_Mixed
96
2.00
4
9
12.93
9
4
22.91
2B_Package
34
3.51
1
3
11.68
3
1
20.74
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.50
2
3
10.68
3
2
19.50
3_ Mixed
85
1.07
2
3
9-82
6
1
18.99
4_Mixed
71
1-34
3
6
8.98
6
3
16.27
5_Mixed
59
0.96
3
1
7-77
2
1
14.25
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.68
2
5
8.01
5
2
11.17
6_ Mixed
124
4.02
1
6
7-93
2
2
12.06
6_Package
25
0.91
1
1
7-39
1
1
11.37
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.76
1
0
7.86
0
0
10.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
548
0
2
7.82
2
2
10.50
7_ Mixed
144
3.69
4
4
7-55
3
4
11.25
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.60
2
3
7.76
3
2
976
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
4.25
1
0
6.31
1
1
8.13
8A_Mixed
106
338
3
3
6.57
5
3
8.97
8A_Refrigerated
21
5.19
1
2
6.38
2
1
8.34
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.84
1
1
6.43
0
1
8.69
8B_AutoCarrier
36
4.29
1
3
4.96
3
1
6.22
8B_Dray
109
3-35
5
2
5.83
3
0
7.00
8B_Expedited
26
4-79
1
1
6.04
1
1
6.80
8B_FLatbed
159
3-10
5
4
5-80
6
2
7.20
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
4.11
1
1
5.32
1
1
6.63
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.08
5
3
6.27
1
1
7.87
8B_Mixed
470
3-18
17
11
5-94
17
6
7.88
8B_Refrigerated
574
l.ll
12
15
5.96
19
15
7.96
8B_Specialized
60
O.50
3
6
5-07
6
3
6.72
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.30
26
21
6.18
36
16
8.26
8B_Tanker
84
2.66
2
4
5-95
4
0
7.21
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Table 21. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
54-2
0
3
80.9
0
0
100
2B_Mixed
96
50.0
3
9
83.4
0
0
100
2B_Package
34
60.1
3
1
88.6
0
0
100
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
63.3
1
2
89.7
0
0
100
3_ Mixed
85
57-0
3
7
89.7
0
0
100
4_Mixed
71
65.0
3
9
90.4
0
0
100
5_Mixed
59
50.0
2
5
88.5
0
0
100
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
50.0
3
4
88.4
0
0
100
6_Mixed
124
47-0
8
2
84.4
0
0
100
6_Package
25
64.0
2
0
94-2
0
0
100
6_TL/Dry Van
51
45-2
3
1
87.3
0
0
100
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
65.0
0
10
89.2
0
0
100
7_Mixed
144
50.0
6
2
84.4
0
0
100
7_TL/Dry Van
44
41.1
2
2
89.5
0
0
100
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
55-0
5
2
90.5
0
0
100
8 A_ Mixed
106
46.1
5
4
82.3
0
0
100
8A_Refrigerated
21
60.0
0
2
85.0
0
0
100
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
49-1
3
3
91.3
0
0
100
8B_AutoCarrier
36
50.0
0
0
71.8
0
0
100
8B_Dray
109
49-5
0
7
79-2
0
0
100
8B_Expedited
26
56.2
1
2
82.8
0
0
100
8B_FLatbed
159
50.0
6
5
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
46.0
0
0
70.9
0
0
100
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
55-0
4
5
89.0
0
0
100
8B_Mixed
470
50.0
18
30
854
0
0
100
8B_Refrigerated
574
50.0
25
25
88.4
0
0
100
8B_Specialized
60
49-4
0
0
74-6
0
0
100
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
50.0
49
34
87.4
0
0
100
8B_Tanker
84
44-9
4
2
61.9
1
1
100
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Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
2.96
0
0
20.65
3
1
45-75
2B_Mixed
96
0.00
0
0
18.10
8
3
50.00
2B_Package
34
0.00
0
0
12.26
1
4
39.91
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
0.00
0
3
14.00
0
2
39-60
3_Mixed
85
0.00
0
0
12.47
7
4
42.23
4_Mixed
71
0.00
0
0
12.55
6
3
40.00
S.Mixed
59
0.00
0
0
16.01
5
2
50.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.00
0
0
14.99
3
2
50.00
6_Mixed
124
0.00
0
0
16.57
2
9
52.99
6_Package
25
0.00
0
0
6.27
1
1
35.98
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.00
0
0
17.42
4
2
54.76
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13-09
5
3
40.00
7_ Mixed
144
0.00
0
0
17.54
13
7
50.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
0.00
0
0
1542
4
1
45-00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54-
0.00
0
0
11-35
5
2
45-00
8A_ Mixed
106
0.00
0
0
19.51
9
5
53-91
8A_Refrigerated
21
0.00
0
0
14.93
2
0
40.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
1344
3
2
50.94
8B_AutoCarrier
36
0.00
0
3
29.68
3
1
50.00
8B_Dray
109
0.00
3
10
25.36
10
5
50.45
8B_Expedited
26
5.00
1
1
18.12
1
1
43.83
8B_Flatbed
159
0.00
3
15
18.12
15
7
50.00
8 B_ Heavy/Bulk
22
0.00
0
0
31.51
0
0
50.81
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
0.00
0
0
12.65
4
6
50.00
8B_Mixed
470
0.00
0
0
16.49
28
22
50.00
8B_Refrigerated
574
0.00
0
0
12.91
20
25
50.00
8B_Specialized
60
0.00
0
4
29.17
4
2
50.61
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
0.00
0
0
13.71
39
51
50.00
8B_Tanker
84
3.00
4
7
43.51
0
9
55-12
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Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for absolute errors
are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect units and typos. For this reason
we have defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate "safety" interval between the highest values
observed in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute errors and their
associated justifications are discussed below for each metric.
Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck highway speed
limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.42 Excluding engine down-time associated
with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be
-500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value of 228,151 miles per
year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is set as the absolute
maximum for all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset are presented in Table 23.
Table 23. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
2B
93
2-35
24.01
3
64
1.76
17.40
4
50
4.50
14.12
5
43
1.82
18.59
6
222
2.31
14.25
7
255
2.02
12.23
8A
257
0.10
10.02
8B_AutoCarrier
45
3-07
8.13
SB.Dray
120
0.10
8.10
8 B_ Expedited
26
3-37
8.36
8 B_ Flatbed
183
2.29
7.71
8B_Heavy/Bulk
36
2.94
6.08
8B_LTL/Dry Van
99
4.56
7.84
8B_Mixed
510
3-14
8.33
8B_Refrigerated
596
2.28
9-07
8B_Specialized
43
3-00
7.41
8B_TL/Dry Van
943
1.84
10.42
8B_Tanker
89
2.63
8.09
42 WhiLe DOT regulations Limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
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[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from other inputs
(total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute Limits on MPG (as well as red and
yellow warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (
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Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55%
and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered model results
showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric
comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg values shown in
Table 28 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG
vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for
CNG vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing the
gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for
LNG),44 thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 25 presents the corresponding
upper bound MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 25. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
Gasoline/CNG
LPG
LNG
2b
19.9
18.5
16.4
3
18.5
17.3
15.3
4
16.0
15.0
13.3
5
14.9
13.9
12.3
6
14.3
13.3
11.8
7
11.5
10.7
9.5
8a
8.9
8.3
74
8b
8.9
8.3
74
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used in order to establish estimates of the fuel
economy benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of the modeling are
presented in Appendix D.
However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle. Specifically the
expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative fraction of highway versus urban
driving. Therefore the MPG ranges used for validation of hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the
following steps.
44 See https://afdc.enerav.aov/fueLs/equivaLencv methocloLoav.htmL Accessed 12-9-2019.
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Step l - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the Hiahway/Urban split
Gallons/Mile - Urban
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.2641
0.1813
0.0942
0.0636
0.0576
2
3_Mixed
0.2340
0.1857
0.1147
0.0830
0.0760
3
4_Mixed
0.2090
0.1763
0.1213
0.0925
0.0861
4
5_Mixed
0.2599
0.2127
0.1392
0.1026
0.0943
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1951
0.1765
0.1390
0.1147
0.1080
6
6_Mixed
0.2200
0.1972
0.1467
0.1179
0.1111
7
6_Moving
0.1906
0.1783
0.1514
0.1301
0.1242
8
6_Package_DieseL
0.1788
0.1628
0.1254
0.1029
0.0965
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2350
0.2056
0.1495
0.1175
0.1097
10
7_L.TL/'Dry Van_Diesel
0.1968
0.1806
0.1450
0.1211
0.1148
11
7_Mixed
0.2506
0.2169
0.1545
0.1200
0.1117
12
7_TL/'Dry Van_DieseL
0.2131
0.1915
0.1467
0.1202
0.1130
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2184
0.2104
0.1837
0.1653
0.1607
14
8A_Mixed
0.2747
0.2519
0.1950
0.1591
0.1492
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2502
0.2402
0.2036
0.1793
0.1716
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2477
0.2337
0.1966
0.1697
0.1630
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2980
0.2781
0.2407
0.2158
0.2052
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.2434
0.2338
0.2056
0.1835
0.1780
19
8B_FLatbed_Diesel
0.2912
0.2727
0.2248
0.1942
0.1857
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.3768
0.3371
0.2562
0.2033
0.1912
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2383
0.2250
0.2025
0.1814
0.1761
22
8B_Mixed
0.2597
0.2493
0.2149
0.1889
0.1807
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2656
0.2500
0.2236
0.1992
0.1931
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.3389
0.2995
0.2342
0.1894
0.1789
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2534
0.2436
0.2147
0.1891
0.1836
26
8B_Tanker_DieseL
0.2596
0.2492
0.2149
0.1888
0.1806
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Gallons/Mile - Highway
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.1759
0.1208
0.0627
0.0424
0.0383
2
3_ Mixed
0.1594
0.1265
0.0781
0.0565
0.0518
3
4_ Mixed
0.1482
0.1250
0.0860
0.0656
0.0611
4
5_Mixed
0.1805
0.1477
0.0967
0.0713
0.0655
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1470
0.1330
0.1047
0.0864
0.0813
6
6_Mixed
0.1657
0.1486
0.1105
0.0889
0.0837
7
6_Moving
0.1436
0.1343
0.1141
0.0980
0.0936
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1347
0.1226
0.0944
0.0775
0.0727
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1770
0.1549
0.1127
0.0885
0.0826
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1513
0.1389
O.1115
0.0931
0.0883
11
7_ Mixed
0.1928
0.1668
0.1188
0.0923
0.0859
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1640
0.1473
0.1128
0.0924
0.0869
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1558
0.1501
0.1310
0.1179
0.1147
14
8A_ Mixed
0.1960
0.1796
0.1391
0.1135
0.1065
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1785
0.1714
0.1452
0.1279
0.1224
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1767
0.1667
0.1402
0.1210
0.1163
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2126
0.1984
0.1717
0.1539
0.1464
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.1736
0.1668
0.1467
0.1309
0.1270
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2078
0.1945
0.1604
0.1385
0.1325
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.2688
0.2405
0.1828
0.1450
0.1364
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1700
0.1605
0.1445
0.1294
0.1256
22
8B_Mixed
0.1853
0.1779
0.1533
0.1347
0.1289
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1894
0.1783
0.1595
0.1421
0.1378
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.2418
0.2137
0.1670
0.1351
0.1276
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1807
0.1738
0.1532
0.1349
0.1310
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.1852
0.1778
0.1533
0.1347
0.1288
Example:
Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway.
The Low Red Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
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Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example:
0.2112 gal/mi = 474 MPG
Step T. Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation
Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources and
engineering judgment. The average value for Class 2b trucks was assumed to equal the mi/kWhr value
estimates for large SUVs in EPA's MARKAL model (3.01). The values for Class 4 and 6 electric trucks (1.43 and
1.00 respectively) were taken from Calstart's E-Truck Task Force Business Case Calculator. Values for Class 3
and 5 trucks were based on simple averages of the Class 2b, 4, and 6 values. Given the lack of available data
for the heavier truck classes, values for Class 7 (0.75), Class 8a (0.5) and Class 8b (0.4) were based on
engineering judgment.
Once average mi/kWhr estimates were derived, "red" and "yellow" ranges were established based on simple
multiplicative factors applied to the averages - Low red from 0 to 0.5 x average; low yellow from 0.5 x
average to 0.75 x average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to
10 x average (absolute max).
Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute upper (or lower)
bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to 0 in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or upper) bound
was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Percent Biodiesel
While the maximum observed blend level for biodiesel was 20 percent, B100 use is possible. Therefore no
absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset (prior to cleaning) are presented in Table 26.45
45 As noted above, the 2016 dataset did not have an adequate number of exact payLoad estimates to allow for a robust distributional analysis. Accordingly
the 2011 payLoad anaLysis resuLts are retained in the current Truck Tool.
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Table 26. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons)
Group #
Name
Min
Mean
Max
1
2B_Mixed
0.1
1.0
1.946
2
3_Mixed
0.1
1.7
3.0
3
4_ Mixed
0.5
2.4
4.0
4
5_ Mixed
1.3
31
53
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.9
4.6
6.3
6
6_Mixed
0.9
45
6.5
7
6_Moving
2.5
3.6
49
8
6_Package_Diesel
2.0
42
6.0
9
6_TL/'Dry Van_Diesel
0.9
41
6.9
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
1.8
6.0
8.7
11
7_ Mixed
1.1
6.0
20.0
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
45
6.4
12.7
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6.0
10.6
15,0
14
8A_Mixed
1.9
11.3
24.0
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
6.3
13.3
21.0
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
38
11.4
20.0
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
93
19.6
24.5
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
15.O
20.5
24.5
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
14.8
23.2
333
20
8B_Meavy/Bulk_Diesel
20.0
27.6
40.0
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7.8
18.2
27.9
22
8B_Mixed
75
20.3
33-1
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
13.2
20.9
27.5
24
8B_5pecialized_Diesel
73
24.4
37.0
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
6.5
18.9
50.0
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
17.5
24.6
346
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most common source
of data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being entered in pounds instead of short
tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to prevent using a
reasonable upper bound ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting metric or long tons
instead of short tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult, due to the small difference
in units (roughly 10 percent difference). Finally, note that standard payload limitations can be waived by
46 Three extreme outliers for Class 2b trucks were dropped for the purposes of establishing maximum upper bounds: 16.0,13.0 and 5.0 tons.
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obtaining permits for heavy Loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation.47 Accordingly, the absolute upper
bound payload levels were set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table 26.
However, no absolute lower-bound payload value was set, to allow for light package and specialty
deliveries. Therefore, the only low end constraint is the requirement that payloads be > 0.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently ranging from
0 to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.
Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year
Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours less than or
equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since extended idling is defined
as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are issued for extended idle hour per day
entries less than an hour.
47 One SmartWay Truck Partner indicated unusually high payloads for their Class 2b truck fleet, but noted they only use their trucks in terminal operations.
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^^9 Performance Metrics
I ho Truck Tool allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using a number of different metrics,
at different Levels of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:
Grams per mile
Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
The Internal Metrics report within the Truck Tool presents the results of 30 calculations (2x5x3 = 30), which
represent the following two calculations for each of the five pollutants (C02, NOx, PMi0 PM2,5 and BC) and for
each of three different mileage types (total, loaded, and revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent
fields in the user interface:
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven,
AP = Average Payload
For each of the two calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of the metrics is
automatically aggregated across model years (for NOx and PM) for all reporting purposes. Additional
aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and at the company level, as specified
by the user.
g/mile: Ł E / M
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven
g/avg payload ton-mile: Ł E / (M * AP)
where
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 4.0 67
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoieciion Agency»
Appendix A: MOVES20i4b NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi)
2019 Calendar Year
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC
PM
d
z
BC
PM
6
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
<5
z
BC
PM
11.921
0.35653
0.5747
1.300
0.01005
0.0210
19.929
0.37860
0.8025
24.535
0.51394
1.0814
12.773
0.44004
0.9277
13.620
0.41173
0.6522
1.586
0.01223
0.0257
22.879
0.44050
0.9233
29.091
0.63616
1.3187
14.721
0.52200
1.0918
13.385
0.40672
0.6576
1.587
0.01232
0.0265
22.968
0.43652
0.9413
29.059
0.60627
1.3066
14.323
0.52409
1.1315
14.590
0.43019
0.6756
1.579
0.01229
0.0263
23.336
0.45244
0.9526
29.991
0.64514
1.3428
15.671
0.54782
1.1566
19.115
0.51280
0.7184
1.521
0.01118
0.0223
25.156
0.52284
0.9476
34.761
0.87163
1.5227
22.239
0.61362
1.1176
19.484
0.51992
0.7241
1.518
0.01117
0.0222
25.280
0.52840
0.9522
35.097
0.88495
1.5355
22.720
0.62250
1.1280
25.891
0.64074
0.7985
1.412
0.00949
0.0156
28.443
0.65587
0.9768
43.597
1.27633
1.8603
34.599
0.77113
1.1515
HDV8b
28.420
0.68879
0.8290
1.347
0.00855
0.0121
30.007
0.71715
0.9907
47.664
1.46557
2.0170
40.407
0.84571
1.1689
11.921
0.35653
0.5747
1.300
0.01005
0.0210
19.929
0.37860
0.8025
24.535
0.51394
1.0814
12.773
0.44004
0.9277
13.620
0.41173
0.6522
1.586
0.01223
0.0257
22.879
0.44050
0.9233
29.091
0.63616
1.3187
14.721
0.52200
1.0918
13.385
0.40672
0.6576
1.587
0.01232
0.0265
22.968
0.43652
0.9413
29.059
0.60627
1.3066
14.323
0.52409
1.1315
14.590
0.43019
0.6756
1.579
0.01229
0.0263
23.336
0.45244
0.9526
29.991
0.64514
1.3428
15.671
0.54782
1.1566
1990
I-IDV6
19.115
0.51280
0.7184
1.521
0.01118
0.0223
25.156
0.52284
0.9476
34.761
0.87163
1.5227
22.239
0.61362
1.1176
1990
HDV7
19.484
0.51992
0.7241
1.518
0.01117
0.0222
25.280
0.52840
0.9522
35.097
0.88495
1.5355
22.720
0.62250
1.1280
1990
HDV8a
25.891
0.64074
0.7985
1.412
0.00949
0.0156
28.443
0.65587
0.9768
43.597
1.27633
1.8603
34.599
0.77113
1.1515
1990
HDV8b
28.420
0.68879
0.8290
1.347
0.00855
0.0121
30.007
0.71715
0.9907
47.664
1.46557
2.0170
40.407
0.84571
1.1689
1991
I-IDV2B
10.381
0.25306
0.3763
1.295
0.01881
0.0323
16.964
0.31098
0.6319
20.787
0.35861
0.6898
11.227
0.31714
0.5978
1991
HDV3
12.219
0.28725
0.4407
1.456
0.01175
0.0244
21.028
0.39407
0.8164
27.114
0.42508
0.8705
13.103
0.32591
0.6698
1991
HDV4
18.135
0.47473
0.6207
1.388
0.01077
0.0206
23.300
0.49490
0.8475
32.895
0.79319
1.2524
21.188
0.53567
0.8664
1991
HDV5
12.627
0.28343
0.4200
1.473
0.01682
0.0318
20.081
0.36707
0.7739
25.526
0.38797
0.7845
13.331
0.33107
0.6666
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-i
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr _.
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
1991
HDV6
15.568
0.39311
0.5419
1.425
0.01129
0.0226
22.194
0.44617
0.8329
30.193
0.61828
1.0698
17.366
0.43574
0.7728
1991
HDV7
18.721
0.48784
0.6317
1.390
0.01084
0.0207
23.405
0.49893
0.8513
33.455
0.81062
1.2671
21.889
0.54676
0.8777
1991
HDV8a
24.316
0.67114
0.8081
1.301
0.00938
0.0146
26.147
0.62831
0.8892
41.300
1.31386
1.7911
32.566
0.82992
1.1417
1991
HDV8b
26.586
0.752
0.8869
1.237
0.00847
0.0114
27.635
0.68959
0.9069
44.836
1.57334
2.0558
37.741
0.97521
1.2762
1992
HDV2B
9.7526
0.23423
0.3461
1.207
0.01758
0.0298
15.433
0.27712
0.5542
18.754
0.32322
0.6144
10.571
0.29337
0.5457
1992
HDV3
11.997
0.28351
0.4347
1.398
0.01146
0.0234
20.496
0.38377
0.7876
26.233
0.41431
0.8457
12.844
0.32003
0.6542
1992
HDV4
12.136
0.28837
0.4439
1.457
0.01171
0.0241
21.052
0.39549
0.8136
27.077
0.42743
0.8782
13.019
0.32847
0.6754
1992
HDV5
13.150
0.28882
0.4361
1.460
0.01211
0.0257
21.246
0.38964
0.8251
27.566
0.39523
0.8260
13.883
0.31804
0.6689
1992
HDV6
16.419
0.41782
0.5666
1.415
0.01112
0.0217
22.559
0.46347
0.8373
31.129
0.66876
1.1281
18.615
0.46723
0.8056
1992
HDV7
18.475
0.47375
0.6176
1.397
0.01098
0.0211
23.273
0.49086
0.8508
33.043
0.76717
1.2232
21.328
0.52581
0.8613
1992
HDV8a
24.694
0.68327
0.8199
1.291
0.00927
0.0142
26.408
0.63750
0.8937
41.759
1.34442
1.8227
33.306
0.84901
1.1607
1992
HDV8b
26.690
0.74825
0.8824
1.234
0.00849
0.0113
27.707
0.69238
0.9116
45.012
1.56121
2.0451
37.997
0.97270
1.2758
1993
HDV2B
11.097
0.26925
0.4072
1.399
0.01660
0.0299
18.755
0.3465
0.7093
23.210
0.38752
0.7676
11.839
0.32510
0.6359
1993
HDV3
11.903
0.28316
0.4344
1.436
0.01263
0.0253
20.512
0.38251
0.7905
26.132
0.41465
0.8458
12.716
0.32452
0.6620
1993
HDV4
13.560
0.33330
0.4863
1.441
0.01153
0.0236
21.517
0.41538
0.8203
28.247
0.50531
0.9549
14.741
0.37263
0.7155
1993
HDV5
12.467
0.28838
0.4406
1.457
0.01187
0.0249
21.079
0.39131
0.8173
27.188
0.41470
0.8551
13.296
0.32378
0.6713
1993
HDV6
15.779
0.39686
0.5454
1.423
0.01134
0.0228
22.252
0.44570
0.8328
30.262
0.61621
1.0657
17.534
0.43697
0.7764
1993
HDV7
16.876
0.43572
0.58.32
1.413
0.01111
0.0218
22.647
0.46673
0.8379
31.510
0.7017
1.1562
19.171
0.48.366
0.8193
1993
HDV8a
24.567
0.68376
0.8208
1.296
0.00929
0.0144
26.304
0.63417
0.8903
41.604
1.34769
1.8246
33.051
0.84778
1.1581
1993
HDV8b
26.718
0.75358
0.8880
1.236
0.00847
0.0113
27.716
0.69311
0.9099
45.053
1.57843
2.0614
38.051
0.97994
1.2813
1994
HDV2B
10.923
0.31204
0.4837
1.168
0.01549
0.0325
17.798
0.48390
1.0321
22.137
0.45833
0.9699
11.655
0.32032
0.6791
1994
HDV3
11.770
0.35028
0.5387
1.380
0.01893
0.0395
19.699
0.54728
1.1625
24.953
0.54781
1.1482
12.580
0.37460
0.7888
1994
HDV4
12.160
0.36162
0.5634
1.457
0.01960
0.0423
21.066
0.57071
1.2316
27.115
0.57079
1.2308
13.053
0.38951
0.8404
1994
HDV5
13.014
0.3857
0.5912
1.459
0.02016
0.0438
21.220
0.59283
1.2862
27.644
0.58738
1.2540
13.866
0.42165
0.9100
1994
HDV6
15.389
0.44722
0.6351
1.435
0.01916
0.0402
22.042
0.60853
1.2271
29.966
0.75707
1.4118
16.972
0.46719
0.9117
1994
HDV7
18.646
0.53282
0.6992
1.396
0.01779
0.0351
23.351
0.63661
1.1554
33.525
1.02070
1.6558
21.845
0.54539
0.9375
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-2
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
1994
HDV8a
25.107
0.70345
0.8313
1.289
0.01435
0.0220
26.586
0.71650
1.0155
42.561
1.67854
2.2687
34.282
0.75666
1.0430
1994
HDV8b
26.648
0.74448
0.86.31
1.239
0.01.307
0.0177
27.665
0.73490
0.9709
44.933
1.87597
2.4454
37.870
0.81705
1.0710
1995
IHDV2B
10.267
0.32127
0.4828
1.321
0.02028
0.0386
16.506
0.52486
1.0659
20.061
0.50594
1.0042
11.050
0.36167
0.7192
1995
HDV3
12.295
0.36598
0.5671
1.448
0.01977
0.0423
20.892
0.58015
1.2468
26.981
0.58046
1.2359
13.226
0.39711
0.8493
1995
HDV4
13.062
0.38639
0.5828
1.442
0.01966
0.0417
21.168
0.58738
1.2349
27.561
0.62853
1.2800
14.145
0.41364
0.8578
1995
HDV5
14.509
0.42437
0.6202
1.442
0.01965
0.0419
21.773
0.60884
1.2644
29.0.35
0.69087
1.3524
15.763
0.45169
0.9173
1995
HDV6
15.986
0.46222
0.6452
1.423
0.01878
0.0388
22.346
0.61622
1.2102
30.714
0.81754
1.4685
17.966
0.48022
0.9058
1995
HDV7
18.083
0.51755
0.6880
1.402
0.01807
0.0360
23.136
0.6357
1.1752
32.951
0.97812
1.6182
21.026
0.53259
0.9334
1995
HDV8a
24.981
0.70045
0.8282
1.295
0.01449
0.0226
26.496
0.71006
1.0137
42.352
1.67499
2.2607
33.971
0.75034
1.0367
1995
HDV8b
26.617
0.74379
0.8614
1.243
0.01.311
0.0179
27.630
0.72802
0.9625
44.873
1.88393
2.4473
37.770
0.81.306
1.0638
1996
HDV2B
10.439
0.33273
0.5001
1.325
0.02065
0.0397
17.211
0.53365
1.0876
20.721
0.52877
1.0562
11.141
0.37129
0.7424
1996
HDV3
12.365
0.36780
0.5666
1.458
0.01956
0.0418
21.084
0.57006
1.2195
27.078
0.58765
1.2435
13.327
0.39378
0.8382
1996
HDV4
14.400
0.42032
0.6091
1.441
0.01893
0.0397
21.932
0.58988
1.1971
29.004
0.71376
1.3659
15.874
0.43721
0.8650
1996
HDV5
15.743
0.45726
0.6453
1.435
0.01939
0.0407
22.165
0.61488
1.2410
29.816
0.76140
1.4143
17.242
0.47838
0.9357
1996
HDV6
17.178
0.4948
0.6685
1.420
0.01829
0.0371
22.847
0.61589
1.1697
31.719
0.91103
1.5496
19.582
0.50416
0.9105
1996
HDV7
19.736
0.56079
0.7202
1.387
0.01729
0.0332
23.897
0.6458
1.1295
34.704
1.11476
1.7431
23.672
0.57409
0.9495
1996
HDV8a
25.325
0.70997
0.8352
1.293
0.01419
0.0216
26.802
0.71212
0.9992
42.718
1.71955
2.3002
34.791
0.76158
1.0388
1996
HDV8b
26.806
0.74952
0.8667
1.244
0.01.300
0.0175
27.858
0.73427
0.9636
45.012
1.90574
2.4701
38.292
0.82283
1.0718
1997
HDV2B
8.9606
0.29644
0.4408
1.197
0.01946
0.0360
14.299
0.49244
0.9800
16.690
0.46500
0.9020
9.5179
0.33906
0.6586
1997
HDV3
13.161
0.39004
0.5828
1.425
0.01961
0.0411
20.956
0.58801
1.2267
27.076
0.63957
1.2771
14.260
0.41686
0.8531
1997
HDV4
12.217
0.36377
0.5690
1.463
0.01988
0.0430
21.176
0.58760
1.2716
27.085
0.57260
1.2392
13.151
0.39779
0.8609
1997
HDV5
13.583
0.40095
0.6068
1.460
0.02029
0.0441
21.507
0.60916
1.3118
27.943
0.61452
1.2836
14.506
0.43870
0.9358
1997
HDV6
14.420
0.42103
0.6136
1.444
0.01934
0.0409
21.888
0.60378
1.2412
29.031
0.71112
1.3674
15.860
0.44448
0.8893
1997
HDV7
16.156
0.46681
0.6483
1.431
0.01881
0.0388
22.453
0.61586
1.2106
30.766
0.83737
1.4837
18.195
0.48308
0.9074
1997
HDV8a
24.249
0.68087
0.8110
1.316
0.01490
0.0244
26.192
0.68862
1.0155
40.933
1.60741
2.1873
32.341
0.71634
1.0089
1997
HDV8b
26.473
0.73970
0.8564
1.254
0.01318
0.0184
27.638
0.71514
0.9497
44.410
1.88230
2.4367
37.442
0.80212
1.0490
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-3
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
1998
HDV2B
7.1277
0.14730
0.2179
1.035
0.01826
0.0312
10.114
0.15111
0.2832
11.714
0.19997
0.3653
8.1571
0.22066
0.3938
1998
HDV3
11.358
0.19595
0.3210
1.687
0.01985
0.0406
18.169
0.22825
0.4692
22.919
0.32500
0.6675
13.776
0.27947
0.5735
1998
HDV4
11.492
0.19757
0.3243
1.720
0.01994
0.0410
18.435
0.23088
0.4754
23.389
0.33047
0.6803
14.001
0.28194
0.5807
1998
HDV5
11.856
0.19705
0.3228
1.722
0.02063
0.0428
18.502
0.22275
0.4618
23.499
0.31411
0.6508
14.311
0.28803
0.5982
1998
HDV6
11.748
0.20072
0.3267
1.720
0.02007
0.0413
18.474
0.23070
0.4733
23.575
0.33388
0.6810
14.296
0.28611
0.5870
1998
HDV7
13.600
0.23514
0.3561
1.699
0.01968
0.0400
19.037
0.25493
0.4899
24.984
0.40186
0.7501
16.626
0.31462
0.6102
1998
HDV8a
22.507
0.42200
0.5183
1.541
0.01452
0.0236
22.623
0.44901
0.6452
35.029
0.95517
1.3456
32.521
0.51023
0.7378
1998
HDV8b
24.767
0.47050
0.5611
1.456
0.01242
0.0173
24.018
0.51502
0.6974
38.262
1.14163
1.5411
38.004
0.58040
0.7869
1999
HDV2B
5.2001
0.15818
0.2323
0.927
0.02225
0.0375
7.7498
0.16215
0.3018
8.6415
0.21318
0.3861
6.6277
0.25503
0.4507
1999
HDV3
7.0363
0.19028
0.3147
0.930
0.02099
0.0431
11.426
0.21781
0.4519
12.498
0.30080
0.6226
8.9361
0.28418
0.5878
1999
HDV4
7.1204
0.19163
0.3184
0.929
0.02083
0.0434
11.608
0.22045
0.4592
12.735
0.30601
0.6370
9.0688
0.28548
0.5952
1999
HDV5
7.2281
0.19421
0.3206
0.930
0.02079
0.0433
11.644
0.22201
0.4604
12.853
0.31212
0.6438
9.1975
0.28747
0.5965
1999
HDV6
7.5020
0.20064
0.3257
0.923
0.02096
0.0436
11.655
0.22336
0.4585
12.948
0.31815
0.6458
9.4634
0.29483
0.6073
1999
HDV7
8.4690
0.22413
0.3459
0.928
0.02043
0.0420
12.174
0.24186
0.4743
13.985
0.37367
0.7084
10.633
0.31196
0.6159
1999
HDV8a
16.714
0.42956
0.5250
0.942
0.01454
0.0236
18.261
0.45706
0.6505
24.808
0.98208
1.3709
23.812
0.52156
0.7490
1999
HDV8b
18.605
0.47869
0.5691
0.930
0.01225
0.0170
20.277
0.52491
0.7065
27.936
1.17103
1.5719
27.912
0.58968
0.7949
2000
HDV2B
5.5899
0.15941
0.2454
0.873
0.02015
0.0356
8.4472
0.16869
0.3274
9.1898
0.21966
0.4173
6.9615
0.24469
0.4545
2000
HDV3
7.0845
0.19095
0.3161
0.927
0.02077
0.0428
11.510
0.21923
0.4550
12.618
0.30389
0.6300
9.0016
0.28.389
0.5880
2000
HDV4
7.2535
0.19472
0.3209
0.930
0.02075
0.0431
11.673
0.22283
0.4615
12.909
0.31405
0.6472
9.2299
0.28765
0.5955
2000
HDV5
7.3952
0.19803
0.3237
0.931
0.02070
0.0429
11.719
0.22482
0.4630
13.064
0.32187
0.6559
9.4012
0.29031
0.5972
2000
HDV6
7.4198
0.19853
0.3238
0.924
0.02093
0.0435
11.634
0.22245
0.4584
12.926
0.31567
0.6449
9.3819
0.29286
0.6044
2000
HDV7
9.4337
0.24869
0.3677
0.928
0.01989
0.0403
12.815
0.26355
0.4931
14.938
0.42853
0.7693
11.789
0.33002
0.6257
2000
HDV8a
15.942
0.41006
0.5081
0.934
0.01526
0.0259
17.609
0.43220
0.6302
23.442
0.90559
1.2876
22.208
0.49590
0.7317
2000
HDV8b
18.590
0.47875
0.5693
0.931
0.01231
0.0172
20.256
0.52442
0.7063
27.880
1.16944
1.5699
27.846
0.58902
0.7949
2001
HDV2B
4.2646
0.14796
0.1992
0.913
0.02343
0.0374
6.2249
0.14456
0.2488
7.2807
0.19309
0.3242
5.6622
0.25303
0.4164
2001
HDV3
7.0889
0.19220
0.3154
0.933
0.02107
0.0428
11.416
0.21904
0.4516
12.524
0.30539
0.6259
8.9821
0.28542
0.5852
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-4
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
O
z
2
a.
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
2001
HDV4
7.1467
0.19224
0.3190
0.930
0.02075
0.0431
11.651
0.22152
0.4607
12.796
0.30853
0.6414
9.1013
0.28525
0.5937
2001
HDV5
7.2454
0.19464
0.3210
0.931
0.02071
0.0430
11.685
0.22297
0.4619
12.904
0.31422
0.6477
9.2193
0.28708
0.5949
2001
HDV6
8.4302
0.22396
0.3460
0.923
0.02057
0.0424
12.154
0.24073
0.4726
13.772
0.36511
0.6968
10.487
0.31148
0.6184
2001
HDV7
8.2788
0.21961
0.3421
0.926
0.02050
0.0422
12.107
0.23875
0.4719
13.756
0.36162
0.6955
10.378
0.30803
0.6135
2001
HDV8a
17.213
0.44252
0.5367
0.936
0.01396
0.0220
18.790
0.47404
0.6644
25.526
1.02661
1.4176
24.810
0.53828
0.7601
2001
HDV8b
18.542
0.47627
0.5666
0.927
0.01230
0.0170
20.207
0.52214
0.7036
27.850
1.16308
1.5632
27.819
0.58775
0.7931
2002
IHDV2B
4.1976
0.14631
0.1965
0.905
0.02341
0.0374
6.0777
0.14170
0.2435
7.1502
0.18881
0.3156
5.6026
0.25430
0.4187
2002
HDV3
6.7423
0.18434
0.3049
0.903
0.02189
0.0444
10.725
0.20631
0.4279
11.704
0.27624
0.5693
8.5382
0.28694
0.5900
2002
HDV4
6.9156
0.18672
0.3131
0.904
0.02173
0.0456
11.136
0.21178
0.4444
12.227
0.28516
0.5983
8.8305
0.29039
0.6094
2002
HDV5
6.9156
0.18672
0.31.31
0.904
0.02173
0.0456
11.136
0.21178
0.4444
12.227
0.28516
0.5983
8.8305
0.29039
0.6094
2002
HDV6
7.1498
0.19196
0.3170
0.900
0.02192
0.0460
11.104
0.21099
0.4405
12.288
0.28788
0.5974
9.0446
0.29692
0.6209
2002
HDV7
9.0452
0.23919
0.3586
0.903
0.02089
0.0430
12.251
0.24994
0.4743
14.131
0.39126
0.7125
11.236
0.32987
0.6380
2002
HDV8a
16.175
0.41566
0.5124
0.927
0.01537
0.0260
17.642
0.43686
0.6310
23.749
0.92392
1.3012
22.715
0.50700
0.7430
2002
HDV8b
18.449
0.47283
0.56.30
0.921
0.01248
0.0174
20.067
0.51758
0.6984
27.695
1.15044
1.5477
27.686
0.58598
0.7923
2003
HDV2B
3.2162
0.12520
0.1695
0.415
0.01962
0.0314
4.1440
0.12147
0.2100
5.7185
0.16119
0.2711
4.5722
0.21477
0.3552
2003
HDV3
5.2523
0.16725
0.2759
1.281
0.01935
0.0392
9.2516
0.18796
0.3890
9.4311
0.25381
0.5221
7.1803
0.25648
0.5265
2003
HDV4
5.4075
0.16990
0.2840
1.414
0.01937
0.0405
9.7153
0.19361
0.4051
9.8752
0.26331
0.5509
7.4632
0.26089
0.5459
2003
HDV5
5.4075
0.16990
0.2840
1.414
0.01937
0.0405
9.7153
0.19361
0.4051
9.8752
0.26331
0.5509
7.4632
0.26089
0.5459
2003
HDV6
5.5420
0.17489
0.2877
1.410
0.01954
0.0409
9.7620
0.19323
0.4018
9.9786
0.26666
0.5507
7.6068
0.26701
0.5562
2003
HDV7
6.1880
0.22341
0.3305
1.392
0.01851
0.0378
10.156
0.23330
0.4363
10.639
0.37341
0.6690
8.2928
0.30162
0.5752
2003
HDV8a
8.3947
0.38423
0.4710
1.307
0.01351
0.0224
11.864
0.40597
0.5806
13.913
0.86702
1.2123
11.655
0.46724
0.6765
2003
HDV8b
9.0460
0.43129
0.5127
1.243
0.01114
0.0154
12.595
0.47284
0.6362
15.054
1.05437
1.4150
12.935
0.53342
0.7189
2004
HDV2B
2.9969
0.12534
0.1698
0.401
0.01974
0.0317
4.0062
0.12156
0.2105
5.3489
0.16098
0.2710
4.2325
0.21587
0.3578
2004
HDV3
5.2477
0.16594
0.2746
1.277
0.01955
0.0397
9.2412
0.18581
0.3856
9.3924
0.24870
0.5130
7.1766
0.25746
0.5300
2004
HDV4
5.4203
0.16854
0.2825
1.411
0.01958
0.0410
9.7118
0.19124
0.4012
9.8741
0.25771
0.5406
7.4960
0.26188
0.5494
2004
HDV5
5.4203
0.16854
0.2825
1.411
0.01958
0.0410
9.7118
0.19124
0.4012
9.8741
0.25771
0.5406
7.4960
0.26188
0.5494
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-5
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
2004
HDV6
5.5441
0.17325
0.2861
1.408
0.01971
0.0413
9.7563
0.19119
0.3987
9.9707
0.26145
0.5418
7.6250
0.26735
0.5584
2004
HDV7
6.1313
0.21677
0.3244
1.390
0.01879
0.0.386
10.112
0.22693
0.4294
10.567
0.35646
0.6473
8.2456
0.29816
0.5750
2004
HDV8a
8.3311
0.37505
0.4624
1.307
0.01388
0.0234
11.792
0.39434
0.5695
13.779
0.83390
1.1746
11.541
0.45805
0.6709
2004
HDV8b
9.0399
0.42605
0.5075
1.241
0.01131
0.0157
12.578
0.46628
0.6296
15.026
1.03535
1.3938
12.926
0.52863
0.7153
2005
HDV2B
2.8156
0.13042
0.1690
0.364
0.02150
0.0338
3.6119
0.12443
0.2070
5.2624
0.16818
0.2739
4.1318
0.23024
0.3699
2005
HDV3
5.1383
0.16736
0.2735
1.220
0.01955
0.0.387
9.0110
0.18748
0.3849
9.1773
0.25392
0.5169
6.9780
0.25588
0.5182
2005
HDV4
5.3973
0.17089
0.2850
1.417
0.01919
0.0400
9.7172
0.19535
0.4080
9.8747
0.26753
0.5587
7.4378
0.25995
0.5429
2005
HDV5
5.3973
0.17089
0.2850
1.417
0.01919
0.0400
9.7172
0.19535
0.4080
9.8747
0.26753
0.5587
7.4378
0.25995
0.5429
2005
HDV6
5.5220
0.17638
0.2893
1.414
0.01928
0.0402
9.7651
0.19655
0.4068
9.9816
0.27426
0.5632
7.5740
0.26579
0.5511
2005
HDV7
6.2219
0.22724
0.3340
1.392
0.01824
0.0.371
10.190
0.23833
0.4421
10.695
0.38613
0.6863
8.3270
0.30.325
0.5730
2005
HDV8a
8.4230
0.38406
0.4705
1.304
0.01340
0.0220
11.892
0.40665
0.5809
13.964
0.86875
1.2150
11.711
0.46795
0.6758
2005
HDV8b
9.0471
0.42872
0.5101
1.241
0.01119
0.0155
12.592
0.46984
0.6331
15.049
1.04562
1.4055
12.939
0.53119
0.7169
2006
HDV2B
2.9057
0.13917
0.1785
0.380
0.02326
0.0363
3.7444
0.13260
0.2189
5.5059
0.18006
0.2910
4.3076
0.24775
0.3954
2006
HDV3
5.1518
0.16776
0.2740
1.223
0.01996
0.0.394
9.0270
0.18761
0.3850
9.2152
0.25376
0.5160
7.0139
0.25876
0.5232
2006
HDV4
5.4023
0.17038
0.2845
1.416
0.01928
0.0403
9.7161
0.19444
0.4065
9.8746
0.26534
0.5547
7.4505
0.26044
0.5445
2006
HDV5
5.4023
0.17038
0.2845
1.416
0.01928
0.0403
9.7161
0.19444
0.4065
9.8746
0.26534
0.5547
7.4505
0.26044
0.5445
2006
HDV6
5.5141
0.17572
0.2888
1.413
0.01933
0.0403
9.7610
0.19617
0.4063
9.9739
0.27293
0.5609
7.5718
0.26571
0.5512
2006
HDV7
6.1652
0.22316
0.3304
1.393
0.01837
0.0.374
10.155
0.23491
0.4389
10.635
0.37671
0.6750
8.2687
0.30051
0.5717
2006
HDV8a
8.3644
0.38079
0.4678
1.308
0.01358
0.0226
11.837
0.40207
0.5772
13.858
0.85554
1.2004
11.598
0.46328
0.6732
2006
HDV8b
9.0352
0.42907
0.5105
1.242
0.01120
0.0155
12.582
0.47006
0.6336
15.028
1.04616
1.4063
12.912
0.53091
0.7169
2007
HDV2B
1.6038
0.00101
0.0105
0.624
0.00049
0.0051
2.4720
0.00126
0.0134
2.9434
0.00161
0.0170
2.1678
0.00164
0.0173
2007
HDV3
2.9627
0.00095
0.0106
0.588
0.00023
0.0025
5.2060
0.00154
0.0171
5.2918
0.00181
0.0201
4.0877
0.00146
0.0162
2007
HDV4
3.0714
0.00094
0.0105
0.585
0.00019
0.0020
5.4724
0.00157
0.0175
5.5922
0.00183
0.0204
4.3129
0.00143
0.0160
2007
HDV5
3.0714
0.00094
0.0105
0.585
0.00019
0.0020
5.4724
0.00157
0.0175
5.5922
0.00183
0.0204
4.3129
0.00143
0.0160
2007
HDV6
3.1491
0.00096
0.0107
0.586
0.00019
0.0020
5.4979
0.00157
0.0176
5.6632
0.00186
0.0207
4.3763
0.00145
0.0162
2007
HDV7
3.8343
0.00115
0.0128
0.539
0.00018
0.0020
6.1524
0.00176
0.0197
6.5321
0.00228
0.0255
5.0769
0.00158
0.0176
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-6
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
2007
HDV8a
5.7222
0.00166
0.0185
0.334
0.00016
0.0017
8.4745
0.00242
0.0271
9.9856
0.00394
0.0441
7.8300
0.00207
0.0231
2007
HDV8b
6.2155
0.00179
0.0200
0.250
0.00014
0.0016
9.3156
0.00266
0.0298
11.051
0.00448
0.0501
8.7179
0.00223
0.0250
2008
IHDV2B
1.4733
0.00102
0.0105
0.658
0.00052
0.0055
2.2446
0.00125
0.0133
2.8418
0.00159
0.0168
2.0577
0.00168
0.0178
2008
HDV3
2.7187
0.00091
0.0101
0.646
0.00026
0.0028
4.7288
0.00144
0.0160
4.7998
0.00162
0.0179
3.7263
0.00148
0.0164
2008
HDV4
2.8751
0.00090
0.0100
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.0905
0.00147
0.0164
5.1922
0.00162
0.0181
4.0308
0.00145
0.0162
2008
HDV5
2.8751
0.00090
0.0100
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.0905
0.00147
0.0164
5.1922
0.00162
0.0181
4.0308
0.00145
0.0162
2008
HDV6
2.9218
0.00091
0.0102
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.1121
0.00147
0.0165
5.2357
0.00164
0.0183
4.0705
0.00146
0.0163
2008
HDV7
3.2661
0.00100
0.0112
0.621
0.00019
0.0020
5.4335
0.00156
0.0175
5.6544
0.00184
0.0206
4.4063
0.00151
0.0169
2008
HDV8a
5.1419
0.00150
0.0167
0.433
0.00017
0.0018
7.5619
0.00217
0.0242
8.7135
0.00332
0.0371
6.8409
0.00191
0.0214
2008
HDV8b
6.0901
0.00175
0.0196
0.277
0.00015
0.0016
9.0828
0.0026
0.0290
10.739
0.00432
0.0483
8.4899
0.00219
0.0245
2009
HDV2B
1.3798
0.00100
0.0100
0.516
0.00043
0.0043
2.0719
0.00115
0.0119
2.4706
0.00158
0.0162
1.8386
0.00157
0.0161
2009
HDV3
2.9610
0.00096
0.0106
0.557
0.00023
0.0024
5.1900
0.00154
0.0172
5.2402
0.00184
0.0204
4.0535
0.00145
0.0160
2009
HDV4
3.1234
0.00095
0.0107
0.569
0.00019
0.0020
5.5733
0.00159
0.0178
5.6981
0.00188
0.0210
4.3876
0.00143
0.0160
2009
HDV5
3.1234
0.00095
0.0107
0.569
0.00019
0.0020
5.5733
0.00159
0.0178
5.6981
0.00188
0.0210
4.3876
0.00143
0.0160
2009
HDV6
3.2005
0.00097
0.0109
0.575
0.00019
0.0020
5.5752
0.00159
0.0178
5.7479
0.00190
0.0212
4.4381
0.00145
0.0162
2009
HDV7
3.9038
0.00117
0.0130
0.525
0.00018
0.0020
6.2560
0.00179
0.0200
6.6497
0.00234
0.0262
5.1611
0.00158
0.0177
2009
HDV8a
5.7874
0.00168
0.0188
0.320
0.00016
0.0017
8.5948
0.00246
0.0275
10.136
0.00403
0.0450
7.9296
0.00209
0.0233
2009
HDV8b
6.2552
0.00181
0.0202
0.242
0.00014
0.0016
9.3944
0.00269
0.0300
11.143
0.00454
0.0507
8.7706
0.00225
0.0251
2010
HDV2B
0.5504
0.00091
0.0089
0.218
0.00036
0.0035
0.7431
0.00098
0.0100
0.9900
0.00143
0.0143
0.7525
0.00141
0.0141
2010
HDV3
0.8812
0.00088
0.0096
0.238
0.00021
0.0022
1.5502
0.00139
0.0153
1.5764
0.00165
0.0182
1.1848
0.00133
0.0146
2010
HDV4
0.9238
0.00087
0.0097
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.6734
0.00145
0.0162
1.6994
0.00169
0.0189
1.2665
0.00132
0.0147
2010
HDV5
0.9238
0.00087
0.0097
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.6734
0.00145
0.0162
1.6994
0.00169
0.0189
1.2665
0.00132
0.0147
2010
HDV6
0.9509
0.00088
0.0099
0.244
0.00017
0.0019
1.6834
0.00144
0.0161
1.7213
0.00170
0.0190
1.2967
0.00134
0.0149
2010
HDV7
1.0779
0.00105
0.0117
0.241
0.00017
0.0018
1.7644
0.00161
0.0180
1.8525
0.00207
0.0232
1.4332
0.00145
0.0162
2010
HDV8a
1.4826
0.00156
0.0174
0.229
0.00015
0.0016
2.0916
0.00227
0.0254
2.4577
0.00370
0.0413
2.0567
0.00194
0.0217
2010
HDV8b
1.5946
0.00170
0.0190
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.2214
0.00252
0.0282
2.6534
0.00425
0.0476
2.2776
0.00212
0.0237
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-7
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
2011
HDV2B
0.5995
0.00086
0.0089
0.273
0.00042
0.0043
0.8727
0.00104
0.0110
1.1653
0.00136
0.0144
0.8530
0.00141
0.0149
2011
HDV3
0.8844
0.00085
0.0094
0.247
0.00022
0.0024
1.5532
0.00135
0.0150
1.5937
0.00156
0.0173
1.2033
0.00133
0.0147
2011
HDV4
0.9219
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6583
0.00139
0.0156
1.6851
0.00159
0.0178
1.2707
0.00131
0.0147
2011
HDV5
0.9219
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6583
0.00139
0.0156
1.6851
0.00159
0.0178
1.2707
0.00131
0.0147
2011
HDV6
0.9425
0.00086
0.0096
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6678
0.00140
0.0156
1.7039
0.00161
0.0180
1.2931
0.00132
0.0148
2011
HDV7
1.0458
0.00099
0.0111
0.239
0.00017
0.0018
1.7333
0.00153
0.0171
1.8092
0.00191
0.0214
1.4022
0.00141
0.0158
2011
HDV8a
1.4512
0.00150
0.0168
0.229
0.00015
0.0016
2.0557
0.00218
0.0244
2.3955
0.00348
0.0389
1.9992
0.00188
0.0210
2011
HDV8b
1.5902
0.00168
0.0188
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.2146
0.00249
0.0279
2.6419
0.00418
0.0468
2.2683
0.00209
0.0234
2012
HDV2B
0.6111
0.00086
0.0089
0.273
0.00042
0.0043
0.8978
0.00105
0.0112
1.1792
0.00137
0.0145
0.8645
0.00141
0.0149
2012
HDV3
0.8904
0.00085
0.0094
0.247
0.00022
0.0023
1.5714
0.00135
0.0151
1.6084
0.00156
0.0174
1.2138
0.00132
0.0147
2012
HDV4
0.9205
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6573
0.00139
0.0156
1.6830
0.00159
0.0178
1.2686
0.00131
0.0147
2012
HDV5
0.9205
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6573
0.00139
0.0156
1.6830
0.00159
0.0178
1.2686
0.00131
0.0147
2012
HDV6
0.9407
0.00086
0.0096
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6671
0.00140
0.0157
1.7023
0.00162
0.0181
1.2905
0.00132
0.0148
2012
HDV7
1.0059
0.00094
0.0105
0.240
0.00017
0.0018
1.7084
0.00148
0.0166
1.7672
0.00180
0.0202
1.3580
0.00138
0.0154
2012
HDV8a
1.3936
0.00142
0.0159
0.231
0.00015
0.0017
1.9971
0.00206
0.0230
2.3057
0.00321
0.0359
1.9021
0.00179
0.0201
2012
HDV8b
1.5728
0.00164
0.0184
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.1943
0.00244
0.0272
2.6060
0.00404
0.0451
2.2312
0.00205
0.0229
2013
HDV2B
0.5874
0.00082
0.0086
0.267
0.00040
0.0042
0.8736
0.00102
0.0108
1.1509
0.00133
0.0141
0.8434
0.00137
0.0145
2013
HDV3
0.8250
0.00078
0.0086
0.230
0.00020
0.0021
1.4573
0.00124
0.0139
1.4951
0.00144
0.0160
1.1288
0.00122
0.0136
2013
HDV4
0.8494
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5282
0.00127
0.0142
1.5520
0.00145
0.0162
1.1714
0.00120
0.0134
2013
HDV5
0.8494
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5282
0.00127
0.0142
1.5520
0.00145
0.0162
1.1714
0.00120
0.0134
2013
HDV6
0.8658
0.00078
0.0088
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5354
0.00128
0.0143
1.5673
0.00147
0.0165
1.1891
0.00121
0.0136
2013
HDV7
0.9176
0.00085
0.0095
0.220
0.00016
0.0017
1.5666
0.00134
0.0150
1.6182
0.00162
0.0181
1.2429
0.00125
0.0140
2013
HDV8a
1.2431
0.00125
0.0140
0.210
0.00014
0.0015
1.7924
0.00182
0.0203
2.0637
0.00282
0.0315
1.6985
0.00159
0.0178
2013
HDV8b
1.4018
0.00145
0.0162
0.196
0.00012
0.0013
1.9575
0.00215
0.0240
2.3233
0.00356
0.0398
1.9882
0.00181
0.0202
2014
HDV2B
0.5899
0.00082
0.0086
0.267
0.00040
0.0042
0.8802
0.00102
0.0109
1.1535
0.00133
0.0141
0.8458
0.00136
0.0145
2014
HDV3
0.8228
0.00078
0.0086
0.229
0.00020
0.0021
1.4571
0.00124
0.0139
1.4941
0.00144
0.0159
1.1280
0.00122
0.0135
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-8
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
2014
HDV4
0.8454
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5234
0.00127
0.0142
1.5471
0.00145
0.0162
1.1676
0.00120
0.0134
2014
HDV5
0.8454
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5234
0.00127
0.0142
1.5471
0.00145
0.0162
1.1676
0.00120
0.0134
2014
HDV6
0.8606
0.00078
0.0087
0.221
0.00016
0.0017
1.5295
0.00128
0.0143
1.5612
0.00147
0.0165
1.1842
0.00121
0.0135
2014
HDV7
0.9054
0.00084
0.0094
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5565
0.00134
0.0150
1.6072
0.00161
0.0180
1.2339
0.00125
0.0139
2014
HDV8a
1.1958
0.00121
0.0136
0.206
0.00014
0.0015
1.7541
0.00179
0.0200
2.0187
0.00276
0.0309
1.6602
0.00156
0.0175
2014
HDV8b
1.3263
0.00139
0.0155
0.190
0.00012
0.0013
1.8922
0.00209
0.0234
2.2453
0.00346
0.0387
1.9211
0.00176
0.0197
2015
IHDV2B
0.5787
0.00080
0.0084
0.262
0.00039
0.0041
0.8742
0.00100
0.0107
1.1400
0.00130
0.0139
0.8363
0.00133
0.0142
2015
HDV3
0.8116
0.00076
0.0085
0.225
0.00019
0.0021
1.4395
0.00123
0.0137
1.4753
0.00142
0.0157
1.1138
0.00120
0.0133
2015
HDV4
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5249
0.00143
0.0160
1.1509
0.00118
0.0132
2015
HDV5
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5249
0.00143
0.0160
1.1509
0.00118
0.0132
2015
HDV6
0.8479
0.00077
0.0086
0.218
0.00015
0.0017
1.5073
0.00126
0.0141
1.5386
0.00145
0.0162
1.1669
0.00119
0.0133
2015
HDV7
0.8934
0.00083
0.0093
0.216
0.00015
0.0017
1.5352
0.00132
0.0148
1.5854
0.00159
0.0178
1.2172
0.00123
0.0138
2015
HDV8a
1.1858
0.00121
0.0135
0.204
0.00014
0.0015
1.7377
0.00177
0.0198
2.0007
0.00275
0.0307
1.6458
0.00155
0.0174
2015
HDV8b
1.3177
0.00138
0.0155
0.188
0.00012
0.0013
1.8797
0.00208
0.0233
2.2306
0.00345
0.0385
1.9086
0.00175
0.0196
2016
HDV2B
0.5799
0.00080
0.0084
0.262
0.00039
0.0041
0.8768
0.00100
0.0108
1.1411
0.00130
0.0139
0.8373
0.00133
0.0142
2016
HDV3
0.8120
0.00076
0.0085
0.225
0.00019
0.0021
1.4408
0.00123
0.0137
1.4763
0.00142
0.0157
1.1146
0.00120
0.0133
2016
HDV4
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5248
0.00143
0.0160
1.1509
0.00118
0.0132
2016
HDV5
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5248
0.00143
0.0160
1.1509
0.00118
0.0132
2016
HDV6
0.8477
0.00077
0.0086
0.218
0.00015
0.0017
1.5073
0.00126
0.0141
1.5385
0.00145
0.0162
1.1667
0.00119
0.0133
2016
HDV7
0.8928
0.00083
0.0093
0.216
0.00015
0.0017
1.5349
0.00132
0.0148
1.5848
0.00159
0.0178
1.2166
0.00123
0.0137
2016
HDV8a
1.1847
0.00121
0.0135
0.204
0.00014
0.0015
1.7367
0.00177
0.0198
1.9988
0.00274
0.0306
1.6438
0.00155
0.0173
2016
HDV8b
1.3174
0.00138
0.0155
0.188
0.00012
0.0013
1.8793
0.00208
0.0233
2.2299
0.00344
0.0385
1.9078
0.00175
0.0196
2017
HDV2B
0.3715
0.00049
0.0051
0.170
0.00024
0.0025
0.5721
0.00061
0.0066
0.7336
0.00079
0.0085
0.5337
0.00081
0.0087
2017
HDV3
0.5393
0.00049
0.0054
0.149
0.00012
0.0013
0.9594
0.00078
0.0087
0.9807
0.00090
0.0100
0.7402
0.00076
0.0085
2017
HDV4
0.5541
0.00048
0.0054
0.145
0.00010
0.0011
1.0000
0.00080
0.0090
1.0155
0.00091
0.0102
0.7664
0.00076
0.0085
2017
HDV5
0.5541
0.00048
0.0054
0.145
0.00010
0.0011
1.0000
0.00080
0.0090
1.0155
0.00091
0.0102
0.7664
0.00076
0.0085
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-g
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
o 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
o
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
X
0
z
2
CL
BC
PM
O
z
BC
PM
2017
HDV6
0.5652
0.00049
0.0055
0.145
0.00010
0.0011
1.0048
0.00081
0.0090
1.0260
0.00093
0.0104
0.7781
0.00076
0.0085
2017
HDV7
0.6023
0.00054
0.0060
0.144
0.00010
0.0010
1.0307
0.00086
0.0096
1.0652
0.00104
0.0116
0.8185
0.0008
0.0089
2017
HDV8a
0.8405
0.00083
0.0093
0.142
0.00009
0.0010
1.2204
0.00121
0.0135
1.4088
0.00188
0.0211
1.1608
0.00106
0.0118
2017
HDV8b
0.9490
0.00097
0.0108
0.135
0.00008
0.0009
1.3515
0.00145
0.0162
1.6043
0.00241
0.0269
1.3731
0.00122
0.0137
2018
HDV2B
0.2839
0.00048
0.0050
0.121
0.00024
0.0025
0.4388
0.00061
0.0066
0.5412
0.00078
0.0083
0.3972
0.00080
0.0085
2018
HDV3
0.4861
0.00048
0.0054
0.131
0.00012
0.0013
0.8669
0.00078
0.0087
0.8784
0.00090
0.0100
0.6618
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV4
0.5039
0.00048
0.0054
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.9115
0.00080
0.0090
0.9254
0.00091
0.0102
0.6953
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV5
0.5039
0.00048
0.0054
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.9115
0.00080
0.0090
0.9254
0.00091
0.0102
0.6953
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV6
0.5164
0.00049
0.0055
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.9184
0.00081
0.0090
0.9380
0.00093
0.0104
0.7087
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV7
0.5594
0.00054
0.0061
0.133
0.00010
0.0010
0.9510
0.00086
0.0096
0.9843
0.00104
0.0116
0.7550
0.00080
0.0089
2018
HDV8a
0.8279
0.00083
0.0093
0.136
0.00009
0.0010
1.1887
0.00121
0.0136
1.3778
0.00189
0.0212
1.1374
0.00106
0.0119
2018
HDV8b
0.9474
0.00097
0.0108
0.134
0.00008
0.0009
1.3468
0.00145
0.0163
1.5999
0.00241
0.0269
1.3700
0.00122
0.0137
2019
HDV2B
0.2603
0.00047
0.0050
0.109
0.00024
0.0025
0.4021
0.00060
0.0065
0.4900
0.00076
0.0081
0.3612
0.00079
0.0084
2019
HDV3
0.4718
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00012
0.0013
0.8417
0.00078
0.0087
0.8506
0.00090
0.0100
0.6406
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV4
0.4905
0.00048
0.0054
0.129
0.00010
0.0011
0.8881
0.00080
0.0090
0.9015
0.00091
0.0102
0.6764
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV5
0.4905
0.00048
0.0054
0.129
0.00010
0.0011
0.8881
0.00080
0.0090
0.9015
0.00091
0.0102
0.6764
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV6
0.5035
0.00049
0.0055
0.129
0.00010
0.0011
0.8955
0.00081
0.0090
0.9147
0.00093
0.0104
0.6903
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV7
0.5489
0.00054
0.0061
0.130
0.00010
0.0010
0.9305
0.00086
0.0096
0.9638
0.00104
0.0117
0.7391
0.00080
0.0089
2019
HDV8a
0.8260
0.00083
0.0093
0.135
0.00009
0.0010
1.1823
0.00122
0.0136
1.3722
0.00190
0.0213
1.1338
0.00106
0.0119
2019
HDV8b
0.9474
0.00097
0.0108
0.134
0.00008
0.0009
1.3462
0.00146
0.0163
1.5997
0.00241
0.0270
1.3702
0.00122
0.0137
2020
HDV2B
0.2369
0.00046
0.0049
0.096
0.00024
0.0025
0.3657
0.0006
0.0065
0.4390
0.00073
0.0079
0.3254
0.00077
0.0083
2020
HDV3
0.4574
0.00048
0.0054
0.121
0.00012
0.0013
0.8166
0.00078
0.0087
0.8228
0.00089
0.0100
0.6194
0.00076
0.0084
2020
HDV4
0.4772
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8646
0.00080
0.0090
0.8776
0.00091
0.0102
0.6575
0.00076
0.0085
2020
HDV5
0.4772
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8646
0.00080
0.0090
0.8776
0.00091
0.0102
0.6575
0.00076
0.0085
2020
HDV6
0.4906
0.00049
0.0055
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8726
0.00081
0.0090
0.8914
0.00093
0.0104
0.6719
0.00076
0.0085
2020
HDV7
0.5383
0.00054
0.0061
0.127
0.00010
0.0010
0.9101
0.00086
0.0096
0.9432
0.00104
0.0117
0.7230
0.00080
0.0089
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-io
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoieciion Agency»
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
X
o
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
PM
X
o
z
BC
PM
o
z
BC
PM
2020
HDV8a
0.8240
0.00084
0.0094
0.133
0.00009
0.0010
1.1756
0.00122
0.0137
1.3662
0.00191
0.0214
1.1298
0.00107
0.0119
2020
HDV8b
0.9474
0.00097
0.0108
0.133
0.00008
0.0009
1.3456
0.00146
0.0163
1.5994
0.00242
0.0270
1.3702
0.00123
0.0137
2021
IHDV2B
0.2369
0.00046
0.0049
0.096
0.00024
0.0025
0.3657
0.0006
0.0065
0.4390
0.00073
0.0079
0.3254
0.00077
0.0083
2021
HDV3
0.4574
0.00048
0.0054
0.121
0.00012
0.0013
0.8166
0.00078
0.0087
0.8228
0.00089
0.0100
0.6194
0.00076
0.0084
2021
HDV4
0.4772
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8646
0.00080
0.0090
0.8776
0.00091
0.0102
0.6575
0.00076
0.0085
2021
HDV5
0.4772
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8646
0.00080
0.0090
0.8776
0.00091
0.0102
0.6575
0.00076
0.0085
2021
HDV6
0.4906
0.00049
0.0055
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8726
0.00081
0.0090
0.8914
0.00093
0.0104
0.6719
0.00076
0.0085
2021
HDV7
0.5383
0.00054
0.0061
0.127
0.00010
0.0010
0.9101
0.00086
0.0096
0.9432
0.00104
0.0117
0.7230
0.00080
0.0089
2021
HDV8a
0.8240
0.00084
0.0094
0.133
0.00009
0.0010
1.1756
0.00122
0.0137
1.3662
0.00191
0.0214
1.1298
0.00107
0.0119
2021
HDV8b
0.9474
0.00097
0.0108
0.133
0.00008
0.0009
1.3456
0.00146
0.0163
1.5994
0.00242
0.0270
1.3702
0.00123
0.0137
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-11
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
1989
HDV2B
5.0338
0.01865
0.1272
0.142
0.00021
0.0014
5.3116
0.00247
0.0168
8.2576
0.00687
0.0469
6.8832
0.01212
0.0827
1989
HDV3
5.7254
0.02549
0.1739
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.4832
0.00288
0.0196
9.1283
0.00506
0.0345
7.3624
0.01132
0.0772
1989
HDV4
5.8786
0.02643
0.1804
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.4870
0.0029
0.0197
9.2270
0.00552
0.0377
7.4773
0.01191
0.0813
1989
HDV5
5.4361
0.02398
0.1636
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.5417
0.00287
0.0196
8.9666
0.00507
0.0346
7.1200
0.01040
0.0709
1989
HDV6
5.4361
0.02398
0.1636
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.5417
0.00287
0.0196
8.9666
0.00507
0.0346
7.1200
0.01040
0.0709
1989
HDV7
5.4361
0.02398
0.16.36
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.5417
0.00287
0.0196
8.9666
0.00507
0.0346
7.1200
0.01040
0.0709
1989
HDV8a
9.4007
0.05802
0.3960
0.125
0.00020
0.0013
10.864
0.00672
0.0458
16.353
0.07798
0.5321
13.155
0.05823
0.3973
1989
HDV8b
9.4007
0.05802
0.3960
0.125
0.00020
0.0013
10.864
0.00672
0.0458
16.353
0.07798
0.5321
13.155
0.05823
0.3973
1990
HDV2B
5.0338
0.01865
0.1272
0.142
0.00021
0.0014
5.3116
0.00247
0.0168
8.2576
0.00687
0.0469
6.8832
0.01212
0.0827
1990
HDV3
5.7254
0.02549
0.1739
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.4832
0.00288
0.0196
9.1283
0.00506
0.0345
7.3624
0.01132
0.0772
1990
HDV4
5.8786
0.02643
0.1804
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.4870
0.0029
0.0197
9.2270
0.00552
0.0377
7.4773
0.01191
0.0813
1990
HDV5
5.4361
0.02398
0.1636
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.5417
0.00287
0.0196
8.9666
0.00507
0.0346
7.1200
0.01040
0.0709
1990
HDV6
5.4361
0.02398
0.1636
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.5417
0.00287
0.0196
8.9666
0.00507
0.0346
7.1200
0.01040
0.0709
1990
HDV7
5.4361
0.02398
0.16.36
0.137
0.00023
0.0015
6.5417
0.00287
0.0196
8.9666
0.00507
0.0346
7.1200
0.01040
0.0709
1990
HDV8a
9.4007
0.05802
0.3960
0.125
0.00020
0.0013
10.864
0.00672
0.0458
16.353
0.07798
0.5321
13.155
0.05823
0.3973
1990
HDV8b
9.4007
0.05802
0.3960
0.125
0.00020
0.0013
10.864
0.00672
0.0458
16.353
0.07798
0.5321
13.155
0.05823
0.3973
1991
HDV2B
4.7418
0.00757
0.0516
0.142
0.00057
0.0039
4.4555
0.01020
0.0696
7.9079
0.00457
0.0312
6.7718
0.00437
0.0298
1991
HDV3
5.7436
0.01474
0.1006
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4984
0.01629
0.1112
9.1581
0.00530
0.0361
7.3780
0.00444
0.0303
1991
HDV4
5.8784
0.01516
0.1035
0.137
0.00063
0.0042
6.5470
0.01643
0.1121
9.2899
0.00593
0.0404
7.4969
0.00474
0.0323
1991
HDV5
5.6037
0.01438
0.0981
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5124
0.01637
0.1117
9.0792
0.00511
0.0349
7.2657
0.00426
0.0291
1991
HDV6
5.4529
0.01402
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5713
0.01662
0.1134
9.0193
0.00518
0.0353
7.1343
0.00412
0.0281
1991
HDV7
5.4529
0.01402
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5713
0.01662
0.1134
9.0193
0.00518
0.0353
7.1343
0.00412
0.0281
1991
HDV8a
5.9194
0.01556
0.1062
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.8693
0.01752
0.1195
9.6481
0.00845
0.0576
7.6437
0.00555
0.0379
1991
HDV8b
5.9194
0.01556
0.1062
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.8693
0.01752
0.1195
9.6481
0.00845
0.0576
7.6437
0.00555
0.0379
1992
HDV2B
4.9168
0.00896
0.0612
0.139
0.00057
0.0038
4.8983
0.01145
0.0781
8.1299
0.00462
0.0315
6.8694
0.00427
0.0291
1992
HDV3
5.8092
0.01493
0.1018
0.137
0.00063
0.0042
6.5043
0.01630
0.1112
9.2048
0.00547
0.0373
7.4303
0.00455
0.0310
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-12
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
1992
HDV4
5.9814
0.01546
0.1055
0.137
0.00063
0.0042
6.5640
0.01647
0.1124
9.3683
0.00625
0.0426
7.5788
0.00492
0.0335
1992
HDV5
5.6392
0.01446
0.0987
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5018
0.01633
0.1114
9.0942
0.00510
0.0348
7.2935
0.00429
0.0293
1992
HDV6
5.4547
0.01403
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5745
0.01662
0.1134
9.0250
0.00518
0.0353
7.1359
0.00413
0.0281
1992
HDV7
5.4547
0.01403
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5745
0.01662
0.1134
9.0250
0.00518
0.0353
7.1359
0.00413
0.0281
1992
HDV8a
6.1293
0.01626
0.1109
0.135
0.00062
0.0042
7.0163
0.01796
0.1226
9.9492
0.01
0.0682
7.8855
0.00623
0.0425
1992
HDV8b
6.1293
0.01626
0.1109
0.135
0.00062
0.0042
7.0163
0.01796
0.1226
9.9492
0.01
0.0682
7.8855
0.00623
0.0425
1993
IHDV2B
4.9835
0.00986
0.0673
0.137
0.00057
0.0038
5.1281
0.01214
0.0828
8.1698
0.00456
0.0311
6.8999
0.00412
0.0281
1993
HDV3
5.6438
0.01452
0.0991
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4404
0.01615
0.1102
9.0163
0.00506
0.0345
7.2988
0.00427
0.0291
1993
HDV4
5.7577
0.01480
0.1010
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4553
0.01616
0.1103
9.1127
0.00523
0.0357
7.3865
0.00442
0.0302
1993
HDV5
5.6444
0.01451
0.0990
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4351
0.0161.3
0.1101
9.0128
0.00500
0.0341
7.2975
0.00426
0.0290
1993
HDV6
5.3752
0.01392
0.0950
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4346
0.01625
0.1109
8.7759
0.00497
0.0339
7.0683
0.00395
0.0269
1993
HDV7
5.3752
0.01392
0.0950
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4346
0.01625
0.1109
8.7759
0.00497
0.0339
7.0683
0.00395
0.0269
1993
HDV8a
5.4848
0.01428
0.0975
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5026
0.01646
0.1123
8.9216
0.00571
0.0390
7.1837
0.00428
0.0292
1993
HDV8b
5.4848
0.01428
0.0975
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5026
0.01646
0.1123
8.9216
0.00571
0.0390
7.1837
0.00428
0.0292
1994
HDV2B
4.7302
0.01029
0.0702
0.112
0.00031
0.0021
4.6009
0.00229
0.0156
7.6611
0.00717
0.0489
6.7782
0.01807
0.1233
1994
HDV3
5.6117
0.01693
0.1155
0.135
0.00038
0.0025
6.4254
0.00323
0.0220
9.0151
0.01227
0.0837
7.2364
0.02729
0.1862
1994
HDV4
5.8759
0.01846
0.1259
0.135
0.00038
0.0025
6.4836
0.00327
0.0223
9.2388
0.01289
0.0880
7.4605
0.02886
0.1969
1994
HDV5
5.6694
0.01730
0.1181
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.3539
0.00314
0.0214
8.9823
0.01210
0.0826
7.2623
0.02754
0.1879
1994
HDV6
5.3608
0.01544
0.1053
0.135
0.00038
0.0025
6.4584
0.00332
0.0226
8.8619
0.01194
0.0815
7.0154
0.02565
0.1750
1994
HDV7
5.3608
0.01544
0.1053
0.135
0.00038
0.0025
6.4584
0.00332
0.0226
8.8619
0.01194
0.0815
7.0154
0.02565
0.1750
1994
HDV8a
9.2480
0.03740
0.2552
0.123
0.00034
0.0023
10.688
0.00736
0.0502
16.087
0.03383
0.2308
12.941
0.06554
0.4473
1994
HDV8b
9.2480
0.03740
0.2552
0.123
0.00034
0.0023
10.688
0.00736
0.0502
16.087
0.03383
0.2308
12.941
0.06554
0.4473
1995
HDV2B
4.7243
0.01022
0.0697
0.116
0.00034
0.0023
4.6364
0.00322
0.0220
7.6428
0.00443
0.0302
6.7372
0.00540
0.0368
1995
HDV3
5.4954
0.01631
0.1113
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.4055
0.00452
0.0308
8.9138
0.00412
0.0281
7.1350
0.00527
0.0359
1995
HDV4
5.6650
0.01682
0.1148
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.3993
0.00449
0.0306
9.0228
0.00444
0.0303
7.2733
0.00558
0.0381
1995
HDV5
5.5734
0.01651
0.1126
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.3770
0.00448
0.0306
8.9419
0.00404
0.0275
7.1944
0.00535
0.0365
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-13
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
1995
HDV6
5.3541
0.01593
0.1087
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.4466
0.00458
0.0312
8.8409
0.00412
0.0281
7.0098
0.00506
0.0345
1995
HDV7
5.3541
0.01593
0.1087
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.4466
0.00458
0.0312
8.8409
0.00412
0.0281
7.0098
0.00506
0.0.345
1995
HDV8a
9.2480
0.03095
0.2112
0.123
0.00036
0.0024
10.688
0.00818
0.0558
16.087
0.04854
0.3312
12.941
0.02565
0.1750
1995
HDV8b
9.2480
0.03095
0.2112
0.123
0.00036
0.0024
10.688
0.00818
0.0558
16.087
0.04854
0.3312
12.941
0.02565
0.1750
1996
HDV2B
3.5272
0.00887
0.0605
0.099
0.00044
0.0029
3.4451
0.00255
0.0174
5.1954
0.00672
0.0459
4.9945
0.00291
0.0198
1996
HDV3
5.5773
0.01617
0.1103
0.135
0.00047
0.0031
6.4003
0.00367
0.0250
8.9702
0.00607
0.0414
7.2005
0.00276
0.0188
1996
HDV4
5.7118
0.01651
0.1126
0.135
0.00047
0.0031
6.3948
0.00367
0.0250
9.0496
0.00643
0.0438
7.3061
0.00288
0.0196
1996
HDV5
5.6559
0.01636
0.1117
0.135
0.00047
0.0031
6.3603
0.00365
0.0249
8.9812
0.00589
0.0401
7.2533
0.00279
0.0190
1996
HDV6
5.3666
0.01565
0.1068
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.4686
0.00368
0.0251
8.8799
0.00604
0.0412
7.0203
0.00261
0.0178
1996
HDV7
5.3666
0.01565
0.1068
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.4686
0.00368
0.0251
8.8799
0.00604
0.0412
7.0203
0.00261
0.0178
1996
HDV8a
9.2480
0.02547
0.1738
0.123
0.00042
0.0028
10.688
0.00609
0.0416
16.087
0.06136
0.4187
12.941
0.01220
0.0832
1996
HDV8b
9.2480
0.02547
0.1738
0.123
0.00042
0.0028
10.688
0.00609
0.0416
16.087
0.06136
0.4187
12.941
0.01220
0.0832
1997
HDV2B
3.2838
0.00710
0.0485
0.106
0.00020
0.0013
3.0765
0.00180
0.0123
4.8533
0.00546
0.0372
4.5034
0.00730
0.0498
1997
HDV3
5.4862
0.01225
0.08.36
0.135
0.00023
0.0015
6.4355
0.00247
0.0168
8.9413
0.00504
0.0344
7.1286
0.00846
0.0577
1997
HDV4
5.6911
0.01291
0.0881
0.135
0.00023
0.0015
6.3812
0.00245
0.0167
9.0236
0.00500
0.0341
7.2860
0.00893
0.0609
1997
HDV5
5.5881
0.01256
0.0857
0.135
0.00023
0.0015
6.3837
0.00245
0.0167
8.9618
0.00483
0.0329
7.2053
0.00867
0.0592
1997
HDV6
5.3680
0.01187
0.0810
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.4709
0.00248
0.0169
8.8842
0.00507
0.0346
7.0215
0.00814
0.0555
1997
HDV7
5.3680
0.01187
0.0810
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.4709
0.00248
0.0169
8.8842
0.00507
0.0346
7.0215
0.00814
0.0555
1997
HDV8a
9.2480
0.02655
0.1811
0.123
0.00019
0.0013
10.688
0.00520
0.0354
16.087
0.04479
0.3056
12.942
0.02848
0.1943
1997
HDV8b
9.2480
0.02655
0.1811
0.123
0.00019
0.0013
10.688
0.00520
0.0354
16.087
0.04479
0.3056
12.942
0.02848
0.1943
1998
HDV2B
2.4363
0.00585
0.0399
0.116
0.00025
0.0017
1.7663
0.00195
0.0133
3.6714
0.00496
0.0339
3.9842
0.00533
0.0364
1998
HDV3
4.1787
0.01523
0.1039
0.258
0.00030
0.0020
4.0177
0.00382
0.0261
6.1692
0.00853
0.0582
6.5087
0.01161
0.0792
1998
HDV4
4.4484
0.01678
0.1145
0.254
0.00030
0.0020
4.1566
0.00414
0.0282
6.6399
0.01179
0.0804
6.7598
0.01284
0.0876
1998
HDV5
3.8462
0.01343
0.0916
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.7766
0.00335
0.0229
5.5090
0.00382
0.0261
6.2024
0.01010
0.0689
1998
HDV6
3.8139
0.01315
0.0897
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.8238
0.00339
0.0231
5.5084
0.00393
0.0268
6.1652
0.00993
0.0677
1998
HDV7
3.8139
0.01315
0.0897
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.8238
0.00339
0.0231
5.5084
0.00393
0.0268
6.1652
0.00993
0.0677
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-14
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
1998
HDV8a
5.3476
0.02157
0.1472
0.226
0.00026
0.0017
5.6502
0.00701
0.0478
9.7438
0.03399
0.2320
8.1971
0.01993
0.1360
1998
HDV8b
5.3476
0.02157
0.1472
0.226
0.00026
0.0017
5.6502
0.00701
0.0478
9.74.38
0.03399
0.2320
8.1971
0.01993
0.1.360
1999
IHDV2B
2.6081
0.00812
0.0554
0.137
0.00008
0.0005
1.9961
0.00110
0.0075
3.8508
0.00437
0.0298
4.2075
0.00282
0.0192
1999
HDV3
3.8469
0.01761
0.1201
0.263
0.00009
0.0006
3.8130
0.00183
0.0125
5.5457
0.00240
0.0164
6.2057
0.00347
0.0237
1999
HDV4
3.9320
0.01816
0.1239
0.262
0.00009
0.0006
3.8434
0.00187
0.0128
5.6836
0.00364
0.0248
6.2833
0.00382
0.0260
1999
HDV5
3.8335
0.01771
0.1209
0.263
0.00010
0.0006
3.7643
0.00181
0.0123
5.48.39
0.00170
0.0116
6.1968
0.00347
0.0236
1999
HDV6
3.8341
0.01772
0.1209
0.263
0.00010
0.0006
3.7637
0.00181
0.0123
5.4842
0.0017
0.0116
6.1973
0.00347
0.0236
1999
HDV7
3.8038
0.01734
0.1183
0.263
0.00009
0.0006
3.7940
0.00181
0.0123
5.4709
0.00172
0.0117
6.1656
0.0033
0.0225
1999
HDV8a
3.9796
0.01826
0.1246
0.260
0.00009
0.0006
3.9180
0.00192
0.0131
5.8236
0.00508
0.0346
6.3310
0.00399
0.0272
1999
HDV8b
3.9796
0.01826
0.1246
0.260
0.00009
0.0006
3.9180
0.00192
0.0131
5.8236
0.00508
0.0346
6.3310
0.00399
0.0272
2000
HDV2B
2.5570
0.00687
0.0469
0.138
0.00008
0.0005
1.9254
0.00083
0.0056
3.8118
0.00407
0.0278
4.1545
0.00368
0.0251
2000
HDV3
3.8039
0.01430
0.0976
0.264
0.00010
0.0006
3.7732
0.00108
0.0074
5.4543
0.00169
0.0115
6.1718
0.00402
0.0274
2000
HDV4
3.8200
0.01443
0.0984
0.263
0.00010
0.0006
3.7615
0.00108
0.0073
5.4654
0.00168
0.0115
6.1879
0.00407
0.0278
2000
HDV5
3.8266
0.01448
0.0988
0.263
0.00010
0.0006
3.7552
0.00108
0.0073
5.4683
0.00166
0.0113
6.1943
0.00409
0.0279
2000
HDV6
3.8272
0.01449
0.0988
0.263
0.00010
0.0006
3.7548
0.00108
0.0073
5.4686
0.00166
0.0113
6.1948
0.00409
0.0279
2000
HDV7
3.7982
0.01426
0.0973
0.264
0.00010
0.0006
3.7774
0.00108
0.0074
5.4500
0.00169
0.0115
6.1658
0.00401
0.0273
2000
HDV8a
3.7998
0.01427
0.0974
0.264
0.00010
0.0006
3.7785
0.00108
0.0074
5.4532
0.00171
0.0117
6.1673
0.00401
0.0274
2000
HDV8b
3.7998
0.01427
0.0974
0.264
0.00010
0.0006
3.7785
0.00108
0.0074
5.45.32
0.00171
0.0117
6.1673
0.00401
0.0274
2001
HDV2B
1.0299
0.00399
0.0272
0.055
0.00003
0.0001
0.6812
0.00061
0.0041
1.4922
0.00325
0.0222
1.6355
0.00263
0.0179
2001
HDV3
1.7602
0.01343
0.0916
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7536
0.00057
0.0039
2.5359
0.00147
0.0100
2.8443
0.00899
0.0613
2001
HDV4
1.7709
0.01356
0.0925
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7411
0.00057
0.0039
2.5386
0.00146
0.0099
2.8561
0.00899
0.0613
2001
HDV5
1.7732
0.01360
0.0927
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7349
0.00056
0.0038
2.5357
0.00140
0.0095
2.8587
0.00899
0.0613
2001
HDV6
1.7735
0.01360
0.0928
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7345
0.00056
0.0038
2.5357
0.00140
0.0095
2.8590
0.00899
0.0613
2001
HDV7
1.7557
0.01338
0.0913
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7590
0.00057
0.0039
2.5343
0.00146
0.0100
2.8390
0.009
0.0613
2001
HDV8a
1.7591
0.01340
0.0914
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7613
0.00058
0.0039
2.5410
0.00156
0.0106
2.8422
0.009
0.0613
2001
HDV8b
1.7591
0.01340
0.0914
0.121
0.00004
0.0002
1.7613
0.00058
0.0039
2.5410
0.00156
0.0106
2.8422
0.009
0.0613
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-15
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2002
HDV2B
1.0043
0.00252
0.0172
0.050
0.00013
0.0008
0.6669
0.00130
0.0088
1.4414
0.00270
0.0184
1.5821
0.00221
0.0150
2002
HDV3
1.7606
0.00626
0.0427
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7590
0.00212
0.0144
2.5408
0.00221
0.0151
2.8431
0.00335
0.0229
2002
HDV4
1.7692
0.00634
0.0432
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7470
0.00210
0.0143
2.5414
0.00221
0.0150
2.8530
0.00339
0.0231
2002
HDV5
1.7717
0.00636
0.0434
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7411
0.00209
0.0143
2.5391
0.00218
0.0149
2.8560
0.0034
0.0231
2002
HDV6
1.7719
0.00637
0.0434
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7407
0.00209
0.0143
2.5391
0.00218
0.0149
2.8563
0.00340
0.0232
2002
HDV7
1.7573
0.00623
0.0425
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7638
0.00212
0.0144
2.5403
0.00221
0.0151
2.8390
0.00334
0.0228
2002
HDV8a
1.7593
0.00625
0.0426
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7651
0.00213
0.0145
2.5442
0.00224
0.0153
2.8408
0.00335
0.0228
2002
HDV8b
1.7593
0.00625
0.0426
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7651
0.00213
0.0145
2.5442
0.00224
0.0153
2.8408
0.00335
0.0228
2003
HDV2B
1.0386
0.00299
0.0204
0.053
0.00006
0.0004
0.6863
0.00081
0.0055
1.5135
0.00298
0.0203
1.6503
0.00211
0.0144
2003
HDV3
1.7607
0.00888
0.0605
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7591
0.00140
0.0095
2.5409
0.00129
0.0088
2.8431
0.00403
0.0275
2003
HDV4
1.7693
0.00899
0.0613
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7473
0.00138
0.0094
2.5417
0.00128
0.0087
2.8530
0.00408
0.0278
2003
HDV5
1.7715
0.00903
0.0616
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7413
0.00138
0.0094
2.5391
0.00124
0.0085
2.8559
0.00410
0.0279
2003
HDV6
1.7718
0.00904
0.0616
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7409
0.00138
0.0094
2.5391
0.00124
0.0084
2.8561
0.00410
0.0279
2003
HDV7
1.7573
0.00883
0.0602
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7638
0.00140
0.0095
2.5403
0.00129
0.0088
2.8390
0.00401
0.0273
2003
HDV8a
1.7595
0.00885
0.0603
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7653
0.00140
0.0096
2.5447
0.00134
0.0091
2.8410
0.00402
0.0274
2003
HDV8b
1.7595
0.00885
0.0603
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.7653
0.00140
0.0096
2.5447
0.00134
0.0091
2.8410
0.00402
0.0274
2004
HDV2B
0.6788
0.00177
0.0121
0.039
0.00012
0.0008
0.4814
0.00089
0.0061
0.9350
0.00202
0.0137
1.0319
0.00201
0.0137
2004
HDV3
1.7603
0.00468
0.0319
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7598
0.00186
0.0127
2.5409
0.00165
0.0112
2.8426
0.00435
0.0296
2004
HDV4
1.7682
0.00475
0.0324
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7491
0.00186
0.0127
2.5419
0.00164
0.0112
2.8518
0.00441
0.0300
2004
HDV5
1.7702
0.00478
0.0326
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7433
0.00186
0.0127
2.5392
0.00162
0.0111
2.8543
0.00443
0.0302
2004
HDV6
1.7704
0.00478
0.0326
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7429
0.00186
0.0127
2.5392
0.00162
0.0110
2.8546
0.00443
0.0302
2004
HDV7
1.7573
0.00465
0.0317
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7638
0.00186
0.0127
2.5403
0.00165
0.0112
2.8390
0.00433
0.0295
2004
HDV8a
1.7596
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7653
0.00187
0.0127
2.5448
0.00167
0.0114
2.8411
0.00434
0.0296
2004
HDV8b
1.7596
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7653
0.00187
0.0127
2.5448
0.00167
0.0114
2.8411
0.00434
0.0296
2005
HDV2B
0.4785
0.0015
0.0102
0.029
0.00012
0.0008
0.3093
0.00081
0.0055
0.6701
0.00203
0.0138
0.7442
0.00186
0.0127
2005
HDV3
1.7604
0.00468
0.0319
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7596
0.00186
0.0127
2.5410
0.00165
0.0112
2.8428
0.00435
0.0297
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-16
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2005
HDV4
1.7686
0.00475
0.0324
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7486
0.00186
0.0127
2.5420
0.00164
0.0112
2.8522
0.00441
0.0301
2005
HDV5
1.7706
0.00478
0.0326
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7426
0.00186
0.0127
2.5392
0.00162
0.0110
2.8548
0.00443
0.0.302
2005
HDV6
1.7708
0.00478
0.0326
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7423
0.00186
0.0127
2.5392
0.00162
0.0110
2.8551
0.00443
0.0302
2005
HDV7
1.7573
0.00465
0.0317
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7638
0.00186
0.0127
2.5403
0.00165
0.0112
2.8390
0.00433
0.0295
2005
HDV8a
1.7597
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7654
0.00187
0.0127
2.5450
0.00167
0.0114
2.8412
0.00434
0.0296
2005
HDV8b
1.7597
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7654
0.00187
0.0127
2.5450
0.00167
0.0114
2.8412
0.00434
0.0296
2006
IHDV2B
0.4386
0.0012
0.0081
0.028
0.00009
0.0006
0.2957
0.00063
0.0043
0.5823
0.00155
0.0105
0.6625
0.00145
0.0099
2006
HDV3
1.7594
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7611
0.00141
0.0096
2.5409
0.00125
0.0085
2.8415
0.00329
0.0224
2006
HDV4
1.7655
0.00358
0.0244
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7533
0.00141
0.0096
2.5421
0.00125
0.0085
2.8486
0.00332
0.0226
2006
HDV5
1.7668
0.00359
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7483
0.00141
0.0096
2.5395
0.00123
0.0084
2.8506
0.00333
0.0227
2006
HDV6
1.7670
0.00359
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7480
0.00141
0.0096
2.5395
0.00123
0.0084
2.8508
0.00333
0.0227
2006
HDV7
1.7573
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7638
0.00141
0.0096
2.5403
0.00125
0.0085
2.8389
0.00327
0.0223
2006
HDV8a
1.7594
0.00353
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7652
0.00141
0.0096
2.5444
0.00126
0.0086
2.8409
0.00328
0.0224
2006
HDV8b
1.7594
0.00353
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7652
0.00141
0.0096
2.5444
0.00126
0.0086
2.8409
0.00328
0.0224
2007
HDV2B
0.3708
0.00114
0.0078
0.021
0.00009
0.0006
0.2380
0.00061
0.0042
0.4749
0.00153
0.0104
0.5523
0.00141
0.0096
2007
HDV3
1.7597
0.00354
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7606
0.00141
0.0096
2.5408
0.00125
0.0085
2.8419
0.00329
0.0224
2007
HDV4
1.7663
0.00358
0.0244
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7515
0.00141
0.0096
2.5417
0.00124
0.0085
2.8497
0.00333
0.0227
2007
HDV5
1.7682
0.00360
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7463
0.00141
0.0096
2.5394
0.00123
0.0084
2.8521
0.00334
0.0228
2007
HDV6
1.7684
0.00360
0.0246
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7459
0.00141
0.0096
2.5394
0.00123
0.0084
2.8524
0.00334
0.0228
2007
HDV7
1.7573
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7638
0.00141
0.0096
2.5403
0.00125
0.0085
2.8390
0.00327
0.0223
2007
HDV8a
1.7591
0.00353
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7650
0.00141
0.0096
2.5438
0.00126
0.0086
2.8406
0.00328
0.0224
2007
HDV8b
1.7591
0.00353
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.7650
0.00141
0.0096
2.5438
0.00126
0.0086
2.8406
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV2B
0.2491
0.00117
0.0080
0.013
0.00009
0.0006
0.1325
0.00062
0.0042
0.3332
0.00153
0.0104
0.3951
0.00143
0.0097
2008
HDV3
0.5276
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5285
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00125
0.0085
0.8522
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV4
0.5291
0.00356
0.0243
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5267
0.00141
0.0096
0.7626
0.00125
0.0085
0.8539
0.00331
0.0226
2008
HDV5
0.5294
0.00357
0.0244
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5255
0.00141
0.0096
0.7619
0.00124
0.0084
0.8544
0.00332
0.0226
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-17
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2008
HDV6
0.5294
0.00358
0.0244
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5254
0.00141
0.0096
0.7619
0.00123
0.0084
0.8544
0.00332
0.0226
2008
HDV7
0.5271
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5291
0.00141
0.0096
0.7621
0.00125
0.0085
0.8517
0.00327
0.0223
2008
HDV8a
0.5277
0.00353
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5295
0.00141
0.0096
0.7631
0.00126
0.0086
0.8522
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV8b
0.5277
0.00353
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5295
0.00141
0.0096
0.7631
0.00126
0.0086
0.8522
0.00328
0.0224
2009
HDV2B
0.2065
0.00116
0.0079
0.005
0.00009
0.0006
0.0962
0.00062
0.0042
0.2477
0.00152
0.0103
0.3145
0.00141
0.0096
2009
HDV3
0.5277
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5283
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00125
0.0085
0.8524
0.00329
0.0224
2009
HDV4
0.5294
0.00357
0.0243
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5260
0.00141
0.0096
0.7623
0.00124
0.0085
0.8543
0.00332
0.0226
2009
HDV5
0.5299
0.00359
0.0245
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5246
0.00141
0.0096
0.7618
0.00123
0.0084
0.8550
0.00333
0.0227
2009
HDV6
0.5300
0.00359
0.0245
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5245
0.00141
0.0096
0.7618
0.00123
0.0084
0.8551
0.00333
0.0227
2009
HDV7
0.5271
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5291
0.00141
0.0096
0.7621
0.00125
0.0085
0.8517
0.00327
0.0223
2009
HDV8a
0.5275
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5294
0.00141
0.0096
0.7628
0.00126
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2009
HDV8b
0.5275
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5294
0.00141
0.0096
0.7628
0.00126
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2010
HDV2B
0.1935
0.00113
0.0077
0.004
0.00009
0.0006
0.0850
0.00061
0.0041
0.2270
0.00151
0.0103
0.2938
0.00139
0.0095
2010
HDV3
0.5277
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5283
0.00141
0.0096
0.7621
0.00124
0.0085
0.8523
0.00329
0.0224
2010
HDV4
0.5293
0.00357
0.0243
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5260
0.00141
0.0096
0.7623
0.00124
0.0085
0.8543
0.00332
0.0226
2010
HDV5
0.5299
0.00359
0.0245
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5247
0.00141
0.0096
0.7618
0.00123
0.0084
0.8550
0.00333
0.0227
2010
HDV6
0.5299
0.00359
0.0245
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5246
0.00141
0.0096
0.7618
0.00123
0.0084
0.8550
0.00333
0.0227
2010
HDV7
0.5271
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5291
0.00141
0.0096
0.7621
0.00125
0.0085
0.8517
0.00327
0.0223
2010
HDV8a
0.5275
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5293
0.00141
0.0096
0.7627
0.00125
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2010
HDV8b
0.5275
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.5293
0.00141
0.0096
0.7627
0.00125
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2011
HDV2B
0.1910
0.00101
0.0069
0.004
0.00008
0.0005
0.0962
0.00052
0.0036
0.2239
0.00126
0.0086
0.2857
0.00120
0.0082
2011
HDV3
0.5276
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5286
0.00116
0.0079
0.7622
0.00102
0.0070
0.8522
0.00270
0.0184
2011
HDV4
0.5288
0.00293
0.0200
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5269
0.00116
0.0079
0.7625
0.00103
0.0070
0.8537
0.00272
0.0185
2011
HDV5
0.5292
0.00294
0.0200
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5258
0.00116
0.0079
0.7619
0.00102
0.0069
0.8541
0.00273
0.0186
2011
HDV6
0.5292
0.00294
0.0200
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5257
0.00116
0.0079
0.7619
0.00102
0.0069
0.8542
0.00273
0.0186
2011
HDV7
0.5271
0.0029
0.0197
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5291
0.00116
0.0079
0.7621
0.00102
0.0070
0.8517
0.00269
0.0184
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-18
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2011
HDV8a
0.5276
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5294
0.00116
0.0079
0.7629
0.00103
0.0070
0.8520
0.00270
0.0184
2011
HDV8b
0.5276
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5294
0.00116
0.0079
0.7629
0.00103
0.0070
0.8520
0.00270
0.0184
2012
IHDV2B
0.2003
0.00106
0.0072
0.005
0.00008
0.0005
0.1066
0.00054
0.0037
0.2331
0.00126
0.0085
0.2965
0.00123
0.0084
2012
HDV3
0.5275
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5288
0.00116
0.0079
0.7622
0.00103
0.0070
0.8520
0.00270
0.0184
2012
HDV4
0.5285
0.00292
0.0199
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5276
0.00116
0.0079
0.7625
0.00103
0.0070
0.8532
0.00272
0.0185
2012
HDV5
0.5286
0.00293
0.0199
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5266
0.00116
0.0079
0.7619
0.00102
0.0069
0.8535
0.00272
0.0185
2012
HDV6
0.5287
0.00293
0.02
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5266
0.00116
0.0079
0.7619
0.00102
0.0069
0.8535
0.00272
0.0185
2012
HDV7
0.5271
0.0029
0.0197
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5291
0.00116
0.0079
0.7621
0.00102
0.0070
0.8517
0.00269
0.0184
2012
HDV8a
0.5276
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5294
0.00116
0.0079
0.7629
0.00103
0.0070
0.8521
0.00270
0.0184
2012
HDV8b
0.5276
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.5294
0.00116
0.0079
0.7629
0.00103
0.0070
0.8521
0.00270
0.0184
2013
HDV2B
0.1718
0.00094
0.0064
0.004
0.00007
0.0004
0.0957
0.00048
0.0033
0.1961
0.00112
0.0076
0.2492
0.00109
0.0074
2013
HDV3
0.5275
0.0026
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5288
0.00104
0.0071
0.7622
0.00092
0.0062
0.8520
0.00241
0.0165
2013
HDV4
0.5284
0.00261
0.0178
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5277
0.00104
0.0071
0.7625
0.00092
0.0062
0.8531
0.00243
0.0165
2013
HDV5
0.5285
0.00262
0.0178
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5268
0.00104
0.0071
0.7619
0.00091
0.0062
0.8534
0.00243
0.0166
2013
HDV6
0.5286
0.00262
0.0178
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5267
0.00104
0.0071
0.7619
0.00091
0.0062
0.8534
0.00243
0.0166
2013
HDV7
0.5271
0.00259
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5291
0.00104
0.0071
0.7621
0.00092
0.0062
0.8517
0.00241
0.0164
2013
HDV8a
0.5276
0.00259
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5294
0.00104
0.0071
0.7629
0.00092
0.0063
0.8520
0.00241
0.0164
2013
HDV8b
0.5276
0.00259
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5294
0.00104
0.0071
0.7629
0.00092
0.0063
0.8520
0.00241
0.0164
2014
HDV2B
0.1745
0.00095
0.0065
0.004
0.00007
0.0004
0.0987
0.00048
0.0033
0.1988
0.00112
0.0076
0.2524
0.00110
0.0075
2014
HDV3
0.5266
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5281
0.00103
0.0070
0.7611
0.00091
0.0062
0.8508
0.00241
0.0164
2014
HDV4
0.5274
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5269
0.00103
0.0070
0.7613
0.00091
0.0062
0.8517
0.00242
0.0165
2014
HDV5
0.5275
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5260
0.00103
0.0070
0.7607
0.00091
0.0062
0.8519
0.00242
0.0165
2014
HDV6
0.5276
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5260
0.00103
0.0070
0.7607
0.00091
0.0062
0.8519
0.00242
0.0165
2014
HDV7
0.5263
0.00258
0.0176
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5284
0.00103
0.0070
0.7610
0.00091
0.0062
0.8505
0.00240
0.0164
2014
HDV8a
0.5267
0.00258
0.0176
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5287
0.00103
0.0070
0.7618
0.00092
0.0063
0.8509
0.00241
0.0164
2014
HDV8b
0.5267
0.00258
0.0176
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.5287
0.00103
0.0070
0.7618
0.00092
0.0063
0.8509
0.00241
0.0164
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-19
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2015
HDV2B
0.1404
0.00086
0.0059
0.003
0.00006
0.0004
0.0808
0.00043
0.0029
0.1602
0.00100
0.0068
0.2033
0.00099
0.0067
2015
HDV3
0.4188
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4245
0.00092
0.0063
0.6119
0.00082
0.0056
0.6840
0.00215
0.0147
2015
HDV4
0.4196
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4237
0.00092
0.0063
0.6121
0.00082
0.0056
0.6847
0.00216
0.0147
2015
HDV5
0.4198
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4230
0.00092
0.0063
0.6115
0.00081
0.0055
0.6847
0.00216
0.0147
2015
HDV6
0.4198
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4229
0.00092
0.0063
0.6115
0.00081
0.0055
0.6848
0.00216
0.0147
2015
HDV7
0.4185
0.00231
0.0157
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4248
0.00092
0.0063
0.6118
0.00082
0.0055
0.6837
0.00215
0.0146
2015
HDV8a
0.4189
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4250
0.00093
0.0063
0.6125
0.00082
0.0056
0.6841
0.00215
0.0147
2015
HDV8b
0.4189
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4250
0.00093
0.0063
0.6125
0.00082
0.0056
0.6841
0.00215
0.0147
2016
HDV2B
0.1413
0.00086
0.0059
0.003
0.00006
0.0004
0.0816
0.00044
0.0030
0.1612
0.00100
0.0068
0.2044
0.00099
0.0067
2016
HDV3
0.4188
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4245
0.00092
0.0063
0.6119
0.00082
0.0056
0.6840
0.00215
0.0147
2016
HDV4
0.4196
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4238
0.00092
0.0063
0.6121
0.00082
0.0056
0.6847
0.00216
0.0147
2016
HDV5
0.4197
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4231
0.00092
0.0063
0.6115
0.00081
0.0055
0.6847
0.00216
0.0147
2016
HDV6
0.4197
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4230
0.00092
0.0063
0.6115
0.00081
0.0055
0.6847
0.00216
0.0147
2016
HDV7
0.4185
0.00231
0.0157
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4248
0.00092
0.0063
0.6118
0.00082
0.0055
0.6837
0.00215
0.0146
2016
HDV8a
0.4189
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4250
0.00093
0.0063
0.6125
0.00082
0.0056
0.6841
0.00215
0.0147
2016
HDV8b
0.4189
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4250
0.00093
0.0063
0.6125
0.00082
0.0056
0.6841
0.00215
0.0147
2017
HDV2B
0.1310
0.00055
0.0038
0.003
0.00004
0.0002
0.0794
0.00028
0.0019
0.1480
0.00064
0.0043
0.1867
0.00063
0.0043
2017
HDV3
0.4188
0.00147
0.0100
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4246
0.00059
0.0040
0.6119
0.00052
0.0035
0.6839
0.00137
0.0093
2017
HDV4
0.4195
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4238
0.00059
0.0040
0.6121
0.00052
0.0035
0.6846
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV5
0.4196
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4232
0.00059
0.0040
0.6115
0.00052
0.0035
0.6846
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV6
0.4197
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4231
0.00059
0.0040
0.6115
0.00052
0.0035
0.6847
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV7
0.4185
0.00147
0.0100
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4248
0.00059
0.0040
0.6118
0.00052
0.0035
0.6837
0.00137
0.0093
2017
HDV8a
0.4189
0.00147
0.0100
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4250
0.00059
0.0040
0.6125
0.00052
0.0036
0.6841
0.00137
0.0093
2017
HDV8b
0.4189
0.00147
0.0100
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.4250
0.00059
0.0040
0.6125
0.00052
0.0036
0.6841
0.00137
0.0093
2018
HDV2B
0.0978
0.00053
0.0036
0.002
0.00004
0.0002
0.0596
0.00026
0.0018
0.1047
0.00059
0.0040
0.1355
0.00059
0.0040
2018
HDV3
0.3498
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3526
0.00059
0.0040
0.5082
0.00052
0.0035
0.5683
0.00137
0.0093
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-20
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Pkoiec i ion Agency »
"v
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
.. . ,Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
X
O
z
BC PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
X
0
z
2
a
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2018
HDV4
0.3515
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3533
0.00059
0.0040
0.5102
0.00052
0.0035
0.5710
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV5
0.3524
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3536
0.00059
0.0040
0.5112
0.00052
0.0035
0.5726
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV6
0.3525
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3536
0.00059
0.0040
0.5113
0.00052
0.0035
0.5727
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV7
0.3493
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3524
0.00059
0.0040
0.5075
0.00052
0.0035
0.5674
0.00137
0.0093
2018
HDV8a
0.3494
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3524
0.00059
0.0040
0.5078
0.00052
0.0036
0.5675
0.00137
0.0093
2018
HDV8b
0.3494
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.3524
0.00059
0.0040
0.5078
0.00052
0.0036
0.5675
0.00137
0.0093
2019
IHDV2B
0.0901
0.00050
0.0034
0.002
0.00003
0.0002
0.0547
0.00025
0.0017
0.0953
0.00055
0.0037
0.1241
0.00056
0.0038
2019
HDV3
0.3315
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00005
0.0003
0.3335
0.00059
0.0040
0.4807
0.00052
0.0035
0.5376
0.00137
0.0093
2019
HDV4
0.3335
0.00148
0.0101
0.023
0.00005
0.0003
0.3345
0.00059
0.0040
0.4832
0.00052
0.0035
0.5409
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV5
0.3346
0.00148
0.0101
0.023
0.00005
0.0003
0.3352
0.00059
0.0040
0.4845
0.00052
0.0035
0.5428
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV6
0.3347
0.00148
0.0101
0.023
0.00005
0.0003
0.3352
0.00059
0.0040
0.4847
0.00052
0.0035
0.5430
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV7
0.3310
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00005
0.0003
0.3331
0.00059
0.0040
0.4799
0.00052
0.0035
0.5366
0.00137
0.0093
2019
HDV8a
0.3309
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00005
0.0003
0.3331
0.00059
0.0040
0.4800
0.00052
0.0036
0.5365
0.00137
0.0093
2019
HDV8b
0.3309
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00005
0.0003
0.3331
0.00059
0.0040
0.4800
0.00052
0.0036
0.5365
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV2B
0.0820
0.00046
0.0031
0.002
0.00003
0.0001
0.0496
0.00022
0.0015
0.0854
0.00048
0.0032
0.1121
0.00050
0.0034
2020
HDV3
0.3133
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3144
0.00059
0.0040
0.4531
0.00052
0.0035
0.5069
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV4
0.3154
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3158
0.00059
0.0040
0.4562
0.00052
0.0035
0.5107
0.00138
0.0094
2020
HDV5
0.3168
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3167
0.00059
0.0040
0.4579
0.00052
0.0035
0.5131
0.00138
0.0094
2020
HDV6
0.3169
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3168
0.00059
0.0040
0.4581
0.00052
0.0035
0.5133
0.00138
0.0094
2020
HDV7
0.3126
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3139
0.00059
0.0040
0.4522
0.00052
0.0035
0.5057
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV8a
0.3125
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3139
0.00059
0.0040
0.4522
0.00052
0.0036
0.5056
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV8b
0.3125
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3139
0.00059
0.0040
0.4522
0.00052
0.0036
0.5056
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV2B
0.0820
0.00046
0.0031
0.002
0.00003
0.0001
0.0496
0.00022
0.0015
0.0854
0.00048
0.0032
0.1121
0.00050
0.0034
2021
HDV3
0.3133
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3144
0.00059
0.0040
0.4531
0.00052
0.0035
0.5069
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV4
0.3154
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3158
0.00059
0.0040
0.4562
0.00052
0.0035
0.5107
0.00138
0.0094
2021
HDV5
0.3168
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3167
0.00059
0.0040
0.4579
0.00052
0.0035
0.5131
0.00138
0.0094
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | AppendixA A-21
-------
^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protec i ion agency ¦»
GASOLINE
Highway
Urban
Decel
0 25
25 50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
X
0
z
BC
PM
X
0
z
BC
PM
X
O
z
BC
PM
2021
HDV6
0.3169
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3168
0.00059
0.0040
0.4581
0.00052
0.0035
0.5133
0.00138
0.0094
2021
HDV7
0.3126
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3139
0.00059
0.0040
0.4522
0.00052
0.0035
0.5057
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV8a
0.3125
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3139
0.00059
0.0040
0.4522
0.00052
0.0036
0.5056
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV8b
0.3125
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00005
0.0003
0.3139
0.00059
0.0040
0.4522
0.00052
0.0036
0.5056
0.00137
0.0093
Note - MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore gasoline 8bs are set equal to 8as.
SmartWay Technical. Documentation [ Appendix A A-22
-------
^KvSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES20i4b, 2019 Calendar Year, ULSD)
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
X
O
z
Gasoline
1989
12.870
7.271
7.271
7.271
7.271
X
0
z
Gasoline
1990
12.870
7.271
7.271
7.271
7.271
X
0
z
Gasoline
1991
12.921
7.271
7.271
7.271
7.271
X
0
z
Gasoline
1992
13.214
7.271
7.271
7.271
7.271
X
0
z
Gasoline
1993
13.405
7.271
7.271
7.271
7.271
X
0
z
Gasoline
1994
13.265
7.153
7.153
7.153
7.153
X
0
z
Gasoline
1995
13.511
7.153
7.153
7.153
7.153
X
0
z
Gasoline
1996
13.681
7.153
7.153
7.153
7.153
X
0
z
Gasoline
1997
13.851
7.153
7.153
7.153
7.153
X
0
z
Gasoline
1998
29.011
14.821
14.821
14.821
14.821
X
0
z
Gasoline
1999
29.011
14.821
14.821
14.821
14.821
X
0
z
Gasoline
2000
29.011
14.821
14.821
14.821
14.821
X
0
z
Gasoline
2001
17.143
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
X
0
z
Gasoline
2002
17.143
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
X
0
z
Gasoline
2003
17.233
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
X
0
z
Gasoline
2004
17.233
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
X
0
z
Gasoline
2005
17.233
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
X
0
z
Gasoline
2006
17.233
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-i
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
X
0
z
Gasoline
2007
17.233
6.893
6.893
6.893
6.893
X
0
z
Gasoline
2008
8.834
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2009
0.255
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2010
0.255
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2011
0.220
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2012
0.220
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2013
0.177
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2014
0.177
2.068
2.068
2.068
2.068
X
0
z
Gasoline
2015
0.139
1.118
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Gasoline
2016
0.139
1.118
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Gasoline
2017
0.141
1.118
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Gasoline
2018
0.083
0.655
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Gasoline
2019
0.067
0.532
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Gasoline
2020
0.052
0.409
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Gasoline
2021
0.052
0.409
1.118
1.118
1.118
X
0
z
Diesel
1989
243.087
148.641
148.642
148.642
148.642
X
0
z
Diesel
1990
243.087
148.641
148.642
148.642
148.642
X
0
z
Diesel
1991
220.436
139.753
139.753
139.753
139.753
X
0
z
Diesel
1992
225.613
139.753
139.754
139.753
139.753
X
0
z
Diesel
1993
228.977
139.753
139.753
139.754
139.754
X
0
z
Diesel
1994
230.401
139.754
139.754
139.753
139.753
X
0
z
Diesel
1995
234.799
139.753
139.753
139.753
139.753
X
0
z
Diesel
1996
237.854
139.753
139.753
139.753
139.754
X
0
z
Diesel
1997
240.907
139.754
139.754
139.753
139.753
X
0
z
Diesel
1998
194.879
117.349
117.349
117.349
117.349
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-2
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
X
0
z
Diesel
1999
194.879
96.535
96.535
96.535
154.804
X
0
z
Diesel
2000
194.878
96.535
96.535
96.535
154.804
X
0
z
Diesel
2001
194.879
96.535
96.535
96.535
154.804
X
0
z
Diesel
2002
194.879
96.535
96.535
96.535
154.804
X
0
z
Diesel
2003
44.534
45.811
45.811
45.811
56.945
X
0
z
Diesel
2004
44.534
45.811
45.811
45.811
56.945
X
0
z
Diesel
2005
44.534
45.811
45.811
45.811
56.945
X
0
z
Diesel
2006
44.534
45.811
45.811
45.811
56.945
X
0
z
Diesel
2007
41.184
22.780
22.780
22.780
53.190
X
0
z
Diesel
2008
41.620
22.780
22.780
22.780
53.190
X
0
z
Diesel
2009
41.620
22.780
22.780
22.780
53.190
X
0
z
Diesel
2010
17.673
7.212
8.088
8.088
10.054
X
0
z
Diesel
2011
17.673
7.212
8.088
8.088
10.054
X
0
z
Diesel
2012
17.673
7.212
8.088
8.088
10.054
X
0
z
Diesel
2013
17.765
7.212
7.212
7.212
8.964
X
0
z
Diesel
2014
17.765
7.212
7.212
7.212
8.964
X
0
z
Diesel
2015
17.765
7.212
7.212
6.768
8.964
X
0
z
Diesel
2016
17.765
7.212
7.212
6.768
8.964
X
0
z
Diesel
2017
11.566
4.564
4.564
4.777
6.489
X
0
z
Diesel
2018
8.084
3.190
4.564
4.777
6.489
X
0
z
Diesel
2019
7.160
2.825
4.564
4.777
6.489
X
0
z
Diesel
2020
6.236
2.461
4.564
4.777
6.489
X
0
z
Diesel
2021
6.236
2.461
4.564
4.777
6.489
PM10
Gasoline
1989
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
PM10
Gasoline
1990
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-3
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Gasoline
1991
0.390
0.390
0.390
0.390
0.390
PM10
Gasoline
1992
0.390
0.390
0.390
0.390
0.390
PM10
Gasoline
1993
0.390
0.390
0.390
0.390
0.390
PM10
Gasoline
1994
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
PM10
Gasoline
1995
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
PM10
Gasoline
1996
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
PM10
Gasoline
1997
0.372
0.372
0.372
0.372
0.372
PM10
Gasoline
1998
0.222
0.222
0.222
0.222
0.222
PM10
Gasoline
1999
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.108
PM10
Gasoline
2000
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
PM10
Gasoline
2001
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
PM10
Gasoline
2002
0.142
0.142
0.142
0.142
0.142
PM10
Gasoline
2003
0.084
0.084
0.084
0.084
0.084
PM10
Gasoline
2004
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
PM10
Gasoline
2005
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
PM10
Gasoline
2006
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
PM10
Gasoline
2007
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
PM10
Gasoline
2008
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
PM10
Gasoline
2009
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
PM10
Gasoline
2010
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
PM10
Gasoline
2011
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
PM10
Gasoline
2012
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
PM10
Gasoline
2013
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
PM10
Gasoline
2014
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
PM10
Gasoline
2015
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-4
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Gasoline
2016
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
PM10
Gasoline
2017
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
PM10
Gasoline
2018
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
PM10
Gasoline
2019
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
PM10
Gasoline
2020
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
PM10
Gasoline
2021
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
PM10
Diesel
1989
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.291
PM10
Diesel
1990
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.291
PM10
Diesel
1991
3.801
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.291
PM10
Diesel
1992
3.801
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.291
PM10
Diesel
1993
3.801
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.291
PM10
Diesel
1994
7.981
7.459
7.459
7.459
6.560
PM10
Diesel
1995
7.981
7.459
7.459
7.459
6.560
PM10
Diesel
1996
7.981
7.459
7.459
7.459
6.560
PM10
Diesel
1997
7.981
7.459
7.459
7.459
6.560
PM10
Diesel
1998
7.506
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.274
PM10
Diesel
1999
7.506
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.274
PM10
Diesel
2000
7.506
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.274
PM10
Diesel
2001
7.507
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.274
PM10
Diesel
2002
7.506
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.274
PM10
Diesel
2003
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
5.670
PM10
Diesel
2004
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
5.670
PM10
Diesel
2005
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
5.670
PM10
Diesel
2006
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
5.670
PM10
Diesel
2007
0.552
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-5
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Diesel
2008
0.552
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
PM10
Diesel
2009
0.552
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
PM10
Diesel
2010
0.461
0.191
0.216
0.216
0.216
PM10
Diesel
2011
0.461
0.191
0.216
0.216
0.216
PM10
Diesel
2012
0.461
0.191
0.216
0.216
0.216
PM10
Diesel
2013
0.461
0.191
0.191
0.191
0.191
PM10
Diesel
2014
0.461
0.191
0.191
0.191
0.191
PM10
Diesel
2015
0.461
0.191
0.191
0.178
0.191
PM10
Diesel
2016
0.461
0.191
0.191
0.178
0.191
PM10
Diesel
2017
0.276
0.115
0.115
0.120
0.134
PM10
Diesel
2018
0.276
0.115
0.115
0.120
0.134
PM10
Diesel
2019
0.276
0.115
0.115
0.120
0.134
PM10
Diesel
2020
0.276
0.115
0.115
0.120
0.134
PM10
Diesel
2021
0.276
0.115
0.115
0.120
0.134
PM2.5
Gasoline
1989
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
PM2.5
Gasoline
1990
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
PM2.5
Gasoline
1991
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
PM2.5
Gasoline
1992
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
PM2.5
Gasoline
1993
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
PM2.5
Gasoline
1994
0.113
0.113
0.113
0.113
0.113
PM2.s
Gasoline
1995
0.134
0.134
0.134
0.134
0.134
PM2.s
Gasoline
1996
0.313
0.313
0.313
0.313
0.313
PM2.s
Gasoline
1997
0.329
0.329
0.329
0.329
0.329
PM2.s
Gasoline
1998
0.196
0.196
0.196
0.196
0.196
PM2.s
Gasoline
1999
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-6
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Gasoline
2000
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
PM2.s
Gasoline
2001
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
PM2.s
Gasoline
2002
0.126
0.126
0.126
0.126
0.126
PM2.s
Gasoline
2003
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
PM2.s
Gasoline
2004
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
PM2.s
Gasoline
2005
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
PM2.5
Gasoline
2006
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
PM2.5
Gasoline
2007
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
PM2.s
Gasoline
2008
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
PM2.s
Gasoline
2009
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
PM2.s
Gasoline
2010
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
PM2.s
Gasoline
2011
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
PM2.s
Gasoline
2012
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
PM2.s
Gasoline
2013
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
PM2.5
Gasoline
2014
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
PM2.5
Gasoline
2015
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
PM2.5
Gasoline
2016
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
PM2.5
Gasoline
2017
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
PM2.5
Gasoline
2018
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
PM2.5
Gasoline
2019
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
PM2.s
Gasoline
2020
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
PM2.s
Gasoline
2021
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
PM2.s
Diesel
1989
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.947
PM2.s
Diesel
1990
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.947
PM2.s
Diesel
1991
3.497
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.947
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-7
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Diesel
1992
3.497
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.947
PM2.s
Diesel
1993
3.497
3.969
3.969
3.969
3.947
PM2.s
Diesel
1994
7.343
6.862
6.862
6.862
6.035
PM2.s
Diesel
1995
7.342
6.862
6.862
6.862
6.035
PM2.s
Diesel
1996
7.343
6.862
6.862
6.862
6.035
PM2.s
Diesel
1997
7.343
6.862
6.862
6.862
6.035
PM2.5
Diesel
1998
6.906
6.515
6.515
6.515
5.772
PM2.5
Diesel
1999
6.906
6.515
6.515
6.515
5.772
PM2.s
Diesel
2000
6.906
6.515
6.515
6.515
5.772
PM2.s
Diesel
2001
6.906
6.515
6.515
6.515
5.772
PM2.s
Diesel
2002
6.906
6.515
6.515
6.515
5.772
PM2.s
Diesel
2003
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.216
PM2.s
Diesel
2004
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.216
PM2.s
Diesel
2005
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.216
PM2.5
Diesel
2006
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.874
5.216
PM2.5
Diesel
2007
0.508
0.210
0.210
0.210
0.210
PM2.5
Diesel
2008
0.508
0.210
0.210
0.210
0.210
PM2.5
Diesel
2009
0.508
0.210
0.210
0.210
0.210
PM2.5
Diesel
2010
0.424
0.176
0.199
0.199
0.199
PM2.5
Diesel
2011
0.424
0.176
0.199
0.199
0.199
PM2.s
Diesel
2012
0.424
0.176
0.199
0.199
0.199
PM2.s
Diesel
2013
0.424
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
PM2.s
Diesel
2014
0.424
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
PM2.s
Diesel
2015
0.424
0.176
0.176
0.164
0.176
PM2.s
Diesel
2016
0.424
0.176
0.176
0.164
0.176
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-8
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Diesel
2017
0.254
0.105
0.105
0.111
0.123
PM2.s
Diesel
2018
0.254
0.105
0.105
0.111
0.123
PM2.s
Diesel
2019
0.254
0.105
0.105
0.111
0.123
PM2.s
Diesel
2020
0.254
0.105
0.105
0.111
0.123
PM2.s
Diesel
2021
0.254
0.105
0.105
0.111
0.123
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1989
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1990
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1991
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1992
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1993
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1994
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1995
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1996
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1997
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1998
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1999
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2000
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2001
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2002
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2003
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2004
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2005
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2006
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2007
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-g
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2009
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2010
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2011
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2012
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2013
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2014
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2015
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2016
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2017
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2018
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2019
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2020
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2021
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
Diesel
1989
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.041
Black Carbon
Diesel
1990
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.041
Black Carbon
Diesel
1991
1.502
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.041
Black Carbon
Diesel
1992
1.502
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.041
Black Carbon
Diesel
1993
1.502
1.705
1.705
1.705
1.041
Black Carbon
Diesel
1994
3.154
2.948
2.948
2.948
1.592
Black Carbon
Diesel
1995
3.154
2.948
2.948
2.948
1.592
Black Carbon
Diesel
1996
3.154
2.948
2.948
2.948
1.592
Black Carbon
Diesel
1997
3.154
2.948
2.948
2.948
1.592
Black Carbon
Diesel
1998
2.967
2.799
2.799
2.799
1.522
Black Carbon
Diesel
1999
2.967
2.799
2.799
2.799
1.522
Black Carbon
Diesel
2000
2.967
2.799
2.799
2.799
1.522
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-io
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Model
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Diesel
2001
2.967
2.799
2.799
2.799
1.522
Black Carbon
Diesel
2002
2.967
2.799
2.799
2.799
1.522
Black Carbon
Diesel
2003
2.523
2.523
2.523
2.523
1.376
Black Carbon
Diesel
2004
2.523
2.523
2.523
2.523
1.376
Black Carbon
Diesel
2005
2.523
2.523
2.523
2.523
1.376
Black Carbon
Diesel
2006
2.523
2.523
2.523
2.523
1.376
Black Carbon
Diesel
2007
0.045
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
Black Carbon
Diesel
2008
0.045
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
Black Carbon
Diesel
2009
0.045
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
Black Carbon
Diesel
2010
0.038
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Diesel
2011
0.038
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Diesel
2012
0.038
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Diesel
2013
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
Black Carbon
Diesel
2014
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
Black Carbon
Diesel
2015
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.016
Black Carbon
Diesel
2016
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.016
Black Carbon
Diesel
2017
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2018
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2019
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2020
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2021
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-11
-------
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)
X
0
z
PM10
PM2.5
Black Carbon
113.63982
5.00200
4.60182
1.12804
113.63982
5.00200
4.60182
1.12804
240.24365
5.01220
4.61122
1.07339
240.63633
5.01260
4.61158
1.07122
233.76940
5.00555
4.60509
1.10906
239.54145
7.69697
7.08119
1.65931
239.10407
7.69978
7.08377
1.66423
237.15740
771233
7.09532
1.68614
239.50632
7.69717
7.08138
1.65970
237.40797
7.37102
6.78132
1.60873
241.36175
7.34853
6.76064
1.56685
241.98876
7.34497
6.75735
1.56022
239.29288
7.36031
6.77145
1.58878
237.72213
7.36922
6.77965
1.60542
239.34029
6.65087
6.11879
1.43515
237.07631
6.66223
6.12923
1.45672
238.32726
6.65595
6.12346
1.44480
239.04545
6.65236
6.12015
1.43795
210.12176
0.41817
0.38472
0.03441
208.65795
0.41774
0.38432
0.03437
211.70448
0.41864
0.38515
0.03445
211.26646
0.41677
0.38342
0.03429
210.13294
210.13231
0.41643
0.4164.3
0.38311
0.38311
0.03427
0.03427
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-12
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ModeL Year
Z
O
X
PM10
PM2.5
Black Carbon
2012
210.13217
0.41293
0.37990
0.03398
2013
210.13306
0.41293
0.37990
0.03398
2014
210.13282
0.41293
0.37990
0.03398
2015
210.13244
0.41294
0.37990
0.03398
2016
210.13234
0.41293
0.37990
0.03398
2017
210.13229
0.41294
0.37990
0.03398
2018
210.13256
0.41294
0.37990
0.03398
2019
210.13174
0.41293
0.37990
0.03398
2.02.0
210.13174
0.41293
0.37990
0.03398
2021
113.63982
5.00200
4.60182
1.12804
SmartWay TechnicaL Documentation | Appendix B B-13
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Appendix C: Derivation of National Average
g/kW-hr Emission Factors
FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 2016.
http://g reet.es.an L.aov/
1. Electric Generation Mix (From Annual Energy Outlook 2016)
0.7%
32.9%
33.5%
19.7%
1.0%
12.2%
Others = Hydro, Wind, Geothermal, Solar PV etc.
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 8.0%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
GREET Calculated Emission Factors
By Fuel Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation)
Oil Fired
NG Fired
Coal Fired
Biomass Fired
TOTAL based on US Mix
Z
O
X
43
O.41
0.49
1.06
O.366
PM10
0.18
0.01379
0.16
2.08
0.083
PM2,5
0.13
0.01344
0.062
0.6l
0.034
co2
950
440
960
1.530
559
C02 in burnt biomass from atmosphere
-750
Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants or "Others"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(i-electric transmission and distribution loss)
Total delivered based on US electric generation mix
NOx
0.40
PM10
0.091
PM2.5
0.037
co2
607
SmartWay Technical. Documentation || Appendix C C-i
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Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling
Methodology
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it is a physical
model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered appropriate for the estimation of
the fuel economy effects of truck hybridization. The model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption
for user-defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified
parameters, along with some of its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a variety of vehicle and
powertrain types. The assumptions and data sources for the model inputs that were used are presented
below. The defaults for some parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery
efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when scaling from light-duty to heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road Load and transmission data, were used from work already done with
the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for that previous work were taken from
findings of internet searches for specifications of various trucks in new "as-delivered" condition, prior to the
addition of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight.
To establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling effort, the original estimate of minimum
weight was averaged with the maximum possible weight for each truck class. This was done with the intent
of modeling an average or medium payload for each truck class. An important source of information was an
EPA draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and Gianelli48. This document contained
equations that could be used for estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information
describing the use of the model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle empty weights
and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications where possible. For example,
Ford published a ,pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications49 that contains base curb weights
and engine sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market. Another useful source of
manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual50. The T170-T370 range
consists of medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all of
the dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis. As such, it includes
curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight ratings that were instrumental in
creating many of the inputs for the Class 5. 6, and 7 fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple
trucks in a class were found, values were taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they
seemed noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in
literature did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE model. For
hybrid modeling, the engine size reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1 liter for the Class 2b and 3
trucks, up to 4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid trucks
48 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeting of Conventionat and Advanced Technotogy Vehicles in the Physicat Emission Rate
Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February 2005.
49 FordFi50.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from http://www.fordfi':;o.net/specs/0':;sd specs.pdf Accessed 12-9-2019.
5° Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Buitders Manual Retrieved from
https://www.kenworth.com/media/250Q8/kenworth medium duty bbm dec 2011.pdf Accessed 12-9-2019.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-i
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currently available on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically have very little engine
downsizing from hybridization, however larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found on
manufacturers' web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the different available
transmissions. While it is very likely that the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6 speed
manual transmission, there are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a modern
Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a representation of typical
trucks in that class, and all trucks were modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires
shift speeds as an input to the model, and examples of these were not found in literature or internet
searches. ERG has previously Logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks with 10-speed manual transmissions,
and this data was analyzed briefly to create an estimate of typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using
this speed/gear curve, two other curves were created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in
the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the model's predicted fuel
economy, but using carefully scaled shift point curves hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid
trucks were modeled with exactly the same transmissions as the conventional trucks. The model did not
readily include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics when changing from conventional to
hybrid powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept the same when making this change with the intent
of ensuring the resulting fuel economy effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission
effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The engine efficiency
was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds were adjusted
together as well, to account for the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical
Class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not generally a part
of manufacturers' literature. The method of road load calculation used for this PERE modeling was based on
the coefficient of rolling resistance (Cr), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (C«). and the vehicle frontal area
(Af) in a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam and Gianelli (2005).
Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature, such as manufacturers' specifications for Class 2b
and in a report publication by Argonne National Laboratory51 Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the Class 2b
and the smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier medium duty trucks
were assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be vocational trucks with less streamlined
aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam
and Gianelli. the product of truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of
effective Af. Engineering judgment was applied to the dimensions found in literature to ensure a
representative increase in frontal area from the smaller to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were
estimated using the trends observed by both Nam and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and
Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
51 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles through Modeling and
Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-ooi, October 2009.
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The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. In order to get a representative range of fuel
economy benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving
Schedule (HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can
be thought of as a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural driving with
varying speeds but no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was still used
as it was the best representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given by truck class in
Table E-i.
Table E-l. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
Modeled Test
Weight, lbs
Conventional
Engine Disp., L
Hybrid Engine
Disp., L
Number of
Gears
Effective Gear
Ratio, RPM/mph
2b
7.875
6.0
5
6
35
3
10.000
6.0
5
6
35
4
12,250
6.4
54
6
33
5
14.500
6.7
5.7
6
33
6
19.500
6.7
5.7
8
33
7
24,000
8.3
6.3
10
31
8
52,500
13
9
10
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold for each different
vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount of power demand during
acceleration that is required to cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The user must adjust
this value such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately equal to the amount of
energy charged back into the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not done, the fuel economy will
be misrepresented due to the battery ending up with a different state of charge at the end of the cycle
compared to the beginning of the cycle.
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events charge the
battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at its minimum value. This
meant that the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the beginning,
which has the effect of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an extra
calculation to the model in order to account for the net change in battery power. This calculation used the
various efficiencies of the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up the change in battery
charge over the cycle, and add that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was needed
for the trucks in Classes 2b through 5.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-3
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v»EPA
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20460
(734) 214-4333
www.epa.aov/transportation-air-pollution-and-
climate-chancie
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
2565 Plymouth Rd.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200
http://www.epa.gov/
EPA 420 B 20 002 | January 2020 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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