PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
xvEPA
United States	Office of Chemical Safety and
Environmental Protection Agency	Pollution Prevention
Draft Risk Evaluation for
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
Systematic Review Supplemental File:
Data Quality Evaluation of Physical-Chemical Properties Studies
CASRN: 872-50-4
ch3
October 2019
1

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Table of Contents
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1054. HERO ID:
737461	3
Ashford, R.D. (1994) Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England:
Wavelength Publications Ltd., p. 595. HERO ID: 1443889 	4
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1054. HERO ID:
737461	5
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1054. HERO ID:
737461	6
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. 1989. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure
Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis. HERO ID:
3827242	7
NFPA. (1997). Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National
Fire Protection Association, p. 325-72. HERO ID: 3827456 	8
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1054. HERO ID:
737461	9
Sasaki, H; Kojima, M; Mori, Y; Nakamura J; Shibasaki, J. (1988). Enhancing effect of
pyrrolidone derivatives on transdermal drug delivery I. Int J Pharm, 44,15-24. HERO
ID: 3827461 	 10
Kim, BR; Kalis, EM; Dewulf, T; Andrews, KM. (2000). Henry's Law Constant for Paint
Solvents and their Implications on Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from
Automotive Painting. Water Environ Res 72: 65-74. HERO ID: 3578170	 11
Riddick JA et al. (1986) Techniques of organic chemistry: Organic solvents: Physical
properties and methods of purification. 4th ed., Vol 2 p. 666. HERO ID: 3827465	 12
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1054. HERO ID:
737461	 13
2

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,
p. 1054.
HERO ID: 737461
Note:
O'Neil (2006) reported several physical-chemical properties and only the confidence
of the physical form is evaluated.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
The information is measured for
the subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
The information is consistent
with the nature of the substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The information is from a
recognized data collection where
data are peer-reviewed by experts
in the field and are broadly
available to the public for review
and use.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the domain/metric
was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Not rated
This metric is not applicable to
this type of information.
Overall Quality Level:
High
3

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Study Reference:
Ashford, RD. (1994) Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London,
England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., p. 595.
HERO ID: 1443889
Note:
Ashford (1994) reported the melting point of NMP.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination [i.e.,
High, Medium,
Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
The data was measured for the
subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
Data are consistent with the
nature of the subject chemical
substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
Medium
The data is from a known data
collection reference book.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the
domain/metric was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Analytical method details are
not provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
4

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p.
1054.
HERO ID: 737461
Note:
O'Neil (2006) reported several physical-chemical properties and only the confidence
of the boiling point is evaluated.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and chemical
substance type.
High
The data is measured for the
subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
Data cited as found in the
literature.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The information is from a
recognized data collection where
data are peer-reviewed by
experts in the field and are
broadly available to the public
for review and use.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing the
data/information is not biased
towards a particular product
or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the
domain/metric was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Analytical method details are
not provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
5

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,
p. 1054.
HERO ID: 737461
Note:
O'Neil (2006) reported multiple physical-chemical properties. The confidence of the
density is evaluated here.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
Data was measured for the
subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
The value is consistent with the
nature of the substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The information is from a
recognized data collection where
data are peer-reviewed by experts
in the field and are broadly
available to the public for review
and use.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the domain/metric
was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Analytical method details are not
provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
6

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
Daubert, T.E., RP. Danner. 1989. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of
Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.
HERO ID: 3827242
Note:
Daubert and Danner (1989) reported a regression equation for the vapor pressure of
NMP.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
Data are measured for the subject
chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
Measured data are consistent with
the subject chemical substance
structural features.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The information or data is from a
recognized data
collection/repository where data
are peer-reviewed by experts in
the field, are broadly available to
the public for review and use and
include references to the original
sources.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
High
Methodology for producing the
information is designed to answer
a specific question, and the
methodology's objective is clear.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Underlying experimental studies
used to derive the coefficients
were cited but analytical details
were not provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
NFPA. (1997). Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,
MA: National Fire Protection Association, p. 325-72.
HERO ID: 3827456
Note:
NFPA (1997) reported the vapor density of NMP. Data quality evaluation based on the
13th ed. (2002), p 325-89.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and chemical
substance type.
High
Data is measured for the subject
chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
Data are representative and
deemed suitable for general use.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
Medium
Data reported from numerous
authoritative sources as well as
from manufacturers.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the domain/metric
was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Analytical method details are not
provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
8

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p.
1054.
HERO ID: 737461
Note:
O'Neil (2006) reported several physical-chemical properties and only the confidence
of the water solubility is evaluated.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and chemical
substance type.
High
Data are measured for the subject
chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
The value is consistent with the
nature of the substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The information is from a
recognized data collection where
data are peer-reviewed by experts
in the field and are broadly
available to the public for review
and use.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the domain/metric
was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Analytical method details are not
provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
9

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
Sasaki, H; Kojima, M; Mori, Y; Nakamura J; Shibasaki, J. (1988). Enhancing
effect of pyrrolidone derivatives on transdermal drug delivery I. Int J Pharm,
44,15-24."
HERO ID: 3827461
Note:
Sasaki H (1988) reported the octanol-water partition coefficient of NMP.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
Data are measured for the subject
chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
Measured data are consistent with
the subject chemical substance
structural features.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The data is from a peer-reviewed
journal article.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
High
Methodology for producing the
information is designed to answer
a specific question, and the
methodology's objective is clear.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
High
Data are obtained by accepted
standard analytic methods.
Overall Quality Level:
High
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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
Kim, BR; Kalis, EM; Dewulf, T; Andrews, KM. (2000). Henry's Law Constant
for Paint Solvents and their Implications on Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions from Automotive Painting. Water Environ Res 72: 65-74.
HERO ID: 3578170
Note:
Kim et al. (2000) reported the Henry's Law constant of NMP.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination [i.e.,
High, Medium,
Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
The data was measured for the
subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
The value is consistent with the
nature of the substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The value is reported in a peer-
reviewed journal article.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
High
Methodology for producing the
information is designed to
answer a specific question and
the methodology's objective is
clear.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
High
Values were obtained by
accepted standard analytical
methods.
Overall Quality Level:
High
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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
Riddick JA et al. (1986) Techniques of organic chemistry: Organic solvents:
Physical properties and methods of purification. 4th ed., Vol 2 p. 666.
HERO ID: 3827465
Note:
Riddick et al. (1986) reported the flash point of NMP.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
Data was measured for the
subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
The value is consistent with the
nature of the substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The value is reported in a
secondary source that is reviewed
by experts, is widely available to
the public, and cites original
sources.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Medium
The method used to produce the
information is designed to answer
a specific question.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
High
The value was obtained using an
accepted standard method.
Overall Quality Level:
High
12

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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Study Reference:
O'Neil, M.J., ed. (2006). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,
p. 1054.
HERO ID: 737461
Note:
O'Neil (2006) reported multiple physical-chemical properties. The confidence of the
viscosity is evaluated here.
Domain/Metric
Description/
Definition
Qualitative
Determination
[i.e., High,
Medium, Low,
Unacceptable, or
Not rated]
Comment
Representativeness
The information or data
reflects the data and
chemical substance type.
High
Data was measured for the
subject chemical substance.
Appropriateness
The information or data
reflects anticipated results
based on chemical structural
features or behaviors.
High
The value is consistent with the
nature of the substance.
Evaluation/Review
The information or data
reported has reliable review.
High
The information is from a
recognized data collection where
data are peer-reviewed by experts
in the field and are broadly
available to the public for review
and use.
Reliability/Unbiased
(Method Objectivity)
The method for producing
the data/information is not
biased towards a particular
product or outcome.
Not rated
Data source does not provide
information to determine the
method objectivity (unbiased
method). Thus, the domain/metric
was not rated.
Reliability/Analytic
Method
The information or data
reported is from a reliable
method.
Low
Analytical method details are not
provided.
Overall Quality Level:
High
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PEER REVIEW DRAFT- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
EPI Suite™ Model Outputs
CAS Number: 000872-50-4
SMILES : 0=C1CCCN1C
CHEM : N-METHYLPYRROLIDONE
MOL FOR: C5H9N1 01
MOL WT : 99.13
	EPI SUMMARY (v4.11)	
Physical Property Inputs:
Log Kow (octanol-water): -0.38
Boiling Point (deg C) : 202.00
Melting Point (deg C) : -25.00
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) : 0.345
Water Solubility (mg/L): 1E+006
Henry LC (atm-m3/mole) : 3.2E-009
Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC):
Log Kow (KOWWIN vl .69 estimate) = -0.11
Log Kow (Exper. database match) = -0.38
Exper. Ref: SASAKI,H ET AL. (1988)
Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPVP vl.43):
Boiling Pt (deg C): 201.93 (Adapted Stein & Brown method)
Melting Pt (deg C): 25.87 (Mean or Weighted MP)
VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 0.326 (Mean VP of Antoine & Grain methods)
VP (Pa, 25 deg C): 43.5 (Mean VP of Antoine & Grain methods)
MP (exp database): -24 deg C
BP (exp database): 202 deg C
VP (exp database): 3.45E-01 mm Hg (4.60E+001 Pa) at 25 deg C
Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW vl.42):
Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L): 5.53e+005
log Kow used: -0.38 (user entered)
melt pt used: -25.00 deg C
Water Sol (Exper. database match) = le+006 mg/L (25 deg C)
Exper. Ref: RIDDICK,JA ET AL. (1986)
Water Sol Estimate from Fragments:
Wat Sol (vl.01 est) = 4.5016e+005 mg/L
ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR vl. 11):
Class(es) found:
Amides
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Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.20]:
Bond Method: 3.16E-008 atm-m3/mole (3.20E-003 Pa-m3/mole)
Group Method: Incomplete
Exper Database: 3.20E-09 atm-m3/mole (3.24E-004 Pa-m3/mole)
For Henry LC Comparison Purposes:
User-Entered Henry LC: 3.200E-009 atm-m3/mole (3.242E-004 Pa-m3/mole)
Henrys LC [via VP/WSol estimate using User-Entered or Estimated values]:
HLC: 4.500E-008 atm-m3/mole (4.560E-003 Pa-m3/mole)
VP: 0.345 mm Hg (source: User-Entered)
WS: 1E+006 mg/L (source: User-Entered)
Log Octanol-Air Partition Coefficient (25 deg C) [KOAWIN vl.10]:
Log Kow used: -0.38 (user entered)
Log Kaw used: -6.883 (user entered)
Log Koa (KOAWIN vl.10 estimate): 6.503
Log Koa (experimental database): None
Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.10):
Biowinl (Linear Model) : 0.9105
Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model) : 0.9865
Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.9259 (weeks)
Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) : 3.9101 (days)
MITI Biodegradation Probability:
Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model) : 0.5101
Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.6426
Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
Biowin7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): -0.1714
Ready Biodegradability Prediction: YES
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation (BioHCwin vl.01):
Structure incompatible with current estimation method!
Sorption to aerosols (25 Dec C)[AEROWIN vl.00]:
Vapor pressure (liquid/subcooled): 46 Pa (0.345 mm Hg)
Log Koa (Koawin est ): 6.503
Kp (particle/gas partition coef. (m3/ug)):
Mackay model : 6.52E-008
Octanol/air (Koa) model: 7.82E-007
Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi):
Junge-Pankow model : 2.36E-006
Mackay model : 5.22E-006
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Octanol/air (Koa) model: 6.25E-005
Atmospheric Oxidation (25 deg C) [AopWin vl.92]:
Hydroxyl Radicals Reaction:
OVERALL OH Rate Constant = 21.9910 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec
Half-Life = 0.486 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
Half-Life = 5.837 Hrs
Ozone Reaction:
No Ozone Reaction Estimation
Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi):
3.79E-006 (Junge-Pankow, Mackay avg)
6.25E-005 (Koa method)
Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation
Soil Adsorption Coefficient (KOCWIN v2.00):
Koc : 7.401 L/kg (MCI method)
LogKoc: 0.869 (MCI method)
Koc : 4.651 L/kg (Kow method)
LogKoc: 0.668 (Kow method)
Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v2.00]:
Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure!
Bioaccumulation Estimates (BCFBAF v3.01):
Log BCF from regression-based method = 0.500 (BCF = 3.162 L/kg wet-wt)
Log Biotransformation Half-life (HL) = -1.9694 days (HL = 0.01073 days)
Log BCF Arnot-Gobas method (upper trophic) = -0.043 (BCF = 0.9064)
Log BAF Arnot-Gobas method (upper trophic) = -0.043 (BAF = 0.9064)
log Kow used: -0.38 (user entered)
Volatilization from Water:
Henry LC: 3.2E-009 atm-m3/mole (entered by user)
Half-Life from Model River: 1.822E+005 hours (7590 days)
Half-Life from Model Lake : 1.987E+006 hours (8.281E+004 days)
Removal In Wastewater Treatment:
Total removal:	1.85 percent
Total biodegradation: 0.09 percent
Total sludge adsorption: 1.76 percent
Total to Air:	0.00 percent
(using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S)
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Level III Fugacity Model: (MCI Method)
Mass Amount Half-Life Emissions
(percent) (hr) (kg/hr)
Air 0.066 11.7 1000
Water 32.5 360 1000
Soil 67.3 720 1000
Sediment 0.0697 3.24e+003 0
Persistence Time: 608 hr
Level III Fugacity Model: (MCI Method with Water percents)
Mass Amount Half-Life Emissions
(percent) (hr) (kg/hr)
Air 0.066 11.7 1000
Water 32.5 360 1000
water (32.5)
biota (6.78e-007)
suspended sediment (0.000361)
Soil 67.3 720 1000
Sediment 0.0697 3.24e+003 0
Persistence Time: 608 hr
Level III Fugacity Model: (EQC Default)
Mass Amount Half-Life Emissions
(percent) (hr) (kg/hr)
Air 0.0716 11.7 1000
Water 39.2 360 1000
water (39.2)
biota (8.17e-007)
suspended sediment (1.01e-005)
Soil 60.6 720 1000
Sediment 0.072 3.24e+003 0
Persistence Time: 562 hr
17

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