Postconsumer Food Diverted Through Donation, Animal Feed, Anaerobic
Digestion, and Composting for 2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery
April 2015
1.0 Introduction
In 2013, 37.06 million tons of postconsumer food ready for end of life management were generated in the United
States (U.S. EPA, 2015b). This includes restaurant, grocery, and household food and excludes preconsumer food
from food processing facilities, agricultural operations, or other industrial processes. In support of EPA's
municipal solid waste (MSW) characterization efforts, EPA's contractor estimated how much postconsumer food
was managed through donation, composting, and converting to animal feed. The contractor researched the amount
of food diverted through anaerobic digestion; however, the data identified were insufficient to extrapolate to a
U.S. total.
The contractor estimated food diversion through donation (Section 2.1) using data from the Food Waste
Reduction Alliance (FWRA), Feeding America (FA), and the Food Donation Connection (FDC). To estimate the
amount of food diverted from disposal to animal feed (Section 2.2), the contractor contacted representatives of
state agencies and various industry organizations including FWRA, as well as conducted literature searches to
identify potential data sources. To estimate food diverted through composting (Section 2.4), the contractor
gathered food composting data from state environmental agency websites, with follow up to a limited number of
states to clarify published data. These calculations are discussed in further detail below.
Not enough data are readily available to estimate the amount of postconsumer food being used as digester
influent, or the amount of digestate being disposed of.
No centralized data sources exist for the management
of food through anaerobic digestion; therefore the
contractor has taken steps to compile what information
is available through the AgSTAR project database,
along with literature searches about the anaerobic
digestion systems across the country that are known to
accept food as a feedstock (Section 2.3).
2.0 Food Management
Postconsumer food diversion methods covered in this
analysis include food donated to feed people, food
diverted to feed animals, food processed through
anaerobic digestion, and food aerobically composted.
EPA's Food Recovery Hierarchy prioritizes actions
organizations can take to prevent and divert wasted
food.
Q j Food Recovery Hierarchy
v
Source Reduction
Reduce the volume of surplus food generated
Feed Hungry People
Donate extra food to food banks, soup kitchens and shelters
Feed Animals
Divert food scraps to animal feed
Industrial Uses
Provide waste oils for rendering and

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EPA's contractor identified and reviewed a multi-tiered study that investigated food management methods used in
three points in the food supply chain (manufacturing1, retail/wholesale, and restaurants). The study, aimed at
gaining a better understanding of the quantity of food generated, diverted, and disposed of by different sectors in
the food industry, was commissioned by FWRA, a workgroup with members from the Food Marketing Institute,
the Grocery Manufacturers Association, and the National Restaurant Association. The Tier I Assessment (FWRA,
2012) was an initial attempt to estimate food amounts based on interviews and publicly available reports as of
2011. The Tier II Assessment (FWRA, 2013) analyzed food data gathered through a survey of food
manufacturers, grocery retailers, and wholesalers. The Tier II study contained 2011 estimates for food generated,
diverted, and disposed of by the retail/wholesale sector and by the manufacturing sector.
FWRA conducted a similar assessment in 2013, the results of which were published in November 2014 and
shown in Table 1 (FWRA, 2014). In addition to the manufacturing and retail/wholesale sectors, the restaurant
sector was surveyed for this study. This survey was sent to more than 200 individuals and targeted the largest
members of FMI, GMA, and NRA to ensure that the companies generating the most food were included in the
findings. Table 1 summarizes how much of the reported food generated was diverted and how it was diverted by
the respondents.
Table 1. Food generation, diversion, and disposition amounts for surveyed facilities.
Sector and Number
of Respondents
Total Food
Generated
(Tons/Year)3
Annual
Tons
Donated
Annual
Tons
Composted
Annual
Tons
Digested13
Annual
Tons to
Animal
Feed
Annual
Tons
Disposed
Of
Manufacturing (16)
3,550,000
53,900
(1.5%)
67,400
(1.9%)
3,370
(0.1%)
2,920,000
(82.4%)
181,000
(5.1%)
Retail/wholesale (13)
700,000
69,200
(9.9%)
73,000
(10.4%)
24,600
(3.5%)
77,800
(11.1%)
403,000
(57.6%)
Restaurants (27)
1,050,000
14,500
(1.4%)
32,000
(3.0%)
< 490c
(< 0.05%)
160
(0.02%)
885,000
(84.3%)
a.	Total waste may not equal the sum of the presented amounts for individual diversion methods because not all food
management methods are included in this table (e.g. rendering, biofuel, land application, recycling used cooking oil).
b.	Includes both anaerobic and aerobic digestion; the report did not differentiate between the two.
c.	For the restaurant sector, no value was presented specifically for anaerobic or aerobic digestion, but it is assumed that
this diversion, if used, would be covered under the reported "other" category.
The manufacturing sector respondents divert most of their food to animal feed (82.4 percent). The retail/wholesale
sector diverts about evenly to donation to people (9.9 percent), composting (10.4 percent), and animal feed
markets (11.1 percent). The restaurant sector respondents divert about twice the amount of food to composting
versus donations (3.0 percent versus 1.5 percent). Restaurant sector respondents reported the highest percentage
of food still going to disposal (84.3 percent). While this study provides a better understanding of the current state
of food diversion in the food industry, its scope is limited to the relatively small sample space of businesses that
1 Although preconsumer food quantities are not included in the analyses presented in this memorandum, the results of the
industry report are presented for both pre- and postconsumer food (industrial and retail/wholesale and restaurants) as an
overview of management.

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provided data2 and cannot easily be used to extrapolate quantitative information on a national scale. According to
the report, there were 56 survey respondents, which represented 17.0 percent of the manufacturing sector, 31.8
percent of the retail sector and 15.2 percent of the restaurant sector by revenue.
2.1 Food Donation
Apart from reducing food at the source, the most desirable food management practice is to divert food through
food donation. Each year, significant amounts of food products are donated by residents and commercial
establishments3 (e.g., grocery stores, restaurants) to local food banks and charities to feed people. Some of these
donations divert food from the solid waste stream that would otherwise need to be managed through feeding
animals, anaerobic digestion, composting or disposal. Regulations governing how food is donated vary from state
to state, but at the federal level, the 1996 Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act4 is the primary
regulation affecting food donation programs. The law protects good faith food donors from civil and criminal
liability should the product later cause harm to its recipient. Furthermore, it gives uniform federal protection to
donors who may cross state lines (FDC, 2014). Even so, misinformation about regulatory constraints (which
impact, for instance, good food past saleable date or food bank acceptance limitations) is among the most
commonly noted barriers to food donation efforts. Other barriers include transportation costs, lack of refrigerated
trucks and drivers chain of custody issues, or insufficient onsite storage and refrigeration (FWRA, 2013).
It is often difficult to differentiate between the literature's data on food donation diversion—i.e., wholesome but
not-for-retail food products diverted from the waste stream—and data on charitable food donations of saleable
products. (The latter does not result in diverted waste.) This section provides an overview of available information
used to quantify national food diversion through donation of wholesome but not-for-retail foods.
FA and FDC are among the largest food donation organizations in the United States. FA comprises over 200 food
banks and 60,000 food pantries and meal programs across the United States and supplies food to those in need.
Among other programs, FA runs a retail store donation (RSD) program, which coordinates the donation of surplus
food from over 10,500 grocery stores representing the country's largest firms in the food retail industry. FDC
consists of 277 business entities and nearly 14, 600 food service locations (including restaurants, airports, travel
plazas, retailers, universities, hospitals, and distribution centers) and coordinates the donation of surplus food
from these facilities—food that would otherwise be handled through the solid waste management system.
According to FA's 2013 Annual Report (FA, 2013), around 888 million meals were donated through FA's RSD
program in 2013. The report estimates an average of 1.2 pounds of food per meal, yielding a total 532,800 tons of
food donated. According to FDC's website (FDC, 2014), 36 million pounds (18,000 tons) of food were donated
through FDC programs to around 7,900 hunger relief programs.
Summing the total donations attributed to these two organizations yields a total of 551,000 tons of food diverted
from landfills disposal to feeding those in need. This constitutes about 1.5 percent of the total U.S. food generated
2	See source document (FWRA 2014) Appendix A: Additional Analysis Details for data availability and accuracy discussion.
3	Although the food manufacturing sector also diverts food through donation, the focus of this analysis is postconsumer food
waste, so preconsumer food from the manufacturing sector is not considered in the calculations herein.
4	Public Law 104 - 210: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ210/content-detail.html.

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in 2013. Table 2 summarizes the FA and FDC program results for years 2004 through 2013. The food donations
have grown by a factor of four, from 130,000 tons in 2004 to 551,000 tons in 2013.
Table 2. Food donation programs representing food diversion through donation.
Year
EPA
Estimate of
Food
Generation
(Tons)3
Retail
Store
Donation
Program
(Tons)b
Food
Donation
Connection
(Tons)0
Total
(Tons)
Percentage
of U.S. Food
Donated
2004
32,460,000
125,000
5,000
130,000
0.4%
2005
32,930,000
132,000
7,000
139,000
0.4%
2006
32,270,000
139,000
8,000
147,000
0.5%
2007
33,560,000
146,000
9,000
155,000
0.5%
2008
34,300,000
160,000
11,000
171,000
0.5%
2009
35,270,000
217,000
11,000
228,000
0.6%
2010
35,740,000
273,000
15,000
288,000
0.8%
2011
36,310,000
330,000
18,000
348,000
1.0%
2012
36,430,000
450,000
18,000
468,000
1.3%
2013
37,060,000
533,000
18,000
551,000
1.5%
a.	2004-2013: EPA MSW characterization reports
(http://www.epa.aov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/msw99. htm).
b.	2004-2012: EPA's "Food Waste Loss and Donation" memorandum (May 2013).
2013: Calculated based on FA, 2013.
c.	2004-2012: Communication with Jim Larson, a representative from FDC.
2013: FDC, 2014.
2.2 Animal Feed
The recovery of discarded food as animal feed may be a viable option for restaurants, retailers, or wholesalers
located close to local farms. However, regulations control the type of food that may be used and how food is
handled. These regulations vary from state to state. For example, 25 states prohibit feeding waste containing meat
to livestock. The remaining states allow feeding treated waste (cooked at a specified temperature for a specified
amount of time to reduce the risk of foreign animal diseases in livestock and to eliminate any other harmful
pathogens); the responsibility of licensing, monitoring, and enforcement may be carried out at the federal level,

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state level, or both, depending on the state (Porter-Spalding, 2015). At the federal level, the 1980 Swine Health
Protection Act is the primary regulation that affects the use of food as animal feed.
The amount of food diverted as animal feed from 2000 through 2010 was previously developed by EPA (U.S.
EPA, 2014a). EPA developed the 2000 to 2010 time series estimate of the quantity of food being fed to animals
using the FWRA survey value and the amount of wholesale and retail food loss each year based on USDA ERS
Loss-Adjusted Food Availability data (USDA, 2013a). The 2011 FWRA value was 0.7 percent of the USDA ERS
retail to consumer (i.e., commercial) food loss values. Because of the lack of other data to extrapolate the values
over the historical time series, EPA assumed that similar to 2010, 0.7 percent of the wholesale and retail food loss
each year between 2000 and 2009 would become animal feed.
To estimate the food diverted for animal feed for 2011 through 2013, the contractor first calculated the amount of
commercial food generated in 2010: 15,610,000 tons (U.S. EPA, 2014b). Using the previously estimated
commercial food diverted to animal feed in 2010 (116,000 tons, as shown in Table 3) the contractor developed a
revised percentage of 0.74 (116,000 15,610,000). This percentage (0.74) was applied to EPA's estimate of
commercial food generation from 2011 through 2013 to estimate commercial food diverted for animal feed. Table
3 summarizes the results.
Table 3. Amount of food used for animal feed.
Year
Amount of Food Used for
Animal Feed (1,000 Tons)a b
2000
107
2001
107
2002
109
2003
110
2004
112
2005
112
2006
113
2007
114
2008
114
2009
112
2010
116
2011
118
2012
118
2013
122
a.	2004-2010: U.S. EPA, 2014a.
b.	2011-2013: To create these estimates, the contractor multiplied EPA's
annual estimates of commercial food generation by 0.74.
The contractor developed a second estimate of food diverted to animal feed using an alternate calculation method.
Although food may be fed to other livestock species, it has most often been used as a source of feed for swine
(Farms.com, 2011). The contractor applied the steps below for this estimate:

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1.	Assuming most of the diverted food going to animal feed is used for swine; the contractor collected swine
population data and gathered information about the typical amounts of food fed to hogs. In 2001, about
50,000 pigs throughout the United States were being fed food (Gay, 2001). A more recent estimate was
unavailable, so the contractor assumed that the percentage of pigs being fed food has not changed
significantly since 2001.
2.	The contractor assumed that 9 pounds of food per pig per day is fed for hogs weighing less than 100
pounds, and 20 pounds of food per pig per day is fed for hogs greater than 100 pounds (Westendorf and
Myer, 2004).
3.	Using total U.S. swine count estimates for 2001 and 2013 (USDA, 2001, 2013b), the contractor
extrapolated the number of swine being fed food in 2013, separated into two weight groups (over and
under 100 pounds).
4.	The pounds/pig/day values were applied to the swine counts, yielding a total estimate of 140,500 tons
(281 million pounds) of food going to swine in 2013.
The estimate produced by the second method is 15 percent higher than the estimate described above and shown in
Table 3. The contractor believes the second estimate is potentially inflated, because the percentage of pigs being
fed food may have decreased since 2001. For instance, according to the article by Gay, about 70 operations in
North Carolina (one of the biggest pork producing states in the nation (USDA, 2013b)) were garbage feeders in
2001, but a North Carolina USDA representative reported only 34 swine operations were feeding food in 2013
(Schaefbauer, 2014).
2.3 Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is often used at wastewater treatment plants to treat biosolids, and on farms to treat
animal manure. This process uses bacteria to break down organic matter in an oxygen-free environment, yielding
biogas (comprising methane and carbon dioxide) that can be used to generate energy. Digester effluent is often
land-applied, and sometimes the solids from the effluent are removed and converted into soil amendment or
animal bedding. It is therefore worth noting that the total mass of food going to anaerobic digestion cannot
entirely be considered diverted, because a portion of the influent remains after digestion and may be disposed of
by land application.
In addition to biosolids and manure, some facilities may use other organics, including food, as a supplement to
AD. Co-digestion of food can be beneficial because existing infrastructure can be used to divert organic materials
from the waste stream and these materials can be used to adjust the percent of solids for optimal digestion and
increase biogas production. Food is more readily digestible than biosolids, so methane production from food can
be three times greater than that of sewage sludge. For instance, food may have a methane production potential of
more than 300 cubic meters of methane per ton of feedstock, while the methane production potential of biosolids
is around 120 cubic meters per ton, and for cattle manure only 25 cubic meters per ton (EPA, 2015a).
The American Biogas Council (ABC, 2014) reports about 1,500 digesters operating at wastewater treatment
plants (WWTP) throughout the United States. According to EPA's Combined Heat and Power Partnership (U.S.
EPA, 2011), as of June 2011 there were 1,454 WWTPs with AD, and 104 of these facilities were using digester
gas as their primary fuel source. However, it is unclear whether any food is co-digested with the wastewater. As

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there is no centralized database documenting the details of these systems, the total number of these digesters that
accept food is not known.
EPA's AgSTAR database tracks on-farm and regional digesters that accept livestock manure (AgSTAR, 2014).
Of the reported 244 digester systems operating, the database lists around 45 projects that co-digest food with
manure. It is important to note, however, that AgSTAR's definition of food includes food processing waste, so
only a subset of these digesters are likely using postconsumer food.
Although the majority of known AD systems in the United States are primarily for treating manure and biosolids,
new AD technologies have been developed that are better suited to process the high solids content of food and
yard waste in MSW. For example:
•	The dry fermentation AD facility in Marina, California, operated by Zero Waste Energy and the Monterey
Regional Waste Management District is designed to process up to 3,500 tons of commercial and
institutional food and 1,500 tons of yard waste per year (Beane, 2013). No additional water is required for
the system, which collects and reuses water from the decomposing waste. The biogas produced is
combusted in a combined heat and power unit. Digester processes use the heat and 5 percent of the
electricity generated. The remaining electricity is sold to the Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control
Agency, supplying about 10 percent of the wastewater treatment plant's electricity demand (Beane,
2013).
•	The CleanWorld plant in Sacramento, California, is a high-rate, high-solids anaerobic digester that
utilizes anaerobic phased solids technology (CleanWorld, 2014a). The digester processed 25 tons of
commercial and institutional food per day in 2013; a plant expansion to 100 tons per day in 2014 should
produce the equivalent of 1 million kilowatt hours of electricity and 700,000 gallons of diesel in the form
of compressed natural gas to fuel the Atlas Disposal waste collection fleet and Sacramento city vehicles
(CleanWorld, 2013,2014c).
An additional benefit of the AD facilities that process only food, yard, and agricultural wastes is that the digestate
is usually composted and sold as a soil amendment (Beane, 2013; CleanWorld, 2014b). Consequently, virtually
100 percent of the food in these types of systems is diverted from the waste stream.
Due to the lack of centralized, publicly available data on these systems, EPA's contractor conducted literature
reviews to identify digesters known to digest or co-digest food. Table 4 lists the 109 facilities identified; 60 of the
operations co-digest manure and food. Where data were available, digested postconsumer food amounts range
from 1 ton per day from small-scale operations (institutional dining hall food, for instance) to capacities of 150
tons per day for larger operations. Higher values are also reported, but preconsumer and postconsumer waste
cannot be distinguished in these cases for comparison.
As the table shows, these digesters vary significantly in capacity and in terms of what types of food are accepted.
Note that this list of facilities is not exhaustive, nor are the associated data pertaining to influent volumes and
mass reduction. The contractor was therefore unable to quantify total postconsumer food diverted through AD on
a national scale. Likewise, the disposition of the AD digestate from food could not be estimated.

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Table 4. Anaerobic digesters identified that digest or co-digest food.
Name
Location
Type of Waste
Amount
Processed
Digestate Disposal/
Mass Reduction
Sources/
Notes
Allenstown WWTP
Allenstown, NH
Food or fats, oils, grease (FOG)


24
Amana Farms
Amana, IA
Cattle manure; food or FOG


19, 24
American River
Packaging (ARP)
Digester
Sacramento,
CA
Designed for 9.5 tons/day
commercial food processing and
retail food along with 0.5 tons of
unrecyclable corrugated cardboard
8 tons/day
Fertilizers/soil
amendments
13
Bach Digester, LLC
Dorchester, Wl
Dairy manure; unspecified food


19
Barham Farms
Zebulon, NC
Swine manure; unspecified food


19
Bennington WWTP
Bennington, VT
Food or FOG


24
Blue Spruce Farm
Bridport, VT
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Bortnick Dairy
Conneautville,
PA
Dairy manure; food (90-95% wet
corn paste from formation of
pelletized dog food)


19
Boxler Dairy
Varysburg, NY
Dairy manure; organic wastes
(silage leachate and food)


19
Brattleboro WWTP
Brattleboro, VT
Food or FOG


24
Brookside Dairy
Homer City, PA
Dairy manure; food (waste from
local cheese factory)


19
Brubaker Farms
Mount Joy, PA
Dairy manure; dry chicken manure,
food


19
Buckeye Ridge
LaFarge, Wl
Food or FOG


24
Cayuga Regional
Digester Bioenergy
Enterprise
Auburn, NY
Dairy manure; food (10 tons/week
organic potato solid waste clippings
[25% TS] and 24,000 gallons/week
organic liquid potato wastewater
sludge [5.7% TS]; 5 tons/day
grease trap fat/cooking fats [18%
TSl)


19
Chaput Family Farms
North Troy, VT
Dairy manure; agricultural
substrates (fish processing waste,
waste grain, food, waste dairy
products, waste crops, or crops
grown specifically for digester)


19
City of Millbrae, CA
Millbrae, CA
FOG


18
City of Pendleton WWTP
Pendleton, OR
Food or FOG


24
City of Riverside
Riverside, CA
Fats, oils, grease from local
restaurants and food processing
plants
25,000 gallons
per day FOG

2, 15
CleanWorld—
Sacramento
Sacramento,
CA
Ag residues, food processing
wastes, restaurant and
supermarket food
40,000
tons/year
10 million
gallons/year of
fertilizer and soil
amendments
10
Collinwood Facility
Cleveland, OH
Dairy manure; food


19, 24
Crapo Hill Landfill
Dartmouth, MA
Food


24
CRMC Bio Energy
New Bedford,
MA
Commercial/industrial food, organic
sludges, FOG or other liquid or
slurried non-hazardous organics.


24

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Name
Location
Type of Waste
Amount
Processed
Digestate Disposal/
Mass Reduction
Sources/
Notes
Des Moines, IA Major
FOG/Co-Digestion
Program
Des Moines, IA
Industrial greases + FOG/others


18
Dovan Farms
Berlin, PA
Dairy manure; food


19
East Bay Municipal Utility
District (EBMUD)—
BAAD study
Oakland, CA
Food
22,000
tons/year
Landfill cover/land
application
2
Essex Junction WWTP
Essex Junction,
VT
Food or FOG


24
Farm Power Lynden
Lynden, WA
Dairy manure; food (substrates)


19
Farm Power Rexville
Mount Vernon,
WA
Dairy manure; food (substrates)


19
Five Star Dairy Farm
Elk Mound, Wl
Dairy manure; substrate (high-fat
food such as greases and oils)


19
Forest County
Potawatomi Community
Millwaukee, Wl
Food


24
Freemont Community
Digester
Freemont, Ml
Swine manure; unspecified food


19, 24
Garelick Farms - Lynn
Lynn, MA
Industry food


24
Garelick Farms -
Franklin
Franklin, MA
Industry food


24
GenEarth Berkeley
Moncks Corner,
SC
Food or FOG



Gervais Family Farm
Enosburg Falls,
VT
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Gills Onions
Oxnard, CA
Onion peel juice
150 tons of
peels per day

2, 3
Gl ove rsvi lie—J o h n stown
WWTF
Johnston, NY
Food processing waste from yogurt
and cheese plants, and also
dissolved air flotation sludge from
dairy industry


2, 12
Goodell Farm
Westminster,
VT
Food or FOG


24
Green Mountain Dairy,
LLC
Sheldon, VT
Dairy manure; food (ice cream
substrate from nearby Ben &
Jerry's plant)


19
Gresham Waste Water
Treatment Plant
Gresham, OR
Food or FOG


24
Hard Earned Acres
Shippensburg,
PA
Dairy manure; food


19
Harvest Power—Orlando
Orlando, FL
Biosolids and food from restaurants
and hospitality industry (pre- and
postconsumer) and food
processors (preconsumer)
120,000
tons/year
(capacity)

7, 9
Hill Canyon WWTP
Thousand
Oaks, CA
Food or FOG


24
Hillcrest Dairy (formerly
New Horizons)
Elmwood, IL
Dairy manure; crop wastes, food,
haylage, and cooking grease


19
Holsum Dairy—Elm
Road
Hilbert, Wl
Dairy manure; food (non-farm food
processing waste from three
industries)


19
Humboldt County Waste
Authority
Eureka, CA
Still in assessment; not operational
yet


2, 16
Ideal Family Farms
Beavertown, PA
Swine manure; food


19

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Name
Location
Type of Waste
Amount
Processed
Digestate Disposal/
Mass Reduction
Sources/
Notes
Inland Empire—Environ
Chino, CA
Mostly food, some dairy waste
700 tons/day
capacity

2, 7
Janesville WWTP
Janesville, Wl
Food or FOG


24
Jordan Farms/AGreen
Energy, LLC
Rutland, MA
Dairy manure; food


19
Ken's Foods
Framington, MA
Industry food


24
Kish View Farm
Partnership
Belleville, PA
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Kroger Food Waste to
Biogas AD Plant
Compton, CA
Food that cannot be sold or
donated; onsite food-processing
effluent
55,000
tons/year
(capacity)
Digested solids are
composted
1
Landyshade Farms
Lancaster, PA
Dairy manure; food


19
Lawnhurst Energy
Stanley, NY
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Lochmead Farms
Junction City,
OR
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Longview Farms/Bgreen
Energy LLC
Hadley, MA
Dairy manure; food

Land applied—no
solids separation
19, 20
Maplehurst Farm
Greenboro, VT
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Marin County—Central
Marin Sanitary Agency
Food to Energy
Marin County,
CA
Biosolids mixed with commercial
food, FOG
Up to 5,000
gallons/day
FOG;
up to 15
tons/day
commercial
food
During dry weather
season, solids used
as fertilizer for
growing hay and
alfalfa for horse and
livestock feed; during
wet weather,
digestate hauled to
landfill for use as
alternate daily cover
2, 14
Maxwell Farm/
Neighborhood Energy,
LLC
Coventry, VT
Dairy manure; waste food products
(waste grain, waste dairy products,
waste crops, crops grown
specifically for use in digester)


19
Mill Creek Dairy
West Unity, OH
Dairy manure; food


19
Montagne Farm
St. Albans, VT
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
MSU Digester
Lansing, Ml
Dairy manure; food


19
Napoleon Biogas
Napoleon, OH
Dairy manure; food, WWTP sludge


19
Niagra Bioenergy
Wheatfield, NY
Food


24
Norswiss Farms
Rice Lake, Wl
Dairy manure; off-farm food (whey,
slaughterhouse, food station,
mostly grease)


19
Novi Energy Digester
Freemont, Ml
Swine manure; food processing
residuals


19
Oak Hill Farm
Nottingham, PA
Swine and cattle manure; food


19
Patterson Farms
Auburn, NY
Dairy manure; industry food


24
Pine Island Farm
Schffield, MA
Dairy manure; food or FOG


24
Pinellas County
Clearwater, FL
FOG
30,000 gallons
per day FOG

15, 17
Purdue University—West
Lafayette
West Lafayette,
IN
Fats, oil, and grease (FOG) from
restaurants, food stores, food from
Purdue dining halls
1-2 tons/day
from dining
courts

11
Qualco Energy
Monroe, WA
Dairy manure; food:
"chicken blood, trap grease, pulp,
whey, expired beer, wine and soda"


19, 21

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April 2015
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Name
Location
Type of Waste
Amount
Processed
Digestate Disposal/
Mass Reduction
Sources/
Notes
Quasar Energy Group—
central Ohio
Columbus, OH
Dairy manure; mixed biomass
(biosolids, regional food, fats, oils,
grease)


19
Quasar Energy Group—
Wooster
Wooster, OH
Dairy manure; food, grass, crop
waste


19
Reinford Farms
Mifflintown, PA
Heifer manure; commercial food
(outdated food no longer eligible for
sale in stores, from about 50 Wal-
Mart locations in Pennsylvania and
nearby grocery stores—waste that
normally would have ended up in
landfills)
80 tons/week
food
Solids separated and
used for bedding and
sold to other farms;
liquid to storage pond
and land-applied;
total solids reduction
of 10.3%
19, 22
Reinford-Frymoyer Farm
Mifflintown, PA
Dairy manure; food

Solids separated and
used for bedding and
sold to other farms;
liquid to storage pond
and land-applied;
total solids reduction
of 10.3%
19, 23
Reno-Sparks Truckee
Meadows WRF
Sparks, NV
Still in planning/construction


15
Ridgeline Farm
Clymer, NY
Dairy manure; food or FOG


24
Ringler Energy, LLC
Cardington, OH
Swine manure; food (food sludge,
whey, yeast, popcorn residual, taco
meat)


19
S & A Kreider Farms
Quarryville, PA
Dairy manure; food


19
St. Pierre/ Pleasant
Valley Farms
Berkshire, VT
Dairy manure; food or FOG


19, 24
Sacramento County Co.
Regional WWTP
Sacramento,
CA
Source-separated organics, cans of
off-spec food packaged and
unpackaged food is collected by
local haulers from dining halls at
UC Davis, grocery stores,
correctional facilities, and food
processors; yard waste also
accepted
Original
capacity of 25
tons/year; 100
tons/day by
2014

2, 13
Scenic View Dairy—
Fennville
Fennville, Ml
Dairy and swine manure; food
processing waste (syrup stillage
from ethanol plant; crude glycerine
from biodiesel plant)


19
Schrack Farms
Partnership, LLC
Greene Twp,
PA
Dairy manure; food or FOG


24
Sensenig Farm
Kirkwood, PA
Dairy, swine, and poultry manure;
food


19
Sheboygan Regional
Wastewater Treatment
Facility
Sheboygan, Wl
Food or FOG


24
Santa Monica WWTP
Santa Monica,
CA
Food or FOG


24
Stargest Power/ Five
Star Dairy Farm
Elk Mound, Wl
Food or FOG


19, 24
Stonyvale Farm/Exeter
Agri-Energy, LLC
Exeter, ME
Dairy manure; food


19
Storms Farm Waste to
Energy Digester
Facilities
Bladenboro, NC
Swine manure, swine mortality,
poultry litter, and off site food, DAF,
and FOG


19, 24

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April 2015
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Name
Location
Type of Waste
Amount
Processed
Digestate Disposal/
Mass Reduction
Sources/
Notes
SUNY at Morrisville
Morrisville, NY
Dairy manure; food /organic waste


19
Synergy Dairy—
Covington
Covington, NY
Dairy manure; organic food and
agricultural residue


19
Theresa St. WWTP
Lincoln, NE
FOG/wastes


18
UC Davis Renewable
Energy Anaerobic
Digestion facility
Davis, CA
Not operational yet—source-
separated organics from UC Davis
campus and other area generators
20,000
tons/year
starting in 2014

13
UC Irvine/ Waste
Management of Orange
County Pilot Plant
Orange County,
CA
Dining hall food
>400 tons/year

2, 6
University of Wisconsin
Oshkosh, Wl
Pre- and postconsumer food, yard
waste, animal bedding waste, and
curbside organics
10,000
tons/year
Composted and sold
as soil amendment
2, 8
Vander Haak Dairy
Lynden, WA
Dairy manure; egg breakage, fish
solids, food breading, sauce, other
feedstocks (substrates)


19
Vermont Tech
Community AD
Randolph, VT
Dairy manure; food


19, 24
Village of Ridgewood
WWTP
Ridgewood, NJ
Food or FOG


24
Waste No Energy
Monticello, IN
Swine and cattle manure;
restaurant waste, outdated grocery
and bakery goods, food industry
waste, restaurant waste (FOG),
and others
Up to 100-125
tpd organic
waste, including
22 tpd swine
manure and 4
tpd cattle
manure
Effluent used as
organic fertilizer
source (30,000
gallons per day) and
sold to area farmers
19, 23
Watsonville, CA
Watsonville, CA
FOG


18
Western Plains Energy
Oakley, KS
Cattle manure; food


19, 24
Westminster Farms
Putney, VT
Dairy manure; agricultural
substrates (waste grain, food,
whey, crops, manure from
neighboring farms)


19
Wild Rose Dairy
LaFarge, Wl
Dairy manure; food (grease and
fats from local restaurants)


19
Yippee! Farms
Mount Joy, PA
Dairy manure; food


19
Zero Waste Energy—
Monterey
Monterey, CA
70-80% Municipal organics (food,
paper) and yard waste
90,000
tons/year
capacity
High-quality compost;
63% mass reduction
2, 5
Zero Waste Energy—
San Jose
San Jose, CA
Municipal organics (food, paper)
5,000 tons/year
capacity
High-quality compost;
56% mass reduction
2, 4
Zuber Farms
Byron, NY
Dairy manure; food (milk
processing waste sludge,
powdered milk processing waste,
wasted milk, tomato paste)


19
Table 4 Sources/Notes:
1.	http://www.waste-manaaement-world.com/articles/2013/05/video-kroaer-opens-food-waste-to-bioaas-anaerobic-diaestion-pla.html
2.	http://www.renewable-waste.com/pdf/AnaerobicDiqestionEbrief.pdf
3.	http://www.qillsonions.com/waste-to-enerav (Only juice is digested; onion pulp repurposed as cattle feed. All was land-applied before digestion system installed.)
4.	http://zerowasteenerqy.com/what-we-do/our-proiects/citv-of-san-iose/
5.	http://zerowasteenerqy.com/what-we-do/our-proiects/monterev-reqional-waste-manaqement-district/
6.	http://www.ocreqister.com/articles/waste-538707-food-irvine.html
7.	http://www.ieua.org/facilities/rp-5-shf/
8.	http://www.uwosh.edu/biodiqester/About/uw-oshkosh-biodiqester
9.	http://www.harvestpower.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014.02.20-Harvest-Power-Unveils-Cuttinq-Edqe-Central-Florida-Qrqanics-to-Enerqv-Facilitv.pdf
10.	http://www.dean world .com/tech noloqies/

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http://www.epa.aov/areenpower/documents/events/17aua11 henderson.pdf
11.	http://www.epa.aov/chp/documents/wbnr012110 bevinaton.pdf
12.	http://www.cleanworld.com/news/sacramento-food-waste-diaester-fuels-collection-fleet/
13.	http://www.cmsa.us/virtualtour
14.	http://www.tacwa.ora/imaaes/Enhancina Anaerobid Digestion through Addition.pdf
15.	http://www.hwma.net/Proiect%20Updates
16.	http://www.waterdesignbuild.com/wp-content/uploads/HDR-FOG.pdf
17.	http://www.mwcoa.ora/uploads/committee-documents/Y15YXIZW20100707132959.pdf
18.	http://www.epa.qov/aastar/proiects/index.html
19.	http://www.barstowslonaviewfarm.com/anaerobic-diaester/
20.	http://aualco-enerav.ora/about-aualco/
21.	http://dairvaood.org/dairv-farmers-turn-waste-into-renewable-enerav
22.	http://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/energv/waste-to-energv/resources/biogas/documents/reinford-1209.pdf
23.	http://www.wastenoenergyllc.com/operations/
24.	Data provided by EPA Region 3.
2.4 Composting
Composting is the decomposition of organic materials by aerobic microorganisms. Composting facilities manage
the amount of moisture, amount of oxygen, and mixture of organic materials for optimal composting conditions.
The composting process emits heat, water vapor, and biogenic carbon dioxide, reducing the raw organic materials
in mass and volume to create compost (Piatt and Goldstein, 2014).
Use of composting to manage residential and commercial food has grown considerably in recent years, as people
learn how composting converts food from MSW into a valuable soil amendment and waste management
professionals search for ways to divert organics from rapidly filling landfills. The contractor gathered food
composting statistics from 35 state environmental agency websites, resulting in an estimated 1.47 million tons of
postconsumer food5 diverted through composting in 2013. The state-by-state statistics are shown in Table 5.
This section also includes statistics on residential curbside food collection programs, a list of city and state
regulations banning commercial food landfill disposal, and number of food composting facilities. Collection
programs, regulations, and infrastructure drive the quantity of food diverted through composting.
Recent growth in the number of residential curbside composting programs that accept food indicates that
diversion of food through composting is likely to increase in the near future. A nationwide survey by BioCycle
summarized the availability of residential curbside food collection programs in the United States (Yepsen, 2013).
Research by the contractor identified 26 more communities offering residential curbside food collection programs
in conjunction with MSW hauling services, for a total of 209 communities across 16 states in 2013. Table 6 shows
that these residential curbside collection programs were available to 2.7 million households, which is 2 percent of
all U.S. households in 2013. Curbside food collection programs continue to grow in 2014 with the expansion of
programs in Denver, New York City, and Austin and new programs in Cambridge, Ipswich, Salem, and
Manchester-by-the-Sea in Massachusetts (Denver Public Works, 2013; NYC Department of Sanitation, 2014b;
Austin Resource Recovery, 2014; Cambridge Department of Public Works, 2014; Town of Ipswich, 2014;
GreenSalem, 2014; Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea, 2014).
In addition, several alternative composting programs exist to serve communities where curbside collection
through the MSW hauler is not an option. First, many cities and towns encourage residents to compost food in
their backyards, if space is available. Second, a number of communities—such as Cambridge and Manchester-by-
5 An additional 0.37 million tons of mixed MSW containing food waste was composted in 2013 (U.S. EPA, 2015b).

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the-Sea in Massachusetts; Minneapolis, Ramsey, and Hennepin Counties in Minnesota; Boulder County in
Colorado, Napa Valley in California; and Washington, D.C.—have drop-off sites that accept food for composting
in place of or in addition to curbside programs. Third, new private companies have formed to fill the demand for
home pick-up services for food composting where municipal curbside programs do not exist. Some examples are
Garbage to Garden in southern Maine; Veteran Compost and Remotion in Baltimore and Washington, D.C.; Fat
Worm Compost and Compost Cab in metro Washington, D.C.; Blue Earth Compost in Hartford, Connecticut; and
Evergreen Events in Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado.
Table 5. State-by-state food composting.

Food Composted
(Tons)3
(Data Year)b
Alaska
24
2009
California
715,119
2012
Colorado
29,130
2013
Connecticut
5,178
2011
Delaware
12,701
2012
Florida
97,723
2013
Georgia
4,619
2009
Hawaii
38,466
2013
Indiana
13,525
2013
Iowa
4,334
2010
Kansas
1,127
2010
Maine
1,658
2010
Maryland
13,269
2013
Massachusetts
6,136
2013
Michigan
8,700
2013
Minnesota
23,466
2013
Mississippi
121
2012
Missouri
270
2011
Montana
1,000
2010
Nevada
69,882
2013
New Hampshire
110
2012
New Jersey
28,474
2011
New York
44,405
2013
North Carolina
29,040
2013
Ohio
51,372
2012
Oregon
47,665
2012
Pennsylvania
74,545
2012
South Carolina
5,148
2013
South Dakota
14,200
2008
Tennessee
1,500
2013
Texas
165
2012
Vermont
3,735
2012
Virginia
2,178
2013
Washington
109,652
2011
Wisconsin
8,677
2013
Total Composted (tons/yr)
1,467,314

a.	State environmental websites search supplemented with personal contacts.
b.	Latest data available.

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Table 5 Sources/Notes:
1.	Alaska: http://www.dec.alaska.gov/water/wnpspc/protection_restoration/KenaiRiverWQ/pdfs/KenaiFishWasteManagementPlan .pdf
2.	California: BioCycle. U.S. Residential Food Waste Collection and Composting. Table 2. 2012 Data - http://www.biocycle.net/2013/03/residential-
food-waste-collection-in-the-u-s-biocycle-nationwide-survey/
3.	Colorado: David Snapp. Colorado DPHE. December 2014.
4.	Connecticut: http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/reduce_reuse_recycle/data/average_state_msw_statistics_fy2011 .pdf. Table 3
5.	Delaware:http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/dwhs/Recycling/Documents/The%20Twelfth%20Annual%20RPAC%20Report.pdf. Appendix C, Table
2.
6.	Florida: http://appprod.dep.state.fl.us/www_rcra/Reports/WR/Recycling/2013AnnualReport/AppendixB/5B-3.pdf
7.	Georgia: http://epd.georgia.gov/sites/epd.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/SWTF2012_021814.pdf
8.	Hawaii: http://www.opala.Org/solid_waste/archive/facts2.html#recdata
9.	Indiana: ReTrac. 2013.
10.	Iowa: Becky Jolly. Iowa DNR. December 2014. http://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/waste/wastecharacterization2011 .pdf
11.	Kansas: Ken Powell. KDHE. November 2014.
12.	Maine: George McDonald. MDP Sustainability Unit. November 2014.
13.	Maryland: ReTrac 2013.
14.	Massachusetts: http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/recycle/reports/waste-reduction-and-recycling.html
15.	Michigan: Duane Roskoskey. Ml DEQ. December 2014.
16.	Minnesota: http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/view-document.html?gid=20438. A-22.
17.	Mississippi: http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/SW_2012SolidWasteAnnualReport/$File/2012%20Annual%20Report.pdf?OpenElement.
Compost Facilities, Table 10.
18.	Missouri: http://footprintmag.wordpress.com/2012/02/10/update-bradford-compost-system-fully-functional/
19.	Montana: http://deq.mt.gov/Recycle/recycling_statistics_Page.mcpx
20.	Nevada: http://nevadarecycles.nv.gov/Resources/Data/
21.	New Hampshire: Keene State College R.O.C.K.S. http://www.keene.edu/rocks/materials.cfm?&print=1 and University of New Hampshire's
Compost Program http://www.sustainableunh.unh.edu/compost
22.	New Jersey: Joe Davis New Jersey DEP. November 2014.
23.	New York: New York Department of Environmental Conservation "List of Compost Facilities in New York State"
http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/55447.html
24.	North Carolina: ReTrac 2013.
25.	Ohio: ReTrac 2012.
26.	Oregon http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/sw/2012MRWGRatesReport.pdf. Table 8.
27.	Pennsylvania: JoAnne M. Yurcaba DEP. December 2014.
28.	South Carolina: South Carolina DHEC. "South Carolina Solid Waste Management Annual Report for Fiscal Year 2013.
http://www.scdhec.gov/library/CR-010906.pdf. Table 8.3.
29.	South Dakota: Steve Kropp, South Dakota DENR. November 2014.
30.	Tennessee: ReTrac 2013.
31.	Texas: https://www.plano.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1487 (Sept 2013)
32.	Vermont: http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/solid/DandD.htm. Table 2.
33.	Virginia: http://www.deq.virginia.gOv/Portals/0/DEQ/Land/SolidWaste/swreport2014.pdf
34.	Washington: http://www.ecv.wa.aov/proarams/swfa/oraanics/pdf/2011CompostFacilities.pdf
35.	Wisconsin: Dan Werner. DNR. December 2014

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Table 6. Residential curbside food collection programs in the United States, 2013.
State
Households Served3
California
1,301,966
Colorado
37,824
Iowa
39,400
Kansas
73
Maryland
4,540
Massachusetts
9,599
Michigan
47,500
Minnesota
157,596
New Jersey
8,138
New Yorkb
31,800
Ohio
73,813
Oregon
213,728
Pennsylvania
3,400
Texas
15,600
Vermont
2,700
Washington
770,458
Wisconsin
700
Total U.S. Households Served
2,718,835
Total U.S. Households in 2013c
116,291,033
Percent of U. S. Households Served
2.3%
a.	Yepsen (2013) collected data on curbside collection of residential food available in
2012 by survey. For 2013, the contractor used additional Internet research to
supplement and update these data.
b.	New York City's pilot program served over 30,000 households in 2013. The program
was expanded in 2014 to 100,000 households served. Several other pilot programs
around the country were started or expanded in 2014, including programs in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Austin, Texas.
c.	Number of households in the United States from U.S. Census Bureau, 2013.
Regulations in states and cities requiring diversion of food from the waste stream have driven collection and
composting of commercial food. Table 7 lists the cities and states that have implemented or are implementing
commercial food bans. San Francisco and Seattle each have an ordinance that prohibits both commercial and
residential food in the waste stream. The food disposal bans passed in northeastern states and New York City
specifically target commercial generators of large quantities of food and other organic wastes. A study of
Massachusetts commercial and institutional food generation shows that the commercial food disposal ban could
divert up to 848,000 tons of food from MSW each year (U.S. EPA Region 1 Office, 2011). Since food makes up
over 20 percent of MSW disposed in the United States (U.S. EPA, 2015b), commercial food disposal bans are
often seen as a critical step toward long-term waste reduction goals.

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Table 7. Commercial food disposal bans in the United States8
State/City
Effective Date
Ban Requirements
San Francisco, CA
October 21, 2009
The Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance bans
businesses and residents from disposing of food in the landfill
waste stream.
Connecticut
January 1, 2014
The 2011 law banned generators of 2 or more tons of food
per week from sending food to landfills if within 20 miles of a
recycling facility. In 2013, the law was expanded to include
generators of 1 ton of food per week beginning in 2020.
Vermont
July 1, 2014
The 2012 law banned generators of 2 or more tons of food
per week from sending food to landfills if within 20 miles of a
recycling facility. The law includes a gradual expansion of the
ban until 2020, when all food will be banned from Vermont
landfills.
Massachusetts
October 1, 2014
The law bans disposal of food by businesses and institutions
that dispose of 1 ton or more of organic materials per week.
Seattle, WA
January 1, 2015
City ordinance prohibits the disposal of food and compostable
paper waste in commercial, residential, and self-haul garbage.
New York City, NY
July 1, 2015
The Commercial Organics Law requires large food service
establishments to recycle their organic waste if within 100
miles of a recycling facility.
California
April 1, 2016
The law mandates organic waste recycling by businesses
generating 8 or more cubic yards of organic waste in 2016, 4
or more cubic yards of organic waste in 2017, and 4 or more
cubic yards of commercial solid waste in 2019. The law also
requires local jurisdictions to implement a commercial organic
waste recycling program, with exemptions allowed for
jurisdictions in counties with a population less than 70,000.
Rhode Island
July 1, 2016
Generators of 2 or more tons of food per week may not landfill
food if within 15 miles of a recycling facility. Public schools are
exempt. The ban expands to include generators of 1 ton or
more of food per week starting in 2020.
Portland, OR
August 1, 2014
City administrative rules require mandatory food diversion for
the largest commercial food generators. The city has not yet
defined the generation quantity that would cause businesses
to be subject to the requirement.
a Henricks (2014) provides a list of cities and states that prohibit organic waste in landfills. Details on each ban were found in each
state or city's online resources: SF Environmental (2014), Connecticut General Assembly (2013), Vermont DEC (2014),
Massachusetts DEP (2014), Seattle Public Utilities (2014), NYC Department of Sanitation (2014a), California Legislative
Information (2014), Rhode Island General Assembly (2014), and City of Portland, OR (2014).
In 2013, BioCycle conducted a state-by-state survey to determine the number of composting facilities in the
United States (Piatt and Goldstein, 2014). The survey identified 347 composting sites for food across the country,
with results shown by state in Table 8. New York had the greatest number of composting operations, with a total
of 45 sites, while California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Washington each had between 20
and 30 facilities (Piatt and Goldstein, 2014). The low number of food composting facilities is especially

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significant in Connecticut, where the law requiring food diversion by commercial enterprises generating more
than 2 tons of food per week depends on the existence of a food recycling facility no more than 20 miles away.
Table 8. Number of food composting facilities in the United States, by state, 2013.
State
Number of
Facilities3
State
Number of
Facilities3
State
Number of
Facilities3
Alabama

Kentucky

North Dakota
0
Alaska
0
Louisiana

Ohio
20
Arizona

Maine
10
Oklahoma

Arkansas
1
Maryland
4
Oregon
10
California
26
Massachusetts
27
Pennsylvania
25
Colorado
2
Michigan
7
Rhode Island
3
Connecticut
3
Minnesota
9
South Carolina
1
Delaware
2
Mississippi
3
South Dakota
0
District of Columbia

Missouri
6
Tennessee
2
Florida
2
Montana
1
Texas
4
Georgia
1
Nebraska
0
Utah
4
Hawaii

Nevada

Vermont
13
Idaho
4
New Hampshire
9
Virginia
1
Illinois
21
New Jersey
1
Washington
29
Indiana
11
New Mexico

West Virginia

Iowa
7
New York
45
Wisconsin
14
Kansas
4
North Carolina
7
Wyoming
1
U.S. Total
347
a. Piatt and Goldstein (2014) report the number of food composting facilities in each state as determined by a survey
BioCycle administered to state governments. Blanks indicate states for which no data were provided.
3.0 Conclusions
Over 2.1 million tons of food are estimated to be managed through the options reviewed in this memorandum.
Towards the top of EPA's food hierarchy, 2013 food donations to feed people are estimates at 551,000 tons.
Food to feed animals in 2013 is 122,000 tons and food to composting is estimated at over 1,467,000 tons.
Composting, the most common management method, is driven by collection and facility infrastructure and the
existence of mandatory regulations. Food to people donation efforts are limited by numerous barriers
including misinformation about regulatory constraints, transportation costs, lack of refrigerated trucks, chain
of custody issues, and insufficient onsite storage and refrigeration. The recovery of discarded food as animal
feed is a viable option for restaurants, retailers, or wholesalers when located close to local farms. However,
there are regulations controlling the type of food that may be used and how the food is handled.
There is an established infrastructure to manage food through AD at wastewater treatment plants and on farms
that treat animal manure. Co-digestion can be beneficial because food can be used to adjust the percent of
solids for optimal digestion and increase biogas production. Food is more readily digestible than biosolids, so
methane production from food can be three times greater than that of sewage sludge. Not enough data are
readily available to estimate the amount of postconsumer food being used as feedstock for AD systems in the
U.S. "

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4.0 References
ABC (American Biogas Council). 2014. Frequent Questions. Accessed November 2014.
http://www.amcricanbiogascouncil.org/biogas questions.asp
AgSTAR. 2014. Projects, http://www.epa.gov/agstar/proiects/index.html
Austin Resource Recovery. 2014. Curbside Organics Collection Pilot.
http: //www. austintexas. gov/austincomposts
Beane, A. 2013. Solid Waste District Pilots Dry Fermentation Digester. BioCycle Energy (November): 32-
34. http://www.mrwmd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/1 l/BiocvcleADNov2013.pdf
Cambridge Department of Public Works. 2014. Curbside Compost Pilot.
http://www.cambridgema.gov/theworks/ourservices/recvclingandtrash/faqrecvclingandrubbish/compostingqu
estions/compostpilot.aspx
California 2014. California Legislative Information. 2014. Assembly Bill No. 1826. Chaptered September 28,
2014. http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB1826
City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability 2014. Administrative Rules: Business Solid Waste,
Recycling and Composting. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/27430?a=294930
CleanWorld. 2013. CleanWorld Expanding Successful Sacramento BioDigester. Originally published in The
Wall Street Journal. June 24. http://www.cleanworld.com/news/cleanworld-expanding-successful-
sacramento-biodigester/
CleanWorld. 2014a. CleanWorld Closes the Loop on Organic Waste.
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