A FPA , protection ^^SmartWay
# % Agency	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
2020 SmartWay Barge
Carrier Partner Tool:
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 2.0.19 (Data Year 2019)
EPA-420-B-20-015 I March 2020 I SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway

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Environmental Protection	^^\XSmartWaY
*mAgency	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
2020 SmartWay Barge
Carrier Partner Tool:
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 2.0.19
(Data Year 2019)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-420-B-20-015
March 2020

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Table of Contents
1.0 EMISSION FACTORS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIVITY INPUTS	5
1.1	AvaiLabLe Emission Factors	5
1.2	Activity Data Inputs	7
2.0	EMISSION ESTIMATION	10
2.1	C02 CaLcuLation	10
2.2	NOx and PM CaLcuLations	10
2.3	Retrofit Effectiveness	12
3.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS	13
3.1	Grams per Barge-MiLe	13
3.2	Grams per Loaded Barge-MiLe	13
3.3	Grams per Ton-MiLe	13
3.4	FLeet Average CaLcuLations	14
3.5	PubLic DiscLosure Reports	14
4.0 DATA VALIDATION	15
5.0 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS	17
REFERENCES	18
APPENDIX A: MARINE PROPULSION AND AUXILIARY ENGINE EMISSION FACTORS	A-l
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List of Tables
Table l. C02 Factors by Fuel Type*	5
Table 2. NOxand PM10 Emission Factors (g/kWhr)	7
Table 3. Marine Vessel Engine Load Factors (%)	11
Table 4. Diesel Propulsion Engine Retrofit Reduction Factors	12
Table 5. Barge Capacity by Type/Length Combination (1,000 cubic feet)	15
Table 6. Articulated/Integrate Barge Capacity by Volume Category (barrels)	16
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Emission Factors and Associated Activity
Inputs
Emission factors form the basis for the emission calculations in the Barge Tool. The Tool uses the latest and
most comprehensive emission factors available for marine propulsion and auxiliary engines. The following
discusses the data sources used to compile the emission factors used in the Tool, and the fleet characteristic
and activity data inputs needed to generate fleet performance metrics.
l.l AVAILABLE EMISSION FACTORS
Propulsion Engines
C02 emissions are calculated using fuel-based factors, expressed in grams per gallon of fuel. Available fuel
options include marine distillate (diesel - both low and ultra-low sulfur), biodiesel, and liquefied natural gas
(LNG). The Barge Tool uses the same gram/gallon fuel factors for C02 that are used in the other carrier tools
(Truck, Rail, and Multi-modal), as shown in Table 1. These factors are combined directly with the annual fuel
consumption values input into the Tool to estimate mass emissions for propulsion and auxiliary engines.
(The fuel consumption inputs are summed across both engine types). The factors for biodiesel are a
weighted average of the diesel and B100 factors shown in the table, weighted by the biodiesel blend
percentage.
Table 1. C02 Factors by Fuel Type*

g/gal
Source1
Diesel
10,180
(i)
Biodiesel (Bioo)
9.460
(ii)
LNG
4.394
(iii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
The Barge Tool uses emission factors expressed in g/kW-hr to estimate NOx and PM emissions. For marine
distillate fuel, the Tool uses EPA emission factors developed to support its recent marine vessel rules. The
NOx and PMi0 emission factors for main propulsion engines using ultra-low (15 ppm) sulfur distillate fuel are a
function of year of manufacture (or rebuild), as well as Engine Class (1 or 2 for tugs/tows), and rated engine
power (in kW). These factors, presented in Tables A-i and A-2 in the Appendix, are combined with estimated
engine activity in kW-hrs to estimate mass emissions, as described in Section 2. The PMi0 factors are
multiplied by 0.97 to obtain PM2,5 estimates, consistent with the conversion factors used by the EPA
NONROAD model.
1 i) Fuel, economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at httn://edocket.access.ano.aov/cfr ?ooA/iulntr/ndf/AQcfr6oo.ii^-Q^.ndf. Accessed 2-14-20.
ii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai?Dockev= Pi00iZA0.pdf. Accessed 2-14-20.
iii) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal Lower heating value (http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/fuels/properties.html - Accessed 2-14-20.), and 0.059 g/Btu.
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NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel were based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive
Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed
regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to
conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:
Equation 1
% change in emissions = (exp[a * (vol% biodiesel)] -1} * 100%
Where:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM
For example, the NOx reduction associated with B20 is calculated as follows
[Expto.0009747 x 20)-i] x 100 = 1.9%
To obtain the final NOx emissions the unadjusted NOx is multiplied by (1-0.019) = 0.991,
Using Equation 1, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the percentage of the
biofuel component, and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel
emission factors in Appendix A. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm sulfur) is assumed as the basis for
adjustments.
Emission factors were also developed for LNG derived from a variety of data sources including EPA, U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT), Swedish EPA, and the California Energy Commission. The following
emission factors were assumed, corresponding to slow-speed engines operating on natural gas.
% 5 084 g NOx/kW-hr
% 0.075 g PMio/kW-hr
Note that for LNG, emission factors are assumed to be independent of model year and engine size. In
addition, as LNG PM emissions are primarily the result of lube oil combustion, the Barge Tool assumes PM2,5
emissions equal 97% of PMi0 emissions, consistent with the conversion used for diesel fuel.
Auxiliary Engines
NOx and PM emissions associated with diesel auxiliary engine operation are set equal to EPA's nonroad
compression engine emission standards, depending on kW and engine model year (see Table 2).2
Alternative fuels and retrofits are not allowed for auxiliary engines at this time.
2 See https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai?Dockev= PiooOAQ5.pdf. Accessed 2-14-20.
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Table 2. NOx and PM10 Emission Factors (g/kWhr)
Power (kW)
Model Yr Range
X
O
z
PM10
<8
2004 & earlier
10.50
1.00
<8
2005-2007
7.50
0.80
<8
2008+
7.50
0.40
8-<19
2004 & earlier
9.50
0.80
8-<19
2005-2007
7.50
0.80
8-<19
2008+
7.50
0.40
19 - <37
2003 & earlier
9.50
0.80
19 - <37
2004-2007
7.50
0.60
19 - <37
2008-2012
7.50
0.30
19 - <37
2013+
4.70
0.03
CO
LO
V
1
r-s
00
2003 & earlier
9-20
0.40
CO
LO
V
1
r-s
00
2004-2007
7.50
0.40
CO
LO
V
1
r-s
00
2008-2012
4.70
0.40
CO
LO
V
1
r-s
00
2013+
4.70
0.02
56 - <75
2003 & earlier
9-20
0.40
56 - <75
2004-2007
7.50
0.40
56 - <75
2008-2011
4.70
0.40
56 - <75
2012-2013
4.70
0.02
56 - <75
2014+
0.40
0.02
75 - < 130
2002 & earlier
9-20
0.30
75 - < 130
2003-2006
6.60
0.30
75 - < 130
2007-2011
4.00
0.30
75 - < 130
2012-2013
4.00
0.02
75 - < 130
2014+
0.40
0.02
Power (kW)
Model Yr Range
<5
z
PM10
130 - <225
2002 & earlier
9-20
0.54
130 - <225
2003-2005
6.60
0.20
130 - <225
2006-2010
4.00
0.20
130 - <225
2011-2013
4.00
0.02
130 - <225
2014+
0.40
0.02
225 - <450
2000 & earlier
9-20
0.54
225 - <450
2001-2005
6.60
0.20
225 - <450
2006-2010
4.00
0.20
225 - <450
2011-2013
4.00
0.02
225 - <450
2014+
0.40
0.02
450 - <560
2001 & earlier
9-20
0.54
450 - <560
2002-2005
6.40
0.20
450 - <560
2006-2010
4.00
0.20
450 - <560
2011-2013
4.00
0.02
450 - <560
2014+
0.40
0.02
560 - <900
2005 & earlier
9-20
0.54
560 - <900
2006-2010
6.40
0.20
560 - <900
2011-2014
3.50
0.10
560 - <900
2015+
3.50
0.04
900+
2005 & earlier
9-20
0.54
900+
2006-2010
6.40
0.20
900+
2011-2014
3.50
0.10
900+
2015+
3.50
0.04
APU emissions are calculated by multiplying the appropriate factors from the table above by the kW-hr
inputs from the tool, and the default engine load factors for harbor craft APUs.3
1.2 ACTIVITY DATA IN PUTS
The Barge Tool requires Partners to input vessel and barge characterization and activity data. The input data
required to calculate emissions and associated performance metrics include:
Total number of barges and tugs
Vessel-specific information -
¦	Propulsion engine model/rebuild year
¦	EPA Engine Class (1 or 2)
3 Load factor = 0.56 for Auxiliary engines < 805 HP. From U.S. EPA 2009, Current Methodologies in preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission
Inventories, Table 3-3.
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¦	Fuel type (diesel - 15 or 500 ppm, biodiesel, and LNG)
¦	Retrofit information (technology and/or % NOx and/or PM reduction, if applicable)
¦	Annual fuel use (gallons or tons) - Total for propulsion and auxiliary engines
¦	Vessel towing capacity (tons)4 - optional input
¦	Propulsion engine operation
o # engines (1, 2 or 3)
o Total rated power (HP or kW - sum if two engines)
o Hours of operation per year (underway and maneuvering)
¦	Auxiliary engine operation (for each engine)5
o Engine age
o Rated power (HP or kW)
o Hours of operation per year
¦*> Barge operation information
¦	Barge type (hopper, covered cargo, tank, deck, container, other)
¦	Barge size, by type (150,175,195-200 and 250-300 feet in length)
¦	For each type/size combination:
o Number
o Average cargo volume utilization (%) - for each size/type combination
o Average annual loaded miles per barge (nautical)
o Average annual empty miles per barge (nautical)
o Average loaded payload per barge (short tons)
^ Total annual fleet activity (used for validation - must match totals calculated from barge operation
information to within 5%)
¦	Ton-miles
¦	Loaded barge-miles
¦	Unloaded barge-miles
Vessel and barge characterization and activity data are needed for three reasons:
4	Used to establish upper bound validation Limit for total payload ton-mile entries. Not expressed in Bollard Pull since that unit does not uniquely
correspond to payload.
5	Note - the Barge Tool assumes all auxiliary engines are diesel powered.
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1.	To convert the hours of engine operation to kilowatt-hours, it is necessary to know the kilowatt or
horsepower rating of the vessel's propulsion and auxiliary engines. Given hours of operation, the Tool
can then calculate kilowatt-hours — which is compatible with the available emission factors for both
engine types.
2.	To classify which regulations the vessel is subject to. EPA engine class is required to identify the
correct NOx and PM emission factors for propulsion engines. Rated power is used to determine the
appropriate emission category for auxiliary engines.
3.	To combine mass emission estimates with barge-mile and ton-mile activity to develop fleet and
company-level performance metrics. (Note, total emissions are also calculated and reported at the
vessel-specific level.)
The following section describes how the activity data inputs and the emission factors are combined to
generate mass emission estimates and associated performance metrics.
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Emission Estimation
The following sections discuss how emissions are calculated, beginning with selection of emission factors.
2.1	C02 CALCULATION
Annual vessel-specific fuel consumption values may be input in the Barge Tool in gallons or tons. Entries in
tons are converted to gallons using the following factors:
^ Diesel - 284 gallons/ton6
¦*> Biodiesel (B100) - 274 gallons/ton7
LNG - 632 gallons/ton8
Once all fuel consumption values have been converted to gallons, C02 mass emission estimates are
calculated for each vessel using the factors shown in Table 1, converted to short tons (1.1023 x io~6 short
tons/gram), and summed across vessels to obtain tons of C02 per year for the entire vessel fleet.
2.2	NOx AND PM CALCULATIONS
NOx and PM are calculated based on kW-hr activity estimates. This approach allows emission calculations to
account for the size of the vessel's propulsion engine and the amount of time a vessel spends maneuvering
in port and underway. Equation 2 presents the general equation for calculating NOx and PM emissions for
each propulsion engine using diesel fuel.9
Equation 2
EMpo = Pw x 0.7457 x Hr0 x LFo/100 x EFcyksp/ 1,102,300
Where:

EMpo
Marine vessel emissions for pollutant (p) and operation (o) (tons/year)
Pw
Sum of the power ratings for each of the vessel's propulsion engines (hp or kW)10
0.7457
Conversion factor from horsepower to kilowatts, if needed (kW/hp - Perry's Chemical

Engineer's Handbook)
Hr0
= Total annual hours of operation for propulsion engines in operating mode o (hr)
a
6	Iowa State Extension Outreach Ag Decision Maker, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/aadm/wholefarm/html/c6-87.html. Accessed 2-14-20.
7	Converted from 7.3 Lbs/gallon. See https://www.nreL.aov/docs/fvQQostiAn672.pdf. Tabte 1, Accessed 2-14-209.
8	Midwest Energy Sotutions. Energy Votume & Weight. http://www.midwesteneravsQLutiQns.net/cna-resources/enerav-voLume-weiaht. Accessed 2-14-
20.
9	Note: the PM emission factors used in the Barge T00L estimate direct or "primary" PM produced as a resuLt of incompLete combustion. Estimates do not
incLude indirect PM emissions associated with suLfur gas compounds aerosoLizing in the atmosphere.
10	This approach assumes that muLtipLe propuLsion engines are of the same type, power, and age, and operate in tandem.
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LF	= Load factor for operating mode o - see Table 2 (percentage)
EFcykp	= Emission factor for operation mode o, engine category c and pollutant p (grams/kW-hr)
- see Tables A-i and A-2
1,102,300	= Conversion factor from grams to short tons
subscripts -
o =	Operation (underway or maneuvering)
c =	EPA Engine Category (1 or 2)
y =	Year of manufacture
k =	Kilowatt rating
p =	Pollutant
If the vessel's power is provided in terms of kilowatts, then the conversion from horsepower to kilowatts is
not needed.
The load factors used in the above equations are provided in Table 3 below. These load factors were
compiled from a variety of sources and disaggregated into vessel categories used in this project. The data
sources include: EPA's Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive
Engines and Marine Compression Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters Per Cylinder (EPA, 2008); Commercial
Marine Port Inventory Development 2002 and 2005 Inventories (EPA, 2007b); Current Methodologies in Preparing
Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories (EPA, 2009); and European Commission/Entech study (EC,
2002).
Table 3. Marine Vessel Engine Load Factors (%)

Load Factor (%)
Engine Type
Maneuvering
Underway
Propulsion
20
80
Auxiliary
1711
If biodiesel is used, NOx and PM emissions are calculated assuming ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel as the basis,
with the emission factors adjusted according to the fuel blend percentage as described in Section 1.1.
If LNG is used, NOx and PM emissions are calculated by simply multiplying the g/kW-hr factors presented in
Section 1.1 by the effective kW-hrs of operation (hours of use x load factor), summed across operation type
(underway and maneuvering).
11 Average auxiliary engine Load factor for cruise operation, from ICF International, Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission
Inventories, Final Report, prepared for USE PA, April 2009. Cruise conditions are assumed most prevalent; to the extent that auxiliary engines are also used
during maneuvering and hotelling, Load factors and emissions will be higher.
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2.3 RETROFIT EFFECTIVENESS
The Barge Tool allows the user to select from a variety of propulsion engine retrofit options. Options were
only identified for diesel marine engines, and were based on emission adjustment factors developed for
EPA's MARKAL model.12 The reduction factors assumed for each of these control options are presented in
Table 4. The Barge Tool only allows the user to specify one retrofit for a given propulsion engine -
combinations are not permitted at this time.
Table 4. Diesel Propulsion Engine Retrofit Reduction Factors

Reduction Factor
Control


NOx II PM
Fuel Injection Engine Improvements
0.12
0.12
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
0.8
0
Common rail
0.1
0.1
Diesel Electric
0.2
0.2
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
0.7
0
Hybrid Engines
0.35
0.35
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
0
0.2
Lean NOx Catalyst
0.35
0
Barge Tool users may also specify details and assumed emission reductions for other control measures not
listed in the table above, although detailed text descriptions should be provided justifying the use of any
alternative factors.
If retrofit Information has been entered for a vessel, the NOx and PM emissions calculated above are adjusted
by the factors shown in Table 413 For example, a 20% reduction in PM emissions associated with a diesel
oxidation catalyst would require an adjustment factor of 1 - 0.2 (0.8) to be applied to the calculated PM
values.
Finally, NOx and PM emissions are summed across all vessels and source types (propulsion and auxiliary) to
obtain fleet and company-level mass emission estimates.
12	Eastern Research Group, "MARKAL Marine Methodology", prepared for Dr. Cynthia Gage, US EPA, December 30, 2010.
13	The Barge Toot assumes that retrofits are onty apptied to main proputsion engines, not auxiliary engines.
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Q Performance Metrics
The Barge Tool is designed to apply the calculated emissions to a variety of operational parameters. This
provides performance metrics that are used as a reference point to evaluate a Partner's environmental
performance relative to other SmartWay Partners across different transportation modes. In this way the
metrics presented here are made comparable to the metrics used in the other carrier tools.
For these comparisons to be most precise, it may be necessary to group the data into comparable operating
characteristic bins to ensure that similar operations are being compared. For example, open-water barge
operations may need to be considered separately from river barge operations because these vessels and
their activities are very different. For this reason the Barge Tool collects a variety of vessel and barge
characteristic information that may be used to differentiate barge operations in the future.
The following summarizes how the Barge Tool performance metrics are calculated for a given pollutant.
Note: all distances are reported in nautical miles.14
3-1 GRAMS PER BARGE-MILE
Equation 3
grams / (loaded + unloaded barge-miles - from Total Fleet Activity entry)
3 2 GRAMS PER LOADED BARGE-MILE
Equation 4
grams / (loaded barge-miles - from Total Fleet Activity entry)
3 3 GRAMS PER TON-MILE
Equation 5
grams / (total ton-miles - from Total Fleet Activity entry)
141 nautical mile -1.15 statute mites.
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3-4 FLEET AVERAGE CALCULATIONS
The Barge Tool calculates fleet-level average payloads for use in the SmartWay Carrier Data File. In order to
calculate average payload the Tool first calculates total ton-miles for each row on the Barge Operations
screen as follows:
Next, the Tool sums the row-level ton-miles as well as the total barge miles (Avg Loaded Miles * Number of
Barges) across all rows. The tool then divides the summed ton-miles by the summed total miles to obtain
the fleet average payload.
The Barge Tool now provides a report summarizing Scope 1 emissions for public disclosure purposes. Mass
emissions are presented in metric tonnes for C02 (biogenic and non-biogenic), NOx, and PM15 for all fleets.
Biogenic C02 emissions estimates are assumed to equal 2 percent of total C02 emissions, as per U.S.
requirements for biomass-based diesel from the EPA Renewable Fuel Standard program final volume
requirements.16
15	Emissions from CH4, N20, HFC's, PFC's, SF6 and NF3 have been deemed immaterial, comprising Less than 5% of overall GHG emissions and are therefore
EXCLUDED for reporting purposes.
16	As stated in the Final Rule (Table I.B.7-1 - see https://www.apo.aov/fdsvs/pka/FR-2017-12-12/pdf/2017-26426.pdf. accessed 2-14-20), the volume
requirements for biomass-based diesel in 2018 is 1.74%, rounded to equal 2% for calculation purposes. The percentage will be updated annually in the Tool.
Row-Level ton-miles = Average Payload Value * Avg Loaded Miles * Number of Barges
3 5 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE REPORTS
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Data Validation
The Barge Tool employs Limited validation to ensure the consistency of Partner data inputs. Cross-validation
of barge and ton-mile inputs are conducted on the Barge Operations screen. These checks ensure that the
values entered in the Fleet Totals section of the screen for total ton-miles, loaded and unloaded barge-miles
are consistent with the data entered at the row level for the different barge type/size combinations. These
three values must be within 5% of the totals calculated as follows:
Equation 6
Total Ton-miles = [£b (number of barges x Annual Loaded Miles per Barge x Average Loaded Payload per
Barge)]
Equation 7
Loaded Barge-Miles = [£b (number of barges x Annual Loaded Miles per Barge)]
Equation 8
Unloaded Barge-Miles = [£b (number of barges x Annual Empty Miles per Barge)]
The Barge Tool also conducts a validation check to confirm product densities are within a reasonable range,
with payloads flagged if the calculated cargo density is greater than 0.6 tons per cubic foot or less than
0.003 tons per cubic foot.17
Barge volumes were estimated for each barge type/size combination using standardized assumptions
regarding depth and width. Volumes are summarized below in Table 5 and Table 6.
Table 5. Barge Capacity by Type/Length Combination (1,000 cubic feet)

Barge Volume (1,000 cubic feet)
Barge Type*
250-300'
195-200'
175'
150'
Hopper Barge
182
90
81
69
Covered cargo
barge18
165
82
74
63
Tank Barges
160
56
48
41
Deck Barges
182
90
81
69
Container Barges
218
82
65
49
* "Other" barge types require volumes input by the user
17	High end approximately equal to that of gold, Low end to density of potato chips. See http://www.aqua-calc.com/paae/densitv-
table/substance/Snacks-coma-and-blank-potato-blank-chips-coma-and-blank-white-coma-and-blank-restructured-coma-and-blank-baked. Accessed
2-14-20.
18	Assumed maximum volume for covered cargo barge for 250-300 was 265 ft Long 52 ft wide and 12 feet deep = 165,360; 195-200 was 195 Long 35 ft wide
and 12 ft deep; 175 and 150 had the same width and depth of the 195 ft barge.
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Volumes for articulated/integrated barges were derived from a Listing of 134 bluewater units protected by
US cabotage Law, 114 of which included volume estimates.19 Four barge size groupings were defined as
shown in Table 5.
Table 6. Articulated/Integrate Barge Capacity
by Volume Category (barrels)
Size Category
Average Volume
< 100,000
373,591
100,000 < 150,000
683,827
150,000 < 200,000
944,121
200,000 +
1,583,898
The Barge Tool performs one other validation check, ensuring that the fleet's total payload, as determined
from the Barge Operations screen, does not exceed the maximum possible payload based on the reported
towing capacities reported on the Vessel Operations screen.
19 US Maritime Administration data compited by Tradeswindsnews.com: provided by Terrence Houston, American Waterway Operators, December 15, 2016.
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Future Enhancements
The following enhancements are being considered for future versions of the Barge Tool:
^ Develop validation ranges for barge-mile, ton-mile, payload, towing capacity, rated power, and other
inputs based on Partner data submissions and/or other sources.
^ Compile list of common data sources for vessel and barge data, based on Partner data submissions.
¦*> Expanding the list of pollutants to include black carbon.
Add option for dual-fuel propulsion engines.
^ Allow user-specified propulsion engine load factors.
Develop default average volume utilization and payloads based on commodity type and other Partner
data.
a
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References
American Waterway Operators website
Jobs and Economy: Industry Factors, http://www.americanwaterways.com/initiatives/iobs-
economy/industrv-facts. Accessed 2-11-19.
Coosa-ALabama River Improvement Association (CARIA)
Barges and Towboats, http://www.caria.ora/barae-and-towboat-facts/. Accessed 2-11-19.
Dunn and Bradstreet
Hoover, Inland Barge Transport, http://www.hoovers.com/industry-facts.inland-water-freiaht-
transportation.1612.htmL. Accessed 2-11-19.
East Dubuque (ED) Local Area History Project
Barges and Tows, ApriL 2000.
Hines Furlong Line
Tank Barges, http://www.hinesfurLonaLine.com/tank-baraes. Accessed 2-11-19.
Ingram Barge Company
Barge Register, 2010.
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Updated Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships, ApriL 2009.
McDonough, Deck Barge Fleet, 2013
http://www.mcdonouahmarine.com/deck-baraes.html Accessed 2-11-19.
Texas Transportation Institute (TTI)
and the Center for Ports and Waterways, A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on
the General Public, 2007.
Texas Transportation Institute (TTI)
and the Center for Ports and Waterways, ModaL Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on
The GeneraL PubLic, Houston, Texas, March 2009.
U.S. Army Corp of Engineers
Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. https://www.iwr.usace.armv.miL/about/technicaL-centers/wcsc-
waterborne-commerce-statistics-center/. Accessed 2-11-19.
U.S. Department of Transportation
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, North American Freight Transportation, Washington D.C., June 2006.
U.S. Department of Energy
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | References 18

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^\xSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Energy Information Administration's National Energy Modeling System. Annual Energy Outlook2009 Early
Release: Report #:DOE/EIA-0383. December 2008. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/archive/aeoOQ/.
Accessed 2-11-19.
U.S. EPA
Category 2 Vessel Census, Activity and Spatial Allocation Assessment and Category 1 and Category 2 In-
Port/At-Sea Splits, February 16, 2007a.
U.S. EPA
Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories - Final Report, April
2009.
U.S. EPA
NEI Marine Vessel PM Methodology, 2008.https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20ifi-
Q7/documents/2008 neiv? tsd draft.pdf Section 4.3.4. Accessed 2-11-19.
U.S. EPA
Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine
Compression Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters Per Cylinder, May 2008.
Wright International
Barge Brokerage http://www.m-lots.co.uk/mtrader.php?id=^2. Accessed 2-11-19.
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | References 19

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^\xSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
Appendix A: Marine Propulsion and Auxiliary
Engine Emission Factors20
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
1
<6ookW
2018+
4.66
0.06
1
<6ookW
2017
4.66
0.07
1
<6ookW
2016
4.66
0.07
1
<6ookW
2015
4.66
0.07
1
<6ookW
2014
4.66
0.07
1
<6ookW
2013
5-64
0.10
1
<6ookW
2012
5-95
0.12
1
<6ookW
2011
6.00
0.12
1
<6ookW
2010
6.00
0.12
1
<6ookW
2009
6.00
0.12
1
<6ookW
2008
6.00
0.12
1
<6ookW
2007
6.00
0.12
1
<6ookW
2006
6.34
0.14
1
<6ookW
2005
6.34
0.14
1
<6ookW
2004
6.49
0.15
1
<6ookW
2003
9-72
0.35
1
<6ookW
2002
9-72
0.35
1
<6ookW
2001
9-72
0.35
1
<6ookW
2000
9-72
0.35
1
<6ookW
pre-2000
10.00
0.235
1
6oo
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^SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
1
6oo
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^SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
1
ioooi400
2016+
1.30
0.03
1
kW>i400
2015
4.81
0.07
1
kW>i400
2014
4.81
0.07
1
kW>i400
2013
4.81
0.07
1
kW>i400
2012
4.81
0.07
1
kW>i400
2011
6.00
0.12
1
kW>i400
2010
6.00
0.12
1
kW>i400
2009
6.00
0.12
1
kW>i400
2008
6.00
0.12
1
kW>i400
2007
6.00
0.12
1
kW>i400
2006
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
2005
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
2004
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
2003
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
2002
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
2001
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
2000
9-20
0.29
1
kW>i400
pre-2000
11.00
0.29
2
<6ookW
2013+
5-97
0.11
2
<6ookW
2012
8.33
0.31
2
<6ookW
2011
8.33
0.31
2
<6ookW
2010
8.33
0.31
2
<6ookW
2009
8.33
0.31
2
<6ookW
2008
8.33
0.31
2
<6ookW
2007
8.33
0.31
2
<6ookW
2006
10.55
0.31
2
<6ookW
2005
10.55
0.31
2
<6ookW
2004
10.55
0.31
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-3
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^SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
2
<6ookW
2003
10.55
0.31
2
<6ookW
2002
10.55
0.31
2
<6ookW
2001
10.55
0.31
2
<6ookW
2000
10.55
0.31
2
<6ookW
pre-2000
13-36
0.31
2
6oo<=kW
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^SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
2
iooo<=kW
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^SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
2
2000<=kW<3700
2016+
1.30
0.03
2
2000<=kW<3700
2015
1.30
0.18
2
2000<=kW<3700
2014
1.30
0.18
2
2000<=kW<3700
2013
8.33
0.19
2
2000<=kW<3700
2012
8.33
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2011
8.33
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2010
8.33
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2009
8.33
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2008
8.33
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2007
8.33
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2006
10.55
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2005
10.55
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2004
10.55
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2003
10.55
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2002
10.55
0.00
2
2000<=kW<3700
2001
10.55
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
2000
10.55
0.31
2
2000<=kW<3700
pre-2000
13-36
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2017*
1.30
0.05
2
kW>=3700
2016
1.30
0.05
2
kW>=3700
2015
1.30
0.05
2
kW>=3700
2014
1.30
0.18
2
kW>=3700
2013
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2012
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2011
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2010
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2009
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2008
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2007
8.33
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2006
10.55
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2005
10.55
0.31
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-6
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^SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table A-i. Category l Distillate (15 ppm) Emission Factors
Category
Engine Size
Model Year
NOx Weighted
EF g/kW hr
PM10 Weighted
EF g/kW hr
2
kW>=3700
2004
10.55
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2003
10.55
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2002
10.55
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2001
10.55
0.31
2
kW>=3700
2000
10.55
0.31
2
kW>=3700
pre-2000
13-36
0.31
SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-7
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SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20460
(734) 214-4333
www.epa.aov/transportation-air-pollution-and-
climate-chanae
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
2565 Plymouth Rd.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48105
(734) 214-4200
www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-
vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel
EPA 420 B 20 015 | March 2020 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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