MANUFACTURER REQUEST FOR RISK EVALUATION
DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP)
Table of Contents
Background 2
Contact information of entity submitting the request 2
Substance identity 2
Conditions of use requested for evaluation 3
Information relevant to the risk evaluation of DINP 4
Information relevant to the human health hazard potential of DINP - 5
US CPSC- 5
European Union - 6
Australia NICNAS- 7
Environment Canada and Health Canada - 7
Information relevant to the exposure potential of DINP - 10
Information relevant to the persistence and bioaccumulation of DINP - 12
Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations relevant to the EPA risk evaluation - 13
Potential for storage of chemical substance near significant sources of drinking water, including
storage facility location and nearby drinking water source(s) - 13
DINP production volume - 14
Addendum 14
Appendix A -- Substance Identity Information
Name and substance identifiers 17
Structure 17
Considerations for Evaluating both CAS Numbers as a Single Substance 19
Appendix B -- Production and Use
Production volume 20
Uses 20
Existing regulations restricting use 21
Intended uses requested for evaluation 21
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May 23, 2019
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT)
Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460-0001
Background
The American Chemistry Council's High Phthalates Panel (ACC HPP) represents major manufacturers,
importers, and users of DINP, DIDP, and other high molecular weight phthalates. Pursuant to Section
6(b)(4)(C)(ii) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and 40 C.F.R. Section 702.37, Evonik
Corporation, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, and Teknor Apex ("the manufacturers"), through the
ACC High Phthalates Panel, formally request that the Agency conduct a risk evaluation of diisononyl
phthalate (DINP), represented by the two Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CASRNs)
28553-12-0 and 68515-48-0. This document and Appendices A-C provide the information to be
submitted as set forth in §702.37(b).1
Contact information of entity submitting the request
The High Phthalates Panel is comprised of companies that manufacture, compound, convert, or import
certain high molecular weight phthalates.2
Substance identity
The chemical identity of DINP is provided in Appendix A. Tables 1-3 of Appendix A include reasonably
known names of the chemical substance, including common or trade names and CASRNs. Structures
for each CASRN are also provided in figures 1 and 2 of Appendix A. As noted previously, this substance
is represented by two CASRNs. CASRN 28553-12-0 (DINP-2) is manufactured by esterification of
phthalic anhydride with alcohol groups made from n-butene (predominantly C9 methyl octanols and
dimethyl heptanols). It predominantly contains C9H19 isomers as alkyl side chains. CASRN 68515-48-
0 (DINP-1) is manufactured by esterification of phthalic anhydride with alcohol groups made from
octene (>95% comprise roughly equal amounts of 3,4-, 3,5-, 3,6-, 4,5-, 4,6-, and 5,6- dimethyl heptan-
1-ols). It contains a distribution of CsHi7 to C10H21 isomers, where C9H19 alkyl chains are predominant
(>70%). As discussed in Appendix A, a third type of DINP, DINP-3, was manufactured with alcohol
groups from n-butene and iso-butene, resulting in higher proportions of branched methyl ethyl hexanols
than other types of DINP. DINP-3 has not been in commercial production or use since 1995 and is not
considered relevant to this request.
As described in Appendix A, reviewing agencies, including the European Chemicals Bureau/Chemicals
Agency (ECHA), Australia NICNAS and Environment Canada/Health Canada, have considered the two
CASRNs (specifically DINP-1 and DINP-2) to be toxicologically equivalent and have evaluated them as
a single substance. Hence, this request is to evaluate the risk of both CASRNs as a single substance.
For the purpose of this request, the term "DINP" refers to DINP-1 and/or DINP-2.
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all section citations are to 40 C.F.R.
2 See https]//phthalates.americanchemistrv.com/About-Us/
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Conditions of use requested for evaluation
The Agency defines conditions of use as "circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under
which a chemical substance is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured,
processed, distributed in commerce, used or disposed of." §702.33. The uses of DINP are summarized
in Appendix B. Both European Union and American sources are cited, as DINP uses are essentially
the same in both regions. The primary intended, known or reasonably foreseen use of DINP (>90%) is
as a plasticizer to impart flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in consumer and industrial applications.3'
4'5'6'7 These applications include wire and cable jacketing, building and construction (vinyl tiles, resilient
flooring, PVC-backed carpeting, roofing, wall coverings, etc.), automotive (window glazing, doors,
acrylic plastisol sealants in wheel wells, underbody coatings and paints), vinyl clothing (raincoats and
boots, gloves, etc.), tool handles, flexible tubes, profiles, and hoses. Approximately 5% of DINP is used
in non-PVC applications such as rubber polymers, inks and pigments, adhesives, sealants, and paints.
This list of uses is consistent with those identified for DINP in existing European Union (EU) REACH
registrations (see Appendix C of this request for links to EU REACH registration dossiers for DINP).
These uses mirror those reported in the US EPA's 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database for
CAS numbers 28553-12-0 and 68515-48-0. According to the CDR data, CAS numbers 28553-12-0 and
68515-48-0 are reported for use in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. Primary uses
include incorporation into article, formulation, mixture, or reaction product as a plasticizer (for
manufacturing of plastic materials and resins), use as an adhesive and sealant chemical, paint and
coating manufacturing, synthetic rubber manufacturing, furniture and furnishings, floor coverings,
fabric, textile and leather products, building and construction materials, electrical and electronic
products, and automotive care products.
The manufacturers, through the ACC HPP, request that the following uses be evaluated under the risk
evaluation of DINP:
o DINP Manufacturing
o DINP use as a general purpose plasticizer for PVC used in the following applications;
o Building and construction - wire and cable jacketing, vinyl tiles, resilient flooring, PVC-
backed carpeting, wall coverings, roofing, pool applications, etc.
o Automotive - window glazing, wire and cable jacketing, underbody coatings, doors,
acrylic plastisol sealants, windshield adhesive, etc.
o Other consumer applications - vinyl clothing (raincoats, boots, gloves), tool handles,
flexible tubes, hoses and profiles, etc.
o Non-PVC applications - inks and pigments, adhesives, sealants, and paints.
3 American Chemistry Council (ACC) (2018). Phthalates: High phthalates uses and applications.
https://phthalates.americanchemistrv.com/Hiqh-Uses-and-Applications.html
~A IHS Markit. (2018). Chemical Economics Handbook: Plasticizers, pp. 42. 4 May 2018.
5 European Plasticisers (2018). Plasticisers Information Center: Orthophthalates.
https://www.plasticisers.org/plasticisers/orthophthalates/
6 European Chemicals Bureau (2003). European Union Risk Assessment Report, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-
branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-"isononyl" phthalate (DINP) (68515-48-0 & 28553-12-0), pp.26-28. 2nd Priority List
Volume 35 Report 046, https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/8fa0a07f-ec2a-4da6-bbe8-5b5e071b5c16.
7 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2013. Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning DINP and DIDP in relation
to entry 52 of AnnexXVII to REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. August 2013, pp. 21-28.
https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162 37e-de40-4044-93e8-9c,9ff1960715.
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o Use in PVC for children's toys and childcare articles - although DINP is currently restricted in
children's toys and childcare articles,8 the manufacturers, through the ACC HPP request that
potential DINP exposure of children from toys and childcare articles be evaluated, consistent
with the Agency's stated concerns in the USEPA 2012 Phthalate Action Plan.9
Information relevant to the risk evaluation of DINP
TSCA requires EPA to conduct risk evaluations to determine whether there is unreasonable risk to
humans or the environment using the best available science and weight of the scientific evidence.10
The definition of weight of the scientific evidence adopted by EPA states:
"Weight of the scientific evidence means a systematic review method, applied in a manner
suited to the nature of the evidence or decision, that uses a pre-established protocol to
comprehensively, objectively, transparently, and consistently identify and evaluate each
stream of evidence, including strengths, limitations, and relevance of each study and to
integrate evidence as necessary and appropriate based upon strengths, limitations, and
relevance."11
These scientific standards apply to manufacturer requests for risk evaluation and any request must
include all the existing information relevant to the risk evaluation.12 Specifically,
"The request must also include a list of all the existing information that is relevant to whether
the chemical substance, under the circumstances identified by the manufacturer(s), presents
an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. The list must be accompanied by
an explanation as to why such information is adequate to permit EPA to complete a risk
evaluation addressing the circumstances identified by the manufacturer(s), The request need
not include copies of the information; citations are sufficient, if the information is publically [sic]
available. The request must include or reference all available information on the health and
environmental hazard(s) of the chemical substance, human and environmental exposure(s),
and exposed population(s), as relevant to the circumstances identified in the request."13
To provide EPA with "all existing information that is relevant" to conduct the manufacturer requested
risk evaluation, an extensive literature search was conducted. Appendix C details the protocol used to
comprehensively, objectively, transparently, and consistently identify relevant information in several
databases. The process used comports with the requirements specified by EPA for a weight of the
8 US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Prohibition of Children's Toys and Child Care Articles Containing
Specified Phthalates. 82 Fed. Reg. 49938, 49982 (Oct. 27, 2017), https://www.apo.gov/fdsvs/pka/FR-2017-10-
27/pdf/2017-23267.pdf. codified at 16 C.F.R. § 1307.3(b). "Children's toy" is defined as a consumer product designed or
intended by the manufacturer for a child 12 years of age or younger for use by the child when the child plays" and "child
care article" is defined as "a consumer product designed or intended by the manufacturer to facilitate sleep or the feeding
of children age 3 and younger, or to help such children with sucking or teething." 16 C.F.R. § 1307.2.
9 US EPA. Phthalates Action Plan (Mar. 14. 2012 revision), pp. 8 & 12. https://www.epa.gov/sttes/production/files/2015-
09/documents/phthalates actionplan revised 2012-03-14.pdf [hereafter "2012 Action Plan'1.
r° 15 U.S.C. 2625(h) and (i); defined"at 40 C.F.R. Part 702.33
11 40 CFR Part 702.33
12 40 CFR Part 702
13 Environmental Protection Agency; Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances
Control Act, 82 Fed. Reg. 33,749 (July 20, 2017)(codified at 40 C.F.R. Pt. 702.37).
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scientific evidence review method and meets the requirements for submission of a manufacturer
requested risk evaluation under 40 CFR Part 702.37.
Specifically, Appendix C contains bibliographic citations to publicly available information that is relevant
to whether DINP, under the circumstances identified above, presents an unreasonable risk of injury to
health or the environment. We note that DINP (and phthalates in general) has been the subject of
considerable academic and regulatory interest for several decades. Thus, while the list in Appendix C
is robust, it does not necessarily represent all existing hazard and exposure information on DINP.
Nevertheless, it does include all the existing information that is relevant to whether DINP, under the
conditions of use noted herein, presents an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment,
including the following: information on the hazard and exposure potential of DINP, information on the
persistence and bioaccumulation of DINP, information on potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations relevant to the EPA risk evaluation, information on the potential for storage near
significant sources of drinking water, and information on DINP production volumes. The manufacturers,
through the ACC HPP, believe that having provided all the existing information listed above, such
information is more than adequate for EPA to conduct a thorough risk evaluation addressing the
conditions of use we have identified. Additionally, we note that the US EPA, under the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS), had identified studies that it deemed relevant to a proposed toxicological
review of DINP in 2014. A link to the draft materials collected by the Agency is provided in Appendix C.
The following provides an overview of the information referenced in Appendix C.
Information relevant to the human health hazard potential of DINP -
In its 2012 Phthalates Action Plan and 2014 update to the TSCA Work Plan,14 the Agency indicated
that the critical endpoint of concern for DINP is developmental toxicity (hazard score of 2 - "moderate"
assigned). In addition, in the 2012 Action Plan, the Agency indicated that it intended to consider results
of risk evaluations being conducted by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the
FDA, and the Agency's IRIS program to inform the extent of any future TSCA Section 6 action
addressing the listed phthalates, including DINP.15
The most relevant information sources, with respect to the reproductive/developmental hazard and risk
assessment of DINP, are the recently completed regulatory risk evaluations from the European Union
(2003, 2013 and 2018), US CPSC (1998, 2001 and 2017), Environment Canada and Health Canada
(2015 and 2017) and the Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme
(NICNAS) (2012). References to these risk evaluations are available on page 2 of Appendix C.
US CPSC-
In 2017, the CPSC concluded that DINP in isolation does not pose a risk to children, pregnant women
or other susceptible individuals with an adequate margin of safety.16 This supports a 2001 conclusion
by the CPSC's Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) that "the risk to reproductive and developmental
processes in humans due to DINP exposure is extremely low or non-existent",17 following the draft (later
14 2012 Action Plan, note 9, pp. 1 & 4; TSCA Work Plan for Chemical Assessments: 2014 Update, p. 12.
https://www.epa.gov/assessinq~and~manaqinq~chemicals-under~tsca/tsca~work~plan~chemical~assessments-2014~update
[hereafter "2014 Work Plan"!.
15 2012 Action Plan, note 9, pp. 10-11 ("Next Steps").
16 CPSC Phthalate Rule, note 8, 82 Fed. Reg. at 49963.
17 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). 2001. Report to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission by the
Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on DINP, cover letter and pages 53-58, Bethesda, MD: U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission. httpsi//cpsc.qov/s3fs-public/pdfs/dinp.pdf.
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final) conclusion of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human
Reproduction (CERHR) that there was "minimal risk" of developmental or reproductive effects from
current exposure levels.18 Subsequently, the US CPSC evaluated the cumulative risk of DINP exposure
(combined with DIBP, BBP, DBP and DEHP) in women of reproductive age, using data from the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).19'20 Using actual, experimental hazard
data for DINP, and looking at the 95th percentile, the cumulative risk of the five phthalates was a hazard
index (HI) of 0.4 or less for all biomonitoring data after 2008, well below the level of concern (Hl>1,0)21
For DINP itself, the risk was a hazard quotient (HQ) less than 0.2 at the 95th percentile, well below the
level of concern (HQ>1.0).22 Overall, these data provide adequate confidence that DINP poses no
reproductive or developmental toxicity risk to the most susceptible populations, children or women of
reproductive age.
European Union -
The European Union (EU) conducted a comprehensive risk assessment on DINP, published in 2003,
covering the range of human health hazard endpoints.23 Since 2003, the EU has published two
additional detailed risk evaluations of DINP, including a hazard evaluation to determine whether there
is sufficient evidence to classify DINP for reproductive/developmental effects.24'25 Both the 2003 and
2013 risk evaluations concluded that there was no need for further testing or risk mitigation with respect
to exposure to DINP for workers and consumers.26 The ECHA 2013 report evaluated the risk of
exposure to DINP for children and adults from several uses including toys and childcare articles (e.g.
school supplies), skinny vinyl leather pants (assuming these are worn 10 hours/day for 2 weeks per
month by pregnant women), indoor air, house dust and food.27 The EU report found no reproductive
toxicity risk with DINP exposure in any of the uses evaluated.28 In 2018, the European Chemicals
Agency (ECHA) Risk Assessment Committee (RAC) concluded its 3-year evaluation of the animal and
18 National Toxicology Program. 2003. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and
Developmental Effects of Di-isononyl Phthalate (DINP). NIH Publication No. 03-4484. NTP conclusions are summarized
on pages 2-3 of the report. httpsi//ntp.niehs.nih.qov/ntp/ohat/phthalates/dinp/dinp monograph final.pdf.
19 Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2015. Estimated Phthalate Exposure and Risk to Pregnant Women and
Women of Reproductive Age as Assessed Using Four NHANES Biomonitoring Data Sets (2005/2006, 2007/2008,
2009/2010, 2011/2012). https://www.cpsc.qov/s3fs-public/NHANES~Biomonitorinq-analvsis-for~Commission.pdf [hereafter
"CPSC 2015"1.
20 Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2017. Estimated Phthalate Exposure and Risk to Women of Reproductive Age
as Assessed Using 2013 2014 NHANES Biomonitoring Data, https://www. CDSc.gov/s3fs-
public/Estimated%20Phthalate%20Exposure%20and%20Risk%20to%20Women%20of%20Reproductive%20Age%20as
%20Assessed%20Usina%202013%202014%20NHANES%20Biomonitorina%20Data.pdf [hereafter "CPSC 20171.
21 CPSC 2015, note 19, p. 13 (Table 6); CPSC 2017, note 20, p. 4 (Table 5). Note - Case 2 represents read-across
modeled data rather than actual toxicological data on DINP which forms the basis for Cases 1 and 3.
22 CPSC 2015, note 19, p. 16 (Figure 7); CPSC 2017, note 20, p. 3 (Table 3).
23 European Chemicals Bureau. 2003. European Union Risk Assessment Report on 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-
10-branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-"isononyl" phthalate (DINP). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/83a55967-
64a9-43cd-a0fa-d3f2d3c4938d [hereafter "ECB 2003"1.
24 European Chemicals Agency. 2013. Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning DINP and DIDP in relation to
entry 52 of AnnexXVII to REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. August 2013.
https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162 J t M0 37e-de40-4044-93e8-9c9ff1960 [ i> [hi reafter ECHA 20131.
25 European Chemicals Agency Committee for Risk Assessment. 2018. Opinion proposing harmonised classification and
labelling at EU level of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-branched alkylesters, C9- rich; [1 ]di-"isononyl" phthalate;
[2] [DINP], CLH-0-0000001412-86-201 /F. 9. March 2018. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/1Q162/5698Q740~fcb6~6755-
d?bb"bfe?97c36ee? [hereafter "RAC 2018"1.
26 ECB 2003, note 23, pp. IX & 259; ECHA 2013, note 24, pp. 7-8.
27 ECHA 2013, note 24, pp. 267-276.
28 Id., Tables 4.90, 4.93, 4.99, 4.105, 4.111, and 4.116.
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epidemiological data on DINP, announcing that "no classification for DINP for either effects on sexual
function and fertility, or for developmental toxicity is warranted."29
Australia NICNAS -
In 2012, the Australian NICNAS published a detailed hazard and risk assessment of DINP exposure
through the use of plastic toys and childcare articles.30 For its assessment, NICNAS identified three
critical health effects observed in rodents: repeated-dose toxicity (increased liver and kidney weights
with histopathological findings in the liver), fertility-related parameters (reduced testicular testosterone
and altered sexual differentiation) and developmental toxicity (reduced pup weight).31 NICNAS
concluded that the data indicated an adequate safety margin even in the reasonable worst-case
scenario.32 This report is the basis for the current lack of a restriction for DINP in children's toys and
childcare articles in Australia.33
Environment Canada and Health Canada -
Environment Canada and Health Canada conducted a detailed risk evaluation of DINP.34 The report
identified several critical endpoints for the risk evaluation including carcinogenicity (hepatocellular
tumors), non-cancer liver effects in male and female rats (with the lowest NOAEL of 15-18 mg/kg bw/d)
and developmental effects in the male reproductive system (occurring at higher doses compared to
liver lesions)).35 36 Several sources of DINP exposure for the general population were identified,
including food, dust, contact with PVC articles, and mouthing PVC toys and articles.37 Table 9-21 of the
Canada report summarizes the margins of exposure (MOE) estimates for subpopulations with the
highest exposures to DINP.38 Using the lowest NOAEL identified (15 mg/kg bw/day based on non-
cancer liver effects in rats), the report concluded that comparison of upper-bound estimate of exposure
to DINP (from environmental media and food) for infants and children 6 months to 4 years of age
resulted in MOEs ranging from 500 - 8333.39 With infants 0-18 months of age mouthing plastic toys
and articles containing DINP, an upper-bound MOE of 125 was determined.40 Comparisons of upper-
bound estimates from dermal exposure to DINP from various PVC items for infants 0-18 months of age
29 RAC 2018, note 25, p. 32.
30 Australian Government National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. 2012. Diisononyl
Phthalate. Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. 35. September 2012.
httpsi//www.nicnas.gov.au/ data/assets/word doc/00Q8/34838/PEC35-DINP docx [hereafter "NICNAS 2012"1.
31 Id. pp. 52-53.
32 Id., p. 55 (Table 8.2). Note that, unlike other reviewers, NICNAS did not base its no observed effect level on spongiosis
hepatis, noting that it "is a spontaneous, chronic liver lesion of ageing" with "no comparable lesion type in humans." Id. at
48.
33 Australia NICNAS Chemical Information Factsheet on DINP. https://www.nicnas.gov.au/chemical-
infarmation/factsheets/chemical-name/diisononvl-phthalate-dinp. See section on "Recommendations".
34 Environment Canada and Health Canada State of the Science Report. 2015. Phthalate Substance Grouping: 1, 2-
Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-branched alkyl esters, C9-rich
(Diisononyl Phthalate; DINP). http://ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/47F58AA5-57BE-4869-A128-
587DEADCAAD8/SoS Phthalates%20%28DlNP%29 EN.pdf [hereafter "Canada 2015"]._See also Environment Canada
and Health Canada. 2017. Draft Screening Assessment Phthalate Substance Grouping: Sections 9 and 10.
http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/default.asp?lang=En&n=1E5B3C8F-1 [hereafter "Canada 2017"].
35 Canada 2015, note 34, pp. iii-iv & 96.
36 Canada discussed the carcinogenicity data, id. at 95-96, concluding: "There is uncertainty associated with the mode of
induction of tumors. Postulated modes of action have been identified for some tumor-types, but they have not been fully
elucidated." Id. at 100. Canada found the margins of exposures adequate with respect to tumors. Id. at 98-99.
37 Id. pp. 97-98 (Table 9-21).
38 Id.
39 Id. p. 97, see Table 9-21.
40 Id.
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resulted in an upper-bound MOE of 1744.41 For males aged 20+ years of age and children aged 6-11,
the report estimated MOEs ranging from 577-625 using the 95th percentile of biomonitoring data.42
Canada also evaluated the risk associated with in-utero developmental effects in pregnant women.
Using NOAELs identified for decreased pup weights as well as decreased testicular testosterone and
testicular pathology in male pups, MOEs >2173 were estimated.43 Overall, Canada concluded that the
MOEs were adequate to indicate no concern for risk with DINP exposure.44
Environment Canada/Health Canada also reviewed available epidemiological literature on the potential
effects of DINP exposure in humans.45 With respect to the potential for reproductive and developmental
toxicity, all cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies identified were scored for quality using a
consistent evaluation metric that designates the each level of evidence for association as sufficient,
limited, inadequate, or evidence suggesting no association.46 Canada noted that the evaluation did not
consider the biological plausibility of the relationship (i.e. no causal inference was established).47
Overall, no sufficient evidence was established for an association with DINP exposure and any
reproductive/developmental parameter in humans.48 No associations were found for birth measures,
gestational age, reproductive endpoints such as gynecomastia and time to pregnancy and male infant
genitalia effects.49 There was inadequate evidence for associations with DINP and female puberty and
semen parameters (sperm volume, sperm motility etc.).50 Canada concluded that there was limited
evidence for associations of mono-isononyl phthalate (MINP),51 a metabolite of DINP, with sex
hormones in infants and adult males.52 Regarding epidemiological data on other systemic effects,
Canada concluded that there was inadequate evidence for an inverse association between DINP
exposure and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and no associations were found between DINP and
effects on cardiovascular function, allergic symptoms or oxidative stress.53
Regarding the use of DINP in non-PVC applications like coatings (paints), sealants and adhesives,
Canada concluded that these "would not be considered to be of concern for human health" based on
41 Id.
42 Id.
43 Id.
44 Id. pp. iii-iv.
45 Id. pp. 79-80 (section 9.2.2.4).In section 9.4 (Uncertainties in Evaluation of Risk to Human Health) of its report on DINP,
Environment Canada/Health Canada notes that there are several uncertainties associated with the epidemiological
literature on DINP and other phthalates. These include the fact that these studies are mostly observational in nature,
posing a challenge with respect to measures of exposure and outcome, lack of evidence for causal inference, presence of
confounding factors, inherent bias and poor reproducibility. Id. at 100-101.
46 Id. p. 79.
47 Id.
48 Id. at 80.
49 Id.
50 Id.
51 Note that MINP is recognized as a non-specific, insensitive biomarker of exposure to DINP. Calafat, A.M., L.-Y. Wong,
M.J. Silva, E. Samandar, J.L. Preau, Jr., L.T. Jia et al.: Selecting adequate exposure biomarkers of diisononyl and
diisodecyl phthalates: data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environmental Health
Perspectives 119(1): 50-55 (2011).
Silva Manori, J., A. Reidy John, L. Preau James, L. Needham Larry, and M. Calafat Antonia: Oxidative Metabolites of
Diisononyl Phthalate as Biomarkers for Human Exposure Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(8): 1158-
1161 (2006).
52 Canada 2015, note 34, p. 80.
53 Id. pp. 94-95 (section 9.2.2.6).
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low dermal absorption of DINP in rats (4%), evidence that human skin is less permeable than rat skin
to phthalate esters, low tissue distribution with no accumulation, and rapid excretion.54
Other Information -
With respect to other endpoints of potential concern for DINP exposure, the manufacturers, through the
ACC HPP, note that DINP is listed as causing cancer under California's Proposition 65.55 However, this
determination is solely based on animal data, without consideration of human relevance.56 The US
CPSC provided a detailed analysis of the cancer potential of DINP in humans.57 It identified three
cancer effects from chronic dietary studies in rats and mice: increased incidences of renal tubular cell
carcinoma in male rats, hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice of both sexes, and mononuclear cell
leukemia (MNCL) in Fischer 344 rats.58 The CPSC considered the renal tubule tumors to arise by an
a2u-globulin mechanism that is unique to male rats.59 CPSC concluded hepatocellular tumors arise by
a peroxisome proliferation mode of action that is not easily inducible in humans.60 CPSC noted MNCL
is a neoplasm with high spontaneous rate in Fischer 344 rats that is considered of questionable
relevance to humans.61 Based on these considerations, CPSC concluded to not consider
carcinogenicity in evaluating the potential risks of DINP exposure in humans.62 This is in line with the
conclusion of the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel in 2001 that "humans do not currently receive DINP
doses from DINP-containing consumer products that are plausibly associated with a significant
increase in cancer risk".63 Similar to the US CPSC conclusions, the European Union's 2013 risk
evaluation of DINP considered the renal tumors in rats to stem from an a2u-globulin mode of action,
not considered to be relevant for humans.64 With respect to the liver tumors in rats and mice, the EU
report emphasized the need for caution when interpreting the relevance of these tumors to humans.65
The EU was unable to draw a definite conclusion on the relevance of the MNCL findings but concluded
that it was not a driver for risk assessment.66 As discussed above, Environment Canada/Health Canada
found uncertainty regarding the relevance of animal tumors from DINP to humans, but in any event
determined margins of exposure indicated no risk of concern.67
54 Id. p. 99.
55 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Chemical Listed Effective December 20, 2013 as Known to the
State of California to Cause Cancer: Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) (Dec. 12, 2013). https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-
65/crnr/chemicai-listed-effective-december-20-2013-known-state-california-cause-cancer.
56 See statement of Chairman Mack. Meeting of the Proposition 65 Carcinogen Identification Committee. December 5.
2013. transcript p. 98 ("The question is not whether or they're relevant to humans. That's not what the law says. The law
says that the regulation, which comes from the Proposition 65. says does it cause cancer? It does not say does it cause
cancer in humans?"), https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/transcript/cic120513transcript.pdf
57 M. Babich and C. Osterhout. 2010. Toxicity review of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP). Consumer Product Safety
Commission, pp. 58-84 (Section 8). https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/toxicitvDlNP.pdf.
58 Id. p. 83
59 Id. p. 81
60 Id. pp. 80-81.
61 Id. p. 82.
62 Id. pp. 83-84.
63 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). 2001. Report to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission by the
Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on diisononyl phthalate (DINP), cover letter. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission, https://cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/pdfs/dinp.pdf.
64 ECHA 2013, note 24, p. 98 (section 4.4.8.1.5).
65 Id.
66 Id.
67 See note 36.
Page 9 of 22
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Overall, although there is evidence that high dose DINP exposure can cause specific tumor lesions in
rodents, the weight of the evidence does not support a carcinogenicity risk for humans, in line with the
conclusions reached by several regulatory agencies.68 References to all evaluations summarized
above are provided in footnotes to this document and also available in Appendix C, which also gives
citations for independent party/authoritative assessments by the US National Academy of Sciences
and the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety.
Although an EPA IRIS evaluation of DINP has not been completed, all references identified by the EPA
IRIS program through July 2014 for the hazard evaluation of DINP are provided in Appendix C.69 To
the best of our knowledge, no hazard or risk evaluation of DINP has been conducted by the FDA since
the Phthalate Action Plan was issued. We have included a reference to a publicly available FDA
investigation of levels of plasticizers (including DINP) present in PVC articles authorized as food contact
materials in Appendix C (see Carlos et al. 2018).
Information relevant to the exposure potential of DINP -
According to the 2014 update to the TSCA Work Plan, DINP is assigned an exposure score of 3 (high),
based its common use as a plasticizer in PVC with industrial, commercial, and consumer applications.70
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) has reported urinary levels of DINP metabolites for the US population from 1999 to
2016.71 72 These data have served as the basis for recent risk evaluations of DINP by regulatory
Agencies including the US CPSC and Environment Canada and Health Canada.73 These values
represent a snapshot of DINP exposure in the general population from various sources (industrial,
commercial, and consumer) across a wide range of age, gender and race. The NHANES data however
only provide biomonitoring information from ages 6 and above. The manufacturers, through the ACC
HPP, note that the US CPSC Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel74 utilized biomonitoring data from the
Study for Future Families (SFF)75 to estimate exposure to children from 2 to 36 months, as well as
estimating prenatal and postnatal measurements from their mothers. However, the manufacturers,
68 As noted above, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has listed DINP under Proposition
65 as "known to the State to cause cancer", but in fact the Cancer Identification Committee made this recommendation on
the basis of animal evidence without considering whether the animal tumors are relevant to humans. For a critique of the
OEHHA hazard identification document, see https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposttion~
65/crnr/comments/2exxonmobildinpcic.pdf
69 See EPA, IRIS Toxicological Review of Diisononyl Phthalate (Dinp) (Preliminary Assessment Materials),
httpsi//cfpub.epa.qov/ncea/iris drafts/recordisplav.cfm?deid=237476.
70 2014 Work Plan, note 14, p. 12.
71 Data through the 2013-2014 NHANES cycle are presented in CDC's formal exposure report, which presents absolute
and creatinine-adjusted values at various percentiles and according to various subpopulations. CDC 2018. Fourth
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables, March 2018, Volume One. pp. 493-
502. https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport UpdatedTables Volumel Mar2018 pdf [hereafter "NHANES
.2005-2014"f
72 Raw data for the 2015-2016 NHANES cycle are provided at
https]//wwwn.cdc.qov/nchs/nhanes/search/datapaqe.aspx?Component=Laboratorv&CvcleBeqinYear=2Q15 [hereafter
"NHANES 2015-16"!. These datasets need to be accessed using a SAS software viewer.
73 CPSC 2015, note 19; CPSC 2017, note 20; Canada 2015, note 34.
74 Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) on Phthalates. 2014. Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on Phthalates and
Phthalate Alternatives Final Report (2014). https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/CHAP~REPORT-Wtth~Appendices.pdf.
[hereafter "CHAP 2014"].
75 Swan, S; Calafat, A; Kruse, R; Lasley, B; Redmon, B; Sparks, A; Wang, C. Final Report: Study of Phthalates in
Pregnant Woman and Children (Study for Future Families (SFF)). EPA Grant Number: R829436.
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/displav.hiqhliqht/abstract/1950
https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/SFF~Biomonttoring-Data.pdf
Page 10 of 22
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through the ACC HPP, advise that the SFF data be interpreted with caution as there are several
limitations associated with its use. First, the SFF data only track DINP exposures from 1999-2005 and
likely do not reflect current exposures to DINP. Second, the SFF dataset for DINP is relatively small.
For example, the number of samples available for prenatal women and infants (0-37 months) were 18
and 67, respectively.76 More recent summary data on mono (carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP) DINP
metabolite collected in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES) have been
published.77' 78 According to the study authors, TIDES is a prospective cohort study of phthalate
metabolites in urine samples of pregnant women over 18 years old and <13 weeks pregnant, recruited
from 2010-2012 and collected in the first, second and third trimesters.79 Mean urinary concentrations
of MCiOP (ng/mL) for each trimester have been published for a limited dataset (N = 167-168).80 Mean
values were well below the 90th percentile for all age groups 20 years and older and all females
(regardless of age) reported for the US population from NHANES, suggesting that the NHANES data
is an appropriate surrogate for estimating potential prenatal exposures to DINP. The limited size of the
TIDES dataset indicates that it is likely less representative than that in the NHANES database, which
contains similar data for MCiOP for a larger subset of US females 12-19 years and >20 years, for a
broader time frame.81
Some data on urinary levels of DINP metabolites are also available for occupational workers and are
referenced in Appendix C. For example, in one study of US workers recruited from 2003-2005,
creatinine-adjusted DINP metabolite, MCiOP, levels ranged from 0.42-80 |jg/g for PVC film workers
and from 1.11-13.4 |jg/g in PVC compounding workers.82 The range of values for PVC compounding
workers was less than the 90th percentile of creatinine-adjusted urine concentrations of MCiOP for
adults 20-59 years and older, reported by NHANES for 2005-2006 (n = 1040).83 The highest geometric
mean value for PVC film workers (25.2 |jg/g) was between the 90th and 95th percentile of creatinine-
adjusted urine concentrations of MCiOP for the same NHANES dataset.84 Since biomonitoring values
in workers are not likely to be derived solely from exposure in the work place, but rather to be a result
of aggregate exposures,85 it can be inferred that the higher percentile ranges of the NHANES dataset
76 CHAP 2014, note 74, p. 45 (Table 2.7).
77 Swan, S.H., S. Sathyanarayana, E.S. Barrett, et al.: First trimester phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in
newborns. Human Reproduction 30(4): 963-972 (2015). https://academic.oup.eom/humrep/article/30/4/963/613595.
78 Martino-Andrade AJ, Liu F, Sathyanarayana S, Barrett ES, Redmon J, Nguyen RH, Levine H, Swan SH; TIDES Study
Team. Timing of prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to genital endpoints in male newborns. Andrology. 2016
Jul;4(4):585-93. doi: 10.1111/andr. 12180. Epub 2016 Apr 7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.qov/pubmed/27062102
79 Id. p. 588 (Methods).
80 Id. p. 588 (Table 1).
81 Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations of MCiOP (in jjg/L) for the US population for the
2005/2006 to 2013/2014 NHANES cycles are provided in NHANES 2005-2014, note 71. Raw data are available for
NHANES 2015-16, note 72.
82 Hines, C.J., N.B. Hopf, J.A. Deddens, M.J. Silva, and A.M. Calafat: Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate
(DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
85(3): 317-325 (2012).
83 Calafat, A.M., L.-Y. Wong, M.J. Silva, E. Samandar, J.L. Preau, Jr., L.T. Jia et al.: Selecting adequate exposure
biomarkers of diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates: data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey. Environmental Health Perspectives 119(1): 50-55 (2011).
84 See NHANES 2005-2014, note 71, pp. 501-502 for urinary MCiOP (in |jg/g creatinine) for the 2005/2006 to 2013/2014
NHANES cycles.
85 CDC defines "environmental chemical" as a chemical compound that could be present in air, water, food, soil, dust, or
other environmental media (e.g. consumer products). CDC also indicates that the urine levels of environmental chemicals
measured in NHANES reflect the amount of the chemical that actually gets into the body by all routes of exposure,
including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. NHANES 2005-2014, note 71, p. 1.
Page 11 of 22
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can be used as an upper bound estimate or worst-case estimate of exposures to DINP across the
population, including occupational workers.
One use that the manufacturers, through the ACC HPP, are requesting for risk evaluation is the use of
DINP in children's toys, including those that can be placed in the mouth, and childcare articles. Several
phthalate migration and PVC toy mouthing studies in infants are available and have been reviewed by
other regulatory agencies. For example, the US CPSC conducted an assessment to identify the types
and migration of plasticizers used in component parts of various children's toys and childcare articles
on the market after 2008.86 The CPSC identified 129 component parts from 63 samples, 38 of which
were composed of PVC.87 DINP was only found in 1 item (not mouthable); the majority of the items
contained other plasticizers such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DOTP) and 1, 2-
cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, di-isononyl ester (DINCH).88 One mouthing study assessed DINP
migration rates from 24 toys, including an assessment of mouthing activity in children, detailed
characterization of the objects mouthed and estimation of exposure.89 The study concluded that oral
exposure to DINP from mouthing soft plastic toys is not likely to present a health hazard to children.
Tables 4.65, 4.67 and Section 4.6.2.1.3 of the 2013 EU risk assessment of DINP provide a detailed
review of published estimates of children's oral exposure to DINP in toys and estimates of toy mouthing
times in young children.90
All documents discussed above are referenced in Appendix C of this request for the Agency's review.
Information relevant to the persistence and bioaccumulation of DINP-
According to the Agency's 2012 Phthalates Action Plan and 2014 TSCA Work Plan, DINP exhibits low
toxicity to aquatic organisms and is ranked low for persistence and bioaccumulation.91
The most relevant and thorough ecological hazard and risk evaluations of DINP are available in the
EU's 2003 risk assessment and Canada's 2015 State of the Science Report on DINP.92 In the Canadian
2015 report, water is considered to be one of the primary receiving media for DINP with environmental
exposure.93 However, based on the low water solubility, low vapor pressure and high partitioning
potential into organic carbon, DINP, if released into water, is expected to partition to sediment and the
suspended particulate fraction of surface water.94 DINP released into the soil is predicted to remain
within the soil compartment and is not expected to leach through soil into ground water.95 Canada
concludes that DINP is readily biodegradable, has low bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential
and is not expected to persist in the environment.96
86 US CPSC (2010). Phthalates and Phthalate Substitutes in Children's Toys. httpsi//www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-
public/phthallab.pdf
87 Id. p. 4.
88 Id.
89 Babich, M.A., S.-B. Chen, M.A. Greene, C.T. Kiss, W.K. Porter, T.P. Smith et al.: Risk assessment of oral exposure to
diisononyl phthalate from children's products. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 40(2): 151-167 (2004).
90 ECHA 2013, note 24.
91 2012 Action Plan, note 9, pp. 5-6; 2014 Work Plan, note 14, p. 12.
92 ECB 2003, note 6, pp. 29-117 & 259; Canada 2015, note 34, pp. 15-43.
93 Canada 2015, note 34, p. 40.
94 Id. pp. 19-20.
95 Id.
96 Id. p. 28.
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A detailed risk characterization of DINP in surface water and sediments, through each life cycle step
(including manufacture, processing in PVC and non-PVC, uses in adhesives, sealants, inks, paints,
etc.) is provided in Tables 3.47 and 3.48 of the EU 2003 risk assessment of DINP.97 In each case, a no
risk conclusion was reached for the aquatic and benthic ecosystem.
Test results and robust summaries pertaining to DINP's persistence and bioaccumulation are
referenced in Appendix C under the data sets submitted to the European Chemicals Agency.
Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations relevant to the EPA risk evaluation -
The Agency has indicated that it considers children and the developing fetus as the susceptible
subpopulations for which the health risks of DINP should be assessed.98 The CDC report of NHANES
data for urinary metabolites of DINP (reported as geometric means and selected percentiles) is stratified
by gender (males and females), race/ethnicity (Mexican American; Non-Hispanic Black; Non-Hispanic
White) and age group (6-11 years, 12-19 years and >20 years).99 Additional refinements can be made
by directly accessing the NHANES database to obtain relevant information on DINP exposures in the
subpopulation that the Agency considers to be most susceptible, children and women of childbearing
age. As earlier mentioned, NHANES does not include data on infants or children <6 years of age. The
SFF data, with a smaller subset (n = 67) of infants (2-37 months) may be considered as a surrogate,
with caution, as noted previously.100 With respect to women of childbearing age, the TIDES dataset
provides information on over 400 pregnant women in the first trimester, but only within a limited
exposure window (2010-2012).101
With respect to evaluation of DINP exposure from mouthing toys and childcare articles (the worst-case
exposure scenario for children), several assessments of mouthing frequency and migration rate from
mouthing toys are published. These are summarized in the exposure section.
Potential for storage of chemical substance near significant sources of drinking water,
including storage facility location and nearby drinking water source(s) -
DINP is used primarily as a plasticizer in finished flexible PVC products. As the conditions of use in
Appendix B (Production and Use) involve the end use products into which DINP is incorporated, none
include storage of DINP next to significant sources of drinking water or otherwise. Any significant
storage of the chemical is likely restricted to DINP manufacturing sites and storage terminals for DINP.
As stated previously, a detailed evaluation of the fate and behavior of DINP in environmental media,
including water, has been conducted by Environment Canada and Health Canada.102 According to the
level III fugacity model referenced in the report, as a result of its low volatility (vapor pressure - 6.8 x
10-6 to 2.9 x 10-3 Pa at 25 °C) and low water solubility (4.1 x 10-5 to 0.2 mg/L at 22 to 25 °C), DINP
released into water is likely to distribute primarily into the sediment compartment (79-89%), with <20%
remaining in the water column.103 DINP distribution to air from water was considered to be minimal (0-
0.1%).104 The model predicts that DINP released into soil will strongly sorb to organic matter in the soil
97 ECB 2003, note 6, pp. 115-116.
98 2012 Action Plan, note 9, p. 8.
99 NHANES 2005-2014, note 71, pp. 493-502.
100 See note 75 and associated text.
101 See notes 77 and 78 and associated text.
102 Canada 2015, note 34. See notes 93 to 96 and associated text.
103 Id. pp. 19-20.
104 Id.
Page 13 of 22
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and 100% remain in the soil compartment, due to its low water solubility and high partition coefficient.105
The model prediction of low mobility for DINP means that it is unlikely to leach through soil to
groundwater or a surface source of drinking water.
According to the Canadian report, DINP is rapidly biodegraded in aerobic aqueous environments, with
68% of the parent substance removed within 1 day and 90-100% removed within 5-28 days.106 The
DINP half-life under aerobic aqueous conditions has been estimated to be 7-40 days.107 Overall, the
physico/chemical properties of DINP (low water solubility and high partition coefficient/high
hydrophobicity) are such that it is rapidly degraded in water and primarily partitions to suspended
particulate fraction of surface waters in the event of spillage into water. In the event of spillage into a
water body that serves as a source of drinking water, since DINP tends to sorb to sediment particles,
treatment with flocculants and filters would separate out the DINP prior to distribution in the drinking
water system. In the event of soil spillage, the high partition coefficient and low mobility of DINP
suggests that it is primarily adsorbed to soil and unlikely to migrate to ground water. Therefore, should
there be a spill of DINP into water or soil, the potential for significant contamination of sources of
drinking water is very low.
In that respect, the manufacturers, through the ACC HPP, are aware of the following:
All manufacturing and storage locations have developed Spill Prevention Control & Countermeasure
(SPCC) plans prepared in accordance with requirements and guidelines set forth in 40 CFR 112. The
purpose of this SPCC Plan is to establish procedures and methods in accordance with best
management practices to prevent and control the discharge of pollutants resulting from a spill event
into navigable waters.
DINP production volume -
DINP production volumes for 2012-2015 for both DINP CASRNs, as reported in the Agency's Chemical
Data Reporting database, are provided in Appendix B of this request. No significant changes in
production volume were observed for the reported years.
Addendum
As noted above, the manufacturers, through the ACC HPP, believe that, to the best of our knowledge,
we have provided the Agency with all the existing information that is relevant to whether DINP, under
the conditions of use identified herein, presents an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment. As all of the information is publicly available, HERO database or bibliographic citations
are provided, rather than actual copies of the information. The manufacturers, through the ACC HPP,
commit to provide to the Agency any referenced information upon request.
105 Id.
106 Id. p. 22.
107 Id.
Page 14 of 22
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Certification
I certify, on behalf of the American Chemistry Council High Phthalates Panel, that to the best of my
knowledge and belief:
The ACC HPP represents major companies that manufacture, compound, convert, or import DINP, the
chemical substance identified for risk evaluation.
All information provided in the notice is complete and accurate as of the date of the request.
On behalf of the ACC HPP, I have either identified or am submitting all information in my possession
and control as ACC HPP manager, and a description of all other data known to or reasonably
ascertainable by me as required for this request under this part. I am aware it is unlawful to knowingly
submit incomplete, false and/or misleading information in this request and there are significant criminal
penalties for such unlawful conduct, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment.
Sincerely,
Sdem @mmety
Eileen Conneely
on behalf of the American Chemistry Council
High Phthalates Panel
Certification
I certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief:
Evonik Corporation imports the chemical substance identified for risk evaluation.
All information provided in the notice is complete and accurate as of the date of the request.
I have either identified or am submitting all information in my possession, control, and a description of
all other data known to or reasonably ascertainable by me as required for this request under this part.
I am aware it is unlawful to knowingly submit incomplete, false and/or misleading information in this
request and there are significant criminal penalties for such unlawful conduct, including the possibility
of fine and imprisonment.
Sincerely,
Itcwa, ^o4amiŁui
Tiana Rosamilia
on behalf of Evonik Corporation
Page 15 of 22
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Certification
I certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief:
ExxonMobil Chemical Company manufactures the chemical substance identified for risk evaluation.
All information provided in the notice is complete and accurate as of the date of the request.
I have either identified or am submitting all information in my possession, control, and a description of
all other data known to or reasonably ascertainable by me as required for this request under this part.
I am aware it is unlawful to knowingly submit incomplete, false and/or misleading information in this
request and there are significant criminal penalties for such unlawful conduct, including the possibility
of fine and imprisonment.
Sincerely,
"Tit, "David
M. David Adenuga
on behalf of ExxonMobil Chemical Company
Certification
I certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief:
Teknor Apex manufactures the chemical substance identified for risk evaluation.
All information provided in the notice is complete and accurate as of the date of the request.
I have either identified or am submitting all information in my possession, control, and a description of
all other data known to or reasonably ascertainable by me as required for this request under this part.
I am aware it is unlawful to knowingly submit incomplete, false and/or misleading information in this
request and there are significant criminal penalties for such unlawful conduct, including the possibility
of fine and imprisonment.
Sincerely,
Thomas Hmiel
on behalf of Teknor Apex
Page 16 of 22
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APPENDIX A - SUBSTANCE IDENTITY INFORMATION
DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP)
Name and substance identifiers
The substance "di-isononyl phthalate" is described by two CAS numbers based on the composition of
the alkyl side chains.
Table 1: Substance Identity
CAS
Number
Systematic Name
EPA Registry
Name
Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight range
(g/mol)
28553-12-0*
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic
acid, 1,2-diisononyl ester
Diisononyl
phthalate
C26H42O4
418.62
68515-48-0
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
acid, di-C8-io-branched alkyl
esters, C9-rich
Di(C8-Cio, C9 rich)
branched alkyl
phthalates
C26H42O4
418.1**
* EPA Substance Registry Service on DINP
** European REACH dossier registration for CAS Number 68515-48-0
Structure
! C9H„ J CnH2ni1
Figure 1: CAS Number-23553-12-0 Figure 2: CAS Number-635153-43-0, n = 3, 9, or 10
Table 2: Other Names Used (European Chemicals Agency [ECHA] REACH information)
CAS Number
EINECS
Number
Regulatory Process
Names
Trade Names
IUPAC Names
0
1,2-
0
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
Benzenedicarboxylic
acid, 1,2-diisononyl ester
acid, diisononyl
0
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
ester (9CI)
acid, di-C8-10 branched
0
Di-"isononyl"
alkyl esters, C9 rich
0 Di-"isononyl"
phthalate
0
1,2-bis(7-methyloctyl)
phthalate
0
Diisononyl phthalate
benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
28553-12-0
0 di-"isononyl"
0
DINP
0
bis(7-methyloctyl)
249-079-5*
phthalate
0
DIPLAST NS
benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
0 Di-"isononyl"
0
DIWP
0
bis(7-methyloctyl)
phthalate (DINP)
0
Isononyl alcohol,
phthalate
phthalate (2:1) (8CI)
0
di-"isononyl" phthalate
0
PALATINOL N
0
di-"isononyl" phthalate
0
Phthalic acid,
0
Di-lsononyl-Phthalate
diisononyl ester
0
Di-isononylphthalate
(7CI, 8CI)
0
diisononyl phthalate
-------
o Phthalsaeure-di-
isononylester
o VESTINOL 9
o DINP
68515-48-0
271-090-9**
o 1,2-
Benzenedicarbox
ylic acid, di-C8-
10-branched
alkyl esters, C9-
rich
o 1,2-
Benzenedicarbox
ylic acid, di-C8-
10-branched
alkyl esters, C9-
rich
o Esterex P55
o Jayflex DINP
o 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
acid, di-C8-10-branched
alkyl esters, C9-rich
*ECHA substance information - https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.044.602
**ECHA substance information - https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.064.608
Table 3; Other Names Used (US NLM TOXNET data)
CAS Number
Synonyms
Baylectrol 4200;
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester;
CCRIS 6195;
Diisononyl phthalate;
DINP;
DINP2;
DINP3;
ENJ 2065;
HSDB 4491;
28553-12-0*
Isononyl alcohol, phthalate (2:1); Jayflex DINP;
Palatinol N;
Palatinol DN;
Phthalic acid, diisononyl ester; Phthalisocizer DINP;
Sansocizer DINP;
Vestinol NN;
Vinylcizer 90;
Witamol 150;
JAY-DINP;
Vestinol 9;
UNII-4010KIX4CK;
CCRIS 7927;
68515-48-0**
Di(isononyl) phthalate branched;
Di(C8-10, C9 rich) branched alkyl phthalates
*https://chem.nlm.nih.qov/chemidplus/rn/28553-12-0
**https://chem.nlm.nih.qov/chemidplus/rn/68515-48-0
N/A - No number identified.
Page 18 of 22
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Considerations for Evaluating both CAS Numbers as a Single Substance12'
3,4,5
Substance identity of DINP is described in the US EPA's preliminary materials for the IRIS toxicological
review of DINP.6 Three different DINP formulations (DINP-1, DINP-2 and DINP-3) have been produced
in commercial quantities depending on the alcohol feedstock used in their manufacture (see figure 1.1
and Table 1.2, page 10-11 of footnote 6 & Page 1 -2 of IRIS scoping document for DINP in footnote
7).
DINP-1, represented by CAS number 68515-48-0 (Figure 2), is a complex substance that contains
alcohol groups manufactured from octene, by the "Polygas" process. It contains a distribution of CsHi7
to C10H21 isomers, where C9H19 alkyl chains are predominant (>70%). In Figure 2 above, "n" = 8-10,
predominantly 9.
DINP-2, represented by CAS number 28553-12-0 (Figure 1), contains alcohol groups manufactured
from n-butene, resulting predominantly in C9 methyl octanols and dimethyl heptanols. It predominantly
contains C9H19 isomers as alkyl side chains.
DINP-3, also represented by CAS number 28553-12-0, contained alcohol groups manufactured from
n- and iso-butene. DINP-3 contained higher proportions of branched methyl ethyl hexanols than other
formulations. Production of DINP-3 has ceased since 1995 and is no longer in commercial use.
The term "DINP" is used as a common name to describe both CAS numbers representing DINP-1 and
DINP-2 in Table 1. Although the isomeric compositions of both substances may differ, both substances
are considered to be commercially interchangeable. Several toxicological reviews have been
conducted on DINP by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the United States Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC). In all cases, both substances are considered to be toxicologicallv
equivalent and evaluated as a single substance.7' 8' 9
1 ECHA (2018): RAC Opinion proposing harmonized classification and labeling at EU level of DINP -
https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/56980740-fcb6-6755-d7bb-bfe797c36ee7
2 ECHA (2013): Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning DINP and DIDP -
https ://ech a. e u ro pa. e u/d ocu m e nts/10162 37e-de40-4044-93e8-9c9ff1960715
3 Babich and Osterhout (2010): Toxicity Review of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) - https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-
public/ToxicitvReviewOfDlNP.pdf
4 See US EPA IRIS scoping information document for DINP -
https://cfpub.epa.aov/ncea/iris drafts/recordisplav.cfm?deid=237476
5 European Chemicals Bureau. 2003. European Union Risk Assessment Report on 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-
10-branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-"isononyl" phthalate (DINP). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/83a55967-
64a9-43cd-a0fa-d3f2d3c4938d.
6 U.S. EPA. 2014. IRIS Toxicological Review of Diisononyl Phthalate (Dinp) (Preliminary Assessment Materials).
https://cfpub.epa.aov/ncea/iris drafts/recordisplav.cfm?deid=237476.
^ See Notes 1, 2 and 3.
8 Australian Government National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. 2012. Diisononyl Phthalate.
Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. 35. September 2012.
https://www.nicnas.gov.au/ data/assets/word doc/0008/34838/PEC35-DINP docx [hereafter "NICNAS 2012"!.
9 Environment Canada and Health Canada State of the Science Report. 2015. Phthalate Substance Grouping: 1, 2-
Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-branched alkyl esters, C9-rich
(Diisononyl Phthalate; DINP). http://ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/47F58AA5-57BE-4869~A128-
587PEADCAAD8/SOS Phthalates%20%28DINP%29 EN Pdf Thereafter "Canada 2015"].
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APPENDIX B - PRODUCTION AND USE
DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP)
Production volume
According to the 2015 US EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database1, between 100 and 500
million pounds of DINP was imported or manufactured in the United States as follows (note that this
volume has remained constant since 2012):
Table 1: US DINP Production volumes for 2012 to 2015, by CAS Number
Reporting Year
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total Aggregate
Production Volume (lbs.)
CASRN
28553-12-0
100-250
million
100-250
million
100-250
million
100-250
million
CASRN
68515-48-0
100-250
million
100-250
million
100-250
million
100-250
million
Uses
For the purpose of this document, the term DINP represents Chemical Abstract Service Registry
Numbers (CASRNs) 28553-12-0 and 68515-48-0. The uses of DINP are summarized below. The
primary intended, known or reasonably foreseen use of DINP (>90%) is as a plasticizer to impart
flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in consumer and industrial applications.2'3'4¦ 5>6 These applications
include wire and cable jacketing, building and construction (vinyl tiles, resilient flooring, PVC-backed
carpeting, roofing, wall coverings etc.), automotive (window glazing, doors, acrylic plastisol sealants in
wheel wells, underbody coatings and paints), vinyl clothing (raincoats and boots, gloves etc.), tool
handles, flexible tubes, profiles, and hoses. Approximately 5% of DINP is used in non-PVC applications
such as rubbers, inks and pigments, adhesives, sealants, paints, lacquers and lubricants.
USEPA's 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database indicates that CAS numbers 28553-12-0 and
68515-48-0 are used in industrial, commercial and industrial applications.7 Primary uses include
incorporation into article, formulation, mixture, or reaction product as a plasticizer (for manufacturing of
1 US EPA Chemical Data Access Tool (CDAT). httpsi//chemview.epa.qov/chemview. Last accessed - December 12,
2018.
2 American Chemistry Council (ACC) (2018). Phthalates: High phthalates uses and applications.
https://phthalates.americanchemistrv.eom/H igh~Uses-and~Applieations.html
3 IHS Markit. (2018). Chemical Economics Handbook: Plasticizers, pp. 42. 4 May 2018.
4 European Plasticisers (2018). Plasticisers Information Center: Orthophthalates.
https://www.plasticisers.org/plasticisers/orthophth8l8tes/
5 European Chemicals Bureau (2003). European Union Risk Assessment Report, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-
branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-"isononyl" phthalate (DINP) (68515-48-0 & 28553-12-0), pp.26-28. 2nd Priority List
Volume 35 Report 046, https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/8fa0a07f-ec2a-4da6-bbe8-5b5e071 b5c16.
6 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2013. Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning DINP and DIDP in relation
to entry 52 of AnnexXVII to REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. August 2013, pp. 21-28.
https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162 37e-de40-4044-93e8-9c,9ff1960715.
7 CDR defines "industrial use" as use at a site at which one or more chemicals or mixtures are manufactured (including
imported) or processed. "Commercial use" means the use of a chemical or a mixture containing a chemical (including as
part of an article) in a commercial enterprise providing saleable goods or services. "Consumer use" means the use of a
chemical or a mixture containing a chemical (including as part of an article, such as furniture or clothing) when sold to or
made available to consumers for their use. - Public database 2016 chemical data reporting (Data last updated 12/9/2018).
Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.
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plastic materials and resins), adhesive and sealant chemical, paint and coating manufacturing,
synthetic rubber manufacturing, furniture and furnishings, floor coverings, fabric, textile and leather
products, building and construction materials, electrical and electronic products and automotive care
products.
The most recent assessment of United States (US) consumption of DINP (Figure 1) indicates that the
principal applications are in electrical jacketing for wire and cable insulation, film and sheet (e.g. roofing,
pool liners, wall coverings etc.), coated fabrics and plastisol dips.
Figure 1: US Consumption of diisononyl phthalate (percent) -2017 (Source - IHS Markit.
Plasticizers. 4 May 2018).
Existing regulations restricting use
DINP has not been used in the manufacturing of children's toys and childcare articles intended to be
placed in the mouth since 2009. In 2008, the United States congress passed the Consumer Product
Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) that placed an interim restriction on the use of DINP in childcare
articles and in children's toys that can be placed in a child's mouth at concentrations no greater than
0.1%.8 On the 27th of October 2017, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) published
a final ruling in the Federal Register (82 FR 49938) that maintains this restriction and expands it to
include all children's toys.9
Intended uses requested for evaluation
o DINP Manufacturing
o DINP use as a general purpose plasticizer for PVC used in the following applications;
o Building and construction - wire and cable jacketing, vinyl tiles, resilient flooring, PVC-
backed carpeting, wall coverings, roofing, etc.
o Automotive - wire and cable jacketing, underbody coatings, doors, acrylic plastisol
sealants, etc.
8 Consumer Product Safety Act of 2008 - https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/pdfs/blk pdf cpsia.pdf
9 US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) (2017). Prohibition of Children's Toys and Child Care Articles
Containing Specified Phthalates. https://www.qpo.gov/fdsvs/pkq/FR-2017-10-27/pdf/2017-23267.pdf
Wire and cable
insulation and jacketing
Film and sheet
Other
Page 21 of 22
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o Other consumer applications - vinyl clothing (raincoats, boots, gloves), tool handles,
flexible tubes, hoses and profiles, etc.
o Non-PVC applications - inks and pigments, adhesives, sealants, and paints,
o Use in PVC for children's toys and childcare articles
Page 22 of 22
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