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CO QUAN BAO VE MO! TRU'QNG HOA
VAN PHONG TONG THANH TRA
Cat thien chat Iwomg khong kh'\
EPA Cln Cai Thien yiec
Hoach Bjnh Khan Cap de
Giai Quyit Tot Hon NhCrng
Lo Ngai Ve Chit Luwig
Khong Khi Trong Thoi Gian
Xay Ra Tham Hoa Trong
Tipong Lai
Bao cao S6 20-P-0062 Ngay 16 Thang Mirai Hai, 2019
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Ngiroi Dong Gop Bao Cao: James Hatfield
Gabrielle Fekete
Seth Gerhart
Julie Narimatsu
Cac tu viet tat
AEGL Cap Do Huang Dan Ve Sir Tiep Xuc Cap Tinh
AMCV Gia Tri So Sanh Viec Giam Sat Khong Khi
ASPECT Cong Nghe Thu Thap Moi Truong Trac Quang Pho Tren Khong
CCP Ke Hoach Truyen Thong Khung Hoang
EPA Co Quan Bao Ve Moi Truong Hoa Ky
ESF Chuc Nang Ho Tro Truong Hop Khan Cap
NAAQS Tieu Chuan Quoc Gia ve Chat Luong Khong Khi Xung Quanh
OIG Van Phong Tong Thanh Tra
ppm Phan Trieu
SLAMS He Thong Giam Sat Khong Khi Tieu Bang Va Dia Phuong
SSM Khoi Dong, Tat May, True Trac
TAGA Theo Doi Phan Tich Hoi Ga Trong Khi Quyen
TCEQ Uy Ban Chat Luong Moi Truong Texas
Anh Bia: Khu dan cu o Houston, Texas, voi cac co so cong nghiep o phan nen phia sau.
(Anh OIG)
Quy vj co biit gi v§ gian Ian, lang phi hoac lam
dung trong chipo'ng trinh EPA khong?
Oipong Day Nong T6ng Thanh Tra EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (2431T)
Washington, D.C. 20460
(888) 546-8740
(202) 566-2599 (fax)
OIG Hotline@epa.gov
Tim hieu them ve Bironq Day Nong OIG cua chung
toi.
Van Phong T6ng Thanh Tra EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (2410T)
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 566-2391
www.epa.gov/oig
Dang ky vao Cap Nhat gua Email cua chung toi
Theo doi chung toi tren Twitter@EPAoig
Gm cho chung toi Gol Y ve Dip An cua quy vj
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^£DS7X
• JL v
I®/
Co Quan Bao Ve Moi Tripong Hoa Ky
Van Phong T6ng Thanh Tra
Nhin Thoang
20-P-0062
16 Thang Mirai Hai, 2019
Tai Sao Chung Toi Lam Du An
Nay
Chung toi da tien hanh kiem toan
nay de xac dinli xem viec giam sat
chat luong khong khi va cac hoat
dong lien quan co duoc thuc Men
d khu vuc greater Houston bdi Co
quan Bao ve Moi truong Hoa Ky
(EPA) va tieu bang Texas:
• Giai quyet cac kliu vuc-co
muc rui ro cao tiem nang.
• Clii ra bat ky moi quan tam
sue khoe tiem nang nao.
• Ket qua giam sat khong klii
duoc truyen dat cliinli xac va
cac moi quan tam sue khoe
tiem nang den cong chung.
Vao ngay 25 thang Tam, 2017,
con Bao Harvey da do bo vao Bo
Bien Vung Vinli Hoa Ky nliu mot
con bao Cap 4. Nhieu may theo
doi khong klii d khu vuc Houston
da ngung hoat dong va duoc neo
cMc trudc klii xay ra tran bao ap
den de ngan clian tliiet hai. EPA va
cac co quan tieu bang va dia
phuong sau do da tien hanh giam
sat di dong de danli gia cac tinli
trang chat luong khong klii, bao
gom muc do cac chat gay o nliiem
khong klii doc hai, con duoc goi la
chat doc trong khong khi.
Bao cao nay de giai quyet cac
van de nhu sau:
• Cai thien chat luong khong
khi
Giai dap thac mac cho van phong
cong vu cua chung toi tai so
(202) 566-2391 hoac
OIG WEBCOMMENTS@epa.gov
Danli sach cac bao cao cua OIG.
EPA Can Cai Thien Viec Dat Ke Hoach Khan Cap de Giai
Quyet Tot Hon Nhirng Lo Ngai Ve Chat Luong Khong Khi
Trong Thoi Gian Xay Ra Cac Tham Hoa Trong Tivo'ng Lai
Nhfmg Gi Chung Toi Tim Thay
Phat triin huwng din cua EPA di thu
thap va truyin dat du' lieu vi chit
luwng khong khi di co thi cai thien
niim tin cua cong chung vao co' quan
trong thoi gian doi pho voi tham hoa
trong tuvng lai.
Hau het cac su co phat thai klii doc hai trong
con bao Harvey xay ra trong khoang thoi gian 5
ngay ke tir klii bao do bo. Plian Ion luong klii
thai nay la do cac co so cong ngliiep ngirng
hoat dong va khdi dong lai van lianli de doi pho
voi su co do bao va cua be chua. Tuy nliien cac
hoat dong giam sat khong klii di dong cua tieu bang, dia phuong va EPA da khong duoc
bat dau kip thoi de danli gia tac dong cua nliung klii thai nay. Ngoai ra, mot klii da b&t
dau, cac no luc giam sat kliong phai luc nao cung tao ra cac du lieu duoc coi la phu hop
de thuc liien cac danli gia dua tren sue khoe, mot phan vi khong co huong dan nao neu
each giam sat chat luong khong klii sau truong hop khan cap.
Du lieu giam sat khong klii thu thap duoc khong clii ra duoc muc do chat doc rieng le
trong khong klii sau con bao Harvey vuot qua cac nguong dua tren sue khoe ma tieu bang
Texas va EPA da tliiet lap. Tuy nliien, cac nguong nay khong xem xet tac dong tich luy
cua viec tiep xuc voi nhieu chat gay o nliiem khong klii cung mot luc. Hon nua, EPA dua
tren su phoi nliiem ngan-han voi mot chat gay o nliiem khong klii duy nliat va khong xet
den su phoi nliiem cho ca doi. Do do, co the khong bao ve du cho cu dan tai cac cong
dong d gan cac co so cong ngliiep va trai qua cac phoi nliiem lap di lap lai hoac lien tuc
doi voi chat doc trong khong klii.
Chung toi da khong xac dinli duoc cac truong hop truyen dat khong cliinli xac tir EPA
den cong chung ve chat luong khong klii sau con Bao Harvey. Tuy nliien, truyen thong
cong cong ve cac ket qua giam sat khong klii bi han che. Do do, cac cong dong khong
biet ve cac hoat dong va cac no luc thu thap du lieu cua co quan. Su tliieu nlian thuc nay
co the lam giam su tin can va tin tudng cua cong chung vao EPA.
Khuyen Nghi va Hanh Dong Khac Phuc Co Ke Hoach Cua Co* Quan
Chung toi de nghi Quan tii vien Tro Ly ve Quan Ly Dat va Truong Hop Klian Cap dat ra
huong dan giam sat khong klii trong truong hop khan cap 0 cac khu vuc cong ngliiep
nang, dat ke hoach cho cong chung duoc tiep can voi cac du lieu giam sat khong klii va
danli gia su san co va su dung cac phuong pliap giam sat xach tay va tu xa. Chung toi
cung de nghi Quan Tri Vien Khu Vuc 6 dat ke hoach thong bao cho cac cong dong gan
cac khu vuc cong ngliiep ve cac rui ro sue khoe bat loi va han che tiep xuc voi chat doc
hai trong khong klii tai cac cong dong nay va tien hanh dao tao cong ly moi truong.
Chung toi khuyen nghi them ring Pho Quan Tri Vien Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong
tliiet lap mot quy trinli de truyen dat viec giai quyet cho cac moi quan tam chung. Hai
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^tosx .
• • ca QUAN BAO VE MOI TRLPQNG HOA KY
^ ^ WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
<
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*¦ VIV "
ca QUAN CUA
*ta. TONG THANH TRA
*>t PRO^
16 Thang Mudi Hai, 2019
BAN GHI MIO
CHU DE: EPA Can Cai Thien Viec Bat Ke Hoach Khan Cap de Giai Quyet Tot Han
Nhung Lo Ngai Ve Chat Luang Khong Khi Trong Thai Gian Xay Ra Cac Tham Hoa
Trong Tuong Lai f\ s-
Bao Cao I
TtT: Charles J. Sheehan, Pho Tong Thanh Tra
DEN: Xem Danh Sdch Dinh Kem
Day la bao cao cua chung toi ve viec chuyen nhuong chu de duoc thirc hien boi Van Phong Tong Thanh
Tra (OIG) cua Co Quan Bao Ve Moi Truong Hoa Ky (EPA). So du an cho cuoc kiem toan nay la
OA&E-FY18-0266. Bao cao nay co cac phat hien mo ta nhung van de ma OIG da xac dinh va cac hanh
dong khac phuc ma OIG khuyen nghi. Bao cao nay the hien y kien cua OIG va khong nhat thiet dai dien
cho vi the sau cung cua EPA. Cac quyet dinh cuoi cung ve nhung van de trong bao cao nay se duoc dua
ra boi cac nha quan ly EPA theo quy trinh giai quyet kiem toan da duoc thiet lap.
EPA dua ra cac hanh dong khac phuc co the chap nhan va cac moc thoi gian cho hai khuyen nghi:
Khuyen nghi 5, duoc gui toi Pho Quan Tri Vien Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong, va Khuyen nghi 6,
duoc gui toi Quan Tri Vien Khu Vuc cho khu vuc 6. Theo Cam Nang Huong dan EPA 2750, ca hai
khuyen nghi deu duoc giai quyet va khong can phai tra loi them cho cac khuyen nghi nay.
Hanh Dong Can Thirc Hien
Chung toi xem xet bon khuyen nghi chua duoc giai quyet: Cac khuyen nghi tu 1 den 3, duoc gui toi Pho
Tro Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truong Hop Khan Cap, va Khuyen nghi 4, duoc gui toi
Quan Tri Vien Khu Vuc cho khu vuc 6. Theo Cam Nang Huong dan EPA 2750, quy vi duoc yeu cau cung
cap phan hoi bang van ban cho bao cao nay trong vong 60 ngay duong lich. Quy vi nen bao gom cac hanh
dong khac phuc da duoc len ke hoach va ngay hoan thanh cho bon khuyen nghi can them thong tin de giai
quyet. Phan hoi cua quy vi se duoc dang tai tren trang web cua OIG, cung voi ban ghi nhd cua chung toi co
gop y ve phan hoi cua quy vi. Phan hoi cua quy vi phai duoc cung cap dudi dang tep Adobe PDF tuan thu
theo cac yeu cau ve kha nang truy cap cua Phan 508 cua Dao Luat Phuc Hoi nam 1973, nhu da duoc sua
doi. Phan hoi cuoi cung khong duoc co cac du lieu ma quy vi khong muon cong bo; neu phan hoi cua quy
vi co cac du lieu do, quy vi nen xac dinh du lieu nao can duoc boi den hoac xoa bo cung vdi loi bien minh
tuong ung.
Chung toi se dang bao cao nay len trang web cua chung toi tai www.epa.gov/oig.
Ngw&i nhan
Peter Wright, Pho Tro Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truong Hop Khan Cap
Ken McQueen, Quan Tri Vien Khu Vuc cho Khu Vuc 6
Corry Schiermeyer, Pho Quan Tri Vien Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong
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EPA Cdn Cai Thien Viec Hoach Djnh Khin Cip
d§ Giai Quyit T6t Hen M6i Quan Tarn v§ Chit Lipang Khong Khi
Trong Thai Gian Xay Ra Tham Hoa Trong Tuwig Lai
20-P-0062
Bang
Chuxmg
1 Mof Dau 1
Muc dich 1
QuaTrinh 1
Van Phong Cliiu Trach Nliiem 12
Pliam Vi va Phuang Pliap 12
Bao Cao OIG Truac Do 14
2 Can Lap Ke Hoach Tot Hon Be Phoi Hop Cac No Luc
Giam Sat Chat Luong Khong Khi 16
Viec Giam Sat Khong Bugc Thuc Hien Trong Hau Het Cac Su Co Pliat Tliai
Cliat Boc Hai Vao Khong Klii 16
Mot So Dfr Lieu Bugc Coi La Khong The Sir Dung de Banli Gia Sue Klioe
Do Klioang Thai Gian Giam Sat 18
EPA Thieu Su Huang Dan cho Cac No Luc Giam Sat Chat Luang Khong
Klii Khan Cap 20
Ketluan 21
Khuyennglii 22
Phan Hoi cua Ca Quan va Danli Gia cua OIG 22
3 flu Lieu Khong Cho Thay cac Muc Bo Boc Hai Trong Khong Khi Ba Vuot Qua,
nhung cac Rui Ro Ve Sue Khoe Boi vol Cac Cong Bong Fenceline do
Phat Thai Bot Xuat thi Chua Buffc Biet 23
EPA Su Dung cac Nguang cua Tieu Bang De Danli Gia Chat Luang
Khong Klii cua Houston 23
Cac Nguang Giam Sat Khong Xet Den Viec Tiep Xuc Vai
Nliieu Cliat O Nliiem 25
Ket luan 27
Khuyen Nglii 27
Phan Hoi cua Ca Quan va Danli Gia cua OIG 27
4 Viec Thieu Giao Tiep Khien Cho Cong Bong Khong Biet throe cac Rui Ro 29
Huang Dan Phac Thao Su Tham Gia Cua Cong Dong Trong mot Su Co 29
EPA Trien Kliai Lien Lac Vien Cong Dong 30
Cu Dan Khong Duac Thong Bao Ve Cach Thuc EPA Giai Quyet
cho Moi Quan Tam Cua Ho 31
Cong Ly Moi Truang Khong Buac Giai Quyet Thoa Bang ve viec
Bap U*ng Vai Truang Hap Khan Cap 33
Ket luan 34
Khuyen Nglii 35
Phan Hoi Cua Ca Quan va Banli Gia OIG 35
Tinh Trang Cac Khuyen Nghi va Loi Ich Tien Te Tiem Nang 36
- tiep tiic -
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EPA Cdn Cai Thien Viec Hoach Djnh Khin Cip 20-P-0062
d§ Giai Quyit T6t Hen M6i Quan Tarn v§ Chit Lipang Khong Khi
Trong Thai Gian Xay Ra Tham Hoa Trong Tuwig Lai
Phu Luc
• •
A Dap Ung cua Cff Quan vol Ban Thao Bao Cao 37
B Phan Phoi 44
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Chiroug 1
Mo* Bail
Muc cti'ch
Van Phong Tong Thanh Tra (OIG) cua Co Quan Bao Ve Moi Trudng Hoa Ky
(EPA) da thirc hi en cuoc kiern toan nay de xac dinh xem viec giam sat chat lugng
khong khi cua EPA va tieu bang Texas sau tran Bao Harvey (1) co giai quyet
duoc cho cac khu vuc co nguy co cao hay khong, (2) chi ra bat ky moi quan tam
sire khoe tiem nang nao va (3) da duoc thong bao chinh xac toi cong chung ve
viec theo doi ket qua va cac moi quan tam ve sue khoe tiem an.
Qua Trinh
Vao ngay 25 thang Tam, 2017, Bao Harvey da do bo vao Duyen Hai Vung Vinh
Hoa Ky nhu mot con bao cap 4, trut do hon 19 nghin ty ga long nude mua tren
toan khu vuc (Hinh 1). Trong su kien thoi tiet chua tung co nay, tong lugng mua
cao nhat trong lich su cua quoc gia—60.58 inches—duoc ghi nhan gan
Nederland, Texas, khoang 90 dam ve phia dong cua Houston. Theo cac quan
chuc tieu bang, hon 270,000 ngoi nha da bi anh huong, voi khoang 80,000 ngoi
nha bi ngap it nhat 18 inch nude. Bao Harvey la mot thien tai ton kem nhat trong
hon mot thap ky va dung hang thu hai ve ton kem nhat trong lich su Hoa Ky,
duoc udc tinh $125 ty ve thiet hai.
Hinh 11 Vung chiu anh huong cua tran Bao Harvey
City of
/ Houston
City of i
Port Arthur
Nguon: Phaii tich cua OIG qua viec sir dung ArcMap cua Esri, mot nen tang cho viec ve ban do va phan tich
vi tri.
20-P-0062
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Theo danh gia khi hau gan day nhat thuoc Chuang Trinh Nghien Cu'u Toan Cau
cua Hoa Ky , '"cac sir kien mua lan a hau het cac vung cua Hoa Ky da tang ca ve
cuang do va tan suat ke tu nam 1901 va du kien se tiep tuc tang trong the ky nay."
Han nua, "lugng nuac mua lan nhat tu cac can mua lan, bao gom ca bao to, da
tang trung binh tu 6% den 7% so vai lugng nuac mua da tung co tu mot the ky
truac. Tuang tu, mot nghien cuu dugc cong bo trong Ky Yeu cua Vien Han Lam
Khoa Hoc Qudc Gia Hoa Ky chi ra rang xac suat hang nam cua lugng nuac mua
vugt qua 19 inch da tang gap sau lan ke tu cuoi the ky thu 20.2 Do do, kha nang
EPA, cac tieu bang va chinh quyen dia phuang se phai tiep tuc ung pho vai cac
tham hga tuang tu nhu tran Bao Harvey cung tang len.
Tdc Dong Den Chat Luang Khong Khi cua Tran Bao Harvey
Truac khi tran Bao Harvey do bo, nhieu nguon o nhiem khong khi trong cong
nghiep—chang han nhu cac ca so san xuat dau khi—da dong cac hoat dong cua hg
sau khi du doan lugng mua lan va lu lut. Khi cac ca so cong nghiep ngung hoat
dong hoac khai dong lai cac hoat dong cua nha may, cac chat gay o nhiem khong
khi tang dot bien—bao gom cac chat gay o nhiem nguy hiem trong khong khi, con
dugc ggi la chat doc khong khi—co the xay ra. Nhung dot bien nay thuang dugc
ggi la phat thai do khai dong, ngung hoat dong, true trac (SSM).
Nhieu ca so cong nghiep bi anh huang bai tran Bao Harvey da buoc phai dua ra
quyet dinh vao phut chot lien quan den viec co nen dong cua hay khong vi dien
bien khong chac chan cua can bao. Cac ca so a Corpus Christi, Texas, nam a phia
tay nam Houston, dugc du bao se nam trong duang di cua bao va co the dieu phoi
viec ngung cac hoat dong sam, do do giam lugng khi thai SSM. Tuy nhien, duang
di cua can bao huang ve Houston khong ro rang. Khi can bao do bo, no da ngung
tu a phia dong nam Texas, dan den lu lut lan. Nhieu ca so a Houston, do do, da
ngung hoat dong trong vong 24 gia ke tu khi lugng mua lan bat dau. Sau khi can
bao da di qua va lu lut lang xuong, tat ca cac ca so ngung hoat dong truac day da
tra lai hoat dong binh thuang.
Theo cac bao cao ve phat thai vugt muc dugc tu nguyen de trinh len Uy Ban Chat
Lugng Moi Truang (TCEQ) cua Texas bai cac ca so bi anh huang a cac hat
Harris va Jefferson, tran Bao Harvey da khien cac ca so cong nghiep thai ra them
340 tan chat doc vao khong khi.3 Nhung khi thai nay la do cac tai nan, viec ngung
hoat dong cua ca so trong can bao va khai dong lai ca so sau can bao. Vi du:
1 USGCRP, 2017: Bao Cao Dae Biet Ve Khoa Hoc Khi Hau: Danh Gia Khi Hau Qudc Gia Lan Thu Tu, Tap I
[Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. Chuang Trinh
Nghien Cuu ve Su Thay Boi Toan Cau Cua Hoa Ky, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6.
2Kerry Emanuel, "Danh gia xac suat hien tai va tuong lai cua lugng nuac mua cua Bao Harvey," Ky Yeu cua Vien
Han Lam Khoa Hoc Qudc Gia Hoa Ky 114, so 48 (28 Thang Muai Mot, 2017): 12681-84.
3Khi thai du thua dugc cac ca so' tu bao cao cho TCEQ. Quy tic bao cao yeu cau nop cac bai nay da bi dinh chi
trong va 7 thang sau tran Bao Harvey. Do do, tong lugng khi thai co kha nang dugc bao cao duai muc tong lugng
phat thai thang du do tran Bao Harvey. Vi du, chi co 13 trong so gan 400 ca so' cong nghiep lan hoat dong tai cac
20-P-0062
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• Mot sir co do thao xang tai Magellan o Tram Galena Park da thai ra khoang
282 tan chat doc ket hop vao khong khi, bao gom hon 6 tan benzen.
• Mot sir co a be chira noi tai Valero da thai ra khoang 12,5 tan chat doc ket hop
vao khong khi.
• Trong mot sir kien khoi dong lai, Co so Port Arthur cua Flint Hills
Resources da thai ra 0,89 tan chat doc vao khong khi.
• Trong mot sir kien ngirng hoat dong, Nha may loc dau ExxonMobil
Beaumont da thai ra 0,07 tan chat doc vao khong khi.
Tac dong den chat luong khong khi lam cho cac thanh vien cong dong va cac vien
chuc y te lo ngai. Tiep xuc ngan han voi chat doc trong khong khi nhu benzen co
the gay buon ngu; chong mat; dau dau; kich ung mat; bi van de ve da va duong ho
hap; va, o muc do rat cao, thi gay ra bat tinh va tu vong. Ngoai ra, cu dan song
gan cac co so cong nghiep o khu virc Houston da bi phoi nhiem man tinh voi muc
do o nhiem khong khi cao.
Anh Hiedng Den Sue Khoe Trong Cac Cong Dong Fenceline
Theo mot nghien cuu duoc cong bo tren Khoa Hoc va Cong Nghe Moi Trwong,
tac dong den sue khoe cua sir phat thai hat vat chat true tiep va gian tiep tir cac sir
kien SSM o Texas uoc tinh tieu ton $148 trieu trong nam 2015.4 Mot phan tich ve
rui ro o nhiem khong khi o khu virc greater Houston duoc thirc hien cho Lire
luong dac nhiem cua Thi truong Houston ve Tac Dong Den Sue Khoe Cua O
Nhiem Khong Khi da dua ra ket luan sau:
Cac khu pho Dong Houston phai doi mat voi mot so lo hong dira
tren vi the kinh te va xa hoi can bien cua ho cung mang ganh nang
nhieu hon ve rui ro sue khoe do hit phai chat o nhiem trong khong
khi. Chung co xu huong nam gan cac nguon diem chinh hon hau
het cac khu virc lan can khac trong khu virc Greater Houston va
gan hon voi cac hanh lang giao thong chinh.
O nhiem khong khi co the dan den nhung anh huong sue khoe thuong khong
duoc giai quyet tai cac cong dong noi cu dan co nguon lire tai chinh va cham soc
sue khoe han che. Hon nua, cu dan cua cac cong dong fenceline—khu pho ngay
ben canh mot co so va bi anh huong true tiep boi cac hoat dong cua co so, bao
gom ca khi thai—thuong khong the di doi vi gia tri nha thap. Viec thieu cac
nguon tai nguyen va sir phan tang khong can xung cua cac yeu to xa hoi giao nhau
tao ra nhung thach thuc bo sung trong cac cong dong nay khi phai doi mat voi
mot sir kien thoi tiet nhu tran Bao Harvey.
quan Harris va Jefferson da bao cao luong khi thai du thua do ngung hoac khoi dong lai co so' trong con bao. Trong
so 13 co so' nay, chi co sau co so bao cao phat thai lien quan den su kien ngirng hoat dong.
4 Zirogiannis, Nikolaos, Alex J. Hollingsworth va David M. Konisky, "Tim Hieu Su Phat Thai Qua Muc tir Cac Co
Sd Cong Nghiep: Bang chung tir Texas," Khoa Hoc va Cong Nghe Moi Truong 52, so 5 (2018): 2482-90.
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Bu Bap Cong Nghiep va Nhan Khau Cua Khu Vuc Greater Houston
Khu vuc greater Houston bao gom chin quan doc theo Duyen Hai Vung Vinh phia
dong nam Texas va la khu vuc co con so thong ke do thi dong dan hang thu nam
tai Hoa Ky, vdi dan so hon 6 trieu ngudi vao nam 2014 (Hinh 2). Khu vuc
Houston cung la mot trung tam cong nghiep Ion va la noi co hang tram co so hoa
dau, bao gom hai trong so bon nha may loc dau Ion nhat 6 Hoa Ky. Theo Luc
luong dac nhiem cua Thi Truong Ve Anh Huong Sue Khoe cua O Nhiem Khong
Khi, khu lien hop hoa dau khong 16 doc theo Kenh Tau Houston la Ion nhat trong
ca nude va Cang Houston la cang Ion thu sau tren the gidi va ldn thu hai trong ca
nude ve tong trong tai. Cac co sd nay thai ra mot so loai chat gay o nhiem khong
khi, bao gom ca chat doc trong khong khi co the gay ung thu hoac cac van de sue
khoe nghi em trong khac.
Hinh 2: UVtc ti'nh dan so Houston va cac dtia diem gay o nhiem khong khi trong cong nghiep
(tinh den nam 2017 va 2019, tuvng ung)
Greater
Houston Area
o
Miles
0 115230 460 690 920
O
Austin
Waller
Chambers
Gulf of Mexico
Legend
O Major Industrial Air Polluters
• Other Industrial Air Polluters
Population Estimate (People),
< 50,000
50,001 -100,000
100,001 -350,000
| 350,001 - 760,000
¦ > 4,500,000
| Surrounding Counties
Miles
40
0 5 10
20
30
Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, GEBCO,
NOAA, National Geographic, Garmin, HERE,
Geonames.org, and other contributors
Esri, Garmin, GEBCO, NOAANGDC, and
other contributors
Nguon: Phan tich cua OIG qua viec su dung ArcMap cua Esri.
Kenh Tau Houston. (OIG video)
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Danh Gia Chat Doc Trong Khong Khi Quoc Gia la uoc tinh dinh ky cua EPA doi
voi cac nguy ca ve ung thu va cac rui ro ve sue khoe khong phai ung thu cho
cong chung do tiep xuc lau dai voi chat doc trong khong khi a Hoa Ky. Uac tinh
moi day nhat ve nguy co ung thu trung binh tren toan quoc—Danh Gia Chat Doc
Trong Khong Khi Quoc Gia nam 20145—duoc uoc tinh la 30 trong 1 trieu. Tuy
nhien, uoc tinh nay tu truoc den nay da khong tinh den luong phat thai SSM. Nhu
da luu y tren trang web Danh Gia Chat Doc Trong Khdng Khi Qudc Gia cua
EPA, danh gia, "co the khong nam bat chinh xac cac nguon phat ra chi vao mot so
thoi diem nhat dinh (vi du, ... khoi dong, ngung hoat dong, true trac va dao Ion)."
Tuy nhien, trong nam 2014, cong cu sang loc nay da uoc tinh cac muc do rui ro
cao doi voi tat ca cac vung duoc dieu tra trong khu vuc Houston,6 voi nguy co
ung thu trung binh la 45,89 trong 1 trieu nhung voi mot so rui ro ung thu uoc tinh
len toi 348 trong 1 trieu. Hau het cac vung dieu tra co muc rui ro cao nhat a khu
vuc Houston la a Dong va Dong Nam Houston.
Khu vuc Houston khac thuong d cho—do thieu cac yeu cau phan vung—nhieu
cong dong dan cu nam canh hoac gan cac nguon o nhiem khong khi cong nghiep.
So luong va mat do cua cac nguon cong nghiep va sir gan gui cua chung voi cu
dan gop phan lam tang rui ro sue khoe a khu vuc Houston. Cac cong dong
fenceline trong khu vuc cung thuong la cac cong dong cong ly mdi trwong,7 do la
cac cong dong chu yeu bao gom cac cu dan thieu so va co thu nhap thap.
Vi du, nhu trong Hinh 3 ben duoi, khu pho Harrisburg/Manchester d Harris ong
Houston nam doc theo Kenh Tau Houston, noi co nhieu nguon phat thai cong
nghiep ve nuoc thai, chat gay o nhiem khong khi va chat thai nguy hai. Theo Luc
luong dac nhiem cua Thi Truong ve Tac Dong den Sue Khoe Cua O Nhiem
Khong Khi, khu pho nay thuong xuyen vuot qua muc an toan doi voi bay trong so
12 chat gay o nhiem khong khi ma lire luong dac nhiem coi la "cac rui ro nhat
dinh." Hon nua, khu pho Harrisburg/Manchester duoc bao quanh boi cac hanh
lang giao thong chinh. Ca Cau Sidney Sherman, phuc vu Xa lo Lien tieu bang 610
tren Kenh Tau Houston va nhieu tuyen duong sat chay qua cong dong.
5EPA da cong bo Danh Gia Chat Doc Quoc Gia 2014 vao ngay 22 thang Tam, 2018. Danh gia dua tren luong khi
thai chat doc trong khong khi cho nien lich 2014.
6Theo Cue dieu tra dan so Hoa Ky, mot bo phan dieu tra dan so la mot phan khu thong ke nho, tuong doi lau dai cua
mot quan voi muc dich trinh bay dfr lieu. Dieu tra dan so nk trong pham vi cac quan va cac ranh gidi cua chung
thuong tuan theo cac dac diem de nhin thay nhung co the tuan theo cac ranh gidi dia ly hop phap va cac dac diem
khong de nhin thay khac trong mot so truong hop. Vung dieu tra dan so ly tuong co khoang 4,000 ngudi va 1,600
don vi nha d.
Theo EPA dinh nghia thi, 1cong ly moi truong la "su doi xu cong bang va su tham gia co y nghia cua tat ca moi
ngudi bat ke chung toe, mau da, nguon goc quoc gia hay thu nhap lien quan den viec phat trien, thuc thi va thi hanh
luat phap, quy dinh va chinh sach ve mdi truong".
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Hinh 3: Khu pho Harris/Manchester cua Houston
Houston*
Houston
Legend
Major Roads
The City of Houston
| Harrisburg/Manchester Neighborhood
Houston Ship Channel
Servioe Layer Credits: Sources: Esri. GEBCO, NOAA.
National Geographic. Garmin. HERE. Geonames org.
and other contribute;
Esri, Gar mi n. GEBCO. NOAA NGDC, and other
contributors
Nguon: Phaii tich cua QIG qua viec sir dung ArcMap cua Esri.
Duong ray Union Pacific, Houston. (Anh OIG)
Clu Kenh Tau, Houston. (OIG video)
' /h
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Ngoai lo hong von co cua dia diem cong dong, cu dan Harrisburg/Manchester con
phai doi mat voi mot so thach thiic ve kinh te xa hoi. Theo Khao sat Cong dong
Hoa Ky cua Cue Dieu Tra Dan So Hoa Ky, 2013-2017, hon 25 phan tram cu dan
cua khu pho song duoi muc ngheo kho. Khoang 37 phan tram cu dan
Harrisburg/Manchester, tir 16 den 64 tuoi, bi that nghiep hoac lam viec duoi 6
thang trong nam 2017. Hon mot phan ba (36 phan tram) cu dan
Harrisburg/Manchester trong do tuoi tir 25 toi 64 bao cao rang ho chua tot nghiep
trung hoc. Cuoi cung, vao nam 2017, khoang 22,5 phan tram dan so tu 5 tuoi tro
len noi tieng Anh "khong kha lam" hoac "hoan toan khong noi duoc.
Dap ifng cua Texas Duoi Sir Ho Trff cua EPA voi Con Bao Harvey Theo Dao
Luat Stafford
Vao ngay 25 thang Tam, 2017, Tong thong da tuyen bo mot tham hoa Ion o Texas
theo yeu cau cua Thong doc Texas. Tuyen bo nay cho phep chinh phu lien bang
ho tro nhung nguoi ung cuu khan cap tai dia phuong theo tham quyen cua Dao
Luat Ho Tro Truong Hop Khan Cap Va Cuu Tro Tai Ubng Robert T. Stafford va
duoi sir chi dao cua Co Quan Quan Ly Truong Hop Khan Cap Lien Bang Hoa
Ky. Chinh phu lien bang ho tra cac thuc the cua tieu bang va dia phuong trong
truong hop ung pho khan cap, do do, TCEQ dong vai tro la co quan lanh dao ve
phan ung moi truong cua con Bao Harvey.
De phoi hop cac hoat dong ung pho voi con Bao Harvey, mot bo chi huy thong
nhat da duoc thiet lap giua EPA, TCEQ, Tong cue Dia chinh Texas va Tuan
Duyen Hoa Ky de giam sat viec danh gia va don dep cac sir co do tran, thai bo va
cac thung chua bi troi dat. Lenh nay duoc ho tro boi ba chi nhanh hoat dong tai
Corpus Christi, Houston va Port Arthur. Ngoai ra, Trung Tam Hoat Dong Khan
Cap cua EPA, dong vai tro la dau moi hoat dong ung pho khan cap cua co quan
cho tat ca cac no lire ung pho khan cap, cung nhu mot trung tam lien lac de tang
kha nang dieu phoi va quan ly du lieu. EPA cung da bo tri-cac dieu phoi vien tai
hi en truong de theo doi hoac phan ung true tiep voi tat ca cac sir co tran dau va
chat thai nguy hai duoc bao cao cho chinh phu lien bang. Cac dieu phoi vien tai
hien truong da lam viec, cung cap ho tro va pho bien thong tin cho cac cong dong
phan ung dia phuong, tieu bang va khu virc lien quan den tat ca cac no lire cua
lien bang.
He Thong Quan Ly Sic Co Quoc Gia va Khung ifng Pho
Phan ung cua chinh phu lien bang doi voi tham hoa quoc gia duoc huong dan boi
He Thong Quan Ly Sir Co Quoc Gia va Khung Ung Pho Quoc Gia, phoi hop voi
nhau de cung cap each tiep can toan dien cho cac sir co trong nuoc (Hinh 4). He
Thong Quan Ly Sir Co Quoc Gia cung cap cac cau true quan ly va to chuc—nhu
He Thong Chi Huy Sir Co—de ho tro cac hoat dong tren pham vi quyen han va ky
luat. He Thong Chi Huy Sir Co la mot cau true quan ly ho tro quan ly cac nguon
tai nguyen, dua ra quyet dinh va phan cong trach nhiem. No cung thiet lap mot
chuoi cac lenh cho biet chi tiet each thuc ma tham quyen va thong tin luu chuyen
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trong mot sir co. Theo He Thong Chi Huy Sir Co, Chi Huy Sir Co co trach nhiem
chung ve bien co; de xac dinh muc tieu cua sir co; va de thiet lap cac iru tien dira
tren ban chat cua sir co, cac nguon lire san co va chinh sach cua co quan.
Hinh 4: He Thong Quan Ly Su Co Quoc Gia va Khung Ung Pho Quoc Gia
He Th6ng Quan Ly
Sip C6 Qu6c Gia
He Thong Chi Huy Sip
C 6
o Chi huy
o Lap ke hoach
o Hoat dong
o Hau can
o Tai chinh
Khung Phan Lfng Qudc Gia
Chirc Nang Ho Tro* Trircmg
Hop Khan Cap
Cac ca che cung cap cac nguon
luc va kha nang cua lien bang de
ho tro nliung nguoi ling pho cua
tien bane va ftia nliirnne
Ho Tro" Phu Thuoc
Cac khia canli ho tro tliiet yeu
trong plian ling cua lien bang
chung cho tat ca cac su co
Sy Co Phu Thuoc
Cac ung dung cua khung cu the
cho su co
Htfotig Dan Doi Tac
Muc do chi tiet tiep theo trong
cac hanh dong phan ling phu hop
voi thuc the co kha nang hanh
dong
Nguon: Phan tich cua EPA ve thong tin cua Co Quan Quan Ly Truong Hop Khan Cap Lien Bang.
Khung Phan Ung Quoc Gia bao gom 15 Chuc Nang Ho Tro Khan Cap (ESF) mo
ta chi tiet each thuc cac co quan thuc hien kha nang cua ho va dieu phoi cac
nguon lire can thiet trong phan ung quoc gia. Boi voi tran Bao Harvey, Co Quan
Quan Ly Truong Hop Khan Cap Lien Bang da kich hoat EPA Vung 6 theo ESF
#10, Ung pho voi Dau va Vat lieu Nguy hiem, vao ngay 28 thang Tarn, 2017.
ESF #10 "bao gom cac hanh dong thich hop de chuan bi va doi pho voi moi de
doa cho sue khoe cong dong, phuc loi hoac moi truong do sir co dau va vat lieu
nguy hiem trong thuc te hoac tiem an."
Moi ESF chua mot loat cac nhiem vu co the co cho cac co quan lien bang duoc
kich hoat de ung pho voi tham hoa quoc gia. Cac hanh dong #10 cua ESF co the
bao gom cac hanh dong de "ngan chan, giam thieu, hoac giam nhe viec thai ra";
"phat hien va danh gia muc do o nhiem moi truong, bao gom giam sat moi
truong"; va "on dinh viec thai ra va ngan chan sir lan tran cua o nhiem." Theo
Lenh 2071 cua EPA, Ccich Thuc Ung Pho Onoc Gia, trong do ghi lai chinh sach
cua co quan doi voi He Thong Quan Ly Sir Co Quoc Gia, vai tro cua EPA theo
ESF # 10 co the bao gom lay mau va giam sat chat luong khong khi.
Ngoai Lenh 2071 cua EPA, phan ung cua EPA doi voi cac truong hop khan cap
quoc gia chiu sir chi phoi boi Lenh 2010 cua EPA, Ke Hoach Truyen Thong
Khung Hoeing (CCP). CCP phac thao qua trinh de EPA phoi hop va truyen dat
thong tin moi truong toi cong chung. EPA da khoi xuong CCP cua minh theo
ESF #15—Doi Ngoai—vao ngay 28 Thang Tam, 2017, "de dam bao dap ung
nhanh chong viec cung cap thong tin cap nhat, chinh xac, co phoi hop ve cac hoat
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(long ngoai hien truong cua minh." Hinh 5 cho thay cac vai tro cua EPA trong
Khung Phan Ung Quoc Gia.
Hinh 5: Vai tro cua EPA trong Khung Phan Ung Quoc Gia.
The EPA's role under ESF #10 and EPA
Order 2071 may include:
• Detect, identify, contain, clean up, or dispose of released
oil or hazardous materials
• Removal of drums, barrels, tanks, or other bulk
containers that contain oil or hazardous materials
• Household hazardous waste collection
• Monitoring of debris disposal
» Water quality monitoring and protection
• Air quality sampling and monitoring
• Protection of natural resources
Nguon: Khung Phan Ung Quoc Gia va Lenh 2071 cua EPA.
Chu thich: Phan chir dirge to sang mau vang bieu thi vai tro cua EPA.
Thong qua ESF #15, Khung Phan Ung Quoc Gia cung cap cac "thong tin phoi
hop, nhanh chong, dang tin cay va co the hanh dong" ve cac moi de doa va nguy
hiem cho toan bo cong dong bi anh huong de "day nhanh viec cung cap cac dich
vu khan cap va ho tro cong chung trong viec thuc hien cac hanh dong bao ve."
Theo Lenh 2071 cua EPA, vai tro cua EPA theo ESF #15 "tich hop cac Van Be
Cong Cong va Trung Tarn Thong Tin Chung, Cac Van Be Quoc Hoi, Cac Van Be
Lien Chinh Phu (tieu bang, dia phuong, bo lac va lanh tho), Bat ke hoach va cac
San Pham va Phan Khu Tu Nhan duoi sir che cho dieu phoi cua ben doi ngoai "
Lenh cung noi rang Trung Tarn Thong Tin Chung "dam bao viec phat hanh thong
tin phoi hop," trong khi "thanh phan Bat Ke Hoach va San Pham cua ben doi
ngoai phat trien tat ca cac chien luoc va san pham truyen thong ra ben ngoai va
trong noi bo".
Giant Sat Khong Khi Buo'c Tien Hanh sau Tran Bao Harvey
Buoc quan ly boi TCEQ, mang luoi he thong giam sat khong khi cua tieu bang va
dia phuong (SLAM) o Texas thu thap du lieu ve sau tieu chi gay o nhiem khong
khi de xac dinh xem chat luong khong khi co dap ung cac Tieu Chuan Chat
Luong Khong Khi trong Moi Truong Quoc Gia (NAAQS) ma
EPA da thanh lap hay khong.8
8 Bao Luat Khong Klu Trong Sacli. da duoc siia doi, yeu cau EPA tliiet lap NAAQS cho cac chat o nhiem duoc coi la
co hai cho siic khoe cong cong va moi truong. EPA da tlianli lap NAAQS cho sau chat gay o nhiem chinh, duoc goi
la cac f;et/ chi gdv 6 nhiem khong A7?/: carbon monoxide, chi, khi ozone tang mat dat, nito dioxide,
cliat liat va sulfur dioxide. Theo dao luat, cac tieu bang cliiu trach nliiem duy tri mang luoi giam sat chat luong khong
kill de cung cap "du lieu chat luong khong khi kip thoi ma cac danli gia quoc gia va cac quyet dinli cliinli sach dra
NRF Emergency Support
Functions
#1
Transportation
#2
Communications
#3
Public Works and Engineering
#4
Firefighting
#5
Information and Planning
#6
Mass Care, Emergency Assistance,
Temporary Housing, and Human Services
#7
Logistics
#8
Public Health and Medical Services
#9
Search and Rescue
#10
Oil and Hazardous Materials Response
#11
Agriculture and Natural Resources
#12
Energy
#13
Public Safety and Security
#14
Superseded
#15
External Affairs
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Co nhung anh hudng xau den sue khoe lien quan den tung tieu chi
trong so sau tieu chi ve chat gay 6 nhiem khong khi. Vi du, tiep xuc
ngan han vdi ozone co lien quan den tu vong do nguyen nhan ho
hap, trong khi tiep xuc lau dai voi ozone co lien quan den tinh trang
nang them va phat tri en hen suyen, cung nhu ton thuong phoi vinh
vien.
Ngoai viec do ludng cac tieu chi ve chat gay o nhiem khong khi,
SLAM cua TCEQ thuong xuyen thu thap du lieu cua hon 100 chat
doc hai trong khong khi khac nhau de xac dinh xem muc do cua
chung co vuot qua cac nguong Gia Tri So Sanh ve Giam Sat
Khong Khi (AMCV) do TCEQ thiet lap hay khong. Neu viec theo
doi SLAM thuoc TCEQ phat hien nong do hoa chat vuot qua
nguong AMCV co lien quan cua no, tac dong xau den sue khoe
trong cong dong khong nhat thiet phai ludng trudc. Tuy nhien,
TCEQ xem xet cac du lieu nay trong bat ky quy trinh cho phep nao
trong tuong lai.
Bat dau tu ngay 23 thang Tam, 2017, trudc khi tran Bao Harvey do bo, TCEQ bat
dau chuan bi dong cua cac dia diem SLAM va giam sat tai khu vuc Houston de
bao ve cho mang ludi khoi thiet hai do bao. Khi con bao da qua, TCEQ bat dau
thuc hien cac budc de khoi phuc lai hoat dong giam sat khong khi cua minh. Den
ngay 13 thang Chin, 2017, hau het mang ludi giam sat khong khi d khu vuc
Houston da mot lan nua hoat dong trd lai. Den ngay 29 thang Chin, 2017, mang
ludi cua Houston da hoat dong 100 phan
tram.
Mac du SLAM co the cung cap thong tin
chat luong khong khi huu ich trong hoac
sau trudng hop khan cap, cac mang ludi
co dinh, tinh nay khong duoc thiet ke
rieng cho muc dich do va co the khong
chiu duoc cac dieu kien khan cap. Do do,
mot phan ung khan cap co the yeu cau co
dung cu cam bien xach tay, tu xa hoac cac
ky thuat giam sat khac de co duoc du lieu
ve chat luong khong khi, dac biet la doi
tren ca so do," Dao Luat Khong Khi Trong Sach cung yeu cau moi tieu bang phai co ke hoacli thuc Men cua tieu
bang de dat duoc va duv tri NAAQS. Nliieu trong so cac ke hoach thuc hien cua tieu bang nay (chang han nhu cua
Texas) bao gom cac dieu khoan chi phoi cac sir kien SSM va cung cap mien irir tu dong cho khoi phai thuc thi doi
voi cac co so co khi thai SSM vi pham cac tieu chuan cua Dao luat Khong Khi Trong Sach. Vao nam 2015, EPA da
phat hien ra rang cac dieu khoan SSM co trong cac ke hoach thuc hien cua tieu bang cho Texas va 35 tieu bang khac
la "khong du dieu kien dang ke" de dap ung cac yeu cau cua Dao luat ve Khong Khi Trong Sach (Cac Ke lioach Thuc
Hien Cua Tieu Bang: Bap Ifng Voi Yeu Sach Lam Luat, 80 Fed. Reg. 33840, 33845 (Ngay 12 thing Sau, 2015)). Tuy
nliien vao thang 4 nam 2019, EPA Vung 6 da de xuat di chech khoi sir phat hien cua co quan va cho pliep Texas duy
tri cac dieu khoan SSM hien co. Ke tu thang Mudi, 2019, EPA da sua doi chirili sach SSM cua minh.
May theo doi khong khi cua
TCEQ a Houston. (Anh OIG)
Tie tren xuSng duui: Xe buyt TAGA. May bay
ASPECT.
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voi nhung vi tri va chat gay o nhiem khong du'gc giam sat thuong xuyen boi cac
mang ludi hi en co. Cac cong nghe hi en co—nhu Cong Nghe Thu Thap Moi
Trirang Quang Pho Trong Khong Khi (ASPECT) cua EPA va Cong Cu Phan Tich
Dau Vet Khi Quyen (TAGA)—cung cap cac giai phap thay the cho van de nay
bang each phan tich hinh anh hong ngoai va hinh anh tu xa hoac thu thap tare tiep
nong do chat 6 nhiem bang phirong phap sac ky khi.
Sau trail Bao Harvey, EPA va thanh pho Houston da sir dung nhieu phuong phap giam
sat tarn thoi de nam bat cac dien kien xung quanh cac khu cong nghiep. Nhung no lire
nay bao gom viec giam sat cac tinh trang ben canh cac hang rao cong nghiep bang
cac thiet bi cam tay, chang han nhu may phan tich hoi doc, binh dung summa,
may anh chup quang hoc ve khi va man hinh da khi cam tay. Ngoai ra, tu ngay 3 1
thang Tam den ngay 11 thang Chin, 2017, EPA da tien hanh bay phia tren cac co
so bang may bay ASPECT, sang loc cac hoi ga 6 nhiem de phat hien su phat khi
nguy hiem tiem nang gan cac muc tieu cong nghiep uu tien cao. Co quan nay
cung da lai xe buyt TAGA tren toan khu vuc bi anh huong tu ngay 6 den ngay 20
thang Chin, 2017. Giam sat khong khi bo sung da duoc thuc hien bang each su
dung cac thiet bj cam tay cua mot cong ty theo hop dong voi Quy Bao Ve Moi
Truong, la mot to chuc phi chinh phu. Mac du viec
giam sat rieng tu nay khong duoc thuc hien theo yeu
cau cua EPA hoac cac co quan tieu bang va dia
phuong, nhung ket qua da co san cho EPA va TCEQ.
Trong mot thong cao bao chi, ngay 8 thang Chin, 2017,
EPA va TCEQ da thong bao cho cong dong Houston
rang du lieu co san duoc thu thap xung quanh co so
Valero cho thay cu dan dia phuong khong nen lo lang
ve cac van de chat lirong khong khi lien quan den anh
huong cua tran bao. EPA da ban hanh sau thong cao
bao chi lien quan den mien tru nhien lieu, bon thong tin
lien quan den van de nude hoac Superfund va sau thong
tin lien quan cu the den cac van de phoi nhiem chat doc
hai trong khong khi co lien quan den vu no va hoa hoan
tai nha may Arkema a Crosby, Texas.9 Sau thong cao
bao chi lien quan den Arkema, mot so trong do duoc
phat hanh cung voi TCEQ, da thong bao cho cac thanh
vien cua cong chung ve vu hoa hoan va thai hoa chat;
dam bao voi ho rang TCEQ va EPA da giam sat chat
'Tren cung: Hang rao co so Valero hien thj
bieu ng& cong d6ng. Dwai cung: Cong vien Do lu lut lan tu can Bao Harvey, nlia may bi mat dien dien du
jcong d6ng va nha a liln ki vai co so Valero nan trong. Vao ngay 31 thang Tam, 2017, cac san pham peroxide hfru
id canh nin phfa sau. (Anh OIG) nhbi plian huy, kliien cho peroxit va ra mooc bi cliay. Sau klii hai
nuac tir cac san pliam plian My eti qua mot duong cao toe cong cong gan nha may, 21 nguai da tim kiem su chain
soc y te klii tiep xuc vai khoi. Trong nliieu ngay tiep theo, mot dam cliay thu hai va mot vu cliay co kiem soat da tieu
thu them tam xe keo clrua cac san pham peroxide hfru co con lai cua Arkema. Trong ba vu chay nay, lion 350,000
pound peroxide huu co bi dot cliay, va han 200 cu dan sinli song trong vong 1,5 dam so vai ca sa da so tan khoi khu
vuc va khong the tri ve nlia trong mot tuan. Bao Cao Cua Uy Ban Bieu Tra Nguy Co va An Toan Hoa Chat Hoa Ky
(So 2017-08-I-TX). ban hanh thang Nam 2018, cung cap them chi tiet ve vu no va hoa hoan a Arkema .
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lugng khong khi va khoi; va khuyen ho nen han che tiep xuc voi cac chat nay
bang each o trong nha, (long cua va cua so lai, va lien tuc chay may dieu hoa
khong khi. Vao ngay 1 thang Chin, 2017, mot thong cao bao chi cua EPA tuyen
bo rang giam sat chat lugng khong khi tren khong cung nhu giam sat chat lugng
khong khi tren mat dat da "tim thay nong do doc hai o cac khu virc each xa co so
so tan."
Van Phong Chiu Trach Nhiem
Van Phong Quan Ly Truong Hgp Khan Cap cua EPA, trong pham vi Van Phong
Quan Ly Truong Hgp Khan Cap va Dat Dai, phat trien va thirc hien cac quy dinh
co lien quan den quan ly truong hgp khan cap va la trung tarn cua cac no lire
chuan bi va ung pho voi truong Hgp khan cap cua EPA. Van phong Quan Ly
Truong Hgp Khan Cap cung duy tri cac tai san ve chat lugng khong khi co gia tri
co the dugc su dung trong truong hgp khan cap.
EPA Vung 6 da lam viec true tiep voi TCEQ va cac ben lien quan khac cua chinh
phu va phi chinh phu trong no lire ung pho khan cap noi chung va dac biet la no
lire ung pho giam sat khong khi.
Van Phong Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong cua EPA trong Van phong Quan tri
vien chiu trach nhiem dieu phoi thong diep ben ngoai cua co quan cho cac hoat
dong ung pho khan cap.
Pham Vi va Phmmg Phap
Chung toi da tien hanh kiem toan tir thang Tam 2018 den thang Bay, 2019. Chung
toi da tien hanh cuoc kiem toan nay theo cac tieu chuan kiem toan cua chinh phu
thuong dugc chap nhan. Nhung tieu chuan do yeu cau chung toi lap ke hoach va
thirc hien kiem toan de co du bang chung phu hgp de cung cap co so hgp ly cho
nhung phat hien va ket luan dira tren cac muc tieu cua chung toi. Chung toi tin
rang bang chung thu dugc cung cap mot co so hgp ly cho nhung phat hien va ket
luan cua chung toi dira tren cac muc tieu cua chung toi.
Chung toi da gap mot tro ngai de co dugc tat ca cac thong tin mong muon de hoan
thanh kiem toan cua chung toi, nhu dugc mo ta duoi day. Chung toi van co the co
du thong tin de tra loi cac muc tieu cua minh, mac du tro ngai nay anh huong den
kha nang phan tich tat ca du lieu chat lugng khong khi cua chung toi va de xac
dinh chac chan ly do cho cac quyet dinh nhat dinh. Chung toi tin rang bang chung
thu dugc cung cap mot co so hgp ly cho nhung phat hien va ket luan cua chung
toi dira tren cac muc tieu kiem toan cua chung toi.
De hieu cac trach nhiem cua EPA, trong cac tinh huong khan cap, chung toi da
xem xet cac dao luat, chinh sach, huong dan va cac tai lieu sau day:
20-P-0062
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• Dao Luat Khong Khi Trong Sach, da dugc sua doi.
• Dao Luat Stafford.
• Dao Luat Ve Quyen Dugc Biet Cua Cong Dong va Lap Ke Hoach Khan
Cap.
• Khung Phan Ung Quoc Gia.
• He Thong Quan Ly Sir Co Quoc Gia.
• Lenh 2071 cua EPA, Cc'tch Thuc Ung Pho Quoc Gia.
• Lenh 2010 cua EPA , Ke Hoach Truyen Thdng Khung Hoang.
• Thong cao bao chi cua EPA.
• Tai lieu noi bo cua EPA lien quan den phan ung khan cap.
Chung toi cung da thuc hien cac cuoc phong van voi cac nhan vien tir EPA Khu
Vuc 6, Van Phong Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truong Hgp Khan Cap, Van Phong
Khong Khi Va Buc Xa va Van Phong Nghien Cuu va Phat Trien. Chung toi da
thao luan cac hoat dong ung pho khan cap a cap quan va thanh pho voi cac quan
chuc dai dien cho Harris va thanh pho Houston. Cuoi cung, chung toi da thao luan
ve cac ung pho trong truong hgp khan cap cua EPA, tieu bang va dia phuong voi
cac to chuc phi chinh phu va cac thanh vien cong dong.
De hieu each thuc va thoi diem giam sat khong khi xay ra, chung toi da thu thap
va phan tich du lieu chat doc hai trong khong khi tu mot so nguon, bao gom He
Thong Chat Lugng Khong Khi cua EPA, xe buyt TAGA va may bay ASPECT;
co so du lieu Bao Cao Sir Kien Phat Thai Khong Khi cua TCEQ; thanh pho
Houston; va Entanguity Technologies, mot cong ty tu nhan theo hgp dong voi
Quy Bao Ve Moi Truong. Chung toi da so sanh cac du lieu nay voi cac AMCV
ngan han cua TCEQ va cac Cap Do Huong Dan Tiep Xuc Cap Tinh (AEGLs) cua
EPA de xac dinh bat ky tac dong sue khoe tiem an nao cua khi thai lien quan den
Harvey.10 Chung toi cung so sanh vi tri, thoi diem va khoang thoi gian giam sat
voi cac sir co phat thai vugt muc da dugc bao cao de xac dinh bat ky lo hong du
lieu tiem nang nao trong cac khu vuc co khi phat thai cao.
Sau con bao, Van Phong Quan Ly Truong Hgp Khan Cap cua EPA va Khu vuc 6
da phat trien cac bao cao sau hanh dong dira tren cac khao sat true tuyen, cac bang
cau hoi tren van ban va cac cuoc phong van voi nhan vien ung pho cua EPA. Cac
bao cao nay da xac dinh cac linh vuc ve diem manh, bai hgc lanh hoi dugc va cac
khuyen nghi se dugc su dung trong cac ung pho cua EPA trong tuong lai. Chung
toi da xem xet cac tai lieu nay va phat trien mot cuoc khao sat cua OIG de danh
gia hieu qua cua cac thong tin lien lac EPA lien quan den chat lugng khong khi de
ung pho voi tran Bao Harvey. Khao sat nay da dugc thiet ke de xac dinh
10TCEQ duy tri hai bo AMCV: gia tri so sanh ngSn han va gia tri so sanh dai han. Cac AMCV ngSn han dua tren dfr
lieu anh hucmg siic khoe cap tinh (ngSn han) va dugc sir dung de danh gia chat lugng khong khi trung binh theo cac
khung thoi gian ng;ln (vi du, 30 phut den 1 gid), trong khi cac AMCV dai han dua tren dfr lieu anh hucmg sue khoe
man tinh va dugc sir dung de danh gia chat lugng khong khi trung binh trong tu mot nam t ro' len. Cac AEGL cua
EPA mo ta cac anh hucmg den sue khoe cua con ngudi tu mot lan trong doi, hoac hiem khi tiep xuc voi hoa chat
trong khong khi. Cac AEGL thuong dugc su dung bo i nhung ngudi ling cuu khan cap khi xu ly cac su co tran hoa
chat hoac cac phoi nhiem tham khoe khac.
20-P-0062
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xem -phan ling tren mat dat cua EPA va thong tin lien lac cua EPA lien quan den
Harvey co hieu qua hay khong. Chung toi da phan phoi khao sat cho 59 nhan vien
EPA, la nhung nguoi dong vai tro la cac lien lac vien cong dong trong thai gian
ung pho. Chung toi da nhan duoc 44 phan hoi va da phan tich du lieu.
Tro' Ngai trong Viec Lay Thong Tin
Nhan vien, quan ly va quan chuc cua TCEQ da tir choi gap chung toi de thao luan
ve phan ung cua ho doi voi con bao va lap luan cua ho doi voi cac quyet dinh
hoac hanh dong khac nhau duoc mo ta trong bao cao nay. Chung toi da cung cap
cho TCEQ mot danh sach cac cau hoi ban dau truoc khi len lich mot cuoc hop tai
cac van phong TCEQ vao thang Chin nam 2018. TCEQ da huy cuoc hop vao
ngay truoc khi chung toi du kien gap nhau do mot con bao nhiet doi sap xay ra.
Ngoai ra, TCEQ da tir choi gap chung toi trong mot tuan sau do khi chung toi den
khu vuc Houston de gap go cac quan chuc thanh pho va dai dien cong dong tu cac
khu vuc bi anh huong. Hon nua, mac du co nhieu cuoc hoi thoai de sap xep cau
tra loi bang van ban cho danh sach cau hoi ban dau cua chung toi, chung toi chua
bao gio nhan duoc phan hoi tu TCEQ. Sau nhung no lire khong thanh cua chung
toi de sap xep cac cuoc hop va lay thong tin tu TCEQ, chung toi da biet rang
TCEQ da thu thap du lieu giam sat khong khi tu cac may bay true thang bay
ngang sau con Bao Harvey. Chung toi khong the xem xet nhung du lieu do nhu la
mot phan cua cuoc kiem toan nay. Tuy nhien, chung toi tin rang bang chung ma
chung toi thu duoc cung cap mot co so hop ly cho nhung phat hien va ket luan
dua tren cac muc tieu kiem toan cua chung toi.
Bao Cao OIG Trutfc Do
Bao cao OIG cua EPA So 2006-P-00033. Bai Hoc Lanh Hoi Dirac: Phan Ifng cua
EPA vai Tran Bao Katrina, phat hanh ngay 14 thang Chin, 2006, da xac dinh
nhung thieu sot trong sir phoi hop cua EPA voi cac quan chuc cua tieu bang va dia
phuong, cung nhu trong viec su dung co so du lieu ve nuoc lu cua EPA. OIG
khuyen nghi, trong so nhung dieu khac, nen co cac cuoc hop va dao tao lien co
quan cho EPA Vung 6 va nhan vien tieu bang ve He Thong Chi Huy Sir Co va
ESF. Co quan nay da dong y voi cac khuyen nghi cua OIG, va thirc hien cac hanh
dong khac phuc phu hop.
Bao Cao OIG cua EPA So 19-P-0236 Khu Vuc 6 Co So Ha Tang Nuoc Duoc Danh
Gia Nhanh Sau Con Bao Harvey Nhimg Co The Cai Thien Kha Nang Tiep Can
Khan Cap Doi Voi Cac Cong Dong Co Hoan Canh Khd Khan, ban hanh ngay 16
thang Bay, 2019, thay rang EPA Vung 6 da tien hanh cac hoat dong chuan bi rong
rai va cung co moi quan he lam viec chat che voi cac doi tac ung pho khan cap cua
tieu bang truoc khi con Bao Harvey do bo. Viec chuan bi nay da cho phep Vung 6
bao ve sue khoe con nguoi va cac nguon tai nguyen cua nganh nuoc nhu la mot
phan su menh trong con bao Harvey. OIG da xac dinh mot khu vuc de cai thien—
kha nang tiep can cua nhan vien doi voi cac cu dan cua cac cong dong de bi ton
thuong—dieu do se tang cuong hon nua kha nang ung pho khan cap cua khu vuc.
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OIG khuyen nghi, trong so nhung dieu khac, Quan Tri Vien Khu Virc Vung 6 cua
EPA bao gom viec tiep can cong ly moi truong trong viec lap ke hoach va thuc
hien chuan bi truoc khi bao do bo bang each thu thap du lieu de xac dinh dan so,
nhu cau va thach thuc doc dao cua cac cong dong de bi ton thuong. Co quan nay da
dong y voi cac khuyen nghi cua OIG, va ke tu thang Mudi 2019, dang trong qua
trinh thuc hien cac hanh dong khac phuc phu hop.
Bao Cao OIG cua EPA So 20-P-0010. EPA Nhan Dwcrc Tai Tra tirFEMA Cho
Viec Quan Ly Thick Hop sau Can Bao Harvey, ban hanh vao ngay 23 thang Mudi,
2019, thay rang EPA da quan ly hieu qua Quy Cuu Tro Thien Tai do Con Bao
Harvey. OIG da khong xac dinh bat ky van de quan trong nao trong cac quy trinh
ve hop dong, hau can hoac thu mua tai nguyen cua EPA. OIG luu y rang co quan
nay da xac dinh duoc cac diem manh va linh virc can duoc cai thien va da thuc hien
cac hanh dong khac phuc de dap ung cac khuyen nghi cua OIG trong cac bao cao
nam 2006, 2008 va 2014 ve cac ung pho khan cap cua minh. OIG khong dua ra
khuyen nghi nao cho co quan trong cuoc kiem toan nay.
20-P-0062
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Chtrong 2
Can Lap Ke Hoach Tot Hon De Phoi Hop Cac No Luc
Giam Sat Chat Luong Khong Khi
EPA, tieu bang Texas va thanh pho Houston thieu huong dan va quy trinh thuc
hien giam sat chat luong khong khi de ung pho voi tinh huong khan cap. Do do,
kha nang danh gia va truyen dat cac rui ro sue khoe lien quan den chat luong
khong khi cua ho toi cong chung bi han che trong va sau khi ung pho khan cap
voi con Bao Harvey. Ban chat cua ung pho khan cap doi hoi su linh hoat va
khong the xac dinh tmoc. Tuy nhien, huong dan cua EPA se gi up cho cac no luc
trong tuong lai trong viec giai quyet khi nao, a dau va trong bao lau de giam sat
chat luong khong khi; dam bao chat luong toi thieu can thiet de co duoc du lieu
co the duoc su dung de danh gia cac rui ro sue khoe; va cac van de khac lien quan
den giam sat khong khi. Mac du du lieu tu cac no luc theo doi con Bao Harvey
khong vuot qua cac nguong dua tren sue khoe duoc su dung trong qua trinh ung
pho (vi du, AMCV cua TCEQ), viec lap ke hoach va phoi hop trade khi co truong
hop khan cap cua EPA va TCEQ co the dan dat trong viec theo doi va lien lac
hieu qua hon trong cac ung pho khan cap sau nay.
Viec Giam Sat Khong Duoc Thuc Hien Trong Hau Het Cac Su* Co Phat Thai
Chat Doc Hai Vao Khong Khi
De doi pho voi tham hoa cua Bao Harvey, mot to chuc phi chinh phu, cac to chuc
chinh quyen dia phuong va EPA da thu thap du lieu giam sat khong khi voi bon
no luc giam sat di dong khac nhau trong khoang thoi gian 21 ngay (Ngay 31
Thang Tam-Ngay 20 Thang Chin, 2017 Bat ke den pham vi rong cua cac no luc
giam sat, viec giam sat nay:
• Khong trung lap voi hau het cac su co phat thai chat doc hai trong khong
khi da duoc bao cao trong cong nghiep xay ra trong tham hoa.
• Doi khi su dung cac ky thuat khong hieu qua
de thu thap du lieu. Vi du, mot to chirc phi chinh phu
da thu thap cac mau trong mot khoang thoi gian qua
ngan khong the phan tich duoc de xem cac nong do
co nguy hai cho sue khoe cua con nguoi hay khong.
Hon mot nua so su co phat thai chat doc hai trong
khong khi da duoc biet bat dau khi khong co bo
phan theo doi nao hoat dong. Cac cong ty trong khu
vuc Houston da bao cao la co hon 319 tan khi thai
doc hai do cac hoat dong SSM co lien quan den bao
Harvey. Tuy nhien, khi cac co so nay ngung hoat
Known Air Toxic Releases Over Time
(8/20/2017 through 9/20/2017)
— ,—'
fii Date: 08/20/17 B
Total Air Toxics Emitted:
0 tons
Total Incidents
'fj-'i'i
Video cho thay sir phat thai chat doc hai trong khong khi
va cac phirong phap giam sat dirge str dung theo thoi
gian. (OIG video)
20-P-0062
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(long va khi xay ra sir co dan tien va khi thai doc hai phat ra vao khong khi, hau
het cac bo phan theo doi cua TCEQ trong mang luoi giam sat khong khi cua
Houston da duoc tat di de bao ve cho chung khoi bi thiet hai do bao.
Hinh 6 minh hoa cac no lye giam sat khong khi khac nhau trong thoi gian ung
pho khan cap doi voi con bao Harvey,11 cung nhu chu so huu/ngudi van hanh tai
san. So sanh cua chung toi ve cac moc thoi gian giam sat nay voi kho du lieu phat
thai SSM tu bao cao cua TCEQ cho thay hau het cac su co phat thai chat doc hai
trong khong khi xay ra tu ngay 26 den 31 thang Tam 2017—sau khi TCEQ vo
hieu hoa SLAM cua minh a khu vuc Houston va trudc khi EPA bat dau thu thap
du lieu qua viee ung pho bang chuyen bay ASPECT cua ho. Nhieu khi thai doc
hai trong khong khi vao khoang thoi gian cao diem la do ro ri be chiia vi luong
mua qua Ion. Tuy nhien, vi nhung phat thai duoc bao cao nay xay ra trudc khi bat
dau giam sat tam thoi hoac SLAM duoc trien khai laL chung toi khong the danh
gia tac dong cua chung doi voi chat luong khong khi.
Hinh 6: Cac no luc giam sat va su co phat thai chat doc hai vao khong khi trong con Bao Harvey
£ 11
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2 10
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Nguon: Phan tich OIG.
Ghi chu:Bieii do nay chi bao goni cac bo phan tlieo doi SLAM co klia nang phat hien cac chat doc trong khong khi, khong
phai bo phan tlieo doi NAAQS. Ngay hoat dong cua ASPECT dira tren dir lieu thirc te da dirge giri tod cho OIG.
Mot vi du ve su co phat thai chat doc hai trong khong khi trong giai doan cao
diem la su co be chua tren be mat cua Valero Partners. Su co nay—da phat thai
khoang 12,5 tan chat doc vao khong khi, bao gom benzen, hexane va toluene—bat
dau vao ngay 27 thang Tam, 2017, khi tat ca cac bo phan theo doi SLAM deu
Mac du cac may theo doi NAAQS cung ngoai tuyen trong thoi gian nay, do tap trung su kiem toan cua chung toi vao
chat doc trong khong khi, chung toi da khong danh gia rong rai cac tieu chi ve cliat gay 6 nliiem trong khong khi. Tuy
nliien, theo bao cao cua Du An Toan Ven Mot Trudng. dua tren du lieu to bao cao trong He Thong Bao Cao bang Bien
Tu ve Moi Trudng cua Tieu bang Texas, chat thai ozone 0 muc cao doc theo Duyen Hai Vung Vinli sau con Bao
Harvey. Theo bao cao, tu ngay 23 thang Tam den ngay 1 thang Chin, 2017, khoang 3,9 trieu pound hop chat him co de
bay hoi da duoc thai vao khu vuc Houston boi cac nganh cong nghiep xung quanh. va "chat oxit[n]itrogen tong cong
khoang 154.000 pound trong cung tlioi gian d khu vuc Houston."
20-P-0062
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ngoai tuyen va truoc khi bat dau theo doi khan cap. Vu no nha may Arkema
Crosby, mot sir kien duoc cong bo rong rai khac, xay ra vao ngay 31 thang Tarn,
2017, truoc khi xe buyt TAGA cua EPA hoac Phong Thi Nghiem Giam Sat
Khong Khi Xung Quanh thanh pho Houston da duoc trien khai. Vao thoi diem
xay ra vu no, chi co ASPECT la hoat dong.
Nhu duoc minh hoa trong Bang 1, cac cong dong nam gan cac co so cong nghiep
phai doi mat voi kha nang tiep xuc voi khi thai SSM tang len trong giai doan ung
pho khan cap. Vi du, 38 phan tram cua tat ca cac sir co phat thai chat doc hai trong
khong khi da duoc biet den do con Bao Harvey da duoc bao cao boi cac nganh
cong nghiep trong vung Houston xay ra it hon 4 dam each khu pho
Harrisburg/Manchester o Dong Houston. Nhung sir co nay chiem hon 93 phan
tram (tong cong gan 300 tan) tat ca cac vu phat thai chat doc hai trong khong khi
da biet xay ra o Harris trong tham hoa, mac du khu virc dia ly nay chi chiem 4,5
phan tram cua quan.
Bang 1: Sir gan gui cua khi thai doc hai voi Harrisburg/Manchester, Ngay 20 Thang Tam-
Ngay 20 Thang Chin, 2017
Hang Muc
Gia
Trj
So luong theo Tan phat thai trong vung ban kinh 4 dam cua
Harrisburg/Manchester
298,71
Tong so tan phat thai tai Quan Harris
319,97
So phan tram phat thai
-------
nang dan den nhung anh huong xau den sue khoe con nguoi hay khong. Tuy
nhien, vi ly do eo lien quan den kiem soat chat luong, TCEQ da khong su dung
nhieu du lieu da duoc thu thap de danh gia dua tren sue khoe. Bang 2 cho thay du
lieu thu thap khong the duoc su dung de danh gia sue khoe co lien quan den chat
luong khong khi tai dia phuong.
Bang 2: Kha nang su dung du lieu thu thap duoc trong tran Bao Harvey de danh gia dua tren sue khoe
Giam sat tai san
Chu s& hiru tai san
Loai giam sat
Du lieu co the
su dung?
TAGA
EPA
Bo phan theo doi di dong tam thoi
Khong
ASPECT
EPA
Bo phan theo doi di dong tam thoi
Khong
SLAMS
TCEQ
Cac bo phan theo doi co dinli vinli
vien
Co
Phong Tlii Nghiem Giam
Sat Khong Khi Moi Truong
Di Dong
Thanh Pho Houston
Bo phan theo doi di dong tam thoi
Khong3
Giam sat xach tay
Entanglement
Technologies
Bo phan theo doi di dong tam thoi
Khongb
Nguon: Phan tich OIG.
Ghi chu: Cac mail phan biet cac tai san trong bang nay tirong quan voi cac mail dirge sir dung trong Hinli 6, theo do minh
hoa khi cac no lire giam sat sir dung cac tai san nay dirge tien hanh.
a Killing thoi gian theo doi cua phong thi nghiem da du lau de tao ra dir lieu co the sir dung cho cac danh gia dira tren sire
khoe; tuy nhien, TCEQ khong du dieu kien cho dir lieu vi he thong dinli vi toan cau tren tail khong co tac dung.
b Mot so killing thoi gian giam sat du lau de tao ra dir lieu co the sir dung cho cac danh gia dira tren sire khoe; tuy nhien,
TCEQ xac dinli rang hau het cac killing thoi gian qua ngan. Bo phan theo doi phai hoat dong it nliat tir 30 phut den 1 gio
nidi klia dung de danli gia dira tren sire khoe
Mac du hoat dong TAGA cua EPA chu yeu la nham sang loc nong do chat doc
trong khong khi tang cao, du lieu duoc thu thap bang phuong phap nay cung duoc
so sanh voi nguong AMCV ngan han cua TCEQ (duoc mo ta trong Chuong 1) de
danh gia dua tren sue khoe. Mac du EPA, TCEQ va thanh pho Houston da danh
gia rang du lieu cho thay khong co moi quan tarn nao—va sau do da dua ra mot
thong cao bao chi truyen dat danh gia nay toi cong chung—chung toi thay rang
khung thoi gian lay mau cua TAGA qua ngan de tao ra du lieu co the danh gia
chinh xac nong do chat doc trong khong khi de danh gia dua tren sue khoe.12
Ngoai ra, chung toi thay rang du lieu duoc thu thap boi hoat dong TAGA khong
kip thoi. Truoc khi cac xe buyt TAGA duoc kich hoat boi Trung Tarn Dieu Hanh
Khan Cap cua EPA cho con Bao Harvey, chung da dau o Las Vegas, Nevada, va
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Su qua canh cua chung den khu vuc
Houston sau khi chung duoc kich hoat da lam giam tinh kip thoi cua viec thu thap
du lieu.
Entanglement Technologies da ho tro viec danh gia chat luong khong khi sau
cuoc do bo cua con Bao Harvey, bang each su dung bo phan theo doi xach tay tu
ngay 4 den ngay 9 thang Chin, 2017. Nhung du lieu nay da duoc gui den TCEQ
12Cac AMCV ngflii han doi hoi du lieu giam sat phai dugc tinli trung binli trong klioang thoi gian tu 30 phut den 1
gio truoc khi so sanh dir lieu voi cac nguong chat luong khong khi. Phuong phap giam sat TAGA tinh trung binli dir
lieu chi trong 1-2 giay.
20-P-0062
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va thanh pho Houston de xem xet. Tuy nhien, TCEQ ket luan rang du lieu khong
phu hop de thuc hien cac danh gia dira tren sue khoe vi hau het cac mau khong
khi duoc thu thap trong khoang thoi gian duoi 5 phut. EPA cung da tien hanh
giam sat cam tay tai Manchester tir ngay 3 den ngay 8 thang Chin, 2017. Tuy
nhien, giam sat cam tay nay da thu thap du lieu chi tren mot chat doc khong khi
(benzen) va khong co so doc nao vuot qua gioi han phat hien phuong phap (co
hieu qua 0 phan trieu [ppm]).
Du lieu ASPECT chi danh cho muc dich sang loc, vi phuong phap giam sat nay
(vi du, cam nhan tir xa) khong cung cap du du lieu dang tin cay cho cac danh gia
dua tren sue khoe. Trong khuon kho cua quy trinh sang loc nay, EPA da cu cac
don vi giam sat mat dat theo doi va thiet lap cac khu vuc so tan khi can thiet de
bao ve sue khoe con nguoi khi phat hien duoc nong do chat o nhiem cao. Viec
theo doi-nay da xay ra, vi du, vao ngay 2 thang Chin, 2017, khi ASPECT phat
hien nong do benzoyl peroxide tren muc gioi han phat hien phuong phap cua
ASPECT.
EPA Thieu Sir Hirong Dan cho Cac No Lye Giam Sat Chat Lirong Khong Khi
Khan Cap
Cac no lire giam sat khong khi khan cap da duoc bat dau ma khong co ke hoach
giup huong dan va phoi hop cac no lire cua chinh phu va phi chinh phu, bao gom
muc dam bao chat luong toi thieu can thiet de co duoc du lieu phu hop cho cac
danh gia dira tren sue khoe va each chia se du lieu hieu qua giua tat ca cac ben
quan tam.
Mac du nhieu thirc the da thu thap du lieu theo doi khong khi trong nhung tuan
sau cuoc do bo cua con Bao Harvey, viec thu thap du lieu tir no khong duoc thuc
hien theo each cung cap mot buc tranh tong the ve chat luong khong khi o khu
vuc Houston:
1. Bat chap nhung no lire cua Entanglement Technologies va thanh pho
Houston de chia se thong tin voi TCEQ, TCEQ da khong chuyen cac bo
du lieu tho nay den EPA. Chung toi cung khong tim thay bang chung nao
cho thay EPA yeu cau duoc truy cap vao nhung du lieu nay hoac nhung
du lieu nay duoc chia se voi cong chung.
2. Du lieu tho duoc EPA thu thap thong qua TAGA duoc luu tru trong He
Thong Quan Ly Thong Tin Nhom Ung Pho Moi Truong cua Co Quan,
mot kho luu tru du lieu chi co the duoc truy cap boi cac thanh vien nhom
EPA.
3. Du lieu chuyen bay ASPECT cua EPA duoc giu lai trong Don Vi Moi
Truong cua Van Phong Quan Ly Khan Cap cua EPA, voi cac gia tri nong
do doc hai trong khong khi duoc lay tu bo du lieu.
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4. Mac du EPA trinh bay qua cac thong cao bao chi rang mot so phan tich so
bo ve du lieu da duoc tiep nhan, du lieu tho khong bao gio duoc phan phoi
cong khai.
Cuoi cung, sir co lap cua cac nha phan tich du lieu tho han che du lieu tho va kha
nang cua cong chung de theo doi cac so sanh ve du lieu va dua ra ket luan sau khi
da thong hieu va toan dien ve chat luong khong khi noi chung cua khu vuc.
Ngay ca khi cac bo du lieu giam sat nay duoc luu tru trong co so du lieu trung
tam co the truy cap duoc cho tat ca cac ben quan tam, dinh dang duy nhat cua moi
bo du lieu se dua ra nhung thach thuc dang ke ve mat dien giai du lieu. Vi du: cac
gia tri nong do cua ASPECT da duoc chia thanh 97 bang tinh Excel rieng biet.
Hon nua, chung toi thay rang cac gia tri nong do duoc the hi en khong nhat quan
qua viec su dung mot loat cac don vi, chang han nhu phan trieu, phan ty, miligam
tren met khoi va microgam tren met khoi.
Mac du EPA Vung 6 va TCEQ hop tac hang nam de lap ke hoach va huan luyen
doi pho voi cac con bao, EPA thieu huong dan ca ben trong va ben ngoai ve each
cong tac thich hop voi nhung nguoi khac de thu thap, danh gia va luu tru du lieu
chat luong khong khi trong cac sir kien thoi tiet khac nghiet hoac cac tinh huong
khan cap khac. Viec tap trung vao giam sat chat luong khong khi khi lap ke hoach
cho cac tham hoa tai cac thanh pho cong nghiep nhu Houston se tao dieu kien cho
viec su dung kip thoi, dung each va hop tac cac thiet bi giam sat thay the.
Ket luan
Nhin chung, viec thieu huong dan giam sat cua EPA va cac han che cong nghe
khac nhau da ngan cac to chuc phi chinh phu, cac to chuc chinh quyen dia
phuong va chinh EPA khong cho giam sat chat luong khong khi trong thoi ky
dinh diem phat thai vuot muc do tran Bao Harvey. Hon nua, du lieu giam sat
duoc thu thap khong phai luc nao cung huu ich de danh gia cac tac dong tiem an
doi voi sue khoe con nguoi. Ngoai ra, dinh dang khong nhat quan va luu tru du
lieu theo doi khong khi bi co lap da ngan EPA, cong chung va cac ben lien quan
khac khong cho co duoc sir hieu biet toan dien ve chat luong khong khi.
EPA co the lap ke hoach tot hon va phoi hop cac no lire ung pho khan cap trong
tuong lai voi cac to chuc chinh phu va phi chinh phu de giup dam bao rang chat
luong khong khi o cac khu vuc co nguy co cao tiem nang duoc theo doi trong thoi
gian phat thai doc hai khong khi tang cao. Trong thoi gian ung pho voi con Bao
Harvey, cac khu vuc co nguy co cao chu yeu nam lien ke hoac gan cac co so cong
nghiep Ion. Viec lap ke hoach va phoi hop gia tang co the cung cap cho cac cong
dong nay thong tin kip thoi ve chat luong khong khi cua ho trong truong hop
khan cap, cho phep ho thuc hien cac bien phap de phong de giam tiep xuc voi
chat doc khong khi.
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Khuyen nghi
Chung toi khuyen rang Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truang
Hap Khan Cap:
1. Phat tri en huang dan chung de giup cac ca quan tieu bang va dia phuang
va cac ben lien quan ben ngoai lap ke hoach giam sat khong khi cho cac
tinh huong khan cap a cac khu vuc cong nghiep hoa manh de du lieu co
the su dung dugc thu thap trong cac khu vuc dang quan tarn muc tieu.
2. Phat tri en, phoi hap vai Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien Phu Trach cac Van De
Cong Cong, mot ke hoach cho cong chung dugc truy cap vao du lieu giam
sat khong khi da thu thap dugc trong mot ung pho khan cap.
3. Phoi hgp vai Van phong Nghi en Cuu va Phat Trien va Van Phong Quy
Hoach va Tieu Chuan Chat Lugng Khong Khi trong Van Phong Khong
Khi de danh gia sir san co va su dung cac phuang phap giam sat tu xa va
xach tay de theo doi chat doc trong khong khi khi khong co cac phuang
phap giam sat tinh.
Phan Hoi cua Ca Quan va Danh Gia cua OIG
Co quan khong dong y vai cac de xuat bao cao du thao cua chung toi cho chuang
nay. Co quan luu y rang moi truang hgp khan cap la doc dao va viec phat trien ban
huang dan bao gom tat ca cac kich ban se la thach thuc. Han nua, theo phan hoi
cua ca quan, chinh quyen tieu bang va dia phuang chiu trach nhiem chinh cho cac
no lire ung pho khan cap, vai cac khu vuc EPA ho trg khi dugc yeu cau. Co quan
nay cho biet EPA da phat trien nhieu cong cu va quy trinh cho viec ho trg khan cap.
Dira tren cac cuoc thao luan vai ca quan va phan hoi cua hg doi vai bao cao dir
thao cua chung toi, chung toi da sua doi cac khuyen nghi cho bao cao cuoi cung de
lam ro han cac khuyen nghi. Cac khuyen nghi tir 1 den 3 khong dugc giai quyet
trong khi cho nhan dugc cac ke hoach hanh dong khac phuc co the chap nhan dugc
cua OIG va cac ngay hoan thanh dugc de xuat tir EPA de phan hoi cho bao cao
cuoi cung.
Phan hoi cua ca quan doi vai bao cao dir thao cua chung toi va cac gop y bo sung
cua chung toi nam trong Phu luc A. Co quan da cung cap cac ggi y cu the de chung
toi xem xet va chung toi da sua doi bao cao cho phu hgp.
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Chirong 3
Du Lieu Khong Cho Thay cac Muc Do Doc Hai Trong
Khong Khi Da Vuot Qua, nhung cac Rui Ro Ve Sue Khoe
Doi vo*i Cac Cong Dong Fenceline do Phat Thai Dot Xuat
thi Chua Duo*c Biet
•
Mac du du lieu giam sat co san khong chi ra rang cac muc do chat doc trong
khong khi o khu virc Houston trong thoi gian tham hoa do Bao Harvey da vuot
qua cac AMCV ngan han cua Texas, hoac cac AEGL cua EPA ,13 cac nguong nay
khong xem xet tac dong tich luy cua viec tiep xuc voi nhieu chat gay o nhiem.
Thay vao do, cac nguong dira tren sir tiep xuc cua mot ca nhan voi mot chat gay o
nhiem cu the (vi du, benzen). Hon nua, cac nguong cua EPA khong xet den phoi
nhiem man tinh ma mot so dan cu, chang han nhu nhung nguoi song gan cac co
so cong nghiep, co the da trai qua. Do do, nguong tiep xuc khan cap co the khong
du bao ve cho cac so dan da trai qua sir phoi nhiem man tinh voi nhieu chat doc
trong khong khi.
EPA Sir Dung cac Nguong cua Tieu Bang De Danh Gia Chat Luang Khong
Khi cua Houston
Theo nhan vien EPA, co quan nay phoi hop voi tieu bang co lien quan khi xay ra
sir co de xac dinh cac nguong dira tren sue khoe nao de su dung khi phan tich cac
ket qua theo doi khong khi. Viec xem xet cac tai lieu cua co quan noi bo tir ngay 5
va 6 thang Chin, 2017, cho thay co sir nham lan giua nhan vien EPA ve viec co
nen su dung cac AMCV ngan han cua TCEQ hay cac nguong cua TCEQ khac
hay khong. Cuoi cung, TCEQ da quyet dinh rang EPA nen su dung cac AMCV
sau khi thao luan ve van de nay voi co quan lien bang. TCEQ va EPA sau do da
so sanh du lieu giam sat khong khi duoc thu thap tir nhieu bo phan theo doi cam
tay, cac hop summa, ASPECT va xe buyt TAGA voi AMCV. TCEQ cung so sanh
du lieu duoc thu thap boi thanh pho Houston voi cac AMCV. Khong co du lieu
nao duoc tim thay vuot qua AMCV.
Lien quan den cac AEGL Cap do 2 va Cap do 3 cua EPA, cac nguong AEGL,14
Cap do 1 cua EPA tuong xung nhieu nhat voi cac nguong AMCV ngan han, mac
13 Nhu dugc mo ta tnrac do trong phan "Pham Vi va Phuong Phap Hoc" cac AMCV ng;ln han cua TCEQ duoc su
dung de danli gia chat luong khong klii trung binli trong cac kliung thoi gian ng;ln (vi du, 30 phut den 1 gio). Cac
AEGL cua EPA mo ta cac anli hudng den sue khoe cua con nguoi do liiem khi tiep xuc voi cac hoa chat trong
khong klii va thuong duoc su dung bdi nliung nguoi ung cuu klian cap klii xu ly su co tran hoa chat hoac phoi
nhiem tham khoe khac.
14Cac AEGL, giai quyet cac tac dong cap tinh (hoac ng;ln lian) cua chat doc trong khong klii, duoc tliiet lap 0 ba cap
do, voi moi cap do the liien muc do ngliiem trong cua cac tac dong sue khoe. Cap do 1 la muc do tac dong thap nliat
va the liien nong do trong khong klii ma tren muc do co the gap phai su klio cliiu hoac kich tliich dang chu y, nliung
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du sir khac biet giua cac loai nguong nay la dang ke va muc dich ca ban cua
chung la khac nhau. Cac AMCV ngan han dugc TCEQ phat trien de sang loc chat
lugng khong khi trong cac tinh huong hang ngay, chung chung han, trong khi cac
AEGL dugc EPA phat trien de sang loc cac tinh huong lien quan den sir phoi
nhiem tinh co, mot lan trong doi. Nhu mot vi du ve sir khac biet giua cac nguong
nay, cac nguong ngan han (30 phut va 60 phut) cua cap do 1 cua AEGL
chol,3->butadien la 670 ppm so voi nguong AMCV ngan han la 1.7 ppm. Do do,
viec su dung cac AMCV ngan han lam cac nguong dira tren sue khoe de danh gia
du lieu chat lugng khong khi sau tran bao Harvey thi bao thu hon—noi each khac,
bao ve sue khoe—hon la neu AEGL dugc su dung.
Tuy nhien, viec su dung cac nguong cua tieu bang de danh gia muc do an toan phu
hgp co the khien EPA chap thuan dua ra cac ket luan khac nhau ve an toan cong
cong khi cac dieu kien ve chat lugng khong khi tuong tir nhu nhau. Vi du, Hinh 7
cho thay sir khac biet ve cac nguong chat lugng khong khi pho bien do Texas va
California ban hanh.
Hinh 7: So sanh cac muc ngir&ng chat luong khong khi cua Texas va California
¦
Texas AMCV Mirc Tiep Xuc Tham Chieu California
Nguon: Phaii tich OIG.
Viec thieu tieu chuan hoa cac nguong doc hai trong khong khi tieu bang co the
khien EPA dua ra sir khuyen nhu khong nhat quan vi no ho trg cac thirc the dia
phuong trong cac tham hoa. Vi du, viec su dung cac nguong chat lugng khong khi
cua California, EPA co the khuyen nhu chinh quyen dia phuong o tieu bang do
ban hanh lenh tam tru tai cho neu ket qua giam sat cho thay nong do benzen la 0,1
ppm Tuy nhien, nong do giong nhu vay se khong kich hoat bat ky sir khuyen nhu
nao ve sue khoe trong thoi gian ung pho voi con Bao Harvey, vi cac AMCV ngan
han cua Texas co mot nguong cao hon cho benzen.
cac liieu ling khong bi vo liieu hoa va co the dao nguoc klii ngirng phoi nliiem. Cap do 2 la miic do tac dong trung
binli va the Men miic do phoi nliiem ma tai do tac liai khong the dao nguoc; anli hudng xau ngliiem trong, keo dai
kliac; hoac gay ra mot kha nang thoat ra bi suy yeu. Cuoi cung, phoi nliiem Cap do 3 gay ra cac anli hudng sue khoe
de doa toi tinh mang hoac tir vong.
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Cac Ngirong Giam Sat Khong Xet Den Viec Tiep Xuc Vol Nhieu Chat O Nhiem
Cac nghien cu'u da chi ra rang cac cong (long fenceline phai chiu mot luong Ion
chat o nhiem hang ngay vuot qua luong khi thai SSM. Vi du, Luc luong dac
nhiem cua Thi Truong Houston ve Tac dong Sue khoe cua O nhiem Khong khi
thay rang cac cong dong o Dong Houston, bao gom khu pho
Harrisburg/Manchester, bi phoi nhiem voi cac chat gay o nhiem co nhieu nguy co
hon cac cong dong khac o Houston. 6 Dong Houston, 90 phan tram cac cuoc dieu
tra dan so phai doi mat voi bon hoac nhieu chat gay o nhiem co "nguy co xac
dinh",15 trong khi mot duong o khu pho
Harrisburg/Manchester phai doi mat voi bay
chat gay o nhiem co nguy co xac dinh. Trong so
cac vung duoc dieu tra dan so o greater Houston
bi phoi nhiem voi tu sau chat o nhiem tro len co
nguy co xac dinh, mot nua trong so do la o
Dong Houston. Nhung so lieu nay cho thay cac
cong dong nay— da tiep xuc ngay cang nhieu
voi nhigu chit gay o nhilm co nguy co xac ph6ng Thi Nghl§m Gi6m S6t Kh6ng Khi
dinh—hi en dang doi mat voi nguy CO ca doi voi Moi T ru-ong Di Dong cua Houston,
benh ung thu va benh man tinh cao hon so voi
cac cong dong Houston khac chi tiep xuc voi mot hoac hai chat gay o nhiem co
nguy co xac dinh.
Trong tran Bao Harvey, cac cong dong Dong Houston nay da phai doi mat voi
nhieu tac nhan gay o nhiem cung mot luc. Trong khoang thoi gian 3 gio, Phong
Thi Nghiem Giam Sat Khong Khi Moi Truong Di Dong cua thanh pho Houston
da xac dinh 46 nong do chat o nhiem Ion hon 0 ppm xay ra tai Manchester Park
vao ngay 4 thang Chin, 2017, bao gom benzen (0,008 ppm), n-hexane (0,096
ppm) va n-heptan (0,072 ppm). Mac du khong co nong do nao vuot qua cac
AMCV ngan han tuong ung cua chung, vi du nay minh hoa so luong Ion cac chat
o nhiem khac nhau trong khong khi tai thoi diem do.
Mot han che trong viec su dung cac AMCV hoac AEGL de danh gia rui ro sue
khoe trong khi ung pho khan cap la khong ai tinh den cac tinh huong sau co the
gay anh huong den sue khoe:
• Tiep xuc dong thoi voi nhieu chat gay o nhiem khong khi (thi du, phoi
nhiem tich luy).
• Tich luy viec phoi nhiem lien tiep khac nhau voi chat gay o nhiem theo
thoi gian (thi du, phoi nhiem tdng hap).
15L\rc lugng dac nhiem da dinh nghia chat gdv 6 nhiem xac dinh la "nhung chat co bang chung cliac chan va thuyet
phuc ve nguy ca dang ke doi voi dan so noi chung hoac cac nliom phu de bi ton thuong d nong do moi truong Men
tai." 12 chat gay o nhiem khong khi sau day duoc phan loai la cac nguy co nliat dinh: ozone; vat chat hat min (PM
2.5); vat chat cu the ve dau can; 1,3-butadien; crom VI; benzen; ethylene dibromide; acrylonitril; fonnaldehyd;
acrolein; clo; va hexametylen diisocyanate.
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Nhu Hinh 8 cho thay, khi so sanh vdi phan con lai cua Quan Harris, mot so luong
khong can xung cua luong khi thai doc hai trong khong khi duoc bao cao cho tran
Bao Harvey la trong pham vi 4 dam cua khu pho Harrisburg/'Manchester, Nhung
cu dan nay co kha nang tiep xuc vdi nhieu loai chat doc trong khong khi, chang
han nhu xylene, toluene, hexane va ethylbenzene. Tuy nhien, TCEQ chi theo doi
nhung su co nay va danh gia cac anh huong den sue khoe do chat doc trong
khong khi a cac muc do phoi nhiem nhat dinh tren co so tung chat gay o nhiem;
khong co each nao de dinh luong cac hieu ung tiem nang tren cac tieu chuan cua
AMCV hoac AEGL.
Hinh 8: Khi thai diro'c biet den gan Harrisburg/ Manchester trong co'n Bao Harvey
Harris County *
Legend
Air Toxic Releases
(tons)
• < 0.37
• 0.37-1.32
• 1.32-3.17
0 3.17-16.54
282.08
| Harrisburg/Manchester
1 Mile
2 Miles
3 Miles
4 Miles
Houston Ship Chorine
0 0.5 1
2
3
4
Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, GEBCO.
NOAA. National Geographic, Garmin, HERE.
Geonames.org, and other contributors
Nguon: Phan tich cua OIG qua viec sir dung ArcMap cua Esri.
Huong dan cua EPA ve su phat trien cua cac AEGL chi dua tren nhieu nghien
cuu ve phoi nhiem khi mot du lieu phoi nhiem doc nhat bi thieu sot. Do do, cac
AEGL co the khong du kha nang bao ve cac cong dong co ganh nang khong
tuong xung nhu Harrisburg/Manchester, vi su gan gui cua ho vdi cac co so cong
nghiep Ion va so luong chat doc trong khong khi ma ho co the gap phai trong cac
su co SSM quy mo ldn tru'dc khi, trong khi va sau mot tinh huong khan cap hoac
tham hoa. Mac du cac AEGL khong duoc su dung de danh gia sue khoe cong
dong sau tran Bao Harvey, ngoai trir California, khong co tieu bang nao khac phat
trien cac nguong doc hai trong khong khi cap tinh nhu Texas. Do do, cac tieu
bang khac co the lua chon su dung AEGL de danh gia chat luong khong khi.
Dua tren danh gia ve huong dan cua TCEQ, chung toi da xac dinh rang rui ro tich
luy tu nhieu su phoi nhiem vdi chat o nhiem khong duoc giai quyet trong cac
AMCV. Mac du cac AMCV ngan han co kha nang bao ve sue khoe tot hon so vdi
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AEGLS khi danh gia phai nhiem voi mot loai chat doc duy nhat trong khong khi,
lieu cac gia tri nay co du de bao ve cho sue khoe hay khong thi van chua duoc
biet, co xet den nhieu phoi nhiem voi chat o nhiem da trai qua sau con Bao
Harvey.
Ket luan
Du lieu giam sat co san khong chi ra rang muc do doc hai trong khong khi trong
thoi gian co tham hoa do Bao Harvey vuot qua cac nguong cua Texas hoac EPA.
Tuy nhien, van chua ro lieu viec phat thai SSM co lam tram trong them sir rui ro
den sue khoe cua cu dan trong cac cong dong fenceline hay khong. Cac AMCV
ngan han va cac nguong dira tren rui ro khac duoc EPA va TCEQ su dung de danh
gia rui ro phat thai trong con Bao Harvey khong tinh den cac cong dong bi phoi
nhiem—hang ngay va/hoac lau dai—voi nhieu chat gay o nhiem va cac phoi nhiem
lau dai moi ngay ngoai cac boc phat tu cac sir kien SSM quy mo Ion.
Khuyen Nghi
Chung toi khuyen nghi Quan tri vien Khu virc cua Khu virc 6:
4. Phat trien va thirc hien, co phoi hop voi cac tieu bang, mot ke hoach thong
bao cho cu dan d fenceline va cac cong dong lan can ve nhung rui ro bat
loi ve sue khoe do sir khoi dong va ngung hoat dong cua nhieu co so trong
cac truong hop khan cap va de han che sir tiep xuc cua nhung cu dan nay
voi chat doc trong khong khi.
Phan Hoi cua Ca Quan va Danh Gia cua OIG
Trong chuong nay thuoc bao cao dir thao cua chung toi, chung toi da bao gom mot
khuyen nghi giai quyet viec su dung cac nguong phoi nhiem cap tinh de danh gia
chat luong khong khi trong truong hop khan cap. Co quan khong dong y voi
khuyen nghi nay va luu y rang co cac tieu chuan chat luong khong khi hien co ma
EPA su dung de uoc tinh cac rui ro cho cong dong cho cac tieu chi ve chat gay o
nhiem khong khi. Co quan nay giai thich them rang EPA su dung cac AEGL cua
minh de danh gia rui ro cong cong do phoi nhiem cac chat doc trong khong khi.
Bao cao dir thao cua chung toi cung bao gom hai khuyen nghi bo sung trong
chuong nay co de cap den each han che tac dong sue khoe tiem an cua nhieu ngung
hoat dong va khoi dong doi voi cu dan gan do trong truong hop khan cap. Co quan
nay luu y rang ca EPA va cac tieu bang deu khong co tham quyen doi voi lich trinh
SSM cua cac co so. Co quan nay tuy en bo rang EPA phoi hop voi cac quan chuc
dia phuong, cac tieu bang va cac bo lac lien quan den noi tru an tai cho, so tan hoac
cac bien phap bao ve khac cho fenceline va cac cong dong lan can.
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Dua tren cac cuoc thao luan voi ca quan, phan hoi cua ho doi voi bao cao dir thao
cua chung toi va cac cuoc thao luan ve quan ly noi bo, chung toi da phat trien mot
de xuat cho chuong nay trong bao cao cuoi cung cua chung toi (Khuyen nghi 4).
Khuyen nghi 4 chua duoc giai quyet trong khi cho OIG nhan duoc mot, ke hoach
hanh dong khac phuc co the chap nhan duoc va ngay hoan thanh de xuat tu co quan
trong phan hoi doi voi bao cao cuoi cung cua chung toi. Phan hoi cua co quan doi
voi bao cao du thao cua chung toi va cac gop y bo sung cua chung toi nam trong
Phu luc A. Co quan da cung cap cac goi y cu the de chung toi xem xet va chung toi
da sua doi bao cao cho phu hop.
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Chirong 4
Viec Thieu Giao Tiep Khien Cho Cong Dong Khong Biet
duxrc cac Rui Ro
•
Chung toi da khong xac dinh duoc bat ky truong hap giao tiep khong chinh xac
nao lien quan den chat luong khong khi trong no lire u'ng pho voi con Bao
Harvey. Tuy nhien, chung toi thay rang thong tin lien lac chinh thuc tir EPA ve
chat luong khong khi da bi han che. Vi du, viec thieu huong dan ve each EPA nen
pho bien du lieu ve chat luong khong khi co nghia la ket qua giam sat khong khi
va cac rui ro den chat luong khong khi khong phai luc nao cung den duoc voi cu
dan cua cac cong dong bi anh huong. Ngoai ra, viec thieu mot co che phan hoi co
nghia la nhan vien hien truong da khong truyen dat duoc each thuc giai quyet cua
EPA cho sir lo ngai cua cu dan. Do do, mot so cong dong da bi bo mac nen khong
nhan thuc duoc cac van de quan trong, dieu nay co the dan den sir thieu tin cay va
tin tuong vao cac hanh dong va phat hien cua EPA.
Hirong Dan Phac Thao Sy Tham Gia Cua Cong Dong Trong mot Sir Co
Can cu theo Lenh cua EPA nam 2010, Ke Hogch Truyen Thong Khimg Hoang
(CCP), cac nhan vien Thong Tin Cong Cong cua co quan phai xet den nam yeu to
khi lien lac voi cong chung trong truong hop khan cap:
1. Tham gia cong dong.
2. Truy cap ngon ngu.
3. Cong ly moi truong.
4. Du lieu moi truong.
5. Tham quyen cua EPA.
Ngoai ra, CCP cua EPA tuyen bo rang thong tin cung cap cho cong chung trong
mot sir co phai de hieu, kip thoi, chinh xac va nhat quan. Hon nua, CCP nhan
manh cac diem sau:
• Co quan nay se pho bien rong rai thong tin lien quan den cac hoat dong
cua EPA cho cong chung.
• Thong tin can duoc phat trien bang cac ngon ngu khac ngoai tieng Anh
theo Cam Ket ve Nghia Vu Tiep Can Ngon Ngu Trong Lenh Dieu Hanh
13166.
• Co quan nay se phat trien thong tin de giai quyet cong ly moi truong theo
quy dinh cua Ban ghi nho EPA, Ket Hop Cac Can Nhac Ve Cong Ly Moi
Truong vao Ouy Trinh Chuan Bi Va Ung Pho ddi v&i Tham Hoa cua EPA,
ban hanh ngay 2 thang Muoi Mot, 2006.
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Mot so van phong EPA da ket hop cong ly moi truong vao hudng dan cu the theo
chu'c vu cua ho ve truyen thong rui ro, ma EPA dinh nghia la "quy trinh thong bao
cho ngudi dan ve cac moi nguy tiem an doi vdi ngudi, tai san hoac cong dong cua
ho." Vi du, Van phong Nghien Cuu va Phat Trien cua EPA da tao ra cuon So Tay
Truyen Thong Rui Ro, trong do co giai thich rang giao tiep ve rui ro phai "vuot
qua cac rao can ve doc viet, ngon ngu va sac toe de dam bao tiep nhan hoac thong
hieu." Mot tai lieu cua Van Phong Nghien Cuu va Phat Trien ve truyen thong rui
ro trong truong hop khan cap ve an ninh nguon nude canh bao rang truyen thong
rui ro kem coi "co the ... lam suy yeu su tin can va niem tin cua cong cluing" va
muc tieu la de "nang cao kien thuc va su hieu biet [va] xay dung niem tin va kha
nang dang tin cay." Huong dan truyen thong ve rui ro cua chirong trinh EPA
Superfund nhan manh rang cac ca nhan cam nhan duoc rui ro khac nhau tuy thuoc
vao cac yeu to rui ro khac nhau,16 bao gom su tu nguyen, kha nang kiem soat, sir
quen thuoc, su cong bang, tiem nang tham khoc, kha nang dao ngu'oc, cong bang
va anh huong doi voi tre em.
EPA Trien Khai Lien Lac Vien Cong Dong
EPA khu vuc 6 da trien khai hon 80 lien lac vien cong dong den khu vuc bi anh
huong boi con Bao Harvey—mot truong hop dau tien trong do co rat nhieu lien
kc vien da duoc co quan su diing de ung pho voi tham hoa, theo loi mot nhan
vien cua EPA. Nhung lien lac vien nay, duoc phoi hop boi ba vi lanh dao, da cung
cap thong tin cho cong chung ve each bao ve tot nhat cho ban than khoi bi cac rui
ro ve moi truong, thu thap cac quan
ngai cua ngudi dan va chuyen cac
moi quan ngai nay den ban quan ly
EPA. Cac lien lac vien da khong
duoc giao nhiem vu giai quyet cac
van de moi tnrdng.
Trong no luc ung pho vdi tran Bao
Harvey, cac lien lac vien cong dong
cua EPA da lien lac vdi cong chung
bang each phat to roi da duoc phe duyet trudc, co san bang tieng Anh, tieng Tay
Ban Nha va tieng Viet. Cac lien lac vien cong dong da to churc cac cuoc hop hang
ngay vdi lanh dao lien lac cong dong1 va duy tri mot dia chi email cong ly moi
truong chuyen dung ma cong dong co the su dung. Trong qua trinh kiem toan,
chung toi da nhan duoc phan hoi tu cong dong cho biet rang cac lien lac vien
trong khu vuc Port Arthur/Beaumont da co mat va dong vai tro tich cue.
Lien lac vien cong d6ng cua EPA cung dp thong tin
tai Houston. (Anh EPA)
£'Clnrong trinh Superfund cua EPA giai quyet cho cac khu vuc bi o nhiem nhieu nhat cua dat nuac va ung pho vai
cac tinli trang khan cap \ c moi truong va tliien tai.
17Ca nlian nay dong tra tai van phong Khu vuc 6 tai Dallas va cung cap thong tin cap nhat cho quan ly cap cao lien
quan den cong viec cua cac lien lac vien tren mat dat.
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Si se siguen estas pautas especificas a! ponei
en la acera los escombros que
deja un huracan se acelerara
el proceso de recoleccion
Lam theo cac huong dan sau day
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Following these specie $*Sres
When Mating humcane-reiaied
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EPA HOA KY
| LO LIEU CHO CAC 06NG 06 NAT SAU THlCN TAI
TCetrai: Phien ban tieng Anh, tieng Tay Ban Nha va tieng Viet cua ta rai EPA ve quan ly cac manh do nat. (Anh
EPA)
Cur Dan Khong Duoc Thong Bao Ve Caeh Thuc EPA Giai Quyct cho Moi
Quan Tarn Cua Ho
KEO CAC 00 DAC DO NAT SAU TRAN BAO RA it Dl/ONG TAI CAC VUNG CO THAM GIA
lam theo c4c huong dan sau day se lam cho quy trinh lay do bi di duoc nhanh htm.
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HAULING HURRICANE-RELATED DEBRIS TO THE CURB IN R
Following these specific guidelines will make for a speedier
Check with your local government on what Is availa
PICKING UP THE PIECES
PONER EN LA ACERA LOS ESCOMBROS QUE DEJA UN HURACAN EN LAS AREAS
Si sigoe estas pautas espedficas se acelerara el proceso de recolecci4n.
Confirm? con las autoridades del gobiemo local lo que ie corresponds a ust
RECOGERESCOMBROS
Mac du lo ngai ve chat I u'o'ng khong khi va cac van de khac trong khu vuc
Houston sau con Bao Harvey, EPA da khong truyen dat day du thong tin quan
trong de tat ca cac cong dong bi anh huong deu nhan duoc. Viec thieu thong tin
ngan tro kha nang cua cir dan trong viec dua ra cac quyet dinh doc lap va sang
suot de bao ve sue khoe cua ho.
Ngitoi Dan Bay To Lo Ngai ve cac Anh Huffng Site Khoe cua Colt Bao Harvey
Cong chung bay to lo ngai ve cac anh
huong sue khoe lien quan den tac
dong cua con bao doi voi cong dong,
bao gom ca van de ve chat luong
nude uong va chat luong khong khi.
Nhu duoc cho thay trong Jlinh 9, hon
mot ntia trong so 59 nhan vien cua
EPA la cac lien lac vien cong dong va
da tra ldi trong cuoc khao sat cua OIG
cho biet rang chat luong khong khi
ngoai troi la moi quan ngai cua cong
dong. Cac nhan vien nay da trich dan
ve mui hoi, an toan, hoa hoan hoac
khi thai nguy hiem tu cac co so la moi
Mot canh tren khong v§ tran lut do can Bao
Harvey gay ra a Houston vao ngay 31 thang Jam,
2017, (Anh cua Bo Qu6c Phong Hoa Ky)
quan ngai cua cong dong.
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Hinh 9: Ket qua khao sat lien lac vien cong dong—cac quan tam ve chat luong khong khi
ngoai troi*
Did the community have outdoor air quality concerns?
Not answered
Number of respondents = 44
Nguon: Phan tich khao sat OIG.
* Bieu do nay dira tren quan diem cua cac lien lac vien cong dong EPA.
Thanh pho Houston cung nhan duoc nhung bieu hien cong khai ve nhung lo ngai
ve chat luong khong khi ngoai troi sau con Bao Harvey qua duong day nong 311
cua thanh pho. Thi du, thanh pho da nhan duoc 33 than phi en ve mui hoi tir ngay
27 thang Tam den ngay 17 thang Chin, 2017. Nhieu than phien trong so nay lien
quan cu the den mui phat ra tu cac nha may loc dau trong khu vuc Kenh Tau.
Ngoai ra, mot so to chuc phi chinh phu yeu cau du lieu chat luong khong khi tu
EPA. Mot trong nhung to chuc phi chinh phu nay co cac lien lac vien song trong
cac cong dong bi anh huong, la nguoi co the tiep can voi cac phan tu bi anh
huong. Tuy nhien, EPA da khong dap ung duoc cac yeu cau tu cac to chuc phi
chinh phu ve du lieu chat luong khong khi.
Gidi Quyet cac Moi Quan Tam Khong Du oc Truyen Bat toi Cac Cu Dan Bi
Anh Hieong
EPA thieu mot quy trinh cung cap phan hoi cho cong dong sau khi cac lo ngai cu
dan duoc xem la da duoc giai toa hoac giai quyet xong. Trong khi cac hoat dong
phan hoi duoc truyen dat hang ngay den cac trn so cua EPA thong qua cac bao
cao bang van ban, cac lien lac vien cong dong va nhan vien hien truong da bao
cao trong cac cuoc khao sat sau con bao cua EPA rang thong tin nay khong duoc
chuyen den cac nhom tai hien truong va ho khong duoc thong bao lieu cac van de
da duoc giai quyet xong hay chua. Vi du, mot lien lac vien cong dong da thong
bao mot sir co tai mot nha may loc dau dia phuong len chuoi chi huy da duoc thiet
lap sau do da hoi ve nhung rui ro sue khoe tu sir co do va ve tinh trang giai quyet.
Nguoi lien lac cong dong do da noi voi OIG rang phan hoi duy nhat nhan duoc tir
chuoi chi huy la TCEQ hien dang giai quyet cho tinh hinh. Lien lac vien cong
dong da bay to moi quan ngai ve cong dong va lieu cong dong co bi tiep xuc voi
cac rui ro sue khoe tir sir co hay khong.
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Han mot nua so lien lac vien cong (long da tra loi cho khao sat cua chung toi da
bao cao ve viec co nghe ve moi quan tam den chat luong khong khi trong cong
dong, nhung khoang mot nua cung noi rang EPA da khong giai quyet hoac doi
khi chi giai quyet cho nhung lo ngai ma ho da gui trong cac bao cao hang ngay
(Hinh 10).
Hinh 10: Ket qua khao sat lien lac vien cong dong — dap ung cua ban quan ly EPA*
Was EPA management responsive to community concerns?
Sometimes Not answered
Number of respondents = 44
Nguon: Phaii tich khao sat OIG.
* Bieu do nay dira tren quan diem cua cac lien lac vien cong dong EPA. Cac con so khong them vao 100
phan tram do ltoi tron.
Theo nhung nguoi tham gia khao sat va nhan vien EPA ma chung toi da phong
van, cac moi quan tam cua cong dong da duoc chuyen qua chuoi chi huy EPA, va
sau do duoc chuyen cho ben chinh phu chiu trach nhiem giai quyet van de (vi du,
cac lo ngai ve chat luong khong khi da duoc chuyen cho TCEQ). Khi ben lien
quan duoc thong bao, EPA da coi van de la da duoc "dong lai" Nhan vien khu
vuc 6 tu Van phong Cong Ly Moi truong va Su Vu Bo lac da tien hanh tiep can
voi cac quan chuc chinh quyen dia phuong va cac to chuc cong dong;18 tuy nhien,
mot so lien lac vien cong dong da bao cao rang thong tin ve each giai quyet van
de con thieu sot. Ngoai ra, sau khi EPA de cap den mot van de, quy trinh cua EPA
khong bao gom viec theo doi de xac nhan la da giai quyet van de va truyen dat
giai phap do cho ben lien quan.
Cong Ly Moi Tnrong Khong Diroc Giai Quyet Thoa Dang ve viec Dap Lfng
V^i Trircmg Hop Khan Cap
Theo Bdo Cdo sau Hanh Dong trong viec Dap Ung v&i Tran Bao va Chciy Rimg
nam 2017, cua Van Phong Quan Ly Khan Cap, cac can nhac ve cong ly moi
18Trong viec to chiic lai Vung 6 vao tliang Ba 2019, van phong nay da trd tlianli Van Phong Cong Dong, Bo Lac va
Banh Gia Moi Truong.
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truong khong duoc hoi nhap day du vao cau true He Thong Chi Huy Sir Co. Bao
cao de nghi hoi nhap cac can nhac ve cong ly moi tru'O'ng, "nhu thong qua sir phoi
hop voi cac to chuc phi chinh phu de duy tri nhan thuc ve moi quan tam cua ho,"
vao CCP.
Cac ban cau hoi do EPA thirc hien, khao sat cua chung toi va cac cuoc phong van
cua chung toi voi cac thanh vien trong cong dong cho thay sir thieu hieu biet thay
mat cho EPA ve nhu cau cua cac cong dong khac nhau o khu virc Houston va
each tiep can voi ho tot nhat. Kien thuc nay dac biet quan trong doi voi cac lien
lac vien cong dong de giao tiep hieu qua voi cac cong dong cong ly moi truong.
Vi du, cac lien lac vien cong dong nen co kinh nghiem voi cac cong dong nay de
cac lien lac vien co the giai quyet cac khac biet ve van hoa, rao can giao tiep va
cac thach thuc dia ly khien mot so trong cac cong dong nay kho tiep can. Biet khi
nao va noi cong dong tu tap cung rat quan trong de giao tiep va phan phoi hieu
qua thong tin can thiet.
Chung toi cung xac dinh mot so lo ngai giua cac nhan vien va quan ly khu virc
rang thong tin khong den duoc voi tat ca cac cong dong cong ly moi truong. Mot
so cu dan khong biet den sir hien dien cua EPA trong cac cong dong nay. Mac du
cac lien lac vien cong dong da duoc trien khai vao cac cong dong bi anh huong,
chung toi da xac nhan voi mot so thanh vien cong dong rang ho chua bao gio thay
mot lien lac vien cong dong nao trong khu pho cua ho sau con Bao Harvey. Ngoai
ra, nhieu lien lac vien va to chuc cong dong bay to lo ngai ve viec thieu tai lieu in
bang cac ngon ngu khac ngoai tieng Anh duoc su dung pho bien o khu virc
Houston.
Ket luan
Dira tren ket qua danh gia cua chung toi, mot so cu dan bi anh huong boi con Bao
Harvey da khong biet ve ket qua giam sat khong khi va cac rui ro ve chat luong
khong khi trong khi va ngay sau con bao. EPA da gioi han huong dan ve each pho
bien du lieu chat luong khong khi va thieu co che phan hoi cho phep nhan vien
hien truong cua EPA truyen dat ve tinh trang dang quan ngai den cac cong dong bi
anh huong.
Nhung thach thuc nay dan den viec nhan thuc cong dong bi han che ve cac van de
chat luong khong khi tiem an, do do co the giam sir tin can cua cong chung va niem
tin vao cac hanh dong cua chinh phu trong viec doi pho voi tinh huong khan cap.
Dua ra so luong anh huong cua con bao—bao gom lu lut, mat dien va noi so hai tir
nhien do thien tai—nhung lo ngai khong duoc giai quyet lien quan den chat luong
khong khi co the lam tang them cam nhan cua cong chung ve rui ro.
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Khuyen nghi
Chung toi de nghi Pho Quan Tri Vien Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong:
5. Sua doi Ke Hoach Truyen Thong Khiing Hoang cua EPA de bao gom mot
quy trinh lien lac de thong bao cho cac cong dong bi anh huong ve viec
giai quyet cac moi quan tam cua cong dong trong truong hop khan cap.
Chung toi khuyen nghi Quan tri vien Khu vuc cua Khu vuc 6:
6. Tien hanh dao tao cong ly moi truong cho cac lien lac vien cong dong va
nhan vien He Thong Chi Huy Sir Co, qua do hoan thanh yeu to do trong
Ke Hoach Truyen Thdng Khiing Hoang cua EPA.
Phan Hoi Cua Ca Quan va Danh Gia OIG
Co quan dong tinh voi Khuyen nghi 5 va 6 va cung cap cac hanh dong khac phuc
va ngay hoan thanh theo ke hoach duoc chap nhan. Be giai quyet Khuyen nghi 5
(Khuyen nghi 7 trong bao cao du thao cua chung toi), Van Phong Phu Trach cac
van de Cong Cong cua EPA co ke hoach cap nhat CCP cua co quan. Trong email
gui toi OIG ngay 3 thang Muoi Hai, 2019, co quan nay da lam ro rang ban cap
nhat doi voi CCP se bao gom mot quy trinh lien lac de thong bao cho cac cong
dong bi anh huong ve viec giai quyet cac moi quan tam cua cong dong trong
truong hop khan cap. Be giai quyet Khuyen nghi 6 (Khuyen nghi 9 trong bao cao
du thao cua chung toi), Khu vuc 6 se cung cap dich vu dao tao cong ly moi truong
hang nam cho tat ca nhan vien EPA khu vuc 6, bao gom ca nhan vien ung pho
khan cap. EPA cung se cung cap dich vu dao tao cho nhom nong cot tham gia
cong dong, nhan vien Bo Chi Huy Sir Co va cac lien lac vien cong dong thich hop
khac phu hop voi CCP cua EPA. Khuyen nghi 5 va 6 duoc xem la da giai quyet
bang cac hanh dong khac phuc dang cho xu ly.
Phan hoi cua co quan doi voi bao cao dir thao cua chung toi va cac gop y bo sung
cua chung toi nam trong Phu luc A. Co quan da cung cap cac goi y cu the de chung
toi xem xet va chung toi da sua doi bao cao cho phu hop.
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r
Tirih Trang Khuyen Nghi va
Loi Ich Tien Te Tiem Nang
KHUYEN NGHI
Ngay Hoan
Loi Ich Tien
Thanh Da
Te Tiem
Ho so1
Trang
Tinh
Hanh Dong ( hi nil
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Nang (tinh
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Phu luc A
Dap ifng cua Co' Quart v&i Ban Thao Bao Cao
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A 5 WASHINGTON. D.G. 20460
STjT
AI PRO^
O
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
MEMORANDUM
SEP g 201Q
u OFFICE OF
LAND AND EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
SUBJECT: Response to Office of Inspector General Draft Report No. OA&E F Y18 0266 "EPA
Needs to Improve Its Emergency Planning to Better Address Air Quality Concerns
During Future Disasters," datecfjune 25, 2019
FROM: Peter C. Wright
Assistant Administrator
rOr Charles J. Sheehan, Acting Inspector General
Office of Inspector General
Cam an quy vi da co co hoi tra loi cac van de va khuyen nghi trong bao cao kiem toan chu de.
Sau day la ban torn tat ve vi tri long the cua co quan, cung voi vi tri cua ho tren tung de xuat bao
cao. Doi voi nhung de xuat bao cao ma co quan dong y, chung toi da cung cap cac hanh dong
lchac phuc du dinh cap cao va ngay hoan thanh uoc tinh trong pham vi chung toi co the. Doi voi
nhung de xuat bao cao ma co quan khong dong y, chung toi da giai thich vi tri cua chung toi,
cung cap co so phap ly va de xuat thay the cho cac khuyen nghi. De quy vi xem xet, chung toi da
bao gom mot tep dinh kem Nhan Xet Ky Thuat de bo sung phan hoi nay.
TU THE NOI CHUNG CUA CO QUAN
Bao cao duong nhu dua ra ket luan rong rai ap dung cho Co quan va mot so chuong trinh quoc
gia dua tren danh gia han che ve mot sir kien trong do lu lut la trong tam chinh cua ung pho.
Thay vao do, danh gia ve ung pho cua Vung 9 doi voi hoat dong nui lira Kilauea o Hawaii, vi
ung pho mo rong su tap trung vao giam sat khong khi, se cung cap mot buc tranh tong the tot
hon ve cac quy trinh, kha nang va phoi hop ky luong cua EPA voi cac co quan tieu bang va dia
phuong.
N6i chung, Co quan khong dong y va cung khong khuyen phat trien su huong dan giam sat bao
quat cho cac phan ung khan cap - ngoai nhung gi da co. Dau tien, cac tieu bang va chinh quy en
dia phuong chiu trach nhiem cho cac no luc ung pho khan cap cua ho. Neu yeu cau co sir ho tro
lien bang hoac EPA nhan duoc nhiem vu tu Fema, ung pho se duoc xu ly boi Viing cu the cua
EPA. Moi truong hop khan cap la doc dao, cung nhu cac ung pho lien quan. Huong dan bao quat
cho viec giam sat se bao gom vo so tinh huong khan cap co the xay ra se la mot thach thuc. Cac
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quyet dinh lien quan den giam sat dugc dua ra dira tren danh gia ve sir co cu the. Han nua, tai
Khu virc 6, tat ca cac bang deu co tham quyen dugc phe duyet cua Ke Hoach Thirc Hien Tieu
Bang (SIP) - gioi chuc da dugc chap thuan de cho phep khai dong, ngung hoat dong va bao tri
(SSM) sir phat thai theo ke hoach cho hau het cac co so. EPA chi chap thuan cac quy dinh cho
phep cua tieu bang. EPA cung co the va thirc thi cac giay phep nay, cac dieu kien bat buoc cua
SIP va Tieu Chuan Khi Thai Quoc Gia Doi Voi Cac Chat Gay O Nhiem Khong Khi Nguy Hiem.
Cac quy dinh hien hanh khong cho phep tieu bang hoac EPA chi thi cac lich trinh SSM.
Tir cac cuoc thao luan cua minh chung toi hieu rang chung toi co the de nghi cac lira chgn thay
the cho cac de xuat dir thao va chung toi da cung cap cac ggi y trong bang "Bat dong y kien" ben
duoi. Noi chung, chung toi de xuat:
1. xoa bo Van Phong Khong Khi va Phong Xa voi tu each la mot quan chuc hanh
dong ra khoi cac khuyen nghi,
2. ket hgp cac khuyen nghi 2 va 8,
3. ket hgp cac khuyen nghi 5 va 6,
4. loai trir thuat ngu "trien khai" tren mang trong cac khuyen nghi da dugc sua doi,
5. gia dinh rang " phat trien huong dan" bao gom tuy chgn ket hgp cac dieu khoan
dugc yeu cau vao huong dan hien co hoac (cac) tai lieu phu hgp khac, va
6. tap trung vao cac sua doi ve viec giam sat lien quan den viec thai chat doc trong
khong khi dugc phep va khong dugc phep trong truong hgp khan cap thay vi cac
chat gay o nhiem khong khi nguy hiem dugc noi den boi SIP.
Phan hoi va nhung sua doi nay da dugc phoi hgp voi Van Phong Khong Khi va Buc Xa, Van
Phong Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong, va EPA Vung 6.
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PHAN HOI CUA CO QUAN DPI VQl CAC KHUYEN NGHIBAO CAP
Thoar
"huan
So
Khuyen Nghi
(Cac) Hanh Dong Khac Phuc
Theo Du Binh Cap Cao
Dir Kien Hoan Thanh Theo
Quy va Tai Khoa
7
Sua doi Ke Hoach Truyen
Thong Khung Hoang cua
EPA de bao gom mot quy
trinh lien lac de thong bao
cho cac cong dong bi anh
huong ve viec giai quyet cac
moi quan tam cua cong
dong trong truong hop khan
cap.
7.1 Cap Nhat Ke Hoach Truyen
Thong Khung Hoang
Quy 1 Tai Khoa 2020, ngay
30 thang Muoi Hai
Phan Hoi OIG #1: Ca quan (long tinh voi khuyen nghi va dua ra mot hanh dong khac phuc theo ke
hoach va ngay hoan thanh. Trong email gui toi PIG ngay 3 thang Muoi Hai, 2019, co quan nay da
lam ro rang ban cap nhat doi voi CCP se bao gom mot quy trinh lien lac de thong bao cho cac cong
dong bi anh huong ve viec giai quyet cac moi quan tam cua cong dong trong truong hop khan cap.
Chung toi xet thay de xuat nay—khuyen nghi 5 trong bao cao cuoi cung—giai quyet bang cac hanh
dong khac phuc dang cho xu ly.
9
(Vung 6) Thuc hien dao tao
cong ly moi truong cho cac
lien lac vien cong dong va
nhan vien He Thong Chi
Huy Sir Co, do do hoan
thanh yeu to do trong Ke
Hoach Truyen Thong
Khung Hoang cua EPA.
9.1 Tiep tuc cung cap dao tao EJ
hang nam cho tat ca nhan vien
EPA Vung 6, bao gom ca nhan
vien ung pho khan cap. EPA se
xem xet them mot mo-dun de
nhan manh den truyen thong
cong ly moi truong trong qua
trinh ung pho khan cap.
Quy 4 nam Tai Khoa 2020
Ngay 30 thang Chin, va moi
nam sau do
9.2 Cung cap dao tao cho nhom
nong cot co tham gia trong cong
dong, nhan vien Chi Huy Sir Co
va cac lien lac vien cong dong
thich hop khac phu hop voi Ke
Hoach Truyen Thong Khung
Hoang cua EPA.
Quy 3 Tai Khoa 2020, ngay
30 thang Sau
Phan Hoi OIG #2: Co quan dong tinh voi khuyen nghi va dua ra mot hanh dong khac phuc theo ke
hoach va ngay hoan thanh. Cu the, co quan hanh dong khac phuc so 9.2 giai quyet khuyen nghi.
Khuyen nghi nay, la Khuyen nghi 6 trong bao cao cuoi cung, duoc giai quyet bang cac hanh dong
khac phuc dang cho xu ly.
\lhu'n» bat dong
So
Khuyen Nghi
Co Quan Giai Thich/Tra Loi
Be Xuat Thay The
1
(OLEM) Phat trien va
trien khai huong dan
giam sat chat luong
khong khi moi truong
Giam sat khong khi trong qua trinh phan
hoi duoc ca nhan hoa va phu thuoc nhieu
vao cac dac diem doc dao cua sir co.
Huong dan bao quat de giam sat bao gom
(OLEM) Be thu thap du
lieu co the su dung va
nham muc tieu cac moi
quan tam trong huong dan
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cho cac phan ung
khan cap o cac khu
vuc cong nghiep hoa
nang. Huong dan nay
se giai quyet, toi
thieu, each chon cac
vi tri giam sat, thoi
luong, thoi diem va
phuong phap tuy
thuoc vao muc dich
su dung cua du lieu.
vo so tinh huong khan cap co the xay ra la
khong kha thi. Cac quyet dinh lien quan
den giam sat duoc dua ra dua tren danh
gia ve sir co cu the. Vi du: cac truong hop
nhu duong pho bi ngap lut, mat dien, kha
nang tiep can voi cac co so/dia diem, hoac
an toan nhan sir, se chi ra nhung gi co
the/khong the thirc hien duoc.
phat trien ung pho khan
cap (vi du, ho tro cong
viec) de ho tro cac co
quan tieu bang, dia
phuong va bo lac; cong
nghiep; va cong chung bi
anh huong trong viec phat
trien cac ke hoach giam
sat khong khi o cac khu
vuc cong nghiep hoa nang
trong truong hop khan
cap.
Phan Hoi OIG #3: Bao cao cua chung toi nhan ra ban chat rieng cua tirng phan ung khan cap. Muc
dich cua chung toi la khong khuyen nghi EPA phat trien huong dan theo quy dinh de bao quat tat ca
cac tinh huong tiem an; thay vao do, muc dich cua chung toi la de nghi EPA phat trien huong dan
chung de giup cac co quan tieu bang va dia phuong, cung nhu cac to chuc phi chinh phu, phat trien
cac ke hoach giam sat khan cap cua ho. Trong cac cuoc thao luan voi co quan nay, chung toi da dong
y ve ngon ngu thay the cho Khuyen nghi 1 va sua doi no cho bao cao cuoi cung. Khuyen nghi nay
chua duoc giai quyet trong khi cho nhan ke hoach hanh dong khac phuc va ngay hoan thanh de xuat
tir EPA.
2
(OLEM) Phat trien va
thuc hien mot
phuong phap luu tru
va cung cap quyen
truy cap cong cong
vao du lieu giam sat
khong khi moi truong
duoc thu thap trong
mot ung pho khan
cap.
EPA co mot so cong cu va quy trinh hien
huu nhu SCRIBE, Viper, Hinh anh hoat
dong chung va ban do cau chuyen. Huong
Dan Lay Mau Cua Nhom Ung Pho Khan
Cap co the duoc tim thay tai:
httDs://neDis.eDa.sov/Exe/ZvPDF.csi/2000
FZYG.PDF?Dockev=2000FZYG.PDF
(OLEM/OPA) Phat trien
phuong phap luu tru va
cung cap quyen truy cap
cong cong vao du lieu
giam sat khong khi trong
truong hop ung pho khan
cap.
Phan Hoi OIG #4: Viper, mot he thong thong tin lien lac dira tren mang luoi khong day, da khong
duoc su dung de phan phoi du lieu giam sat khong khi tho cho cong chung trong phan ung cua co
quan voi con Bao Harvey va van chua duoc su dung de cung cap nguoc tro ve truoc thong tin nay.
Cong cu nay cung thieu cac tinh nang than thien voi nguoi dung, cho phep cac thanh vien cua cong
dong de dang xac dinh va trich xuat thong tin lien quan den cac tiep xuc hoac muc do quan tam cua
ho. Cac cong cu con \ai ma EPA de cap trong phan hoi cua ho cung khong giai quyet thoa dang moi
quan tam cua chung toi hoac giai quyet de xuat cua chung toi, vi cac cong cu nay chi cung cap thong
tin o cap do torn tat hoac yeu cau cai dat phan mem phuc tap vao may tinh cua nguoi dung. Dua tren
cac cuoc thao luan voi co quan, chung toi da phat trien ngon ngu thay the cho Khuyen nghi 2 va sua
doi de xuat cho bao cao cuoi cung. Khuyen nghi nay chua duoc giai quyet trong khi cho nhan ke
hoach hanh dong khac phuc va ngay hoan thanh de xuat tu EPA.
3
(OLEM) Kiem tra va
danh gia viec su dung
may theo doi khong
khi gia re tren khap
cac cong dong
Neu cac he thong giam sat truoc sir kien
duoc dua ra khong hoat dong theo cac
tinh trang khan cap, EPA se su dung cac
cong cu ve muc sang loc (TAGA,
ASPECT) de xac dinh cac khu vuc dang
(OLEM) De cai thien tinh
kha dung cua viec giam
sat khong khi ngay sau sir
kien, hay sap nhap sir phoi
hop cac quy trinh hien co
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fenceline de theo doi
chat doc trong khong
khi va cac chat gay o
nhiem khong khi
khac trong cac tinh
huong khan cap khi
he thong va mang
luoi giam sat khong
khi cua tieu bang va
dia phuong khong
hoat dong.
quan tarn de theo doi khong khi muc tieu,
hon nua.
voi ORD va OAQPS de
danh gia sir san co va su
dung cac phuong phap
giam sat tir xa va di dong
de giam sat chat doc hai
trong khong khi khi
phuong phap tinh khong
co san.
Phan Hoi OIG #5: Cac cong cu cap do sang loc duoc trich dan boi ca quan nay deu duoc mo ta trong
bao cao cua chung toi. Trong cac cuoc thao luan voi co quan nay, chung toi da di den mot thoa thuan
ve ngon ngu thay the cho Khuyen nghi 3 va sua doi khuyen nghi cho bao cao cuoi cung. Khuyen nghi
nay chua duoc giai quyet trong khi cho nhan ke hoach hanh dong khac phuc va ngay hoan thanh de
xuat tir EPA.
4
(OLEM / OAR) Xac
dinh va tieu chuan
hoa viec su dung cac
nguong chat luong
khong khi moi truong
dua tren sue khoe
phu hop o cac cong
dong trong thoi gian
co cac ung pho khan
cap.
Hien da co cac tieu chuan chat luong
khong khi hien huu [Tieu Chuan Chat
Luong Khong Khi Moi Truong Quoc Gia
(NAAQS)]. Chung khong thay doi trong
cac ung pho khan cap. Trong qua trinh
ung pho, neu chung toi phat hien ra mot
chat gay o nhiem cu the dang lo ngai,
chung toi se tim den cac gia tri cap tinh
hien co cho hoa chat do de uoc tinh rui ro
cho cong dong. Cac gia tri nay da ton tai
(vi du, AEGL) va cho biet nong do ma cac
tac dong sue khoe cong dong co the xay ra
doi voi mot nguy co hoa hoc cu the.
Trong truong hop hi em hoi khi cho rang
khong co gia tri duoc thiet lap cho mot
chat cu the, mot chat duoc phat trien dua
tren du lieu hien co hoac bang each su
dung cac cong cu hien co de uoc tinh ve
doc tinh. Bieu nay duoc thuc hien trong
sir phoi hop voi cac thuc the nhu ORD,
ATSDR cua EPA, va cac chuyen gia khac
ve doc tinh va danh gia rui ro. AEGLS
duoc bieu thi duoi dang nong do cu the
cua cac hoa chat trong khong khi ma tai
do anh huong sue khoe co the xay ra.
Chung duoc thiet ke de bao ve cho nguoi
gia va tre em va cac nhom dan so de mac
benh khac.
Xoa bo OAR va sua lai
khuyen nghi de doc:
(OLEM) Trong truong
hop khong co cac nguong
phoi nhiem cap tinh lien
bang (tieu chuan AEGL)
doi voi chat doc trong
khong khi va de tranh sir
cham tre trong viec danh
gia tac dong sue khoe
tiem tang cua nong do
duoc phat hien trong
truong hop khan cap, hay
ket hop voi huong dan
chuan bi hien co yeu cau
Khu virc phoi hop voi cac
tieu bang de xac dinh cac
tieu chuan o nhiem khong
khi hau dua ra quyet dinh
ve tac dong sue khoe cong
dong tir khi thai doc hai
tiem nang.
Phan Hoi OIG #6: Chung toi nhan thay rang co cac tieu chuan chat luong khong khi hien co doi voi
cac tieu chi gay o nhiem khong khi, nhung khong co tieu chuan chat luong khong khi lien bang cho
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chat doc trong khong khi. Chung toi cung thira nhan rang EPA da phat trien cac AEGL de danh gia rui
ro sue khoe cong dong do tiep xuc voi chat doc trong khong khi trong mot truong hop khan cap. Tuy
nhien, cac AEGL khong tinh den cac phoi nhiem tich luy hoac tong hop doi voi cac hoa chat trong
khong khi, co nghia la cac AEGL co the khong du bao ve cho cac cong dong nhay cam. Ngoai ra,
Texas da phat trien cac nguong phoi nhiem cap tinh cua rieng minh, va mot quyet dinh quan trong
trong thoi gian ung pho voi con Bao Harvey la lieu co nen su dung nguong cua tieu bang hoac EPA
lam muc do hanh dong hay khong. Bao cao cua chung toi khong dat cau hoi ve viec lira chon cac
nguong duoc su dung cho sir ung pho. Sau khi thao luan them voi co quan va trong so cac quan ly
cua OIG, chung toi da rut lai khuyen nghi nay.
(Khu virc 6) Danh gia
kha nang rui ro bat
loi ve sue khoe cho
cac cu dan song gan
khu virc cong nghiep
tir viec tang [khoi
dong, ngung hoat
dong va bao tri] sir
phat thai SSM trong
truong hop khan cap
Cac quy dinh hi en hanh khong cho phep
tieu bang hoac EPA chi thi cac lich trinh
SSM. Danh gia sue khoe cong dong la
trach nhiem cua bo Y te va Dich vu Nhan
sinh, khong phai EPA. EPA co the cung
cap du lieu giam sat khong khi de ho tro
phan tich HHS, khi can thiet. Cac phan
ung khan cap cua EPA duoc thirc hien de
bao ve sue khoe con nguoi va moi truong
khoi cac moi de doa tuc thoi do xa thai va
thai cac chat doc hai do thi en tai. Nhung
ung pho nay tuan theo cac dao luat, quy
dinh, chinh sach, huong dan, cung cap sir
phoi hop voi cac co quan lien bang khac
va cac co quan ung pho cua tieu bang, bo
lac va dia phuong. Doi voi fenceline va
cac cong dong lan can, EPA phoi hop voi
cac quan chuc dia phuong, tieu bang va
bo lac lien quan den noi tru an tai cho, so
tan hoac cac bien phap bao ve khac.
(Vung 6) SSM chiu sir chi
phoi boi cac quy dinh cua
tieu bang va lien bang da
duoc thiet ke de han che
luong khi thai bao gom ca
trong truong hop khan
cap. Trong truong hop
khan cap, cac moi quan
tam ve chat luong khong
khi duoc giai quyet thong
qua giam sat bang each su
dung cac gia tri cap tinh
da duoc thiet lap (vi du:
AEGL) cho cac hoa chat
dang quan tam, de uoc
tinh rui ro cho cac cong
dong. Chuong trinh thirc
thi cua EPA cung danh gia
cac hoat dong cua co so
va co cac hanh dong thirc
thi can thiet khi vi pham
xay ra.
Phan Hoi OIG #7: Chung toi hieu rang EPA khong the chi thi khi nao mot co so nen dong cua hoac
khoi dong de ung pho voi tinh huong khan cap va viec mo ta rui ro tir cac phoi nhiem nay la kho
khan. Tuy nhien, moi quan ngai ve sue khoe cong dong trong thoi gian co Bao Harvey la tac dong sue
khoe tiem tang ve sir tiep xuc cua nguoi dan voi chat doc trong khong khi tir nhieu SSM cua co so
trong mot khoang thoi gian co dong. Do do, chung toi tin rang Khu virc 6 nen phat trien mot chien
luoc, trong viec phoi hop voi cac tieu bang cua minh, de han che cac phoi nhiem cua cac cong dong
fenceline voi cac khu virc cong nghiep hoa nang ne trong cac truong hop khan cap sau nay. Dira tren
cac cuoc thao luan voi co quan, chung toi da sua doi va ket hop hai dir thao de xuat bao cao (Khuyen
nghi 5 va 6) thanh mot khuyen nghi cuoi cung (Khuyen nghi 4). De xuat bao cao cuoi cung chua duoc
giai quyet khi nhan duoc ke hoach hanh dong khac phuc va ngay hoan thanh de xuat tir EPA.
(Khu virc 6) Phat
trien va xuc tien ke
hoach han che sir
phoi nhiem voi chat
doc hai trong khong
Xoa bo de xuat nay va ket
hop voi #5.
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khi tai cong dong
fenceline va cac cong
dong lan can khac
khoi phat ra khi thai
vao luc khoi dong,
ngung hoat dong va
hu hong trong truong
hop khan cap quy mo
Ion.
Phan Hoi OIG #8: Xem Phan Hoi OIG #7:
8
Phat trien va xuc tien
chien luoc pho bien
cong khai du lieu ve
chat luong khong khi.
Xem phan hoi OLEM doi voi khuyen nghi
#2.
Xoa bo de xuat nay va ket
hop vao #2
Phan Hoi OIG #9: Dua tren cac cuoc thao luan cua chung toi voi co quan, chung toi da dong y rang
Khuyen nghi 2 va 8 trong bao cao du thao la giong nhau va co the duoc ket hop thanh mot khuyen
nghi. Do do, chung toi da xoa bo du thao Khuyen nghi 8 va thuc hi en cac sua doi nho doi voi Khuyen
nghi 2 cho bao cao cuoi cung. Xem Phan Hoi OIG #4:
THONG TIN LIEN LAC
Neu quy vi co bat ky cau hoi nao ve phan hoi nay, vui long lien he voi Reggie Cheatham, Giam
doc Van phong Quan ly Truong Hop Khan cap tai Cheatham.Reggie@epa.gov hoac (202) 564-
8003 hoac Becki Clark, Pho Giam doc, Van phong Quan ly Truong Hop Khan cap tai
Clark.Becki@epa.gov hoac (202) 564-3818.
Dinh kem - Gop Y ve Ky Thuat
cc: Anne Idsal, OAR
Nancy Grantham, OPA
Ken McQueen, Region 6
Reggie Cheatham, OEM
Kevin Christensen, OIG
James Hatfield, OIG
Gabrielle Fekete, OIG
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Phu luc B
Phan Phoi
Quan tri vien
Trg ly pho quan tri vien
Pho quan tri vien
Chanh van phong
Quyen chanh van phong
Vien Chuc Theo Doi cua Ca quan (CFO)
Dieu phoi vien theo doi cua co quan
Tong Co Van
Pho quan tri vien cho quan he quoc hoi va lien chinh phu
Pho Quan Tri Vien Phu Trach cac van de Cong Cong
Giam Doc, Van Phong Cai Tien Lien Tuc, Van Phong Quan Tri Vien
Pho Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Khong Khi va Buc Xa
Quyen Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Khong Khi Va Buc Xa
Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truong Hgp Khan Cap
Quyen Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien Chinh ve Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truong Hgp Khan Cap
Quyen Trg Ly Quan Tri Vien ve Quan Ly Dat Dai va Truong Hgp Khan Cap
Quan Tri Vien Khu Vuc, Khu Vuc 6
Quyen Quan Tri Vien Khu Vuc, Khu Vuc 6
Trg ly Quan tri vien va Co van Khoa hgc EPA, Van phong Nghien cuu va Phat trien
Quyen trg ly Quan tri vien chinh cho Khoa hgc va Co van Khoa hgc EPA, Van phong Nghien
cuu va Phat trien
Giam doc, Van phong Quan ly truong hgp Khan cap, Van phong Quan ly Dat dai va truong hgp
Khan cap
Giam doc, Van phong Quy hoach va Tieu chuan Chat lugng Khong khi, Van phong Khong khi
va Buc xa
Giam doc, Van phong dieu hanh khu vuc
Giam doc bo phan, Superfund, khu vuc 6
Dieu phoi vien theo doi kiem toan, Van phong quan tri vien
Dieu phoi vien theo doi kiem toan, Van phong khong khi va buc xa
Dieu phoi vien theo doi kiem toan, Van phong quan ly dat dai va truong hgp khan cap
Dieu phoi vien theo doi kiem toan, Van phong nghien cuu va phat trien
Dieu phoi vien theo doi kiem toan, Van phong lap ke hoach va tieu chuan chat lugng khong khi,
Van phong khong khi va buc xa
Dieu phoi vien theo doi kiem toan, khu vuc 6
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