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Technical Support Document: Preparation of
Emissions Inventories for the Version 4.1, 2005-
based Platform
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EPA-454/B-20-004
March 2011
Technical Support Document: Preparation of Emissions Inventories for the Version 4.1, 2005-
based Platform
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Assessment Division
Research Triangle Park, NC
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS Ill
LIST OF TABLES V
LIST OF FIGURES VI
LIST OF APPENDICES VI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 2005 EMISSION INVENTORIES AND APPROACHES 2
2.1 2005 NEI Point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm) 11
2.1.1 IPM sector (ptipm) 17
2.1.2 Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm) 18
2.2 2005 NONPOINT SOURCES (AFDUST, AG, NONPT) 20
2.2.1 Area Fugitive dust sector (afdust) 20
2.2.2 Agricultural Ammonia sector (ag) 22
2.2.3 Other nonpoint sources (nonpt) 24
2.3 Fires (avefire) 26
2.4 Biogenic sources (biog) 29
2.5 2005 Mobile sources (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, on_moves_startpm, nonroad, alm_no_c3,
SECA_c3) 29
2.5.1 Onroad mobile MOVES cold-start exhaust sources requiring temperature adjustments
(on moves startpm) 31
2.5.2 Onroad mobile MOVES running exhaust sources requiring temperature adjustments
(onmovesrunpm) 34
2.5.3 Onroad no-adjustments mobile sources (on noadj) 34
2.5.4 Nonroad mobile sources - NMlM-based nonroad (nonroad) 35
2.5.5 Nonroad mobile sources: locomotive and non-C3 commercial marine (alm_no_c3) 36
2.5.6 Nonroad mobile sources: C3 commercial marine (seca_c3) 38
2.6 Emissions from Canada, Mexico and Offshore Drilling Platforms (othpt, othar, othon,
OTHPT_HG, AND OTHAR_HG) 40
2.7 SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for mercury and chlorine 43
2.7.1 Mercury 43
2.7.2 Chlorine 44
3 EMISSIONS MODELING SUMMARY 44
3.1 Key emissions modeling settings 45
3.1.1 Spatial configuration 46
3.1.2 Chemical speciation configuration 48
3.1.3 Temporal processing configuration 57
3.2 Emissions modeling ancillary files 59
3.2.1 Spatial Allocation Data 59
3.2.2 Chemical speciation ancillary files 64
3.2.3 Temporal allocation ancillary files 69
4 REFERENCES 77
11
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Acronyms
BAFM
Benzene, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde and Methanol
BEIS
Biogenic Emissions Inventory System
C3
Category 3 (commercial marine vessels)
CAIR
Clean Air Interstate Rule
CAMD
EPA's Clean Air Markets Division
CAMx
Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions
CAP
Criteria Air Pollutant
CARB
California Air Resources Board
CEM
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
CHIEF
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors
CI
Chlorine
CMAQ
Community Multiscale Air Quality
CMV
Commercial marine vessel
CO
Carbon monoxide
EGU
Electric generating units
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EMFAC
Emission Factor (California's onroad mobile model)
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FCCS
Fuel Characteristic Classification System
FIPS
Federal Information Processing Standards
HAP
Hazardous Air Pollutant
HCL
Hydrochloric acid
Hg
Mercury
HGNRVA
Natural recycled, volcanic and anthropogenic Hg
HMS
Hazard Mapping System
ICR
Information Collection Request
IMO
International Marine Organization
IPM
Integrated Planning Model
ITN
Itinerant
MACT
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
MOBILE
OTAQ's model for estimation of onroad mobile emissions factors
MOVES
Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator ~ OTAQ's model for estimation of onroad
mobile emissions - replaces the use of the MOBILE model
NEEDS
National Electric Energy Database System
NEI
National Emission Inventory
NESHAP
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
nh3
Ammonia
nm
nautical mile
NMIM
National Mobile Inventory Model
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NONROAD
OTAQ's model for estimation of nonroad mobile emissions
NOx
Nitrogen oxides
OAQPS
EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OTAQ
EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality
ORD
EPA's Office of Research and Development
ORL
One Record per Line
PF
Projection Factor, can account for growth and/or controls
PFC
Portable Fuel Container
in
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PM2.5 Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns
PM10 Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns
RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis
RFS2 Revised Annual Renewable Fuel Standard
RRF Relative Response Factor
RWC Residential Wood Combustion
RPO Regional Planning Organization
SCC Source Classification Code
SMARTFIRE Satellite Mapping Automated Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation
SMOKE Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol
SPPD Sector Policies and Programs Division
TAF Terminal Area Forecast
TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
TSD Technical support document
VOC Volatile organic compounds
VMT Vehicle miles traveled
WRAP Western Regional Air Partnership
iv
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List of Tables
Table 2-1. Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 platform, version 4.1 4
Table 2-2. Summary of significant changes between v4 and v4.1 platforms by sector 7
Table 2-3. 2005 Emissions by Sector: VOC, NOX, CO, S02, NH3, PM10, PM2.5 10
Table 2-4. Summaries of Hg (speciated), HCL and CL2* 11
Table 2-5. Summaries of the non-anthropogenic mercury across the modeling domain 11
Table 2-6. Hg changes made to the 2005 NATA Hg inventory (June 18, 2010 version) for the
2005 ptnonipm, ptipm, and nonpt sectors 14
Table 2-7. SCCs in the afdust platform sector 21
Table 2-8. Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector 22
Table 2-9. Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the "ag" sector 24
Table 2-10. Additional TCEQ oil and gas emissions added to the 2005v2 NEI 25
Table 2-11. SCCs provided with Oklahoma oil and gas sector emissions 26
Table 2-12. Changes to Oklahoma oil and gas emissions 26
Table 2-13. Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform 27
Table 2-14. HAP emission factors applied to avefire PM2.5 emissions 28
Table 2-15. Pollutants covered by MOVES2010 as used in the 2005v4.1 platform1 30
Table 2-16. SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to the 2002 platform aim sector37
Table 2-17. Adjustment factors to update the 2005 seca_c3 sector emissions for the v4.1
platform 39
Table 2-18. Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in 2002 and 2005 platforms 40
Table 2-19. Summary of the othpt, othpt hg, othar, othar hg, and othon sectors changes from
the 2002 platform 42
Table 3-1. Key emissions modeling steps by sector 46
Table 3-2. Descriptions of the 2005-based platform grids 48
Table 3-3. Model species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA for CMAQ4.7 and CAMx*
49
Table 3-4. Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for
each platform sector 54
Table 3-5. Source-category specific criteria for integrating nonpt SCCs for categories
comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions 55
Table 3-6. Temporal settings used for the platform sectors in SMOKE, v4.1 platform 58
Table 3-7. U.S. Surrogates available for the 2005v4.1 platform 60
Table 3-8. Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in the 2005v4 platform 62
Table 3-9. Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions (v4.1
unchanged from v4) 63
Table 3-10. Differences between two profiles used for commercial marine residual oil 66
Table 3-11. Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion 66
Table 3-12: PM2.5 speciation profile updates assignments for the v4 platform 67
Table 3-13. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by sector for 2005 68
Table 3-14. Speciation of Mercury 68
Table 3-15. Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by
gasoline vehicle types for the onroad parking area-related SCCs 72
Table 3-16. Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by
diesel vehicle types for the onroad parking area-related SCCs from MOVES2010 74
v
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1. MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions 32
Figure 3-1. CMAQ modeling domains 47
Figure 3-2. Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation 53
Figure 3-3. Diurnal Profiles based on road type (use local for "start") and whether the road is
urban versus rural 70
Figure 3-4. Diurnal temporal profile for HDDV 2B through 8B at Parking areas 71
List of Appendices
Appendix A: Revisions to PTIPM Sector S02 and NOX emissions from V4 to V4.1
Appendix B: Creation of the modeling file ("ORL point file") parameters from the Boiler
MACT ICR unit level emissions
Appendix C: Pollutants in the onroad emission sectors generated from NMIM or MOVES2010
Appendix D: Approach to develop CMAQ PM2.5 species from Partially-speciated MOVES2010
EXHAUST PM2.5 for the 2005 Platform, version 4.1
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1 Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hereafter referred to as "we," has developed
an updated version of the 2005-based air quality modeling platform, version 4.1. This document
describes the emissions inventory and emissions modeling for this version, focusing on the
changes made from version 4. The version 4 platform is documented at the emissions modeling
clearinghouse website, under the section entitled "2005-Based Modeling Platform" and the
subsection entitled "CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005-Based Platform Version 4.1".
The platform consists of Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and the following select Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAPs): mercury (Hg), chlorine (CL2), hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride (HCL)
and benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol. The latter four are also denoted BAFM.
This platform is called the "CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005-Based Platform, Version 4.1" platform (we
will use the shortened name "2005v4.1" in this documentation). This platform supports the
Regulatory Impact Analysis for National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAP) for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters (a.k.a.
"Boiler MACT") and the proposal for the Toxics rule.
The underlying 2005 inventories used are: 1) the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI),
version 2; 2) the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) mercury inventory from June
2010, and 3) an inventory of Hg developed from the Boiler MACT Information Collection
Request (ICR) for the National Emission Standards for Major Sources:
Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters
(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/boiler/boilerpg.html). This document describes the approach and
data used to produce the emission inputs to the air quality model used in the 2005v4.1 platform.
Emissions preparation for the 2005v4.1 platform supports the Community Multiscale Air Quality
(CMAQ) model and (2) the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx). Both
models support modeling ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM) and mercury (Hg), and require
hourly and gridded emissions of chemical species from the following inventory pollutants:
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns (PM10),
individual component species for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and
individual component species of gaseous and particulate mercury (Hg). In addition, the CMAQ
Carbon Bond 05 (CB05) chemical mechanism with chlorine chemistry, which is part of the
"base" version of CMAQ, allows explicit treatment of BAFM and includes HAP emissions of
HCL and CL2. The platform BAFM emissions come from either the NEI values for benzene,
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) or via speciation of NEI VOC into the
component species.
The effort to create the emission inputs for the 2005v4.1 platform included:
(1) modification of emission inventories used for the 2005v4 base case,
(2) updates to the emissions modeling ancillary files used with the emissions modeling tools,
and
(3) application of the emissions modeling tools.
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The primary emissions modeling tool used to create the CMAQ model-ready emissions was the
Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) modeling system (http://www.smoke-
model.org/index.cfm). We used SMOKE version 2.6 to create emissions files for a 36-km
national grid, a 12-km Eastern grid and a 12-km Western grid for a 2005 base case (also known
as the "2005cr_hg_05b" case for purposes of our directory structure). The purpose of this case is
to provide a 2005 case that is consistent with the methods used in the future-year base case and
control cases. For regulatory applications, this case is included in the relative response factor
(RRF) calculations.
Unlike the version 4 (v4) platform, this platform includes only a base case; it does not include a
model evaluation case. The evaluation case in the 2005v4 platform uses 2005-specific fire
emissions and 2005 hour-specific continuous emission monitoring (CEM) data for electric
generating units (EGUs) whereas the 2005 base case includes an "average year" scenario for
fires and a illustrative (rather than year-specific) temporal allocation approach for EGUs to
allocate annual 2005 emissions to days and hours. This approach to temporal allocation was
used for all base and control cases modeled to provide a temporal consistency that is intended to
be a conceivable temporal allocation without tying the approach to a single year.
The 2005v4.1 platform was developed using the concepts, tools and emissions modeling data
from EPA's 2005v4 platform, documented by:
Main document, appendices to the main document, and future year.
Section 2 provides a summary of the key differences between the two versions of the emissions
platform.
This document contains five sections and four appendices. Section 2 describes the 2005
inventories input to SMOKE. Section 3 describes the emissions modeling and the ancillary files
used with the emission inventories. The development of the 2016 inventory (projected from
2005) is provided through technical support documents for the specific modeling applications.
Section 4 provides references. Appendices A through D provide additional details about specific
technical methods.
Electronic copies of the data used with SMOKE for the 2005 platform are available at the
emissions modeling clearinghouse, under the section entitled "2005-Based Modeling Platform"
and the subsection entitled "CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005-Based Platform, Version 4.1". This is
referred to as the "2005v4.1 website" throughout this document. In addition, this data is provided
to the electronic docket in support of the Toxics Rule.
2 2005 emission inventories and approaches
This section describes the 2005 emissions data created for input to SMOKE. As with the 2005v4
platform, the primary basis for the 2005 stationary source emission inputs is the 2005 National
Emission Inventory (NEI), version 2, which includes emissions of CO, NOx, VOC, SO2, NH3,
PM10, PM2.5 and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). The HAPs we used from this inventory are
mercury, chlorine (CL2), hydrogen chloride (HCL), benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and
methanol. We began with the same SMOKE-formatted inventory inputs as the 2005v4 platform
(case name: 2005ck_05b) and made changes described here.
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For mercury, the 2005v4.1 platform uses a later version of the 2005v2 NEI inventory prepared
for the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). It uses the June 18, 2010 version of the
2005 NATA inventory, with the exception of emissions from commercial, institutional and
industrial boilers from the major source information collection request (ICR) database and other
changes described later. The NATA inventory started with the 2005v2 NEI, and was updated
with data collected for some source categories, which resulted in major updates to mercury
emissions for Portland cement and hazardous waste combustion. The NATA inventory was also
revised as a result of comments received as part of the state, local and tribal review.
Documentation for the 2005 NEI can be found at: For inventories outside of the United States,
which include Canada and Mexico, we used the latest available base-year inventories as
discussed in Section 2.6.
The 2005 NEI includes five sectors: nonpoint (formerly called "stationary area") sources, point
sources, nonroad mobile sources, onroad mobile sources, and fires. Because the 2005v4.1
platform includes just a base case, the available day-specific wildfires and prescribed burning
data from the 2005 NEI was not used; rather an average fire inventory that is used for both base
and future years was used.
For purposes of preparing the air quality model-ready emissions, we used the same split of the
2005 emissions inventory into "platform" sectors for use in emissions modeling as was used in
the 2005v4 platform. The significance of an emissions modeling or "platform" sector is that it is
run through all of the SMOKE programs except the final merge (Mrggrid) independently from
the other sectors. The final merge program combines the sector-specific gridded, speciated and
hourly emissions together to create the CMAQ-ready emission inputs, which can be converted to
emissions that can be used by CAMx when needed.
Similarly to 2005v4, we added sectors for biogenic emissions, emissions from the Canadian and
Mexican inventories, and augmented with other emissions data to be explained below.
Table 2-1 presents the sectors in the 2005 platform. The sector abbreviations are provided in
italics; these abbreviations are used in the SMOKE modeling scripts and inventory file names,
and throughout the remainder of this document. Updates from the 2005v4 platform are
discussed in Table 2-2.
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Table 2-1. Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 platform, version 4.1
Platform Sector
2005 NEI
Sector
Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
EGU sector (also
called the IPM
sector): ptipm
Point
For all pollutants other than mercurv (Ha): 2005v2 NEI point
source EGUs mapped to the Integrated Planning Model (IPM)
model using the National Electric Energy Database System
(NEEDS) 2006 version 4.10 database. A few revisions were made
to the 2005v2 NEI annual emission estimates as discussed in Table
2-2.
For Ha: 6/18/2010 version of the inventorv used for the 2005
National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) mapped to IPM using
NEEDS version 4.10. The NATA inventory is an update to the
2005v2 NEI and was divided into EGU and non-EGU sectors
consistent with the other pollutants (we did not actually map the
NATA inventory to IPM, but rather applied the mapping that was
done to the 2005 NEIv2 to the NATA Hg inventory). We
additionally removed Hg from sources from the National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial,
and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters (aka "Boiler MACT")
Information Collection Request (ICR) database because we
included these emissions in the non-EGU sector.
For both: Day-specific emissions created for input into SMOKE.
Non-EGU sector
(also called the
non-IPM sector):
ptnonipm
Point
For all pollutants other than Ha: All 2005v2 NEI point source
records not matched to the ptipm sector. Includes all aircraft
emissions. Additionally updated inventory to remove duplicates,
improve estimates from ethanol plants, and reflect new information
collected from industry from the ICR for the Boiler MACT.
Includes point source fugitive dust emissions for which county-
specific PM transportable fractions were applied.
For Ha: The 6/18/2010 version of NATA inventorv was used
except for modifications to gold mine emissions and removal of Hg
from facilities that closed prior to 2005. In addition, Hg emissions
developed for the Boiler MACT were used
For both: Annual resolution.
Average-fire
sector: avefire
Not
applicable
Average-year wildfire and prescribed fire emissions, unchanged
from the 2005v4 platform; county and annual resolution.
Agricultural
sector: ag
Nonpoint
NH3 emissions from NEI nonpoint livestock and fertilizer
application, county and annual resolution. Unchanged from the
2005v4 platform.
Area fugitive dust
sector: afdust
Nonpoint
PM10 and PM2 5 from fugitive dust sources from the NEI nonpoint
inventory after application of county-specific PM transportable
fractions. Includes building construction, road construction, paved
roads, unpaved roads, agricultural dust), county and annual
resolution.
Remaining
nonpoint sector:
nonpt
Nonpoint
Primarily 2002 NEI nonpoint sources not otherwise included in
other SMOKE sectors; county and annual resolution. Also includes
updated Residential Wood Combustion emissions, year 2005 non-
California WRAP oil and gas Phase II inventory and year 2005
Texas and Oklahoma oil and gas emissions. Removed Hg
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Platform Sector
2005 NEI
Sector
Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
emissions from boilers to avoid double counting with Hg emissions
added to the non-EGU sector from the Boiler MACT ICR.
Nonroad sector:
nonroad
Mobile:
Nonroad
Monthly nonroad emissions from the National Mobile Inventory
Model (NMIM) using NONROAD2005 version nr05c-BondBase,
which is equivalent to NONROAD2008a, since it incorporated
Bond rule revisions to some of the base case inputs and the Bond
rule controls did not take effect until later.
NMIM was used for all states except California. Monthly emissions
for California created from annual emissions submitted by the
California Air Resources Board (CARB) for the 2005v2 NEI.
locomotive, and
non-C3
commercial
marine:
aim no c3
Mobile:
Nonroad
2002 NEI non-rail maintenance locomotives, and category 1 and
category 2 commercial marine vessel (CMV) emissions sources,
county and annual resolution. Aircraft emissions are included in the
Non-EGU sector (as point sources) and category 3 CMV emissions
are contained in the seca c3 sector
C3 commercial
marine: seca_c3
Mobile :
Nonroad
Annual point source-formatted, year 2005 category 3 (C3) CMV
emissions, developed for the rule called "Control of Emissions from
New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters
per Cylinder", usuallv described as the Emissions Control Area
(ECA) studv. Utilized final projections from 2002. developed for
the C3 ECA proposal to the International Maritime Organization
(EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).
Onroad
California,
NMIM-based, and
MOVES sources
not subject to
temperature
adjustments:
onnoadj
Mobile:
onroad
Three, monthly, county-level components:
1) California onroad, created using annual emissions for all
pollutants, submitted by CARB for the 2005 NEI version 2. NH3
(not submitted by CARB) from MOVES2010.
2) Onroad gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions from MOVES2010
not subject to temperature adjustments: exhaust CO, NOx, VOC,
NH3, benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene,
acrolein, naphthalene, brake and tirewear PM, and evaporative
VOC, benzene, and naphthalene.
3) Onroad emissions for Hg from NMIM using MOBILE6.2, other
than for California.
Onroad cold-start
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves startpm
Mobile:
onroad
Monthly, county-level MOVES2010-based onroad gasoline
emissions subject to temperature adjustments. Limited to exhaust
mode only for PM species and naphthalene. California emissions
not included. This sector is limited to cold start mode emissions
that contain different temperature adjustment curves from running
exhaust (see on_moves_runpm sector).
Onroad running
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves runpm
Mobile:
onroad
Monthly, county-level draft MOVES2010-based onroad gasoline
emissions subject to temperature adjustments. Limited to exhaust
mode only for PM species and Naphthalene. California emissions
not included. This sector is limited to running mode emissions that
contain different temperature adjustment curves from cold start
exhaust (see on_moves_startpm sector).
5
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Platform Sector
2005 NEI
Sector
Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
Biogenic: biog
Not
applicable
Hour-specific, grid cell-specific emissions generated from the
BEIS3.14 model, including emissions in Canada and Mexico.
Other point
sources not from
the NEI: othpt
Not
applicable
Point sources from Canada's 2006 inventory and Mexico's Phase III
1999 inventory, annual resolution. Also includes annual U.S.
offshore oil 2005v2 NEI point source emissions.
Other point
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othpt hg
Not
applicable
Annual year 2000 Canada speciated mercury point source
emissions.
Other nonpoint
and nonroad not
from the NEI:
othar
Not
applicable
Annual year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 1999
Mexico Phase III (municipio resolution) nonpoint and nonroad
mobile inventories.
Other nonpoint
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othar hg
Not
applicable
Annual year 2000 Canada speciated mercury from nonpoint
sources.
Other onroad
sources not from
the NEI: othon
Not
applicable
Year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 1999 Mexico
Phase III (municipio resolution) onroad mobile inventories, annual
resolution.
The emission inventories in SMOKE input format for the 2005 base case are available at the
2005v4.1 website (see the end of Section 1). The "readme" file provided indicates the particular
zipped files associated with each platform sector.
Before discussing the specific components of the 2005v4.1 emissions platform, we provide in
Table 2-2 a summary of the significant differences between the 2005v4 emissions platform and
this 2005v4.1 platform.
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Table 2-2. Summary of significant changes between v4 and v4.1 platforms by sector
Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences from V4 to V4.1
IPM sector: ptipm
Added or changed ORIS Boiler IDs to some units with missing or incorrect
values, and for a subset of these, recomputed annual emissions of NOx, SO2 or
both using 2005 CEM data, resulting in lower NOx and/or SO2 for CA, MA,
vfY, SC and increasing for MS and WV as shown below
CA
NOX down 75.4 tons; S02 down 21.1 tons
MA
NOX down 483 tons ; S02 down 1533.4 tons
NY
NOX down 149.3 tons
SC
NOX down 1166.2, tons S02 down 1.3 tons
MS
S02 up 929.7 tons
WV
NOX up 142.5 tons
Appendix A, Table A-l provides a facility-level summary of these changes.
Only replaced emissions if 2005 CEM data were confirmed to be for the entire
year (some CEM is only for the summer season).
Hg emissions from 2005v2 were replaced with Hg emissions from the June
2010 version of the NATA 2005 inventory except for units matched to the
Boiler MACT ICR database.
Hg emissions for units matched to units in the Boiler MACT ICR database
were removed (summing to 0.045 tons Hg). The Boiler MACT ICR database
Hg emissions were used for these in place of the NATA Hg values, but were
included in the ptnonipm sector.
Non-IPM sector:
ptnonipm
Revised 2005 emissions for many point sources other than EGUs to
remove duplicates, improve estimates from ethanol plants, and reflect
new emissions and controls information collected from industry and a
state through the Boiler MACT ICR. A summary of these NOx, S02,
d PM2.5 emissions from v4 to vz
.1 are listed:
State
NOX change
v4 to v4.1
S02 change
v4 to v4.1
PM2.5 change
v4 to v4.1
California
30
39
1
Georgia
-1,242
-1,614
-28
Indiana
-4,941
-7,379
-1,291
Iowa
2,519
3,206
100
Kansas
73
93
3
Kentucky
121
154
5
Nebraska
31
39
1
New Mexico
182
231
7
North Carolina
-6,701
0
North Dakota
128
220
13
Ohio
-366
-3,303
0
Pennsylvania
101
-2,035
South Dakota
236
301
10
Tennessee
-6,098
-11,046
-760
- Hg emissions changed to use NATA inventory. Updated NATA inventory to
remove closed plants and also replaced boiler Hg with for units mapped to
Boiler MACT ICR database with the ICR Hg emissions.
Average-fire
sector: avefire
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
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Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences from V4 to V4.1
Agricultural
sector: ag
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Area fugitive dust
sector: afdust
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Remaining
nonpoint sector:
nonpt
Added: year 2005 oil and gas data for Texas and Oklahoma provided by these
states. Replaced previous Oklahoma oil and gas emissions from this sector (SCC
2310000000). No removals for Texas since the new oil and gas emissions only
cover oil rig emissions that are in the nonroad sector. The nonroad sector
emissions were not removed because they were very small compared to the
newer Texas oil and gas emissions added to this sector and the possibility of
double counting was not able to be confirmed by EPA. Changed pesticide
category to "no-integrate," thereby using VOC speciation (rather than the HAP
emissions) to compute the BAFM emissions.
Nonroad sector:
nonroad
Added PM to 7 California counties which were found to be 0 in the 2005v4
platform. Data used came from an earlier version of the 2005 inventory
provided by CARB, which had the same PM values as the 2005v2 NEI other
than in the missing counties, for which nonzero PM values were provided.
locomotive, and
non-C3
commercial
marine:
aim no c3
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
C3 commercial
marine: seca_c3
Revised 2005 emissions from the category 3 commercial marine sector to reflect
the final projections from 2002 developed for the category 3 commercial marine
Emissions Control Area (ECA) proposal to the International Maritime
Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).
Also projected Canada as part of the ECA rather than an "outside the ECA"
region, using region-specific growth rates. For example, British Columbia
emissions were projected the same as "North Pacific" growth and control used in
Washington. Therefore the v4.1 seca_c3 inventories contain Canadian province
codes. Hg was not used in the 2005v4.1 platform due to uncertainties in the
values.
Onroad
California,
NMIM-based, and
MOVES sources
not subject to
temperature
adjustments:
onnoadj
For all states except California: All pollutants and modes (exhaust, tire and
brake wear) from all vehicle types are now from MOVES2010 except for Hg.
Hg is from 2005v2 NEI, based on the MOBILE6 model. In the 2005v4 platform,
only exhaust mode onroad gasoline vehicles, other than motorcycles, were
included from MOVES in this sector and the rest had been from MOBILE6.
For California: Replaced NMIM-based NH3 with MOVES2010 emissions for
California because California does not provide NH3 in its onroad inventory. For
the 2005v4 platform, we used NH3 from NMIM but since MOVES generates all
criteria pollutants, we now use MOVES.
Onroad cold-start
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves startpm
For the 2005v4.1 platform, this sector uses MOVES2010 based emissions for all
exhaust mode onroad gasoline vehicle types including motorcycles. In the v4
version, motorcycle exhaust mode PM emissions relied on NMIM and were
therefore in the on_noadj sector, and other exhaust mode gasoline vehicle PM
emissions used the draft version of MOVES. As with v4, these PM and
naphthalene cold start mode emissions are subject to grid cell and hourly
temperature adjustments.
8
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Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences from V4 to V4.1
Onroad running
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves runpm
Same change as ' on_moves_startpm "
Biogenic: biog
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Other point
sources not from
the NEI: othpt
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Other point
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othpt hg
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Other nonpoint
and nonroad not
from the NEI:
othar
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Other nonpoint
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othar hg
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Other onroad
sources not from
the NEI: othon
Unchanged from 2005v4 platform
Annual emission summaries for 2005v4.1, with comparisons to 2005v4 CAPs emissions by
emissions modeling sector are provided in Table 2-3. VOC totals are before BAFM speciation
(i.e., they are inventory VOC emissions, and not the sum of VOC emissions after BAFM
speciation). Summaries of Hg (speciated), HCL and CL2 are provided in Table 2-4, and Table
2-5 provides a summary of natural mercury sources for the modeling domain.
The emission inventories for input to SMOKE for the 2005 base case are available at the 2005v4
website (see the end of Section 1) under the link "Data Files" (see the "2005emis" directory).
The inventories "readme" file indicates the particular zipped files associated with each platform
sector
9
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Table 2-3. 2005 Emissions by Sector: VOC, NOX, CO, S02, NH3, PM10, PM2.5
Sector
2005
VOC [tons/yr]
2005
NOX [tons/yr]
2005
CO [tons/yr]
2005
S02 [tons/yrl
2005
NH3 [tons/yr]
20
PM10
05
tons/yr]
20
PM2 5
05
tons/yr]
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
afdust
8,858,992
same
1,030,391
same
ag
3,251,990
same
aim no c3
67,690
same
1,924,925
same
270,007
same
154,016
same
773
same
59,366
same
56,687
same
seca_c3 (US
component)
44,990
22,367
647,884
642,088
54,049
53,746
420,110
417,312
53,918
53,580
49,541
49,294
seca c3 (non-
US
component)
18,367
18,241
532,181
526,760
43,267
42,959
321,414
319,200
43,326
43014
39,810
39,574
nonpt
7,530,564
7,474,512
1,699,532
1,683,490
7,413,762
7,376,314
1,259,635
1,252,645
134,080
134,080
1,354,638
1,349,685
1,081,816
1,076,954
nonroad
2,691,844
same
2,115,408
same
19,502,718
same
197,341
same
1,972
same
211,807
209,100
201,138
198,734
on noadj
3,949,362
3,123,642
9,142,274
7,203,876
43,356,130
41,647,066
177,977
144,216
156,528
295,203
308,497
170,554
236,927
115,991
on_moves
runpm
54,071
46,430
49,789
42,753
on_moves_
startpm
22,729
23,607
20,929
21,738
ptipm
40,950
same
3,726,459
3,728,190
601,564
same
10,380,786
10,381,411
21,684
same
615,095
same
508,903
same
ptnonipm
1,310,784
1,310,085
2,238,002
2,247,228
3,221,388
3,222,221
2,089,836
2,117,649
158,837
159,003
653,048
653,957
440,714
442,656
avefire
1,958,992
same
189,428
same
8,554,551
same
49,094
same
36,777
same
796,229
same
684,035
same
Canada othar1
1,281,095
same
734,587
same
3,789,362
same
95,086
same
546,034
same
1,666,188
same
432,402
same
Canada othon
270,872
same
524,837
same
4,403,745
same
5,309
same
21,312
same
14,665
same
10,395
same
Canada othpt
447,313
same
857,977
same
1,270,438
same
1,664,040
same
21,268
same
117,669
same
68,689
same
Mexico othar
586,842
same
249,045
same
644,733
same
101,047
same
486,484
same
143,816
same
92,861
same
Mexico othon
183,429
same
147,419
same
1,455,121
same
8,270
same
2,547
same
6,955
same
6,372
same
Mexico othpt
113,044
same
258,510
same
88,957
same
980,359
same
0
same
125,385
same
88,132
same
offshore othpt
51,240
same
82,581
same
89,812
same
1,961
same
0
same
839
same
837
same
1. Canada provided 2006 fires but we did not use them in the 2005 platform (for neither v4.1 nor v4)
10
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Table 2-4. Summaries of Hg (speciated), HCL and CL2*
2005 HGIIGAS
(divalent gaseous
mercury)
ftons/yr]
2005 HGNRVA
(elemental
mercury)
ftons/yr]
2005 PHGI
(particulate
mercury)
ftons/yr]
2005
HCL ftons/yr]
2005
CL2 ftons/yr]
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
V4.1
V4
alm_no_c3
0.0411
same
0.0793
same
0.0212
same
1.38
same
seca_c3
0.0002
0.0004
0.0001
seca c3 non-US
0.0001
0.00018
0.00007
Nonpt
1.0605
1.9901
3.1034
4.6528
1.2722
0.6524
29,001
29,364
2,135
same
Nonroad
0.1041
same
0.2105
same
0.0533
0.0533
on_noadj
0.1402
same
0.5036
same
0.0599
0.0599
Ptipm
21.096
21.1757
30.1986
30.318
1.6596
1.6136
351,592
same
99
same
Ptnonipm
10.4687
16.4756
29.5686
23.7646
7.4707
6.1291
48,630
48,664
4,174
same
Canada othar_hg
1.08
0.86
0.34
Canada othpt_hg
1.72
3.59
0.5
* The sectors afdust, ag, avefire, on moves runpm, and on moves startpm have no CI or Hg emissions
** Due to uncertainty in mercury emissions from this sector, they were removed from the inventories and not used for the
V4.1 Platform. The amount removed from the 2005 data was the 2005v4 values, and summed to approximately 0.001 tons
total mercury for the sum of U.S. and non-U. S. components
In addition to the anthropogenic sectors, we include speciated hourly emissions for the geogenic
categories listed in Table 2-5. These are the same as had been used in the previous platforms
except for the land-direct emissions which were reduced by 90% based on updated information
from the literature as described in Section 2.7.
Table 2-5. Summaries of the non-anthropogenic mercury across the modeling domain
Region
Species
Land-
direct
ftons/yr|
Land-
recycled
ftons/yrl
Ocean
Direct
ftons/yrl
Ocean
Recycled
ftons/yrl
Volcanic
ftons/yrl
Domain-wide
Elemental Mercury (HGNRVA)
12.077
158.01
7.27
56.51
0.02
The remainder of Section 2 provides details of the data contained in each of the 2005 platform
sectors. Different levels of detail are provided for different sectors depending on the availability
of reference information for the data, the degree of changes or manipulation of the data needed
for preparing it for input to SMOKE, and whether the 2005v4.1 platform emissions changed
appreciably since the previously-documented 2005v4 platform.
2.1 2005 NEI Point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm)
Point sources are sources of emissions for which specific geographic coordinates (e.g.,
latitude/longitude) are specified, as in the case of an individual facility. A facility may have
multiple emission points, which may be characterized as units such as boilers, reactors, spray
11
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booths, kilns, etc. A unit may have multiple processes (e.g., a boiler that sometimes burns
residual oil and sometimes burns natural gas). Note that this section describes only NEI point
sources within the contiguous United States. The offshore oil platform (othpt sector) and
category 3 CMV emissions (seca_c3 sector) are also point source formatted inventories that are
discussed in Section 2.6 .
After removing offshore oil platforms (othpt sector), we created two platform sectors from the
remaining 2005v2 NEI point sources for input into SMOKE: the EGU sector - also called the
Integrated Planning Model (IPM) sector (i.e., ptipm) and the non-EGU sector - also called the
non-IPM sector (i.e., ptnonipm). This split facilitates the use of different SMOKE temporal
processing and future year projection techniques for each of these sectors. The inventory
pollutants processed through SMOKE for both ptipm and ptnonipm sectors were: CO, NOx,
VOC, S02, NH3, PM10, PM2.5 and the following HAPs: HCL (pollutant code = 7647010), CL2
(code = 7782505) and mercury (codes: 199, 200, 201, 202, 22967926, 593748, 62384, 7439976,
and 7487947). We did not utilize BAFM from these sectors as we chose to speciate VOC
without any use (i.e., integration) of VOC HAP pollutants from the inventory (integration is
discussed in detail in Section 3.1.2.1). We utilized Hg from the NATAHg point source
inventories with the modifications discussed below.
The ptnonipm emissions were provided to SMOKE as annual emissions. The ptipm emissions
for the base case were input to SMOKE as daily emissions.
Documentation for the development of the 2005 point source NEI v2. A summary of this
documentation describes these data as follows:
1. Electric generating unit (EGU) emissions are obtained from emissions/heat input from
EPA's Acid Rain Program for Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS)
reporting. The following approach applied to units in the 2002 NEI that matched to 2005
CEMS units. For pollutants covered by the CEMS, the 2005 CEMS data were used. For
CEMS units with pollutants not covered by CEMS (e.g., VOC, PM2.5, HCL) unit-specific
ratios of 2005 to 2002 heat input were applied to 2002v3 NEI emissions to obtain 2005
estimates.
2. Non-EGU stationary source development for the 2005 NEI focused on improving the
following sectors:
a. HAP data received from States and industry to support the MACT program,
including the recent Risk and Technology Review rulemaking
b. 2005 State, local, and tribal data submitted to EPA under the Consolidated
Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)
c. HAP data from Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) for missing facilities and
pollutants
d. Off-shore platform data from Mineral Management Services (MMS)
The changes made to the 2005v2 NEI non-EGU point inventory prior to modeling are as follows:
12
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The tribal data, which do not use state/county Federal Information Processing Standards
(FIPS) codes in the NEI, but rather use the tribal code, were assigned a state/county FIPS
code of 88XXX, where XXX is the 3-digit tribal code in the NEI. We made this change
because SMOKE requires the 5-digit state/county FIPS code.
We defaulted stack parameters for some point sources when modeling in SMOKE.
SMOKE uses an ancillary file, called the PSTK file, which provides default stack
parameters by SCC code to either gap fill stack parameters if they are missing in the NEI
or to correct stack parameters if they are outside the ranges specified in SMOKE as
acceptable values. The SMOKE PSTK file is contained in the ancillary file directory of
the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1).
We applied a transport fraction to all SCCs that we identified as PM fugitive dust, to
prevent the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the grid modeling as described in
Section 2.2.1.
We also made a changes to the 2005 NATA Hg inventory (June 18, 2010 version) prior to its use
in modeling. We removed sources that were discovered to have closed prior to 2005. We
modified gold mine emissions based on information collected as part of the data gathering for the
proposed gold mine rule. We replaced Hg emissions with values in the Boiler MACT ICR
database. Of the 1607 facilities in the Boiler MACT ICR database, all except for 184 facilities
(0.177 tons Hg) were matched to inventory (NATA inventory, NEI v2 inventory or both)
facilities based on the NEI UNIQUE ID code. The 184 facilities without NEI UNIQUE IDs
were not used in our 2005 Hg inventory for the platform. Since the ICR database contained only
emissions by unit and the fuel type, we needed to assign the geographic coordinates and stack
parameters needed to transform the Boiler MACT ICR database into a modeling file. We used
geographic coordinates and stack parameters from the NATA Hg inventory (or NEI v2 if not in
the NATA inventory) by matching the facility and then choosing the parameters from the
process/unit that matched the fuel type in the ICR. If more than one unit matched, we used the
stack parameters from the unit with the highest emissions. Where there were no fuel matches,
we used default parameters. Additional information on these changes is provided in Table 2-6
below. Further details of this procedure, and the other fields we populated to construct the
modeling file are provided in Appendix B.
Because the NATA Hg point source emissions were not separated into ptnonipm and ptipm, we
applied the same point splits (via the field IPM YN) to the NATA Hg inventory as were applied
to the 2005v2 NEI.
13
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Table 2-6. Hg changes made to the 2005 NATA Hg inventory (June 18, 2010 version) for the
2005 ptnonipm, ptipm, and nonpt sectors.
14
-------
Change
Incorporated Boiler MACT
ICR emissions
Added 4.66 tons Hg from ICR unit-level emissions data.
Generated modeling parameters (latitudes/longitudes, stack
parameters) from the NATA Hg or NEI inventories, by matching
ICR facilities/fuel information to matching facility identifiers (the
NEIUNIQUEID) and fuel types in these other modeling
inventories.
Removed 0.045 tons Hg from ptipm which is the sum of Hg from
sources that and matched a facility in the ICR based on the
NEIUNIQUEID and either (1) had a design capacity of less than 25
MW and matched a facility in the ICR or (2) had no design capacity
listed had a MACT code beginning with 0107, which is the general
code for identify industrial, commercial, institutional boilers and
process heaters.
Removed 1.71 tons Hg from ptnonipm - we used a crosswalk that
link combinations of Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(MACT) code, standard industrial code (SIC), NAICS (North
American Industrial Classification System) code and source
classification code (SCC) to identify industrial, commercial,
institutional (ICI) boilers and process heaters, and removed all
records that matched the ICR facilities based on the
NEIUNIQUEID.
Removed 3.15 tons Hg from nonpt - we used a crosswalk that
link combinations of MACT and SCC to ICI boilers and process
heaters and removed all records 4.68 to in the nonpt sector that
matched.
15
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Changed Gold Mine Changed facility emissions for nine out of 19 facilities in the
Emissions, geographic ptnonipm sector based on data collected for the proposed National
coordinates and stack Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Gold Mine
parameters Ore Processing and Production, provided by the EPA Sector
Policies and Programs Division (SPPD) project lead Chuck
French.
These changes are summarized below, and result in an overall
total change of Hg emissions from Goldmines from 2.35 to 2.50
tons.
Updated
BASIS
Hg
State facility ID
Facility name
KENNECOTT RAWHIDE
emissions
based on 2007
89406KNNCT55MIL
MINING CO
SMOKY VALLEY COMMON
0.02
emissions test data
based on 2007
89045SMKYV1SMOK
OPERATION
0.03
emissions test data
based on 2007
TS18242
RUBY HILL MINE
0.018
emissions test data
based on 2008
89418FLRDCEXIT1
STANDARD MINING INC
0.08
emissions test data
based on 2007
89419CRRCH180EX
COEUR ROCHESTER INC
NEWMONT MINING CORP
0.069
emissions test data
based on 2006
89438NWMNTSTONE
LONE TREE MINE
0.311
emissions test data
is for the 2004-05
timeframe based on
the estimate
submitted to Nevada
DEP in response to
ICR survey sent to
89801JRRTT50MIL
JERRITT CANYON MINE
0.23
the company,
based on 2008
89803 BLDMN70MIL
BALD MOUNTAIN MINE
BARRICK GOLDSTRIKE MINES
0.14
emissions test data
based on 2007
89803BRRCK27MIL
INC
0.35
emissions test data
Also changed geographic coordinates and stack parameters for
10 facilities based on information provided by Chuck French that
was used in local scale modeling done in support of the NESHAP
in early 2010.
Facility Name
GLAMIS MARIGOLD MINE
Refinery building operations
NEWMONT MINING CORP
CARLIN SOUTH
Refinery and roasting operations
NEWMONT MINING CORP
TWIN CREEKS MINE
Refinery and autoclave operations
SMOKY VALLEY COMMON
OPERATION
Refinery building operations
CORTEZ GOLD MINES
Refinery building operations
RUBY HILL
Refinery building operations
BARRICK GOLDSTRIKE
Refinery, autoclave & roasting operations
WESTERN MESQUITE MINES
Refinery building operations
CRIPPLE CREEK COLORADO
Refinery building operations
GREENS CREEK WA
Refinery building operations
16
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Removed Hg emissions for
sources closed or not
operating in 2005
Removed 0.342 tons, most of which (0.337 tons) is associated
with the removal of Northwestern Steel & Wire Co, Illinois
(NEI UNIQUE ID NEIIL1955ABD), which shut down prior to
2005. Other removals were:
Arkwright, Georgia (NEI12787)
CPSG Gould Street, Maryland (NEI7008) State sent article
written in 2008 (https://www.thefreelibrary.com that said it
had been shut down for the last 5 years and would be re-
opening as a gas fired plant only.
Midwest Generation LLC, Illinois (NEIIL0638266).
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co, Illinois (NEIIL1955ABD)
2.1.1 IPM sector (ptipm)
The ptipm sector contains emissions from EGUs in the 2005v2 NEI point inventory that we were
able match to the units found in the NEEDS database. While we originally used version 3.02 of
NEEDS to split out the ptipm sector for v4 of the platform, there were no changes to the
mapping when we moved to NEEDs version 4.10. The IPM model provides future-year
emission inventories for the universe of EGUs contained in the NEEDS database. As described
below, this matching was done to (1) provide consistency between the 2005 EGU sources and
future year EGU emissions for sources which are forecasted by IPM and (2) avoid double
counting in projecting point source emissions.
The 2005v4 platform document provides additional details on how the 2005 NEI point source
inventory was split into the ptipm and ptnonipm sectors.
Although we used the same ptipm split as was used for the v4 platform, we changed some
emissions values based on updates we made to some ORIS identifiers in the ptipm file. For a
subset of the units for which we added or changed ORIS identifiers, we recomputed annual
emissions for SO2, NOx or both using the CEMS data available at the EPA's data and maps
website.2 The impact of these changes is summarized in Table 2-2 and detailed changes are
provided in Appendix A.
Creation of temporally resolved emissions for the ptipm sector
Another reason we separated the ptipm sources from the other sources was due to the difference
in the temporal resolution of the data input to SMOKE. For the base case 2005 run, the ptipm
sector uses daily emissions input into SMOKE. The daily emissions are computed from the
annual emissions. First, we allocate annual emissions to each month (this process occurs outside
of SMOKE). To do this, we created state-specific, three-year averages of 2004-2006 CEM data.
These average annual-to-month factors were assigned to sources by state. To allocate the
monthly emissions to each day, we used the 2005 CEM data to compute state-specific month-to-
day factors, averaged across all units in each state. The resulting daily emissions were input into
SMOKE. The daily-to-hourly allocation was performed with SMOKE using diurnal profiles.
2 http://camddataandmaps.epa.gov/gdm/index.cfm?fuseaction=emissions.wizard
17
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The development of these diurnal ptipm-specific profiles, which are considered ancillary data for
SMOKE, is described in Section 3.2.3.
2.1.2 Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm)
The non-IPM (ptnonipm) sector contains all 2005v2 NEI point sources that we did not include in
the IPM (ptipm) sector.3 The ptnonipm sector contains fugitive dust PM emissions from
vehicular traffic on paved or unpaved roads at industrial facilities or coal handling at coal
mines.4 Prior to input to SMOKE, we reduced the fugitive dust PM emissions to estimate the
emissions that remain aloft by applying county-specific fugitive dust transportable fraction
factors. This is discussed further in Section 2.2.1.
For some geographic areas, some of the sources in the ptnonipm sector belong to source
categories that are contained in other sectors. This occurs in the inventory when states, tribes or
local programs report certain inventory emissions as point sources because they have specific
geographic coordinates for these sources. They may use point source SCCs (8-digit) or non-
point, onroad or nonroad (10-digit) SCCs. In the 2005 NEI, examples of these types of sources
include: aircraft emissions in all states, waste disposal emissions in several states, firefighting
training in New Mexico, several industrial processes and solvent utilization sources in North
Carolina and Tennessee, livestock (i.e., animal husbandry) in primarily Kansas and Minnesota,
and petroleum product working losses.
The modifications between the published 2005v2 NEI and the 2005 inventory we used for
modeling are summarized here:
Ptnonipm changes from the original 2005v2 inventory for the v4 platform development
Removed duplicate annual records. We did not delete some apparent duplicates because
they were in fact covering different parts of the year (i.e., the emissions in the inventory
file were sub-annual).
Removed a source with a state/county FIPS code of 30777; the "777" county FIPS
represents portable facilities that move across counties, but is not currently a valid
state/county FIPS code in the SMOKE ancillary file "COSTCY". This Montana FIPS
code was located in northern Wyoming and contained very small emissions.
Dropped sources with coordinates located well into the oceans or lakes.
Fixed the coordinates for several larger sources that had a state/county FIPS code
mismatch with their inventory coordinates greater than 10 km and emissions greater than
10 tons per year of either NOX, VOC, S02, or 5 tons/yr of PM2.5. These corrections
3 Except for the offshore oil and day-specific point source fire emissions data which are included in separate sectors,
as discussed in sections 2.6 and 2.3.1, respectively.
4Point source fugitive dust emissions, which represent a very small amount of PM, were treated the same way in the
2002 platform but were treated as a separate sector in the 2001 Platform.
18
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were limited to a small number of plants in Arizona, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and
Virginia.
Ptnonipm updates from 2005v4 platform used in creating the 2005v4.1 platform
Found and removed additional duplicate records. These records were duplicates caused by
records from both 2002 and 2005 being in the inventory. These were caught after ignoring
leading zeroes in the plant IDs, point IDs, etc. that were present for only one of the years of data.
There were a total of 175 records removed. A summary of the emissions removed is provided
below. Due to the small mass of duplicate HAP records and the fact that most were not being
used in the platform, no HAP records were removed.
CO
3,520 tons
nh3
166 tons
NOx
13,421 tons
PM10
3,858 tons
PM2.5
3,444 tons
S02
21,061 tons
voc
1,504 tons
Removed duplicate emissions for Blue Ridge Paper (FIPS=37087). For the same unitid,
stackid and SCC there were two records for the same pollutant with different data source
codes but similar emissions values. They appeared to be duplicates so they were removed.
Updated boiler emissions at Domtar Paper/Johnsonburg Mill (FIPS code =42047), which
included 2002 emissions values to 2005 emissions values based on information provided
by the Department of Environmental Protection in Pennsylvania. They had put on
scrubbers between 2002 and 2005 and that was not reflected in the platform 2002-based
emissions. Rather than apply the reductions, we updated the emissions to better reflect
2005. Note: We only changed NOx , SO2 and HCL even though the facility representative
send information for all pollutants plant because of the effort involved with converting the
information provided into a form usable for modeling.
Removed unit-level emissions from plants for units determined to have shut down
between 2002 and 2005. In all situations, the state inventory representative was contacted
to confirm that the unit actually shut down. Plants impacted were: LaFarge Cement Plant
in Atlanta Georgia, Domtar Paper, Tennessee, FIPS=47163 and P. H. Glatfelter Company
in Chillicothe, Ohio.
Added North Dakota ADM facility (FIPS code = 38067) that was in the 2005vl NEI but
was missing from the 2005v2 NEI and was not determined to have shut down. Added the
2002-based emissions to the ptnonipm file, since 2005 data were not available.
Added an inventory of 2005 ethanol plants using plant names and data provided by EPA's
Office of Transportation and Air Quality for use in a previous modeling effort (Renewable
Fuel Standards 2), which included these with the 2005vl inventory. The list below
includes only the ethanol plants that were used in the previous modeling effort but were
missing from the 2005v2 NEI.
State/Count
y FIPS code
Plant Name
CO
(tons/yr)
NOX
(tons/yr)
PM10
(tons/yr)
PM2_5
(tons/yr)
S02
(tons/yr)
VOC
(tons/yr)
06065
Golden Cheese Company of CA
10.47
30.31
12.13
1.29
38.58
14.33
13205
Wind Gap Farms (Anheuser/Miller Brewery)
0.84
2.43
0.97
0.10
3.09
1.15
19
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19033
Golden Grain Energy LLC
146.60
424.38
169.75
15.33
540.12
200.62
19035
Little Sioux Corn Processors
184.30
533.51
213.40
19.27
679.01
252.20
19055
Permeate Refining
3.14
9.09
3.64
0.39
11.57
4.30
19057
Big River Resources, LLC
108.91
315.26
126.10
13.43
401.23
149.03
19083
Hawkeye Renewables, LLC
115.19
333.44
133.38
14.21
424.38
157.63
19093
Quad-County Corn Processors
56.55
163.69
65.48
6.97
208.33
77.38
19167
Siouxland Energy & Livestock Coop (SELC)
209.44
606.26
242.50
25.83
771.60
286.60
21047
Commonwealth Agri-Energy, LLC
46.08
133.38
53.35
4.82
169.75
63.05
31047
Cornhusker Energy Lexington (CEL)
25.13
72.75
29.10
3.10
92.59
34.39
31145
SW Energy, LLC.
41.89
121.25
48.50
5.17
154.32
57.32
35041
Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation
10.47
30.31
12.13
1.09
38.58
14.33
46005
Heartland Grain Fuels, LP
0.21
0.61
0.24
0.03
0.77
0.29
46109
North Country Ethanol (NCE)
62.83
181.88
72.75
6.57
231.48
85.98
19109
Global Ethanol
29.32
84.88
33.95
3.07
108.02
40.12
20055
Reeve Agri-Energy
52.36
151.57
60.63
6.46
192.90
71.65
TOTAL TONS
1103.73
3195.00
1278.00
127.13
4066.36
1510.36
2.2 2005 Nonpoint sources (afdust, ag, nonpt)
The 2005v2 NEI generally did not include updated nonpoint emissions from values used in the
2002 NEI, and this modeling platform took a similar approach. Consequently, we created
several sectors from the 2002 nonpoint NEI. We removed the nonpoint tribal-submitted
emissions to prevent possible double counting with the county-level emissions. Because the
tribal nonpoint emissions are small, we do not anticipate these omissions having an impact on the
results at the 36-km and 12-km scales used for modeling. This omission also eliminated the need
for us to develop spatial surrogate data for allocation of tribal data to grid cells during the
SMOKE processing, with little expected impact.
The documentation for the nonpoint sector of the 2005 NEI.
In the rest of this section, we describe in more detail each of the platform sectors into which we
separated the 2005 nonpoint NEI, and the changes we made to these data. We will refer to the
2002 platform documentation for sectors that did not change.
2.2.1 Area Fugitive dust sector (afdust)
The emissions for this sector are unchanged from the 2005v4 platform, and the documentation is
repeated here for convenience. However, we changed the temporal allocation of the emissions to
account for day-of-week variation. In particular, we used updated dust profiles that are
consistent with the activity related to non-dust profiles for similar processes. The processes and
profiles updated are provided in Pouliot, et. al., 2010. Previously, all days within the same
month had the same emissions.
The area-source fugitive dust (afdust) sector contains PMio and PM2.5 emission estimates for
2002 NEI nonpoint SCCs identified by EPA staff as dust sources. This sector is separated from
other nonpoint sectors to make it easier to apply a "transport fraction," which reduces emissions
to reflect observed diminished transport from these sources at the scale of our modeling.
Application of the transport fraction prevents the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the
grid modeling as compared to ambient samples. Categories included in this sector are paved
roads, unpaved roads and airstrips, construction (residential, industrial, road and total),
agriculture production and all of the mining 10-digit SCCs beginning with the digits "2325." It
does not include fugitive dust from grain elevators because these are elevated point sources.
20
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We created the afdust sector from the 2002 NEI based on SCCs and pollutant codes (i.e., PMio
and PM2.5) that are considered "fugitive". A complete list of all possible fugitive dust SCCs
(including both 8-digit point source SCCs and 10-digit nonpoint SCCs). However, not all of the
SCCs in this file are present in the 2002 NEI. The SCCs included in the 2002 NEI that comprise
the 2005 (and 2002) platform afdust sector (which are a subset of the SCCs in the web link) are
provided in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7. SCCs in the afdust platform sector
see
SCC Description
2275085000
Mobile Sources;Aircraft;Unpaved Airstrips;Total
2294000000
Mobile Sources;Paved Roads;All Paved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296000000
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;All Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296005000
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Public Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296010000
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Industrial Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2311000000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;A11 Processes;Total
2311010000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Total
2311010040
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 -17;Residential;Ground Excavations
2311010070
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Vehicle Traffic
2311020000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Total
2311020040
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 -17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Ground
Excavations
2311030000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Road Construction;Total
2325000000
Industrial Processes;Mining and Quarrying: SIC 14;A11 Processes;Total
2801000000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Total
2801000002
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Planting
2801000003
Miscellaneous Area Sources; Agriculture Production - Crops; Agriculture - Crops;Tilling
2801000005
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Harvesting
2801000007
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Loading
2805000000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock;Agriculture - Livestock;Total
2805001000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock;Beef cattle - finishing
operations on feedlots (drylots);Dust Kicked-up by Hooves (use 28-05-020, -001, -002, or -
003 for Waste
Our approach was to apply the transportable fractions by county such that all afdust SCCs in the
same county receive the same factor. The approach used to calculate the county-specific
transportable fractions is based on land use data
As this paper mentions, a limitation of the transportable fraction approach is the lack of monthly
variability, which would be expected due to seasonal changes in vegetative cover. Further, the
variability due to soil moisture, precipitation, and wind speeds is not accounted for by the
methodology. An electronic version of the county-level transport fractions.
The 2002 platform documentation describes an error in which the transportable fraction
application for PM2.5 was not applied. This error was fixed for the 2005v4.1 platform, and 2005
PM2.5 afdust emissions are therefore correctly about 43% less than those in the 2002 platform.
21
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2.2.2 Agricultural Ammonia sector (ag)
This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for
completeness.
The agricultural NH3 "ag" sector is comprised of livestock and agricultural fertilizer application
emissions from the nonpoint sector of the 2002 NEI. This sector is unchanged in the 2005
platform. The rest of this section documentation is therefore very similar to that in the 2002
documentation.
In building this sector we extracted livestock and fertilizer emissions based on the SCC. The
livestock SCCs are listed in Table 2-8, and the fertilizer SCCs are listed in Table 2-9.
Table 2-8. Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector
SCC
SCC Description*
2805000000
Agriculture - Livestock;Total
2805001100
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Confinement
2805001200
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Manure handling and storage
2805001300
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Land application of manure
2805002000
Beef cattle production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805003100
Beef cattle - finishing operations on pasture/range;Confinement
2805007100
Poultry production - layers with dry manure management systems;Confinement
2805007300
Poultry production - layers with dry manure management systems;Land application of manure
2805008100
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Confinement
2805008200
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Manure handling and storage
2805008300
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Land application of manure
2805009100
Poultry production - broilers;Confinement
2805009200
Poultry production - broilers ;Manure handling and storage
2805009300
Poultry production - broilers;Land application of manure
2805010100
Poultry production - turkeys;Confinement
2805010200
Poultry production - turkeys;Manure handling and storage
2805010300
Poultry production - turkeys;Land application of manure
2805018000
Dairy cattle composite;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805019100
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Confinement
2805019200
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805019300
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Land application of manure
2805020001
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Milk Cows
2805020002
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Beef Cows
2805020003
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Heifers and Heifer Calves
2805020004
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Steers, Steer Calves, Bulls, and Bull Calves
2805021100
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Confinement
2805021200
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805021300
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Land application of manure
2805022100
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Confinement
2805022200
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805022300
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Land application of manure
2805023100
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Confinement
2805023200
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805023300
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Land application of manure
2805025000
Swine production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-039, -047, -053)
2805030000
Poultry Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-007, -008, -009)
2805030001
Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullet Chicks and Pullets less than 13 weeks old
22
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SCC
SCC Description*
2805030002
Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullets 13 weeks old and older but less than 20 weeks old
2805030003
Poultry Waste Emissions;Layers
2805030004
Poultry Waste Emissions;Broilers
2805030007
Poultry Waste Emissions;Ducks
2805030008
Poultry Waste Emissions;Geese
2805030009
Poultry Waste Emissions;Turkeys
2805035000
Horses and Ponies Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805039100
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Confinement
2805039200
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Manure handling and storage
2805039300
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Land application of manure
2805040000
Sheep and Lambs Waste Emissions;Total
2805045000
Goats Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805045002
Goats Waste Emissions;Angora Goats
2805045003
Goats Waste Emissions;Milk Goats
2805047100
Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspecified animal age) Confinement
2805047300
Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspecified animal age);Land application of manure
2805053100
Swine production - outdoor operations (unspecified animal age) Confinement
* All SCC Descriptions begin "Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock"
The "ag" sector includes all of the NH3 emissions from fertilizer from the NEI. However, the
"ag" sector does not include all of the livestock ammonia emissions, as there are also significant
NH3 emissions from livestock in the point source inventory that we retained from the 2002 NEI.
Note that in these cases, emissions were not also in the nonpoint inventory for counties for which
they were in the point source inventory; therefore no double counting occurred. Most of the
point source livestock NH3 emissions were reported by the states of Kansas and Minnesota. For
these two states, farms with animal operations were provided as point sources using the
following SCCs5:
30202001: Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Beef Cattle Feedlots; Feedlots
General
30202101: Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Eggs and Poultry Production;
Manure Handling: Dry
30203099: Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Dairy Products; Other Not
Classified
There are also livestock NH3 emissions in the point source inventory with SCCs of 39999999
(Industrial Processes; Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries; Miscellaneous Industrial
Processes; Other Not Classified) and 30288801 (Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture;
Fugitive Emissions; Specify in Comments Field). We identified these sources as livestock NH3
point sources based on their facility name. The reason why we needed to identify livestock NH3
in the ptnonipm sector was to properly implement the emission projection techniques for
livestock sources, which cover all livestock sources, not only those in the ag sector, but also
those in the ptnonipm sector.
5 These point source emissions are also identified by the segment ID, which is one of the following: "SWINE",
"CATTLE", "DAIRY", or "PLTRY".
23
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Table 2-9. Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the "ag" sector
2002 SCC
2002 SCC Description*
2801700001
Anhydrous Ammonia
2801700002
Aqueous Ammonia
2801700003
Nitrogen Solutions
2801700004
Urea
2801700005
Ammonium Nitrate
2801700006
Ammonium Sulfate
2801700007
Ammonium Thiosulfate
2801700010
N-P-K (multi-grade nutrient fertilizers)
2801700011
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
2801700012
Potassium Nitrate
2801700013
Diammonium Phosphate
2801700014
Monoammonium Phosphate
2801700015
Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate
2801700099
Miscellaneous Fertilizers
* All descriptions include "Miscellaneous Area Sources; Agriculture
Production - Crops; Fertilizer Application" as the beginning of the
description.
2.2.3 Other nonpoint sources (nonpt)
Nonpoint sources that were not subdivided into the afdust, ag, or avefire sectors were assigned to
the "nonpt" sector.
The 2002 platform documentation describes the creation of the 2002 nonpt sector in great detail,
but the rest of this section will simply document what has changed for the 2005v4.1 platform.
Below is a list of changes made from the 2002 platform both for the v4 platform and for the v4.1
platform. Details on the changes to 2002 for the version 4 platform are in the v4 documentation.
Updates to the nonpt sector from 2002 platform made for creation of the nonpt sector of
the 2005v4 platform
The 2005 platform replaces 2002v3 NEI non-California Western Regional Air
Partnership (WRAP) oil and gas emissions (SCCs beginning with "23100") with WRAP
year 2005 Phase II oil and gas emissions.
Residential wood combustion (RWC) emissions were replaced with data for Oregon and
New York. This update is consistent with the 2005 NEIv2 NEI.
RWC VOC emissions were recalculated for all states except California to reflect an
updated emissions factor for VOC from RWC sources. This update is consistent with the
2005 NEIv2 NEI.
We utilized benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) emissions from
sources that met the HAP-CAP integration criteria discussed in Section 3.1.2.1 (i.e., the
"integrate" sources). We removed BAFM from sources that did not meet the integration
criteria (i.e., the "no-integrate" sources) so that BAFM would not be double counted with
the BAFM generated via speciation of VOC.
24
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Updates from 2005v4 platform used in creating the 2005v4.1 platform
We changed the integration status for pesticide emissions from using the "integrate" case
to using the "no-integrate" case. The main reason is that there were significant benzene
emissions from this category in the NEI that was considered incorrect. The NEI benzene
came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year 1998. Since
benzene no longer allowed in pesticides, we chose to eliminate the use of these HAP data
and use a VOC speciation profile that did not include benzene emissions to be more
consistent with the changed regulations.
We added oil and gas emissions for Texas and replaced oil and gas emissions with
updated 2005 data from Oklahoma.
TCEQ Oil and Gas Emissions
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) provided 2005 oil and gas emissions
which we added to the nonpt sector. The emissions were for a single SCC: 2310000220
Industrial Processes; Oil and Gas Exploration and Production; All Processes; Drill Rigs. The
TCEQ indicated that these should replace emissions in the nonroad inventory from the
NONROAD model (drill rigs: SCC=2270010010). Because the nonroad emissions are
significantly less than the updated nonpt emissions, we did not remove the nonroad emissions.
Both the TCEQ and related nonroad emissions from the 2005 NEI are summarized in Table 2-10.
Table 2-10. Additional TCEQ oil and gas emissions added to the 2005v2 NEI
Pollutant
TCEQ Emissions 2005,
added to nonpt
(tons/yr)
NEI 2005 Emissions (nonroad
inventory), not subtracted
(tons/yr)
CO
15,878
1,396
nh3
3
NOx
42,854
4,704
PMio
3,036
275
PM2.5
2,945
267
S02
5,977
573
VOC
4,337
340
Oklahoma Oil and Gas Emissions
The state of Oklahoma provided and emissions replacement for their 2005 oil and gas sector
emissions. These data added emissions for the SCCs shown in Table 2-11.
25
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Table 2-11. SCCs provided with Oklahoma oil and gas sector emissions
SCC
SCC Description
31000103
Crude Oil Production;Wells: Rod Pumps*
31000122
Crude Oil Production;Drilling and Well Completion*
31000203
Natural Gas Production;Compressors*
31000215
Natural Gas Production;Flares Combusting Gases >1000 BTU/scf
31000222
Natural Gas Production;Drilling and Well Completion*
31000227
Gas Production;Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler Still Stack*
31000228
Natural Gas Production;Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler Burner*
31000403
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Process Heaters;Crude Oil
31000404
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Process Heaters;Natural Gas
31088811
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Fugitive Emissions;Fugitive Emissions
* These SCC descriptions start with the preface "Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production"
In addition, this update removed emissions for SCC 2310000000, which is "Industrial
Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;A11 Processes;Total: All Processes."
The resultant Oklahoma emissions are shown below in Table 2-12. Note that Oklahoma
instructed that PMio emissions were size PM2.5, and therefore no coarse PM (PMC) are generated
and PM10 is the same as PM2.5
Table 2-12. Changes to Oklahoma oil and gas emissions
2005 Oklahoma Oil and gas
2005 Oklahoma Oil and
emissions 2005, removed
gas emissions, added to
Pollutant
from nonpt (tons/yr)
nonpt (tons/yr)
CO
11,251
32,821
voc
104,193
155,908
NOx
66,480
39,668
S02
0
1,014
PM10 = PM2.5
0
1,918
2.3 Fires (avefire)
This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for
completeness.
The purpose of the avefire sector is to represent emissions for a typical year's fires for use in
projection year inventories, since the location and degree of future year fires are not known.
This approach keeps the fires information constant between the 2005 base case and future-year
cases to eliminate large and uncertain differences between those cases that would be caused by
changing the fires. Using an average of multiple years of data reduces the possibility that a
single-year's high or low fire activity would unduly affect future year model-predicted
concentrations.
26
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The avefire sector contains wildfire and prescribed burning emissions. It excludes agricultural
burning and other open burning sources, which are included in the nonpt sector. Generally, their
year-to-year impacts are not as variable as wildfires and non-agricultural prescribed/managed
burns.
We use this sector for the 2005 base case, and all future year cases. Emissions are annual and
county-level. The same emissions are used in the v4 and v4.1 versions of the 2005-based
platform.
We created the average-fires inventory based on the 2001 (1999 NEI-based) fire emissions data.
The average fire sector is comprised of a 1996-2002 average fire inventory for wildfires and
prescribed burning. We calculated the average wildfire and prescribed burning inventories using
the following formula for all pollutants:
Ğ average acres burned
average fire = 2001 fire x
20u 1 acres burned
The average acres-burned was calculated based on 1996 through 2002 data; therefore, the
average fire inventory represent average fires from 1996 through 2002, with the assumption of
2001 emissions rates and a spatial distribution of emissions to counties based on fires from 2001.
This approach is the same as that used for our previous emissions modeling platforms used to
model 2001 and 2002 base years, with some differences described here.
The 2005 platform avefire sector differs from the avefire sector in the 2002 platform in the
following ways:
a. We recomputed VOC as a function of CO: VOC = CO * 0.229 at the suggestion
of EPA fire inventory expert who reviewed the VOC emissions and found them
too high (Tom Pace, personal communication).
b. We created HAP emissions records by applying emission ratios to PM2.5.
Table 2-13 provides the VOC differences between the 2002 and 2005 platforms for each of the
types of fires in the avefire sector. Emissions for CO and PM2.5 are unchanged and are provided
for reference.
Table 2-13. Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform.
SCC
SCC Description *
2002 VOC
(tons/yr)
2005 VOC
(tons/yr)
CO
(tons/yr)
pm25
(tons/yr)
2810001000
Forest Wildfires;Total
386,997
1,883,230
8,223,736
685,783
2810005000
Managed Burning, Slash (Logging
Debris);Total
67,664
105,661
461,404
7,460
2810015000
Prescribed Burning for Forest
Managements otal
84,784
399,880
1,746,208
147,298
* all SCC descriptions begin with "Miscellaneous Area Sources; Other Combustion"
27
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The 2005 HAP emissions records were created by multiplying PM2.5 emissions by the emission
factors in Table 2-14. The HAP factors are the same for all source types. Because we chose not
to integrate criteria and HAP VOCs for the avefire sector, the HAPs contained in the avefire
inventory were not used to generate air quality modeling inputs for the 2005 platform.
Table 2-14. HAP emission factors applied to avefire PM2.5 emissions
Pollutant Description
CAS
PM2.5 factor
1,3-butadiene
106990
0.0147
1-Methylpyrene
2381217
0.00033
Acetaldehyde
75070
0.0148
Acrolein
107028
0.0154
Antracene
120127
0.00018
Benz[a]Anthracene
56553
0.00022
Benzene
71432
0.041
Benzo(a)fluoranthene
203338
0.00009
Benzo(c)phenanthrene
195197
0.00014
Benzo|a] Pyrene
50328
0.00005
Benzo|e]Pyrene
192972
0.0001
Benzo|g,h,i,]Perylene
191242
0.00018
Benzo[k]Fluoranthene
207089
0.00009
Carbonyl sulfide
463581
0.00002
Chrysene
218019
0.00022
Fluoranthene
206440
0.00024
Formaldehyde
50000
0.0936
Hexane
110543
0.00059
Indeno [ 1,2,3 -c,d] Pyrene
193395
0.00012
Methyl chloride
74873
0.00464
Methylanthracene
26914181
0.0003
Methylbenzopyrene
65357699
0.00011
Methylchrysene
41637905
0.00029
O-xylene
95476
0.001932554
M-xylene
108383
0.005392065
P-xylene
106423
0.00145538
Perylene
198550
0.00003
Phenanthrene
85018
0.00018
Pyrene
129000
0.00034
Toluene
108883
0.0206
28
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2.4 Biogenic sources (biog)
This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for
completeness.
The biogenic emissions were computed based on 2005 meteorology data using the BEIS3.14
model within SMOKE. The 2002 platform used the BEIS3.13 model; otherwise, all underlying
land use data and parameters are unchanged for the 2005 platform.
The BEIS3.14 model creates gridded, hourly, model-species emissions from vegetation and soils.
It estimates CO, VOC, and NOx emissions for the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. The BEIS3.14
model.
The inputs to BEIS include:
Temperature data at 2 meters which were obtained from the CMAQ meteorological input
files,
Land-use data from the Biogenic Emissions Landuse Database, version 3 (BELD3).
BELD3 data provides data on the 230 vegetation classes at 1-km resolution over most of
North America, which is the same land-use data were used for the 2002 platform.
2.5 2005 Mobile sources (onnoadj, on_moves_runpm,
on_moves_startpm, nonroad, aim_no_c3, seca_c3)
For the 2005 platform, as indicated in Table 2-2, we separated the 2005 onroad emissions into
three sectors: (1) "on moves startpm"; (2) "on moves runpm"; and (3) "on noadj". The
aircraft, locomotive, and commercial marine emissions are divided into two nonroad sectors:
"alm_no_c3" and "seca_c3", and as previously mentioned, the aircraft emissions are in the non-
EGU (ptnonipm) point inventory.
The major changes between v4.1 and v4 versions of the 2005-based platform are that (1) we
used a final version of MOVES, MOVES2010, rather than a draft version of MOVES; (2) we
used the MOVES emissions for all vehicle types and modes (as opposed to non-motorcycle
gasoline exhaust vehicles only); (3) MOVES2010 emissions cover all criteria pollutants and
criteria pollutant precursors (as opposed to only exhaust mode PM2.5, VOC, NOx and CO); (4)
we used NH3 from MOVES for California (as opposed to NH3 from NMIM) since California-
supplied emissions in the 2005v2 NEI do not include NH3. It should also be noted that the
exhaust PM2.5 from diesel vehicles, which had previously come from NMIM but in v4.1 come
from MOVES, are not impacted by cold temperatures. In addition, PM brake wear and tire wear
mode emissions are now provided in MOVES in v4.1; these emissions for both gasoline and
diesel vehicles are also not impacted by cold temperatures.
The onroad emissions were primarily based on the 12/21/2009 version of the Motor Vehicle
Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010). MOVES was run with a state/month aggregation using
county-average fuels for each state, state/month-average temperatures, and national default
vehicle age distributions. 2005 VMT, consistent with the 2005v2 NEI, were used.
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Table 2-15 lists the pollutants in the onroad sector based on MOVES2010 versus NMIM. A full
list of the NMIM HAPs (most of which are not used in the v4.1 platform) is provided in
Appendix C.
Table 2-15. Pollutants covered by MOVES2010 as used in the 2005v4.1 platform1
Used in the 2005v4.1 platform from
MOVES2010
Available from
MOVES2010, but not
used in the 2005v4.1
platform
Used in the 2005v4.1
platform from NMIM
PM2.5; exhaust, partially speciated2
Naphthalene
Elemental mercury
PM2.5, brake and tirewear, unspeciated
1,3 butadiene
Divalent gaseous mercury
VOC; except refueling
Acrolein
Particulate Mercury
CO, NOx, S02, NH3
Benzene; except refueling
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1 MOVES data were not used for any California onroad emissions other than NH3
2 Exhaust mode PM2 5 species from MOVES consist of: PEC, PSO4 and the difference between PM2 5 and PEC
(named as "PM250C"). Procedures to produce the species needed are provided in Appendix D. Diesel partially
speciated emissions are not impacted by cold temperatures and do not need to be adjusted by gridded
temperature as do the gasoline exhaust particulate emissions. Brake wear and tire wear PM2 5 emissions were
not pre-speciated.
Similar to the v4 platform, we used the MOVES data to create emissions by state and month (and
SCC) and then allocated to counties based on 2005 NMIM-based county-level data. The reason
for using the state resolution was due to (a) run time issues that made a county run for the entire
nation infeasible in the timeframe required and (b) incomplete efforts to create a national
database of county-specific inputs to MOVES. The emissions that did not come from the
MOVES model were obtained from the 2005 NMIM runs, which are consistent with the 2005v2
NEI.
The 2005v2 NEI does not contain the MOVES data that we use for the 2005 platform. Instead, it
contains onroad and nonroad mobile emissions that we generated using NMIM (EPA, 2005b) for
all of the U.S. except for California.6 The NMIM data was used for the mercury emissions, to
allocate California-submitted data to road types, to allocate the state-month-SCC MOVES data
to counties, and for some of the nonroad mobile sources. NMIM relies on calculations from the
MOBILE6 and NONROAD2005 models as described below, and in the NEI documentation.
Inputs to NMIM are posted with the 2005 Emission Inventory.
NMIM creates the onroad and nonroad emissions on a month-specific basis that accounts for
temperature, fuel types, and other variables that vary by month. Inventory documentation for the
2005v2 NEI onroad and nonroad sectors is also posted with other 2005 NEI documentation.
6 Although OTAQ generated emissions using NMIM for California, these were not used in the 2005 NEI version 2,
but rather were replaced by state-submitted emissions. Since California did not submit NH3, values from MOVES
were used.
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The residual fuel commercial marine vessel (CMV), also referred to as Category 3 (C3) from the
2002 platform have been replaced with a new set of approximately 4-km resolution point source
format emissions; these were modeled separately as point sources in the "seca_c3" sector for the
2005 platform. They were updated for v4.1 by using revised 2005 emissions from the category 3
commercial marine sector to reflect the final projections from 2002 developed for the category 3
commercial marine Emissions Control Area (ECA) proposal to the International Maritime
Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010). Unlike for the v4 platform, we projected
Canada as part of the ECA, using region-specific growth rates; thus the v4.1 seca_c3 inventories
contain Canadian province codes for near shore emissions.
The nonroad sector, based on NMIM did not change for the v4.1 platform other than for
California, for which missing PM2.5 emissions for 7 counties was discovered. We corrected
these PM2.5 emissions by using an earlier version of the 2005 submittal which California had
provided values for the 7 counties.
The mobile sectors are compiled at a county and SCC resolution, with the exception of the
seca_c3 sector that uses point sources to map the pre-gridded data to the modeling domain.
Similar to v4, in v4.1, tribal data from the alm_no_c3 sector have been dropped because we do
not have spatial surrogate data, and the emissions are small; these data were removed from the
SMOKE input inventories for 2005.
Most mobile sectors use the HAP portion on the inventory to provide benzene, acetaldehyde,
formaldehyde and/or methanol to the modeling inputs through HAP VOC "integration", as
described in Section 3.1.2.1. A few categories of nonroad sources (CNG and LPG-fueled
equipment) do not have the BAFM pollutants in the inventory and therefore utilize the "no-
integrate", "no-hap-use" case, which means VOC from these sources is speciated to provide
BAFM.
2.5.1 Onroad mobile MOVES cold-start exhaust sources requiring
temperature adjustments (on_moves_startpm)
This sector contains MOVES2010 emissions for PM and naphthalene7 for non-California onroad
gasoline cold-start exhaust. These emissions (and the onmovesrunpm sector discussed in the
next section) are processed separately from the remainder of the onroad mobile emissions
because they are subject to hourly temperature adjustments, and these temperature adjustments
are different for cold-start and running exhaust modes.
Temperature adjustments were applied to account for the strong sensitivity of PM and
naphthalene exhaust emissions to temperatures below 72°F. Because it was not feasible to run
MOVES directly for all of the gridded, hourly temperatures needed for modeling, we created
emissions of PM and naphthalene exhaust at 72°F and applied temperature adjustments after the
emissions were spatially and temporally allocated. The PM2.5 (and naphthalene) adjustment
factors were different for starting and running exhaust because these two processes respond
differently to temperature as shown in Figure 2-1 which shows how these emissions increase
7 Naphthalene is not used in the 2005v4 CAP-B AFM platform, but it is contained in the MOVES emissions.
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with colder temperatures. The temperature adjustment factor in this figure is defined in terms of
primary elemental carbon (PEC) as follows:
PEC = Adjustment Factor x PEC 72
Where:
PEC = PEC at Temperatures below 72°F
PEC 72 = PEC at 72°F or higher
As seen in the figure, start exhaust emissions increase more than running exhaust emissions as
temperatures decrease from 72°F.
Figure 2-1 also shows that the actual adjustments are different for start exhaust and running
exhaust emissions. The method for applying these adjustments was the same for both start and
running exhaust sectors: They were applied to SMOKE gridded, hourly intermediate files, based
upon the gridded hourly temperature data (these same data are also input to the air quality
model). One result of this approach is that inventory summaries based on the raw SMOKE
inputs for the onmovesstartpm and onmovesrunpm sectors will not be valid because they
will not include the temperature adjustments. As a result, the post-processing for temperature
adjustments included computing the emissions totals at state, county, and month resolution to use
for summaries.
Figure 2-1. MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions.
80
70 V
at 40
ĤRun Exhaust
Ĥ Start Exhaust
21 31 41 51 61 71
Temperature (F)
The MOVES output data required pre-processing to develop county-level monthly ORL files for
input to SMOKE. As stated earlier, the resolution of the MOVES data was state-SCC totals, and
the state level data were allocated to county level prior to input into SMOKE. An additional pre-
32
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processing step was for the exhaust PM2.5, for which emissions from MOVES were partially
speciated. To retain the speciated elemental carbon and sulfate emissions from MOVES, the
speciation step that is usually done in SMOKE was performed prior to SMOKE, and it was
modified to allow the temperature adjustments to be applied to only the species affected by
temperature as described in the list below. Finally, because the start exhaust emissions were
broken out separately from running exhaust emissions, they were assigned to new SCCs (urban
and rural parking areas) that allowed for the appropriate spatial and temporal profiles to be
applied in SMOKE.
A list of the procedures performed to prepare the MOVES data for input into SMOKE is
provided here.
i. We allocated state-level emissions to counties using state-county emission ratios by
SCC, pollutant, month, and emissions mode (e.g., evaporative, exhaust, brake wear,
and tire wear) for each month. The ratios were computed using NMIM 2005 data
(same data included in the 2005v2 NEI).
ii. We assigned these start exhaust emissions to urban and rural SCCs based on the
county-level ratio of emissions from urban versus rural local roads from the NMIM
onroad gasoline exhaust mode data. For example, we split light duty gasoline vehicle
(LDGV) start emissions in the state-total MOVES data (assigned SCC 2201001000)
into urban (2201001370) and rural (2201001350) based on the ratio of LDGV urban
(2201001330) and rural (2201001210) local roads.
iii. We converted MOVES-based PM2.5 species at 72°F to SMOKE-ready PM species.
The SMOKE-ready species are listed below and the speciation technique used to
obtain the SMOKE-ready species is further discussed in Appendix D.
NAPHTH 72: unchanged from MOVES-based file, subject to temperature
adjustment below 72°F.
PEC 72: unchanged from MOVES-based PM25EC, subject to temperature
adjustment below 72°F.
POC 72: modified MOVES-based PM250C to remove metals, PN03 (computed
from MOVES-based PM25EC), NH4 (computed from MOVES-based PM25S04
and PN03), and MOVES-based PM25S04. Subject to temperature adjustment
below 72°F.
PS04: unchanged from MOVES-based PM25S04, not subject to temperature
adjustment.
PN03: computed from MOVES-based PM25EC, not subject to temperature
adjustment.
OTHER: sum of computed metals (fraction of MOVES-based PM25EC) and
NH4 (computed from PN03 and PS04), not subject to temperature adjustment.
PMFINE 72: Computed from OTHER and fraction of POC 72. Subject to
temperature adjustment below 72 °F.
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PMC72: Computed as fraction of sum of PMFINE_72, PEC_72, POC_72,
PS04, and PN03 -described in Appendix D. Subject to temperature adjustment
below 72 °F.
The result of these preprocessing steps is SMOKE-ready PM emissions that do not exactly match
what MOVES provides. The emissions are conserved during allocation from the state to county
and from the generic total "start" SCCs to the two new parking SCCs that end in "350" and
"370". PEC and PS04 components of PM2.5 emissions are also conserved as they are simply
renamed from the MOVES species "PM25EC" and "PM25S04". However, as seen above,
POC, PN03, and PMFINE components involve multiplying the MOVES PM species by
components of an onroad gasoline exhaust speciation profile described in Appendix D.
2.5.2 Onroad mobile MOVES running exhaust sources requiring
temperature adjustments (on_moves_runpm)
This sector is identical to the onmovesstartpm sector discussed in Section 2.5.1, but contains
running exhaust emissions instead of cold-start exhaust emissions. The same pollutants are in
this sector, and allocation from the MOVES state-level to county-level inventory is a simple
match by SCC and month to NMIM state-county ratios. The only reason this sector is separated
from on moves startpm is because the temperature adjustments are less extreme for these
running emissions at colder temperatures when compared to the curve for cold-start emissions
(Figure 2-1).
2.5.3 Onroad no-adjustments mobile sources (on_noadj)
This sector consists of the bulk of the onroad mobile emissions, which are not covered by the
on moves startpm and onmovesrunpm sectors. These emissions did not receive any
temperature adjustments in our processing. There are four sources of data that are pre-processed
to create three sets of monthly inventories for this sector.
1. MOVES-based onroad gasoline and diesel: These are the monthly (does not include
gasoline exhaust mode PM and naphthalene) MOVES-based emissions from three
MOVES inventories:
a. Gasoline Exhaust: VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, 1,3-butadiene (106990),
acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein (107028), benzene (71432), formaldehyde
(50000), and brake and tire wear PM2.5;
b. Diesel Exhaust: Partially-speciated PM2.5 (that were fully speciated prior to input
into SMOKE (via Appendix D), VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, 1,3-butadiene
(106990), acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein (107028), benzene (71432),
formaldehyde (50000), and brake and tire wear PM2.5. Because diesel exhaust
PM does not require the same intermediate temperature adjustments as gasoline
exhaust PM, diesel exhaust PM can therefore be processed with the remaining
onroad mobile emissions.
c. Evaporative: Non-refueling VOC, benzene, and naphthalene (91203).
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For the pollutants listed, these non-California MOVES emissions encompass the same
sources as the onmovesstartpm and onmovesrunpm sectors: light duty gasoline
vehicles, light duty gasoline trucks (1 & 2), and heavy duty gasoline vehicles, but they do
not require the same intermediate temperature adjustments and can therefore be
processed with the remaining onroad mobile emissions. These emissions contain both
running and parking sources and are pre-processed from state-level to county-level much
like the on moves startpm and on moves runpm sectors already discussed. The
preprocessing for the non-PM emissions did not require species calculations because the
raw MOVES emissions translated directly to SMOKE inventory species.
2. California onroad inventory: California 2005v2 NEI complete CAP/HAP onroad
inventory. California monthly onroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on
September 2007 California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chris Nguyen. NH3
emissions are from MOVES2010 runs for California. We retained only those HAPs that
are also estimated by NMIM for onroad mobile sources; all other HAPs provided by
California were dropped. The California onroad inventory does not use the SCCs for
Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) class 6 & 7 (2230073XXX) emissions. California
does not specify road types, so we used NMIM-based California ratios to break out
vehicle emissions to the match the more detailed NMIM level.
3. Remaining NMIM-based onroad inventory: The remainder of the non-California onroad
inventory that was not replaced by MOVES. This includes monthly emissions the three
species of mercury (divalent gas, elemental and particulate) as well as a number of other
HAPs not used by the platform. The NMIM county database is NCD20080522; this is an
update of NCD20070912 in which state/local and tribal inputs replace EPA default inputs
where provided. These emissions are identical to those in the v4 platform and are not
described further here.
2.5.4 Nonroad mobile sources - NMIM-based nonroad (nonroad)
This sector includes monthly exhaust, evaporative and refueling emissions from nonroad engines
(not including commercial marine, aircraft, and locomotives) derived from NMIM for all states
except California, which were corrected due to an inadvertent omission of PM2.5 from 7 counties.
Thus, except for California, emissions from this sector did not change between the v4 and v4.1
platform versions, and we repeat the documentation here for completeness.
The NMIM relied on the version of the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-BondBase) used for the
marine spark ignited (SI) and small SI engine proposed rule, published May 18, 2007 (EPA,
2007c). For 2005, the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-BondBase) is equivalent to
NONROAD2008a, since it incorporated Bond rule revisions to some of the base case inputs and
the Bond rule controls did not take effect until future years. As with the onroad emissions,
NMIM provides nonroad emissions for VOC by three emission modes: exhaust, evaporative and
refueling. Unlike the onroad sector, refueling emissions nonroad sources are not dropped from
processing for this sector.
Similar to the on noadj pre-processing for evaporative emissions, we also reassigned NMIM
evaporative and refueling xylene to the various isomers of xylene. We use the same percentages
35
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for refueling as for evaporative emissions as follows: we converted compound XYL or
CAS=EVP 1330207, RFL_1330207) into MXYL (CAS=EVP_108383, RFL_108383) and
OXYL (CAS=EVP 95476, RFL 95476) using a 68% and32% ratio to both evaporative and
refueling XYL, respectively. We also split NMIM exhaust xylene (CAS=EXH 1330207) into
MXYL (CAS=EXH_108383) and OXYL (CAS=EXH_95476) using a 74% and 26% ratio to
XYL, respectively.
EPA/OTAQ ran NMIM to create county-SCC emissions for the NEI 2005v2 nonroad mobile
CAP/HAP inventory, and similar to on noadj, we removed California NMIM emissions that
were submitted separately by California. Emissions were converted from monthly totals to
monthly average-day based on the number of days in each month. Similar to onroad NMIM
emissions, EPA default inputs were replaced by state inputs where provided. The NMIM
inventory documentation describes this and all other details of the NMIM nonroad emissions
development.
California nonroad
California monthly nonroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on September 2007
California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chris Nguyen, other than for the PM2.5
missing from 7 counties, which used the March 2007 version. In addition, NH3 emissions are
from NMIM runs for California because these were not included in the California NEI submittal.
HAP emissions were estimated by applying HAP-to-CAP ratios computed from California data
in the NEI 2005 v2 submittal. We retained only those HAPs that are also estimated by NMIM
for nonroad mobile sources; all other HAPs were dropped.
The CARB-based nonroad data did not have mode-specific data for VOC (exhaust, evaporative,
and refueling). To address this inconsistency with other states, we split the annual total
California data into monthly, mode-specific nonroad emissions for California using the NMIM
results. Details on this process are documented separately (Strum, 2007). Nonroad refueling
emissions for California were computed as Gasoline Transport (SCC=2505000120) emissions
multiplied by a factor of 0.46 (to avoid double counting with portable fuel container (PFC)
emissions in the nonpt sector) and were allocated to the gasoline equipment types based on ratios
of evaporative-mode VOC. The factor of 0.46 was computed by dividing the NMIM-derived
California refueling for 2005 by the sum of portable fuel container emissions and NMIM-derived
refueling for 2005.
2.5.5 Nonroad mobile sources: locomotive and non-C3 commercial marine
(alm_no_c3)
The alm_no_c3 sector contains CAP and HAP emissions from locomotive and commercial
marine sources, except for category 3/residual-fuel (C3) commercial marine vessels and railway
maintenance. In modeling platforms prior to the 2005v4 platform, this sector also contained
aircraft emissions. Point-source airports were included in the non-EGU point sector (ptnonipm)
through the 2005v2 NEI point source inventory. The C3 commercial marine vessel emissions
are in the seca_c3 sector. We note that the "a" in the "alm_no_c3" sector name is now
misleading because aircraft are no longer in this sector. This sector is unchanged from the v4
platform; we repeat the documentation for completeness.
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The remaining emissions in the alm_no_c3 sector are year 2002 emissions unchanged from the
2002 platform. The SCCs in the alm_no_c3 sector are listed in Table 2-16.
Table 2-16. SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to the 2002 platform aim sector
see
Action
SCC Description
2275000000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: All Aircraft Types and
Operations: Total
2275001000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Military Aircraft: Total
2275020000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Commercial Aircraft:
Total: All Types
2275050000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: General Aviation:
Total
2275060000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Air Taxi: Total
2280002100
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Diesel;Port emissions
2280002200
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Diesel;Underway emissions
2280003100
Emissions removed and replaced by
seca c3 inventories for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Residual;Port emissions
2280003200
Emissions removed and replaced by
seca c3 inventories for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Residual;Underway emissions
2280004000
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Gasoline;Total, All Vessel Types
2285002006
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Class I Operations
2285002007
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Class II / III Operations
2285002008
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Passenger Trains (Amtrak)
2285002009
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Commuter Lines
2285002010
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Yard
Locomotives
The documentation of the 2002 NEI for the category 1 and 2 (C1/C2) commericial marine and
locomotive emissions.
For modeling purposes, the following additional changes were made to the NEI data for the 2005
platform:
For the 2005 platform, we removed C3 CMV SCCs (residual fuel) and aircraft SCCs.
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Removed railway maintenance emissions (SCCs 2285002015, 2285004015, and
2285006015) because these are included in the nonroad NMIM monthly inventories.
This change was made for the 2002 platform and is retained here in the 2005 platform.
For the purpose of CAP-HAP VOC integration as discussed in Section 3.1.2.1, we
removed benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde for all sources that we did not
integrate these HAPs with VOC. As discussed in Section 3.1.2.1, sources are considered
no-integrate when the source of data between VOC and VOC HAPs is inconsistent or
VOC analysis of VOC and VOC HAPs indicates the source is not integrated. Although
our CAP-HAP integration approach also required the removal of methanol for no-
integrate sources, the only sources in this sector that included methanol were in
California, where we used the integrate approach for all sources and therefore did not
need to remove it.
The 2002 platform documentation goes into greater detail on the locomotives and C1/C2 CMV
emissions in this sector.
2.5.6 Nonroad mobile sources: C3 commercial marine (seca_c3)
The raw seca_c3 sector emissions data were developed in an ASCII raster format used since the
Emissions Control Area-International Marine Organization (ECA-IMO) project began in 2005,
then known as the Sulfur Emissions Control Area (SECA). These emissions consist of large
marine diesel engines (at or above 30 liters/cylinder) that until very recently, were allowed to
meet relatively modest emission requirements, often burning residual fuel. The emissions in this
sector are comprised of primarily foreign-flagged ocean-going vessels, referred to as Category 3
(C3) ships. The seca_c3 (ECA) inventory includes these ships in several intra-port modes
(cruising, hoteling, reduced speed zone, maneuvering, and idling) and underway mode and
includes near-port auxiliary engines. An overview of the ECA-IMO project and future year
goals for reduction of NOx, SO2, and PM C3 emissions.
The resulting coordinated strategy, including emission standards under the Clean Air Act for new
marine diesel engines with per-cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters, and the establishment
of Emission Control Areas.
The base year ECA inventory is 2002 and consists of these CAPs: PM10, CO, CO2, NH3, NOx,
SOx (assumed to be SO2), and Hydrocarbons (assumed to be VOC). EPA developed regional
growth (activity-based) factors that we applied to create the v4.1 platform 2005 inventory from
the 2002 data.
These region-specific and pollutant-specific growth factors were updated for the v4.1 platform as
compared to the v4 platform to be consistent with the final projections from 2002, developed for
the C3 ECA proposal to the International Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August
2010).
The updated factors that we used to project from 2002 to 2005 are presented in Table 2-17.
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Table 2-17. Adjustment factors to update the 2005 seca_c3 sector emissions for the v4.1
platform.
2005 Adjustments Relative to 2002
Region
NOx
PMio
PM2S
VOC (HC)
CO
S02
Alaska East (AE)
1.08561
1.10440
1.10350
1.10453
1.10411
1.10438
Alaska West (AW)
1.04671
1.06382
1.06404
1.06389
1.06391
1.06386
East Coast (EC)
1.10524
1.15242
1.15383
1.15256
1.15238
1.15244
Gulf Coast (GC)
1.04056
1.08521
1.08269
1.08467
1.08536
1.08530
Hawaii East (HE)
1.09054
1.13429
1.13258
1.13352
1.13429
1.13422
Hawaii West (HW)
1.09108
1.13402
1.13289
1.13443
1.13399
1.13428
North Pacific (NP)
1.07254
1.11354
1.09817
1.11358
1.11318
1.11339
South Pacific (SP)
1.12539
1.17416
1.17257
1.17055
1.17012
1.17565
Great Lakes (GL)
1.04397
1.06264
1.06241
1.06341
1.06280
1.06251
Outside ECA
1.08654
1.13186
1.13186
1.13186
1.13186
1.13186
In addition to the updated values, near-shore Canadian emissions are now assigned to regions
whereas previously Canadian sources used the "Outside ECA" factors. Canada uses North
Pacific, Great Lakes and East Coast depending on where the emissions are. For example, near-
shore emissions around Vancouver British Columbia are projected from 2002 using North
Pacific (NP) factors rather than "Outside ECA" factors.
The raw ECA inventory started as a set of ASCII raster datasets at approximately 4-km
resolution that we converted to SMOKE point-source ORL input format as described in
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/eil7/session6/mason.pdf.
In summary, this paper describes how the ASCII raster dataset was converted to latitude-
longitude, mapped to state/county FIPS codes that extend up to 200 nautical miles (nm) from the
coast, assigned stack parameters, and how the monthly ASCII raster dataset emissions were used
to create monthly temporal profiles. Counties were assigned as extending up to 200nm from the
coast because of this was the distance through the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a distance
that would be used to define the outer limits of ECA-IMO controls for these vessels.
The 2005 ECA-based C3 inventory also does not delineate between ports and underway (or other
C3 modes such as hoteling, maneuvering, reduced-speed zone, and idling) emissions; therefore,
we assigned these emissions to the broad ("total") SCC for C3 CMV (2280003000). This has no
effect on temporal allocation or speciation compared to existing profiles for underway and port
C3 emissions (2280003100 and 2280003200). The C3 CMV emissions in the 2002 and 2005
platforms are shown in Table 2-18.
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Table 2-18. Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in 2002 and 2005 platforms
2005v4
2005v4.1
Pollutant
2002 platform
(tons/yr)
platform
(tons/yr)
platform
(tons/yr)
CO
28,195
53,746
54,049
nh3
131
0
0
NOx
244,988
642,089
647,884
PMio
13,687
53,581
53,918
PM2.5
12,620
49,294
49,541
S02
150,532
417,307
420,110
VOC
7,377
22,367
44,990
For the v4.1 platform, we chose only to include some HAPs in the seca_c3 sector: benzene,
formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. We projected these HAPs using the following VOC factors:
Benzene = VOC * 9.795E-06
Acetaldehyde = VOC * 2.286E-04
Formaldehyde = VOC * 1.5672E-03
Because we computed HAPs directly from the CAP inventory and the calculations are therefore
consistent, the entire seca_c3 sector utilizes CAP-HAP VOC integration to use the VOC HAP
species directly, rather than VOC speciation profiles.
Mercury was not included due to uncertainties in the emissions.
We converted the emissions to SMOKE point source ORL format, allowing for the emissions to
be allocated to modeling layers above the surface layer. We also corrected FIPS code
assignments for one county in Rhode Island. All non-US emissions (i.e., in waters considered
outside of the 200nm EEZ, and hence out of the U.S. territory) are simply assigned a dummy
state/county FIPS code=98001. Due the huge size of these data, the CAP emissions are in one
ORL file and the HAP emissions are split into 6 separate ORL files. The SMOKE-ready data
have also been cropped from the original ECA-IMO data to cover only the 36-km air quality
model domain, which is the largest domain used for this effort.
2.6 Emissions from Canada, Mexico and Offshore Drilling Platforms
(othpt, othar, othon, othpt_hg, and othar hg)
These sectors are unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is included here for
completeness.
The emissions from Canada, Mexico, and Offshore Drilling platforms are included as part of five
sectors: othpt, othpt hg, othar, other hg, and othon.
The "oth" refers to the fact that these emissions are "other" than those in the 2005 NEI, and the
third and fourth characters provide the SMOKE source types: "pt" for point, "ar" for "area and
40
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nonroad mobile", and "on" for onroad mobile. The othpthg and othar hg sectors contain year
2000 Canadian speciated mercury emissions for point and area inventories. They were used with
the EPA's 2002v3 multi-pollutant platform ("CAP and HAP 2002-Based Platform, Version 3").
All other "oth" emissions are CAP-only inventories. Mexico's emissions are unchanged from
the 2002 platform with one exception -one stack diameter was updated (recomputed from stack
velocity and flowrate) in the Mexico border states point inventory.
For Canada we updated the emissions from the 2002 platform, migrating the non-Hg data from
year 2000 inventories to year 2006 inventories for the 2005 platform. We migrated to these 2006
Canadian emissions despite not receiving future year emissions, as we were advised by Canada
that the improvement in the 2006 inventory over the 2000 inventory was more significant than
the undesirable effect of retaining these 2006 emissions for all future year modeling. We applied
several modifications to the 2006 Canadian inventories:
i. We did not include wildfires, or prescribed burning because Canada does not include
these inventory data in their modeling.
ii. We did not include in-flight aircraft emissions because we do not include these for the
U.S. and we do not have an appropriate approach to include in our modeling.
iii. We applied a 75% reduction ("transport fraction") to PM for the road dust, agricultural,
and construction emissions in the Canadian "afdust" inventory. This approach is more
simplistic than the county-specific approach used for the U.S., but a comparable approach
was not available for Canada.
iv. We did not include speciated VOC emissions from the ADOM chemical mechanism.
v. Residual fuel CMV (C3) SCCs (22800030X0) were removed because these emissions are
included in the seca_c3 sector, which covers not only emissions close to Canada but also
emissions far at sea. Canada was involved in the inventory development of the seca_c3
sector emissions.
vi. Wind erosion (SCC=2730100000) and cigarette smoke (SCC=2810060000) emissions
were removed from the nonpoint (nonpt) inventory; these emissions are also absent from
our U.S. inventory.
vii. Quebec PM2.5 emissions (2,000 tons/yr) were removed for one SCC (2305070000) for
Industrial Processes, Mineral Processes, Gypsum, Plaster Products due to corrupt fields
after conversion to SMOKE input format. This error should be corrected in a future
inventory.
viii. Excessively high CO emissions were removed from Babine Forest Products Ltd (British
Columbia SMOKE plantid='5188') in the point inventory. This change was made at our
discretion because the value of the emissions was impossibly large.
ix. The county part of the state/county FIPS code field in the SMOKE inputs were modified
in the point inventory from "000" to "001" to enable matching to existing temporal
profiles.
x. Fixed coordinates for facility "ON105803" in the othpt hg inventory to match those in
the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) othpt sector.
xi. Nonpoint speciated mercury emissions duplicate emissions summed and state/county
FIPS code field changed from Nunavut (62) to NW Territories (61) to match surrogates.
41
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For Mexico we continued to use emissions for 1999 (Eastern Research Group Inc., 2006) which
were developed as part of a partnership between Mexico's Secretariat of the Environment and
Natural Resources (Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales-SEMARNAT) and
National Institute of Ecology (Instituto Nacional de Ecologia-INE), the U.S. EPA, the Western
Governors' Association (WGA), and the North American Commission for Environmental
Cooperation (CEC). This inventory includes emissions from all states in Mexico.
The offshore emissions include point source offshore oil and gas drilling platforms. We used
updated emissions from the 2005v2 NEI point source inventory. The offshore sources were
provided by the Mineral Management Services (MMS).
Table 2-19 summarizes the data in the "oth" sectors and indicates where these emissions have
been updated from the 2002 platform.
Table 2-19. Summary of the othpt, othpthg, othar, otharhg, and othon sectors changes from
the 2002 platform
Sector
Components
Changes from 2002 platform
othpt
Mexico, 1999, point
None
Canada, 2006, point
Uses emissions from 2006 National Pollutant
Release Inventory (NPRI), 3 components:
1) upstream oil and gas sector emissions for
all CAPs except VOC;
2) VOC sources pre-speciated to CB05
speciation except for benzene;
3) Remaining point source emissions.
Offshore, 2005, point
Uses emissions from 2005 v2 point inventory
othpthg
Canada, 2000, mercury
point
Uses speciated mercury point source year 2000
inventory.
othar
Mexico, 1999, nonpoint
None
Mexico, 1999, nonroad
None
Canada, 2006, nonpoint
Uses 2006 Canadian aircraft (landing and take-offs
only), agricultural NH3, fugitive dust, and
remaining nonpoint inventories.
Canada, 2006, nonroad
Uses 2006 Canadian nonroad mobile, non-C3
marine, and locomotives inventories.
otharhg
Canada, 2000, mercury
nonpoint
Uses speciated mercury nonpoint source year 2000
inventory.
othon
Mexico, 1999, onroad
None
Canada, 2006, onroad
Uses 2006 Canadian onroad inventory. Emissions
are given at vehicle type resolution only (i.e., does
not include road types).
42
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2.7 SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for mercury and
chlorine
We generated elemental mercury from natural (N), recycled (R) and volcanic (V) emissions,
which we added to anthropogenic (A) elemental mercury processed from the inventories
discussed above, to provide the elemental mercury species "HGNRVA" required by the multi-
pollutant version of CMAQ. This model species is intended to include the sum of elemental
mercury emissions from these sources. For the ocean chlorine, we used the same data as in the
CAP and HAP 2002-based platform.
A new recycled mercury file was developed for 2005 since the scaling factors applied to
temporally allocate the annual natural and recycled emissions from oceans and land are based on
solar radiation and skin temperature from the 2005 meteorology files. The annual files (prior to
temporal allocation) differed from those of the 2002 platform only in that we reduced emissions
of the natural emissions from land by 90% based on literature (Gustin, et. al., 2008), which
indicated that the emissions are 10-12 tons per year as opposed to the 120 tons we had been
using previously.
2.7.1 Mercury
As discussed in the CAP and HAP 2002v3-based platform documentation
(ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002v3CAPHAP/documentation), the initial data for natural
mercury, provided by Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Incorporated (AER), consisted
of three existing global inventories containing annual flux rates of elemental mercury, gridded to
1 degree by 1 degree resolution:
mercury emissions from oceansdirect + recycled
mercury emissions from landdirect + recycled
mercury emissions from volcanoes - direct
As indicated earlier, we reduced the direct land mercury emissions by 90%, based on literature
(Gustin, et. all, 2008) indicating that the emissions are 10-12 tons per year as opposed to the 120
tons we had been using previously.
Annual fluxes of recycled elemental mercury for 2001 were created using the deposition results
from a CMAQ 4.5.1 run. The approaches assumed that all recycled mercury emissions are in the
form of elemental mercury gas. It is necessary to treat these recycled emissions whenever a
version of CMAQ is used that also treats dry deposition of elemental mercury gas. The total
deposition (wet plus dry) of all forms of mercury was used as the basis for the recycled emission
estimates. A fraction equal to one-half the total deposition flux was used as the estimate for
recycled emissions based on previous model calibrations done by AER.
Natural and recycled emissions from oceans and land (but not volcanic emissions) were allocated
to hourly values based on the meteorological variables of solar radiation and temperature, which
are shown to be positively correlated with the evasion of elemental mercury from water surfaces
soils and vegetation. While the correlation is widely variable for each of these surfaces, simple
scaling functions for land and ocean developed for the 2001 applications were used for the 2002
and were repeated again for the 2005v4 and v4.1 platforms, but using 2005-specific factors:
43
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SOLRAD, * (SFCTMP' - 273) ,
Ocean: or exactly zero for SFCTMP < 273 K
y [SOIJiAD * (SFCTMP - 273)1
tlallhrsL v /J
T , SOLRADhr * (SFCTMPhr - 253) , .
Land: or exactly zero for SFCTMP < 253K
Y [SOLRAD * (SFCTMP - 253)1
^tallhrsL v /J
where SOLRAD is the solar radiation in W/m2 and SFCTMP is the skin temperature (Kelvin),
both from the 2-dimensional meteorology file from the Meteorology Chemistry Interface
Processor (MCIP) output.
The same sequence of steps were performed apply the hourly gridded scaling factors to create
hourly gridded files for recycled and natural mercury based on 2005 meteorological data. No
changes were made to the 2002 volcano mercury data
2.7.2 Chlorine
The oceanic chlorine gas emission estimates were the same as those used in the CAP and HAP
2002 platform.
3 Emissions modeling summary
The CMAQ and CAMx models require hourly emissions of specific gas and particle species for
the horizontal and vertical grid cells contained within the modeled region (i.e., modeling
domain). To provide emissions in the form and format required by the model, it is necessary to
"pre-process" the "raw" emissions (i.e., emissions input to SMOKE) for the sectors described
above in Section 2. In brief, this processing step transforms these emissions from their original
temporal resolution, pollutant resolution, and spatial resolution into the data required by the air
quality model. As seen in Section 2, the temporal resolution of the emissions input to SMOKE
for the 2005 platform varies across sectors, and may be hourly, monthly, or annual total
emissions. The spatial resolution, which also can be different for different sectors, may be
individual point sources or county totals (province totals for Canada, municipio totals for
Mexico). The pre-processing steps involving temporal allocation, spatial allocation, pollutant
speciation, and vertical allocation of point sources are referred to as emissions modeling. This
section provides some basic information about the tools and data files used for emissions
modeling as part of the 2005 platform. Since we devoted Section 2 to describing the emissions
inventories, we have limited this section's descriptions of data to the ancillary data SMOKE uses
to perform the emissions modeling steps
All SMOKE inputs for the 2005v4.1 platform emissions are available at the 2005v4.1 website
(see the end of Section 1).
We used SMOKE version 2.6 to pre-process the raw emissions to create the emissions inputs for
CMAQ and CAMx. The emissions processing steps and ancillary data for v4.1 were very
similar to those done for v4. A summary of the revisions is as follows:
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We updated the ancillary files to handle additional MOVES SCCs related to parking area
emissions and to make some changes to the temporal and spatial approaches that were
originally assigned to parking area SCCs.
We changed speciation profiles for headspace vapor (VOC).
We changed the PM2.5 speciation profile for category 3 commercial marine vessels
burning residual oil.
We used an updated county-to-cell spatial surrogate for U.S. oil and gas emissions.
We changed the temporal allocation approach to use profiles that vary by day of week
and to use new temporal profiles for the afdust sector.
We also utilized the feature in SMOKE (updated in version 2.5) to create combination speciation
profiles that could vary by state/county FIPS code and by month; we used this approach for some
mobile sources as described in Section 3.1.2. As with the v4 platform, we used the CMAQ and
CAMx in-line emissions capability to create source-based emissions files rather than the 3-
dimensional files for sectors that have plume rise. When CAMx was used, the emissions were
first created in a form appropriate for CMAQ, and were converted to a form usable by CMAQ
using a Fortran convertor called 'inline2camx\ In addition to generating the gridded surface
level 2-dimensional emissions and elevated point source files necessary for CAMx, the program
renames certain emissions species to the names needed by CAMx. Emissions totals by specie for
the entire model domain are output as reports that are then compared to reports generated by
SMOKE to ensure mass is not lost or gained during this conversion process.
3.1 Key emissions modeling settings
Each sector is processed separately through SMOKE, up until the final merge program
(Mrggrid), which combines the model-ready, sector-specific emissions across sectors. The
SMOKE settings in the run scripts and the data in the SMOKE ancillary files control the
approaches used for the individual SMOKE programs for each sector. Table 3-1 summarizes the
major processing steps of each platform sector. The "Spatial" column shows the spatial
approach: "point" indicates that SMOKE maps the source from a point (i.e., latitude and
longitude) location to a grid cell, "surrogates" indicates that some or all of the sources use spatial
surrogates to allocate county emissions to grid cells, and "area-to-point" indicates that some of
the sources use the SMOKE area-to-point feature to grid the emissions (further described in
Section3.2.1.2 The "Speciation" column indicates that all sectors use the SMOKE speciation
step, though biogenics speciation is done within BEIS3 and not as a separate SMOKE step. The
"Inventory resolution" column shows the inventory temporal resolution from which SMOKE
needs to calculate hourly emissions.
Finally, the "plume rise" column indicates the sectors for which the in-line approach is used.
These sectors are the only ones which will have emissions in aloft layers, based on plume rise.
For the 2005v4 and v4.1 platforms, we did not have SMOKE compute vertical plume rise; this
was done in the air quality model using stack data found in the SMOKE output files for each
model-ready sector. The one sector with "in-line" only, seca_c3, was processed so that the entire
emissions would be in aloft layers. Thus, there were no seca_c3 emissions in the 2-dimensional,
layer-1 files created by SMOKE. Rather, the speciated and hourly source-based CMAQ and
CAMx inputs for seca_c3 were used for the vertical allocation.
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Table 3-1. Key emissions modeling steps by sector.
Platform sector
Spatial
Speciation
Inventory
resolution
Plume rise
ptipm
point
Yes
daily & hourly
in-line
ptnonipm
point
Yes
annual
in-line
othpt
point
Yes
annual
in-line
othpt hg
point
Yes
annual
in-line
nonroad
surrogates &
area-to-point
Yes
monthly
othar
surrogates
Yes
annual
seca c3
point
Yes
annual
in-line
aim no c3
surrogates &
area-to-point
Yes
annual
on noad]
surrogates
Yes
monthly
on noadj
surrogates
Yes
monthly
on moves startpm
surrogates
Yes
monthly
on moves runpm
surrogates
Yes
monthly
othon
surrogates
Yes
annual
nonpt
surrogates &
area-to-point
Yes
annual
ag
surrogates
Yes
annual
afdust
surrogates
Yes
annual
biog
pre-gridded
landuse
in BEIS3 .14
hourly
avefire
surrogates
Yes
annual
In addition to the above settings, we used the PELVCONFIG file, which can be optionally used
to group sources so that they would be treated as a single stack by SMOKE when computing
plume rise. For the 2005v4.1 platform we chose to have no grouping, which is a difference the
2005v4 platform. We changed this because grouping done for "in-line" processing will not give
identical results as "offline" (i.e., processing whereby SMOKE creates 3-dimensional files). The
only way to get the same results between in-line and offline is to choose to have no grouping.
3.1.1 Spatial configuration
For the 2005v4.1 platform, we ran SMOKE and CMAQ or CAMx (depending on the
application) for modeling domains with 36-km and 12-km spatial resolution. These are the same
domains as were used for the 2005v4 and 2002 platform. Figure 3-1 shows the 36-km
CONtinental United States "CONUS" modeling domain, the 12-km eastern domain (EUS), and
the 12-km western domain (WUS).
46
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Figure 3-1. CMAQ modeling domains
36km Domain Boundary
12km West Domain Boundary
12km East Domain Boundary |
All three grids use a Lambert-Conformal projection, with Alpha = 33°, Beta = 45° and Gamma
= -97°, with a center of X = -97° and Y = 40°. Table 3-2 describes the grids for the three
domains.
47
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Table 3-2. Descriptions of the 2005-based platform grids
Common
Name
Grid
Cell Size
Description
(see Figure 3-1)
Grid name
Parameters listed in SMOKE grid
description (GRIDDESC) file:
projection name, xorig, yorig,
xcell, ycell, ncols, nrows, nthik
US 36 km or
CONUS-36
36 km
Entire conterminous
US plus some of
Mexico/Canada
US36KM 148X1
12
'LAM 40N97W', -2736.D3, -2088.D3,
36.D3, 36.D3, 148, 112, 1
Big East 12
km
12 km
Goes west to
Colorado, covers
some Mexico/Canada
EUS12_279X240
'LAM 40N97W', -1008.D3 , -1620.D3,
12.D3, 12.D3, 279, 240, 1
West 12 km
12 km
Goes east to
Oklahoma, covers
some of
Mexico/Canada
US12_213X192
'LAM 40N97W', -2412.D3 , -972.D3,
12.D3, 12.D3, 213, 192, 1
Section 3.2.1 provides the details on the spatial surrogates and area-to-point data used to
accomplish spatial allocation with SMOKE.
3.1.2 Chemical speciation configuration
The emissions modeling step for chemical speciation creates "model species" needed by the air
quality model for a specific chemical mechanism. These model species are either individual
chemical compounds or groups of species, called "model species." The chemical mechanism
used for the 2005 platform is the CB05 mechanism (Yarwood, 2005). The same base chemical
mechanism is used with CMAQ and CAMx, but the implementation differs slightly between the
two models. For details of the chemical mechanism as it is implemented in CAMx, see the
CAMx 5.2 user's guide. The specific version of CMAQ used included secondary organic
aerosol (SOA) and HONO enhancements. This is unchanged from the CMAQ applications of the
v4 platform.
From the perspective of emissions preparation, the CMAQ CB05 mechanism is the same as was
used in the 2002 platform except that additional input model species are needed to support the
nitrous acid (HONO) chemistry enhancements and additional input model species are needed to
support SOA. Table 3-3 lists the model species produced by SMOKE for use in CMAQ and
CAMx; the only three input species that were not in the CAP 2002-Based platform described in
2002 "CAP-only" platform are nitrous acid (HONO), BENZENE and sesquiterpenes (SESQ). It
should be noted that the BENZENE model species is not part of CB05 in that the concentrations
of BENZENE do not provide any feedback into the chemical reactions (i.e., it is not "inside" the
chemical mechanism). Rather, benzene is used as a reactive tracer and as such is impacted by
the CB05 chemistry. BENZENE, along with several reactive CB05 species (such as TOL and
XYL) plays a role in SOA formation in CMAQ4.7.
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Table 3-3. Model species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA for CMAQ4.7 and CAMx*
49
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Inventory Pollutant
Model Species
Model species description
CL2
CL2
Atomic gas-phase chlorine
HCL
HCL
Hydrogen Chloride (hydrochloric acid) gas
CO
CO
Carbon monoxide
NOx
NO
Nitrogen oxide
N02
Nitrogen dioxide
HONO
Nitrous acid
S02
S02
Sulfur dioxide
SULF
Sulfuric acid vapor
nh3
NH3
Ammonia
voc
ALD2
Acetaldehyde
ALDX
Propionaldehyde and higher aldehydes
BENZENE
Benzene (not part of CB05)
ETH
Ethene
ETHA
Ethane
ETOH
Ethanol
FORM
Formaldehyde
IOLE
Internal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C-R)
ISOP
Isoprene
MEOH
Methanol
OLE
Terminal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C)
PAR
Paraffin carbon bond
TOL
Toluene and other monoalkyl aromatics
XYL
Xylene and other polyalkyl aromatics
Various additional
SESQ
Sesquiterpenes
VOC species from
the biogenics model
TERP
Terpenes
which do not map to
the above model
species
PM10
PMC
Coarse PM >2.5 microns and <10 microns
PM2.5
PEC
Particulate elemental carbon <2.5 microns
PN03
Particulate nitrate < 2.5 microns
POC
Particulate organic carbon (carbon only) <2.5
microns
PS04
Particulate Sulfate < 2.5 microns
PMFINE
Other particulate matter <2.5 microns
Sea-salt species (non
PCL
Particulate chloride
-anthropogenic
PNA
Particulate sodium
emissions)
50
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*The same species names are used for the CAMX model with exceptions as follows:
1. CL2 is not used in CAMX
2. CAMX mercury species are HGO (gaseous elemental), HG2 (divalent gas) and HGP (particulate mercury)
3. CAMx particulate sodium is NA (in CMAQ it is PNA)
4. CAMx uses different names for species that are both in CB05 and SOA for the following: TOLA=TOL,
XYLA=XYL, ISP=ISOP, TRP=TERP. They are duplicate species in CAMx that are used in the SOA chemistry.
CMAQ uses the same names in CB05 and SOA for these species.
5. CAMx uses a different name for sesquiterpenes: CMAQ SESQ = CAMX SQT
6. CAMx uses particulate species uses different names for organic carbon, coarse particulate matter and other
particulate mass as follows: CMAQ POC = CAMX POA, CMAQ PMC = CAMX CPRM, and CMAQ PMFINE=
CAMxFPRM
The approach for speciating PM2.5 emissions in v4.1 is the same as v4 except that in addition to
the onmovesstartpm and onmovesrunpm sectors, exhaust PM from diesel is provided to
SMOKE as speciated emissions. Thus, the only PM species requiring speciation in SMOKE
from the onroad sector are the brake and tirewear PM2.5. Canada point sources have an SCC of
3999999999 and all use the Speciation profile '92037' which is the "Industry Manufacturing
Avge profile." While this had not changed between v4 and v4.1, the documentation for v4
incorrectly stated that the Canadian point inventory (othpt sector) was pre-speciated. The
Canadian point source inventory is pre-speciated for VOC but not for PM2.5. One other
difference in PM2.5 speciation is that we used a new profile ('92200') called "simplified profile -
Marine Vessel - Main Boiler - Heavy Fuel Oil - Simplified." At the time that this profile was
used, we anticipated its release with SPECIATE4.3.
The approach for speciating VOC emissions from non-biogenic sources is the same for the v4.1
platform as for the v4 platform, though there are some differences in the data files used. The
approach is that:
1. For some sources, HAP emissions are used in the speciation process to allow integration
of VOC and HAP emissions in the NEI. This has the result of modifying the speciation
profiles based on the HAP emission estimates which are presumed to be more accurate
than the speciated VOC results for the HAPs; and,
2. For some mobile sources, "combination" profiles are specified by county and month and
emission mode (e.g., exhaust, evaporative). SMOKE computes the resultant profile using
the fraction of each specific profile assigned by county, month and emission mode. A
new feature and new profile file in SMOKE (the GSPRO COMBO file) allowed the use
of this approach for the 2005v4 platform, and its use continues here.
The VOC speciation data files are different because we added another part of the nonpt sector to
exclude from HAP VOC integration: the category of pesticide application. Additionally, the
v4.1 platform used a new headspace profile representative of E0 gasoline, profile code 8762:
"Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 0% Ethanol - Composite Profile". This profile is part of
SPECIATE4.3 and was used in place of the SPECIATE4.0 profile 8737 (Composite Profile -
Non-oxygenated Gasoline Headspace Vapor), which was used in the v4 platform. The new
headspace profile was used for the same sources as was the previous headspace profile: year
2005 refueling and other ambient temperature evaporative gasoline processes (portable fuel
containers and any evaporation of gasoline associated with gasoline storage and distribution
sources).
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The below subsections provide a further description of the HAP/CAP integration and use of
combination profiles. Section 3.2.2 provides the details about the data files used to accomplish
these speciation processing steps.
3.1.2.1 The Combination of HAP BAFM (benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde
and methanol) and VOC for VOC Speciation
The VOC speciation approach for the 2005v4.1 platform differed from the 2002 platform in that
we included, for some of the U.S. platform sectors, HAP emissions from the NEI in the
speciation process. That is, instead of speciating VOC to generate all of the species listed in
Table 3-3 as we did for the 2002 platform, we integrated emissions of the 4 HAPs, benzene,
acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) from the NEI with the NEI VOC. The
integration process (described in more detail below) combines the BAFM HAPs with the VOC in
a way that does not double count emissions and uses the BAFM directly in the speciation
process. We believe that generally, the HAP emissions from the NEI are more representative of
emissions of these compounds than their generation via VOC speciation.
We chose these HAPs because, with the exception of BENZENE, they are the only explicit VOC
HAPs in the base version of CMAQ 4.7 (CAPs only with chlorine chemistry) model. By
"explicit VOC HAPs," we mean model species that participate in the modeled chemistry using
the CB05 chemical mechanism. We denote the use of these HAP emission estimates along with
VOC as "HAP-CAP integration". BENZENE was chosen because it was added as a model
species in the base version of CMAQ 4.7, and there was a desire to keep its emissions consistent
between multi-pollutant and base versions of CMAQ.
The integration of HAP VOC with VOC is a feature available in SMOKE for all inventory
formats other than PTDAY (the format used for the ptfire sector). SMOKE allows the user to
specify the particular HAPs to integrate and the particular sources to integrate. The particular
HAPs to integrate are specified in the INVTABLE file, and the particular sources to integrate are
based on the NHAPEXCLUDE file (which actually provides the sources that are excluded from
integration8). For the "integrate" sources, SMOKE subtracts the "integrate" HAPs from the
VOC (at the source level) to compute emissions for the new pollutant "NONHAPVOC." The
user provides NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG factors and NONHAPTOG speciation profiles.
SMOKE computes NONHAPTOG and then applies the speciation profiles to allocate the
NONHAPTOG to the other air quality model VOC species not including the integrated HAPs.
This process is illustrated in Figure 3-2. Note that we did not need to remove BAFM from
no-integrate sources in a sector where all sources are no-integrate because this is accomplished
by through use of a SMOKE ancillary "INVTABLE" which essentially drops all BAFM in that
sector.
8 In SMOKE version 2.6 the options to specify sources for integration are expanded so that a user can specify the
particular sources to include or exclude from integration, and there are settings to include or exclude all sources
within a sector. We did not take advantage of this new flexibility in processing v4.1 emissions or v4 emissions, but
the user will now have the ability for easier inclusion of specific sources to get the same result.
52
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Figure 3-2. Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation
Step 1: Analyze Inventory to determine which sources will be "integrate" sources
NHAPEXCLUDE
Ancillary file
Ready for SMOKE
is Sector
Partially
integrated?
Emissions ready for
SMOKE
Create list of
'no-integrate'
sources
Remove B,F,A,M from
all sources that will
NOT be integrated
For each Sector,
Examine Emissions
Sources of VOC and
b,a,fğm
Determine which sources
will not be Integrated (either
whole sector or some
sources within a sector}
based on "Integration
Criteria"
's
Emissions ready for !
SMOKE j
Step 2: Run SMOKE
Emissions ready for SMOKE
SMOKE
list of "no-integrate"
sources (NHAPEXCLUDE)
Speciation Cross
Reference File (GSREF)
VOC-to-TOG factors
NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG
factors (GSCNV)
Compute moles of each CB05 model species.
Use NONHAPTOG profiles applied to NONHAPTOG
emissions and B, F, A, M emissions for integrate sources.
Use TOG profiles applied to TOG for no-integratesources
TOG and NONHAPTOG
speciation factors
(GSPRO)
Assign speciation profile code to each emission source
Compute NONHAPVOC= VOC- (B + F + A+M)
emissions for each integrate source
Retain VOC emissions for each no-integrate source
Compute: NONHAPTOG emissions from NONHAPVOCfor
each integrate source
Compute: TOG emissions from VOC for each no-integrate
source
Speciated Emissions for VOC species
53
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We considered CAP-HAP integration for all sectors and developed "integration criteria" for
some of those. Table 3-4 summarizes the integration approach for each platform sector used in
Step 1 of Figure 3-2.
Table 3-4. Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for
each platform sector
Platform Sector
Approach for Integrating NEI emissions of Benzene (B), Acetaldehyde (A),
Formaldehyde (F) and Methanol (M)
ptipm
No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small fortius sector
ptnonipm
No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small fortius sector and it is not
expected that criteria for integration would be met by a significant number of sources
avefire
No integration
ag
N/A - sector contains no VOC
afdust
N/A - sector contains no VOC
nonpt
Partial integration; details provided below table
nonroad
For other than California: Partial integration - did not integrate CNG or LPG sources (SCC
beginning with 2268 or 2267) because NMIM computed only VOC and not any HAPs for
these SCCs. For California: Full integration
aim no c3
Partial integration; details provided below table
seca c3
Full integration
onroad
Full integration
biog
N/A - sector contains no inventory pollutant "VOC"; but rather specific VOC species
othpt
No integration - not the NEI
othar
No integration - not the NEI
othon
No integration - not the NEI
For the nonpt sector, we used the following integration criteria to determine the sources to
integrate (Step 1):
1. Any source for which BAFM emissions were from the 1996 NEI were not integrated
(data source code contains a "96").
2. Any source for which the sum of BAFM is greater than the VOC was not integrated,
since this clearly identifies sources for which there is an inconsistency between VOC and
VOC HAPs. This includes some cases in which VOC for a source is zero.
3. For certain source categories (those that comprised 80% of the VOC emissions), we
chose to integrate sources in the category per the criteria specified in the first column in
Table 3-5. For most of these source categories, we allow sources to be integrated if they
had the minimum combination of BAFM specified in the first column. For a few source
categories, we designated all sources as "no-integrate". The one change we made from
Table 3-5 for the v4.1 platform is highlighted: we changed pesticides application to "no-
integrate."
4. For source categories not covered in Table 3-5 (i.e., that do not comprise the top 80% of
VOC emissions), then as long as the source has emissions of one of the BFAM
pollutants, then it can be integrated.
54
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Table 3-5. Source-category specific criteria for integrating nonpt SCCs for categories
comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions
minimum
HAP(s)
needed
SCC Tier 3
SCC Tier 3 Description
Comments
BFA
2104008000
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion;Residential;Wood
B
2501060000
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage;Gasoline Service Stations
BM
2440000000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Industrial;All
Processes
Speciation profile: 3144 has no benzene but
most records have it and they're from EPA
(and Calif)
FAM
2401001000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural
Coatings
B
2310001000
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC
13 ;A11 Processes : On-shore
M
2460000000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All Processes
B
2501011000
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage;Residential Portable Gas Cans
M
2425000000
Solvent Utilization;Graphic Arts;All Processes
M
2465000000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer;All Products/Processes
3144 is profile, and it does have methanol
(but no BFA).
BFA
2801500000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production
- Crops;Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set
on fire
8746 is speciation profile and has BFA
M
2440020000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous
Industrial;Adhesive (Industrial) Application
3142 is speciation profile which has methanol
(.32%) and 0 form (and no acetald, benz)
B
2501050000
Storage and fransport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage;Bulk ferminals: All Evaporative
Losses
B
2310000000
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC
13 ;A11 Processes
M
2465400000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer;Automotive Aftermarket Products
8520 is speciation profile which doesn't have
benz but does have methanol. OR is only
state with benzene which is negligible
No-
inlcgralc
(change
from v4
platform)
2461850000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Commercial;Pesticide Application: Agricultural
Profile has no benzene. Inventory benzene
came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia)
for "other markets" for the year 1998. Since
benzene no longer allowed in pesticides, use
of a no-benzene profile would give more
accurate results. Note that this is a change
from the v4 platform, where this sector was
"integrate."
BFA
2630020000
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and
Recovery;Wastewater freatment;Public Owned
profile BFA 2002 (wastewater treatment
plants). No methanol in profile. No
methanol mentioned in POTW NESHAP (nor
were A,F). Methanol in NEI documentation.
no-
integrate
2461021000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Commercial;Cutback Asphalt
profile 1007 has none of these HAP. Only
Minnesota has a tiny amount.
no-
integrate
2401005000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Auto
Refinishing: SIC 7532
Only NY has benzene. Spec, profile is 2402
and has none of these HAP. Documentation
for NEI does not estimate this HAP.
use
Integrate
case
2301030000
Industrial Processes;Chemical Manufacturing: SIC
28;Process Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manuf
(NAPAP cat. 106)
profile 2462 - has nearly 8% benzene. Will
create a LOT of benzene with "no HAP use"
case.
M
2460200000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All Household Products
profile is 3146 contains only nonzero
methanol.
55
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minimum
HAP(s)
needed
SCC Tier 3
SCC Tier 3 Description
Comments
any 1 HAP
2415000000
Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Processes/All
Industries
profile 8745 (non-legacy, but composite made
up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.
M
2401002000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural
Coatings - Solvent-based
profile 3139 has only M
no-
integrate
2401020000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Wood
Furniture: SIC 25
profile 2405 has no HAP
B
2505040000
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Transport;Pipeline
any 1 HAP
2610030000
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Open
Burning;Residential
profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.
any 1 HAP
2610000000
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Open
Burning;All Categories
profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.
FAM
2401003000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural
Coatings - Water-based
profile 3140 has FAM
M
2460100000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All Personal Care
Products
profile (3247, nonlegacy based on CARB
1997 survey) has no M or B. However,
Freedonia was used for M.
M
2465200000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer;Household Products
M
2415300000
Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Industries: Cold
Cleaning
profile 8745 (non-legacy, but composite made
up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.
any 1 HAP
2401040000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Metal Cans:
SIC 341
profile 2408 has none. - no HAPs in NEI so
this SCC will not have any integrated sources
any 1 HAP
2401050000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Miscellaneous
Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 3498)
SPEC PROFILE 3127 has none - no HAPs in
NEI so this SCC will not have any integrated
sources
any 1 HAP
2401200000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Other Special
Purpose Coatings
profile 3138 has methanol. Not legacy.
0.11% aerosol coatings.
B
2461800000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Commercial;Pesticide Application: All Processes
3001 is speciation profile (not legacy) "D"
rating 2004. Calif. Testing for speciation
profile from 2000. Has NO benzene!
Benzene came from solvent utilization data
(Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year
1998.
M
2460800000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All FIFRA Related
Products
3145 has M only and just a 0.01%
56
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For the alm_no_c3 sector, the integration criteria were (1) that the source had to have at least one
of the 4 HAPs and (2) that the sum of BAFM could not exceed the VOC emissions. The criteria
for this sector were less complex than the nonpt sector because it has much fewer source
categories.
We used the SMOKE feature to compute speciation profiles from mixtures of other profiles in
user-specified proportions. The combinations are specified in the GSPROCOMBO ancillary
file by pollutant (including pollutant mode, e.g., EXH VOC), state and county (i.e.,
state/county FIPS code) and time period (i.e., month).
We used this feature for onroad and nonroad mobile and gasoline-related related stationary
sources whereby the emission sources use fuels with varying ethanol content, and therefore the
speciation profiles require different combinations of gasoline, E10 an E85 profiles. Since the
ethanol content varies spatially (e.g., by state or county), temporally (e.g., by month) and by
modeling year (future years have more ethanol) the feature allows combinations to be specified
at various levels for different years.
3.1.2.2 Creation of model-ready mercury species
As part of 2005 platform, we created model-ready mercury species by speciating any of the
mercury in the NEI that was not provided as divalent gaseous, elemental or divalent particulate
mercury. The same speciation approach was used in the CAP and HAP 2002v3 platform.
For the EGU sector (ptipm), all emissions except for 0.97 tons of the 52.9 tons of total 2005 Hg
was provided in the inventory as speciated emissions. The unspeciated Hg are primarily
associated with oil-fired units. The speciation of the coal units was retained from the 2002
inventory, since 2005 EGU emissions were based on applying a 2005-to-2002 heat input ratio to
the 2002 EGU emissions.
3.1.3 Temporal processing configuration
Table 3-6 summarizes the temporal aspect of the emissions processing configuration. It
compares the key approaches we used for temporal processing across the sectors. We control the
temporal aspect of SMOKE processing through (a) the scripts L TYPE (temporal type) and
M TYPE (merge type) settings and (b) the ancillary data files described in Section 3.2.3. The
one change made from the v4 to the v4.1 platform is the treatment of the afdust sector. In the v4
platform we used "aveday" settings and no use of holidays such that every day in a specific
month had the same emissions. In the v4.1 platform, we used "week" settings and holidays and
used profiles which were day-of-week dependent for some categories, such as road dust and
tilling, where non-uniform profiles were being used for other pollutants associated with these
processes.
57
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Table 3-6. Temporal settings used for the platform sectors in SMOKE, v4.1 platform
Platform sector
Inventory
resolution
Monthly
profiles
used?
Daily
temporal
approach 12
Merge
processing
approach 13
Process
Holidays as
separate days?
ptipm
daily &
hourly
all
all
yes
ptnonipm
annual
yes
mwdss
all
yes
othpt
annual
yes
mwdss
all
othpt hg
annual
yes
mwdss
all
nonroad
monthly
mwdss
mwdss
yes
othar
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
aim no c3
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
seca c3
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
on noadj
monthly
week
week
yes
on_moves_startpm
monthly
week
week
yes
on moves runpm
monthly
week
week
yes
othon
annual
yes
week
week
nonpt
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
yes
ag
annual
yes
aveday
aveday
afdust
annual
yes
week
week
yes
biog
hourly
n/a
n/a
avefire
annual
yes
aveday
aveday
1 Definitions for processing resolution:
all = hourly emissions computed for every day of the year, inventory is already daily
week = hourly emissions computed for all days in one "representative" week, representing all weeks for each
month, which means emissions have day-of-week variation, but not week-to-week variation within the
month
mwdss= hourly emissions for one representative Monday, representative weekday, representative Saturday
and representative Sunday for each month, which means emissions have variation between Mondays,
other weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays within the month, but not week-to-week variation within the
month. Also Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays are treated the same.
aveday = hourly emissions computed for one representative day of each month, which means emissions for
all days of each month are the same.
2 Daily temporal approach refers to the temporal approach for getting daily emissions from the inventory
using the Temporal program. The values given are the values of the L TYPE setting.
3 Merge processing approach refers to the days used to represent other days in the month for the merge
step. If not "all", then the SMOKE merge step just run for representative days, which could include holidays
as indicated by the rightmost column. The values given are the values of the M TYPE setting.
In addition to the resolution, temporal processing includes a ramp-up period for several days
prior to January 1, 2005, which is intended to mitigate the effects of initial condition
concentrations. The same procedures were used for all grids, but with different ramp-up periods
for each grid:
36 km: 10 days (Dec 22 - Dec 31)
12 km (East): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)
12 km (West): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)
58
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For most sectors, our approach used the emissions from December 2005 to fill in surrogate
emissions for the end of December 2004. In particular, we used December 2005 emissions
(representative days) for December 2004. For biogenic emissions, we processed December 2004
emissions using 2004 meteorology.
3.2 Emissions modeling ancillary files
In this section we summarize the ancillary data that SMOKE used to perform spatial allocation,
chemical speciation, and temporal allocation for the 2005v4.1 platform. The ancillary data files,
particularly the cross-reference files, provide the specific inventory resolution at which spatial,
speciation, and temporal factors are applied. For the 2005v4.1 platform, we generally applied
spatial factors by country/SCC, speciation factors by pollutant/SCC or (for combination profiles)
state/county FIPS code and month, and temporal factors by some combination of country, state,
county, SCC, and pollutant.
For the v4.1 platform, we updated the 2005v4 ancillary files in two major areas:
1. We used new data for spatially allocating oil and gas emission sources
2. We assigned spatial, temporal and speciation profiles to parking area emissions for
additional vehicle types (new data from MOVES2010) and updated previous assignments
for some vehicle types (summarized in Table 3-14 and Table 3-15).
3. We updated the headspace VOC speciation profile we used for refueling.
4. We used a new profile for speciating PM2.5 from C3 marine emissions.
3.2.1 Spatial Allocation Data
As described in Section 3.1.1, we performed spatial allocation for a national 36-km domain, an
Eastern 12-km domain, and a Western 12-km domain. To do this, SMOKE used national 36-km
and 12-km spatial surrogates and a SMOKE area-to-point data file. For the U.S. and Mexico, we
used the same spatial surrogates as were used for the 2002v3 platform. For Canada we used a
new set of Canadian surrogates provided by Environment Canada. The spatial data files we used
can be obtained from the files listed below; these are available from the 2002v3CAP (for US and
Mexico) and 2005v4CAP-BAFM (for Canada) platform websites (see the end of Section 1). The
oil and natural gas surrogate files are posted at the 2005v4.1 website. The following list of seven
files provides descriptions of each of their contents and intended uses for the v4.1 platform.
36km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip: U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for
36-km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained in this zip file was not used for the
2005-based platform except for the year 2000 mercury data which is contained in the
sector othpt)
12km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip: U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for
surrogate files for 12 km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained in this zip file was
not used for the 2005-based platform except for the year 2000 mercury data which is
contained in the sector othar)
new36km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: Canadian surrogate files for 36-km spatial
resolution for Canadian surrogates
59
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newl2km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: Canadian surrogate files for 12-km spatial
resolution for Canadian surrogates
new_oilgas_surg_2005v4_l_smokeformat.zip: Oil and gas surrogate files for 36-km
spatial resolution and 12-km spatial resolution for the new oil and gas surrogate (US)
ancillary_2005v4.l_smokeformat.zip: spatial related data included are the grid
description (GRIDDESC), surrogate description (SRGDESC), surrogate cross reference
file (AGREF), and area-to-point (ARTOPNT) file
The U.S., Mexican, and Canadian 12-km surrogates cover the entire CONUS domain, though
they are used directly as inputs for the two separate Eastern and Western Domains shown in
Figure 3-1. The SMOKE model windowed the Eastern and Western grids while it created these
emissions. The remainder of this subsection provides further detail on the origin of the data used
for the spatial surrogates and the area-to-point data.
3.2.1.1 Surrogates for U.S. Emissions
There are 67 spatial surrogates available for spatially allocating U.S. county-level emissions to
the 36-km and 12-km grid cells used by the air quality model; 66 are the same as for the v4
platform, and one new surrogate, "Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS" was added for
v4.1 which is discussed below. As described in Section 3.2.1.2, an area-to-point approach
overrides the use of surrogates for some sources. Table 3-7 lists the codes and descriptions of
the surrogates.
Table 3-7. U.S. Surrogates available for the 2005v4.1 platform.
Code
Surrogate Description |
1 Code
Surrogate Description
N/A
Area-to-point approach (see 3.3.1.2) f
515
Commercial plus Institutional Land
100
Population Ğ
520
Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional
Golf Courses + Institutional +Industrial +
110
Housing
525
Commercial
120
Urban Population
527
Single Family Residential
130
Rural Population
530
Residential - High Density
Residential + Commercial + Industrial +
137
Housing Change
535
Institutional + Government
140
Housing Change and Population
540
Retail Trade
150
Residential Heating - Natural Gas
545
Personal Repair
160
Residential Heating - Wood
550
Retail Trade plus Personal Repair
165
0.5 Residential Heating - Wood plus 0.5 Low
Intensity Residential
555
Professional/Technical plus General
Government
170
Residential Heating - Distillate Oil
560
Hospital
180
Residential Heating - Coal
565
Medical Office/Clinic
190
Residential Heating - LP Gas
570
Heavy and High Tech Industrial
200
Urban Primary Road Miles
575
Light and High Tech Industrial
210
Rural Primary Road Miles
580
Food, Drug, Chemical Industrial
220
Urban Secondary Road Miles
585
Metals and Minerals Industrial
230
Rural Secondary Road Miles
590
Heavy Industrial
240
Total Road Miles
595
Light Industrial
250
Urban Primary plus Rural Primary
596
Industrial plus Institutional plus Hospitals
60
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Code
Surrogate Description
1 Code
Surrogate Description
255
0.75 Total Roadway Miles plus 0.25 Population J
600
Gas Stations
260
Total Railroad Miles 1
650
Refineries and Tank Farms
270
Class 1 Railroad Miles
675
Refineries and Tank Farms and Gas Stations
Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and
280
Class 2 and 3 Railroad Miles
680
USGS
300
Low Intensity Residential
700
Airport Areas
310
Total Agriculture
710
Airport Points
312
Orchards/Vineyards
720
Military Airports
320
Forest Land
800
Marine Ports
330
Strip Mines/Quarries
807
Navigable Waterway Miles
340
Land
810
Navigable Waterway Activity
350
Water
850
Golf Courses
400
Rural Land Area
860
Mines
500
Commercial Land
870
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
505
Industrial Land
880
Drycleaners
510
Commercial plus Industrial
890
Commercial Timber
We did not use all of the available surrogates to spatially allocate sources in the v4.1 platform;
that is, some surrogates in Table 3-7 were not assigned to any SCCs.
The creation of surrogates and shapefiles for the U.S. via the Surrogate Tool was discussed in the
2002v3 platform documentation and is not repeated here. The tool and updated documentation
for it is available. This same tool was used for the new surrogate 680, "Oil & Gas Wells, IHS
Energy, Inc. andUSGS"
The new surrogate "Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS" was developed for oil and
gas SCCs, which had previously (in the v4 platform) used surrogate 585. The data reflect data
through 10/1/2005. The underlying data for this surrogate is a grid of one-quarter square mile
cells containing an attribute to indicate whether the wells within the cell are predominantly oil-
producing, gas-producing, both oil- and gas-producing, or the wells are dry or their production
status is unknown. The well information was initially retrieved from IHS Inc.'s PI/Dwights
PLUS Well Data on CD-ROM, which is a proprietary commercial database containing
information for most oil and gas wells in the U.S. Cells were developed as a graphic solution to
overcome the problem of displaying proprietary well data. No proprietary data are displayed or
included in the cell maps.
The spatial cross-reference file was also updated to assign onroad off-network (parking area)
emissions from the MOVES2010 model, new to the 2005v4 platform, were allocated as shown in
Table 3-8.
61
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Table 3-8. Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in the 2005v4 platform
SC'C Description
Siirrogsilc
2201001350 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas rural
2201002350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas rural
2201004350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas rural
Rural population (same as rural
local roads), code= 130
2201001370 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas urban
2201002370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas urban
2201004370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas urban
Urban population (same as urban
local roads), code =120
2201070350 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses
(HDGV)- parking areas rural
2201070370 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses
(HDGV)- parking areas urban
Commercial plus Industrial plus
Institutional, code = 520
3.2.1.2 Allocation Method for Airport-Related Sources in the U.S.
There are numerous airport-related emission sources in the 2005 NEI, such as aircraft, airport
ground support equipment, and jet refueling. Unlike the 2002v3 platform in which most of these
emissions were contained in sectors with county-level resolution - aim (aircraft), nonroad
(airport ground support) and nonpt (jet refueling), the 2005 platform includes the aircraft
emissions as point sources. As shown in Table 2-1, aircraft emissions are part of the ptnonipm
sector, since the 2005v2 inventory included them as point sources.
Thus, for the 2005 platform, we used the SMOKE "area-to-point" approach for only airport
ground support equipment (nonroad sector), and jet refueling (nonpt sector). The approach is
described in detail in the 2002 platform documentation.
We used nearly the same ARTOPNT file to implement the area-to-point approach as was used
for the CAP and HAP-2002-Based platform. This was slightly updated from the CAP-only 2002
platform by further allocating the Detroit-area airports into multiple sets of geographic
coordinates to support finer scale modeling that was done under a different project. We chose to
retain the updated file for the 2005 platform. This approach is the same in the v4.1 and v4
platforms.
3.2.1.3 Surrogates for Canada and Mexico Emission Inventories
We used an updated set of surrogates for Canada to spatially allocate the 2006 Canadian
emissions for the 2005v4 platform with the exception of the nonpoint Canadian mercury
emissions. The updated set completely replaced the 2002v3 platform surrogates for allocating
the 2006 province-level Canadian emissions. The 2002v3 platform surrogates for Canada were
used for the mercury data in the sector other hg because Canada did not provide updated
mercury data with its 2006 inventory.
The updated surrogate data provided in the 2005v4 zip files and described in Table 3-9 came
from Environment Canada. They provided the surrogates and cross references; the surrogates
they provided were outputs from the Surrogate Tool (previously referenced). Per Environment
Canada, the surrogates are based on 2001 Canadian census data. We changed the cross-
references that Canada originally provided as follows: all assignments to surrogate '978'
62
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(manufacturing industries) were changed to '906' (manufacturing services), and all assignments
to '985' (construction and mining) and '984' (construction industries) were changed to '907'
(construction services) because the surrogate fractions in 984, 978 and 985 did not sum to 1. We
also changed codes for surrogates other than population that did not begin with the digit "9".
The same surrogates were used for the 12-km domains as were used for the 36-km domain.
Table 3-9. Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions (v4.1
unchanged from v4)
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
Population
CA 100 NOFILL.txt
asphalt
CA 951 NOFILL.txt
Total dwelling
CA 901 NOFILL.txt
cement
CA 952 NOFILL.txt
Agriculture and
Forestry and Fishing
CA_902_NOFILL.txt
chemical
CA 953 NOFILL.txt
Waste Management
Service
CA_903_NOFILL.txt
commfuelcomb
CA 954 NOFILL.txt
Upstream Oil and Gas
(UOG)
CA_904_NOFILL.txt
downstream petroleum
CA 955 NOFILL.txt
Mining and Oil and Gas
services
CA_905_NOFILL.txt
egu
CA 956 NOFILL.txt
Manufacturing services
CA 906 NOFILL.txt
grain
CA 957 NOFILL.txt
Construction services
CA 907 NOFILL.txt
manufacturing
CA 958 NOFILL.txt
Transportation of
Passengers and goods
CA_908_NOFILL.txt
mining
CA 959 NOFILL.txt
Electric and Gas and
Water utilities
CA_909_NOFILL.txt
oilgas distibution
CA 960 NOFILL.txt
Wholesaling
Merchandise services
CA_910_NOFILL.txt
smelting
CA 961 NOFILL.txt
Retailing Merchandise
services
CA_911_NOFILL.txt
waste
CA 962 NOFILL.txt
Government Services
CA 915 NOFILL.txt
wood
CA 963 NOFILL.txt
All Sales
CA 920 NOFILL.txt
asphalt industries
CA 971 NOFILL.txt
Intersection of
AGRFORFISH and
MANUFACT
CA_921_NOFILL.txt
cement industries
CA 972 FILL.txt
Intersection of Forest
and Housing
CA_922_NOFILL.txt
chemical industries
CA 973 FILL.txt
Intersection of
MININGOILG and
MANUFACT
CA_923_NOFILL.txt
commercial fuel
combustion
CA 974 FILL.txt
Intersection of
UTILITIES and
DWELLING
CA_924_NOFILL.txt
downstream petroleum
industries
CA 975 FILL.txt
Intersection of
CONSTRUCTION and
DWELLING
CA_925_NOFILL.txt
Electric utilities
CA 976 FILL.txt
Intersection of
PUBADMIN and
DWELLING
CA_926_NOFILL.txt
grain industries
CA 977 FILL.txt
Commercial Marine
Vessels
CA_928_NOFILL.txt
manufacturing
industries1
CA 978 FILL.txt
HIGHJET
CA 929 NOFILL.txt
mining industries
CA 979 FILL.txt
63
-------
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
LOWMEDJET
CA 930 NOFILL.txt
smelting industries
CA 981 FILL.txt
OTHERJET
CA 931 NOFILL.txt
waste management
CA 982 NOFILL.txt
CANRAIL
CA 932 NOFILL.txt
construction industries1
CA 984 NOFILL.txt
LDGV
CA_934_NOFILL.txt
construction and
mining1
CA 985 NOFILL.txt
PAVED ROADS
CA 941 NOFILL.txt
TOTALBEEF2
CA 986 NOFILL.txt2
UNPAVED ROADS
CA_942_NOFILL.txt
TOTALPOUL2
CA 987 NOFILL.txt2
Oil Sands
CA 950 NOFILL.txt
TOTALSWIN2
CA 988 NOFILL.txt2
TOTALFERT2
CA 989 NOFILL.txt2
1: Not used because fractions did not sum to 1;
2: Surrogates 986, 987, 988 and 989 were originally numbered by Canada as 611, 615, 620 and 65, respectively. We changed the
numbers so that all Canadian surrogates would begin with "9".
The Mexican emissions and single surrogate (population) are the same in the v4.1 platform as
were used in the 2005v4 and 2002 platforms.
3.2.2 Chemical speciation ancillary files
The following data files, provided at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1), contain the
SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the inventory species to the CMAQ model
species. SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown using capital
letters in parentheses:
ancillary_2005v4.l_smokeformat.zip: inventory table (INVTABLE), NONHAPVOC
emissions calculation exclusions file (NHAPEXCLUDE), speciation cross references
(GSREF), speciation VOC-to-TOG conversion factors (GSCNV), speciation profiles
(GSPRO), and combined, monthly speciation profiles (GSPROCOMBO).
ancillary_2005v4.l_futureyear_smokeformat.zip: speciation-related files associated
with the future year speciation changes.
The following subsections explain these SMOKE input files.
3.2.2.1 INVABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE
The INVTABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE SMOKE input files have a critical function in the VOC
speciation process for emissions modeling cases utilizing HAP-CAP integration, as is done for
the 2005v4.1 platform.
We prepared two different INVTABLE files to use with different sectors of the platform. For
sectors in which we chose no integration across the entire sector (see Table 3-5), we created a
"no HAP use" INVTABLE that set the "KEEP" flag to "N" for BAFM pollutants. Thus, any
BAFM pollutants in the inventory input into SMOKE would be dropped. This approach both
avoids double-counting of these species and assumes that the VOC speciation is the best
available approach for these species for the sectors using the approach. The second INVTABLE,
used for sectors in which one or more sources are integrated, causes SMOKE to keep the BAFM
pollutants and indicates that they are to be integrated with VOC (by setting the "VOC or TOG
component" field to "V" for all four HAP pollutants.
64
-------
We also prepared sector-specific NHAPEXCLUDE files that provide the specific sources that
are excluded from integration (see Table 3-5).
3.2.2.2 GSPRO, GSPRO_COMBO, GSREF and GSCNV,
For VOC speciation, we generated the following SMOKE-ready profiles for the CB05 chemical
mechanism using the Speciation Tool (Eyth, 2006):
TOG-to-model species (used only for no-integrate sources)
NONHAPTOG-to-model species (used only for the integrate sources)
TOG-to-BENZENE (used only for no-integrate sources)
We added speciation profile entries that simply map NEI emissions of benzene, acetaldehyde,
formaldehyde and methanol to the model species BENZENE, ALD2, FORM and METHANOL,
respectively. These profiles were used only for the integrate sources. Note that we process the
integrate and no-integrate sources using the same GSREF and GSPRO files. Thus, to avoid
double counting of these HAP species, we removed BAFM pollutants for all no-integrate sources
in the inventory. If the entire sector was no-integrate, then we were able to remove these in
SMOKE (by using "N" in the INVTABLE) but if a sector was partially integrated, then we
needed to remove these HAPS from the actual inventory input to SMOKE, but only for the no
HAP use, no-integrate sources.
In addition to the speciation profiles, the Speciation Tool generates the SMOKE-ready speciation
conversion files (GSCNV). We generated two of these: one containing profile-specific VOC-to-
TOG conversion factors and the other containing profile-specific NONHAPVOC-to-
NONHAPTOG conversion factors.
The TOG and PM2.5 speciation factors that are the basis of the chemical speciation approach
were developed from the SPECIATE4.2 database which is EPA's repository of TOG and PM
speciation profiles of air pollution sources. However, a few of the profiles we used in the v4.1
platform will be published in SPECIATE4.3 after the release of this documentation.
The SPECIATE database development and maintenance is a collaboration involving EPA's
ORD, OTAQ, and EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), and
Environment Canada (EPA, 2006c). The SPECIATE database contains speciation profiles for
TOG, speciated into individual chemical compounds, VOC-to-TOG conversion factors
associated with the TOG profiles, and speciation profiles for PM2.5. The database also contains
the PM2.5 speciated into both individual chemical compounds (e.g., zinc, potassium, manganese,
lead), and into the "simplified" PM2.5 components used in the air quality model. These
simplified components are:
PS04 : primary particulate sulfate
PN03: primary particulate nitrate
PEC: primary particulate elemental carbon
POC: primary particulate organic carbon
PMFINE: other primary particulate, less than 2.5 micrograms in diameter
65
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As discussed earlier, for the v4.1 platform we updated the PM2.5 profile used for category 3
marine vessels burning residual oil to use the profile: Marine Vessel - Main Engine - Heavy
Fuel Oil which will be published in SPECIATE4.3. This profile was compiled from data
published in Emission Measurements from a Crude Oil Tanker at Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol.
2008, 42, 7098-7103. Previously the Draft Residual Oil Combustion - Simplified (92072) was
used. The SCCs affected were:
2280003000 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Total, All Vessel Types
2280003010 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Ocean-going Vessels
2280003100 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Port emissions
2280003200 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Underway emissions
The difference between the two profiles is provided in Table 3-10, and shows that the new
profile produces much more organic carbon and less elemental carbon, sulfate, and other PM2.5.
Table 3-10. Differences between two profiles used for commercial marine residual oil
Pollutant
Species
Split factors new c3 profile
92200 used for v4.1
Split factors residual oil
combustion
92072, used for v4
PM2 5
PEC
0.005
0.01
PM2 5
PMFINE
0.5022
0.54
PM2 5
PN03
0
0
PM2 5
POC
0.1125
0.01
PM2 5
PS04
0.3803
0.44
We also updated the bituminous coal profile, 92095, which we had previously used for only a
single nonpoint SCC (2101002000) with the sub-bituminous profile 92084, which was used for
all other coal combustion SCCs. We replaced profile 92095 with 92084 for consistency. Table
3-11 shows the differences are shown below, though these are quite small and represent only a
minor change to the SMOKE results:
Table 3-11. Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion
Pollutant
Species
Split factors sub-
bituminous 92084
Split factors
bituminous 92095
PM2 5
PEC
0.0188
0.01696
PM2 5
PMFINE
0.8266
0.827928
PM2 5
PN03
0.0016
0.00208
PM2 5
POC
0.0263
0.026307
PM2 5
PS04
0.1267
0.126725
We made other updates to profile assignments for the SCCs shown in Table 3-12 below as
compared to the 2002 platform. These updates were kept for the v4.1 platform.
66
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Table 3-12: PM2.5 speciation profile updates assignments for the v4 platform
New
Profile
see
Code
Pollutant
Profile Name
39900501
92025
PM25
Distillate Oil Combustion Source Type: Distillate Oil
Combustion
49090021
92025
PM25
Distillate Oil Combustion Source Type: Distillate Oil
Combustion
30890002
92072
PM25
Residential Oil Combustion Source Type: Residential Oil
Combustion
10100912
92091
PM2 5
Wood Fired Boiler Source Type: Wood/Bark Combustion
10102018
92057
PM2 5
PM/S02 controlled lignite combustion: Waste Coal Combustion
50410563
92082
PM2 5
Solid Waste Combustion Source Type: Solid Waste Combustion
10100692
92048
PM2 5
Natural Gas Combustion Source Type: Natural Gas Combustion
50100511
92086
PM2 5
Tire Burning Source Type: Tire Burning
50100512
92082
PM2 5
Solid Waste Combustion: Solid Waste Combustion
2810040000
92035
PM2 5
HDDV Source Type: Aircraft Engines
Key changes to the TOG profiles for the v4.1 platform from the 2005v4 platform are as follows:
Used new headspace profiles for EO (no ethanol gasoline) and E10 (10% ethanol
gasoline), which will be published in SPECIATE4.3. Profile 8762 is Gasoline Headspace
Vapor using 0% Ethanol - Composite Profile and Profile 8763 is Gasoline Headspace
Vapor using 10% Ethanol - Composite Profile. In 2005, only the E0 profile is used. This
was an oversight since we could have used the same combinations of profiles of E0
exhaust E10 exhaust (which are also the same combinations of E10 evaporative and E10
evaporative) that we used for 2005. We did, however use consistent combinations
(E0/E10) in future year modeling for the headspace profiles as the evaporative and
exhaust combinations.
Added the fuel-specific VOC profiles for the new parking area SCCs generated due to the
fact that MOVES2010 was used for all vehicle types in the v4.1 platform. A summary of
the assignments of all profiles (speciation, temporal and spatial surrogates) is provided in
Table 3-14 for gasoline vehicles and Table 3-15 for diesel vehicles.
Table 3-13 provides a summary of the 2005 speciation approach for mobile and other fuel-
related sources. It shows the updated profiles that form the 2005 combinations. The headspace
profile, 8762 is a new profile for the v4.1 platform, and is used for other nonroad refueling and
other fuel-related stationary source emission categories in 2005.
67
-------
Table 3-13. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by sector for 2005
Inventory
type and
mode
VOC speciation
approach
for fuels
VOC
Profile
Codes
2005
sectors
Mobile onroad and nonroad
Exhaust
E0 and E10
combinations
(excludes Tier 2)
8750
8751
onnoadj
nonroad
Mobile onroad and nonroad
Evaporative
E0 and E10
combinations
8753
8754
onnoadj
nonroad
Mobile nonroad Refueling
Stationary (no mode assigned
to VOC): Portable Fuel
Containers, bulk plant -to-
pump, refinery-to-bulk
terminal
E0
8762
Nonroad
nonpt
In future years, different profile combinations and a different headspace profile is used, due to
the influx of greater quantities of ethanol in fuels. Changes to the above profiles for future-year
scenarios will be discussed in more detail in the documentation of future year emissions
development for the rule or application of interest. In summary, we utilized additional profiles in
the combinations that is appropriate. The profiles we added were Tier 2 profiles for E0 and E10
and an E10 headspace profile.
Mercury speciation was done for sources that were not already provided as elemental
(HGNRVA), divalent gas (HGIIGAS) and particulate (PHGI). The vast majority of the IPM
sector was pre-speciated in the 2005 NATA inventory, and thus did not require the application of
profiles. Mercury emissions from NMIM were also pre-speciated. Table 3-14 shows the data
profiles we used to speciate any inventory mercury reported as unspeciated mercury. These are
the same profiles as were used in the CAP and HAP 2002-based platform. Version 3. The actual
speciation profiles used also converted the mass of gaseous mercury to moles by dividing by the
molecular weight of mercury. Profiles were assigned to the inventory on the basis of MACT
code, SCC code and/or SIC code. The cross reference file is provided in the ancillary files
(ancillary_2005v4.1_smokeformat.zip).
Table 3-14. Speciation of Mercury
Source ('silegorv
Piirlicuhilc
(liiseous
Kleiiionliil
Profile
l)i\;ilcn( %
Dixnlcnl %
(iilM'OIIS "At
code
Portland Cement
12
13
75pGCEM |
Mercury Cell Chlor-Alkali Plants
0
5
95|hGCHL_!
combustion or default
20
30
50|HGCMB I
all other nonpoint categories; gold
0
0
lOOfHGGLD |
mining
j
Incineration/ - waste disposal
20
58
22IHGINC |
68
-------
Source ('silegorv
Piirliculule
Gaseous
Klcmcnlal
Profile
l)i\;ilen( %
l)i\:ilent %
Gaseous %
code
Industrial Processes non
10
10
80
IIGIXD
combustion/incin
mobile diesel (onroad and nonroad)
15
29
56 HGMD
Ğ
mobile gasoline (onroad and
0.4
8.6
91;HGMG
nonroad)
Medical Waste Incineration
20
75
5
HGMWI
Speciation profiles for use with BEIS are not included in SPECIATE. The 2005 platform uses
BEIS3.14, which includes a new species (SESQ) that was not in BEIS3.13 (the version used for
the 2002 platform). Thus we added this species (it is mapped to the CMAQ species SESQT) to
the set of profiles that we had been using in the 2002 platform. The profile code associated with
BEIS3.14 profiles for use with CB05 uses the same as in the 2002 platform: "B10C5."
3.2.3 Temporal allocation ancillary files
The emissions modeling step for temporal allocation creates the 2005 hourly emission inputs for
the air quality model by adjusting the emissions from the inventory resolution (annual, monthly,
daily or hourly) that are input into SMOKE. The temporal resolution of each of the platform
sectors prior to their input into SMOKE is included in the sector descriptions from Table 2-1 and
repeated in the discussion of temporal settings in Table 3-6.
The monthly, weekly, and diurnal temporal profiles and associated cross references used to
create the 2005 hourly emissions inputs for the air quality model were generally based on the
temporal allocation data used for the 2002v3 platform. For the v4 and v4.1 platforms, we added
new profile assignments for SCCs in the 2005 inventory that were not in the 2002 inventory, and
we updated the profiles used for ptipm sources without CEM data to represent the year 2005.
The following data file provided at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1) contains the
SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the inventory species to the air quality model
species. SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown in capital
letters in parentheses:
ancillary_2005v4.l_smokeformat.zip: includes temporal cross reference files used
across all inventory sectors (ATREF, MTREF, and PTREF) and for ptipm sector (used
for electric generating units) for the evaluation case (PTREF) and, temporal profiles
(ATPRO, MTPRO, and PTPRO)
The starting point for our temporal profiles was the 2002 platform. The remainder of this section
discusses the development of the new temporal profiles or profile assignments used in the
2005v4 platform.
Canadian emissions
The profiles assignments for the Canadian 2006 inventory were provided by Environment
Canada along with the inventory. They provided profile assignments that rely on the existing set
69
-------
of temporal profiles in the 2002 platform. For point sources, they provided profile assignments
by PLANTID.
WRAP Oil and Gas Inventory Profiles
The WRAP 2005 oil and gas inventory SCCs utilized uniform monthly and day of week profiles
(codes 262 and 7, respectively) and an hourly profile (code 26) that put emissions in every hour,
but weighted towards the day light hours.
Diurnal Profiles for Electric Generating Units (ptipm)
We updated the state-specific and pollutant-specific diurnal profiles for use in allocating the day-
specific emissions for non-CEM sources in the ptipm sector. We used the 2005 CEM data to
create state-specific, day-to-hour factors, averaged over the whole year and all units in each state.
We calculated the diurnal factors using CEM SO2 and NOx emissions and heat input. We
computed SO2 and NOx-specific factors from the CEM data for these pollutants. All other
pollutants used factors created from the hourly heat input data. We assigned the resulting
profiles by state and pollutant.
Onroad Parking Area Profiles
The SCCs and descriptions, along with the assignments chosen are shown in Table 3-14
(gasoline vehicles) and Table 3-15 (diesel vehicles). Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 show the diurnal
profiles referred to in the tables.
Figure 3-3. Diurnal Profiles based on road type (use local for "start") and whether the road is
urban versus rural
Weekend Diurnal (same codes)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Rural Local: code = 2006
Weekday Diurnal
1
Urban Local: code = 2012
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
o 2
4 6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour of Day
70
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Figure 3-4. Diurnal temporal profile for HDDV 2B through 8B at Parking areas
700
Weekend and Weekday diurnal profiles used for HDDV
{exce pt school/transit b uses)
At urban and rural parking areas (i.e., idling emissions)
profile code =3000
600
500
400
300
200
100
hrO hrl hr2 hr3 hr4 hr5 hr6 hr7 hr8 hr9 hrlO hrll hrl2 hrl3 hrl4 hrl5 hrl6 hrl7 hrl8 hrl9 hr20 hr21 hr22 hr23
71
-------
Table 3-15. Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by gasoline vehicle types for the onroad
parking area-related SCCs.
a\soi.ini: m:iik i.i: n pi s
1 i-mporul
Profile:
StC&D " t
Monthly
li-mporul Profile:
li'inporul Profile:
... p ...
2201001350
Rural
Not
Use same as profile
Use same speciation profiles as what is used for LD GAS
Light Duty Gas
Population
applicable
RURAL LD values are:
as rural local
vehicles on the other roadway types. *
Vehicles- parking
(same as
-
Mon-Fri 12.1% 12.1%
roads
i.e.:
areas rural
rural local
inventory
12.1% 12.1% 18.3%
(Rdtype=210).
EVP__VOC: COMBO of 8753 (Gasoline Vehicle -
roads)
contains
Sat/Sun: 15.3% 18.3%
Code = 2006 (see
Evaporative emission - Reformulated gasoline) & 8754
2201020350 Light
130
monthly
Figure 3-3, reddish
(Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E10 ethanol
Duty Gas Trucks
emissions
curve)
gasoline) Note that these are the combinations used in
1&2- parking areas
Weekly code (for
2005. In some cases future year profiles may also include
rural
SMOKE) =20021
8755 (Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E85)
EXH__VOC: COMBO of 8750&8751 These
2201040350 Light
combinations are used in 2005. In some cases future year
Duty Gas Trucks
profiles may also include combinations of 8752 (E85),
3&4- parking areas
8756 (tier 2 exhaust, E0), 8757 (tier 2 exhaust, E10)
rural
EXH PM2.5 not needed because OTAQ supplies pre-
2201080370
speciated emissions
Motorcycles (MC) -
BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other roadways
parking areas rural
(92009 and 92087, respectively)
2201001370
Urban
Not
URBAN LD values are:
Use same as profile
Same as above
Light Duty Gas
Population
applicable
Mon-Fri
as urban local
Vehicles- parking
(same as
-
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%
roads.
areas urban
urban local
inventory
16.0%
(Rdtype=330).
roads)
contains
Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%
2201020370 Light
120
monthly
Code = 2012 (see
Duty Gas Trucks
emissions
Weekly code (for
Figure 3-3, yellow
1&2- parking areas
SMOKE) =20031
curve)
urban
2201040370 Light
Duty Gas Trucks
3&4- parking areas
urban
72
-------
c;\soi.ini: \t.iik i.i: n pi s
Temporal
Prc.llk-:
Mon(hl\
1i iii|kii .il I'lnIlk':
1 ciiipiiral Piulik-:
2201080370
Motorcycles (MC) -
parking areas rural
2201070350
Heavy Duty
Gasoline Vehicles
2B through 8B &
Buses (HDGV)-
parking areas rural
Commercial
plus
Industrial
plus
Institutional
(code = 520)
Not
applicable
inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
RURAL HD values are:
Mon-Fri
16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%
15.9%
Sat Sun 8.8% and 8.8%
Weekly code (for
SMOKE) =20022
Use same as profile
rural local roads.
Code = 2006 (see
Figure 3-3, reddish
curve)
Same as above
2201070370
Heavy Duty
Gasoline Vehicles
2B through 8B &
Buses (HDGV)-
parking areas urban
Same as
above
Not
applicable
inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
URBAN HD values are:
Mon-Fri
17.7% 17.7% 17.7% 17.7%
17.7%
Sat Sun 7% and 5%
Weekly code (for
SMOKE) =20032
Use same as profile
on urban local
roads.
Code = 2012 (see
Figure 3-3, yellow
curve)
Same as above
73
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Table 3-16. Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by diesel vehicle types for the onroad
parking area-related SCCs from MOVES2010.
mr.sr.i.NT.iiK 1.1: n pi s
Temporal
Profile:
Muni lil\
\ .iri.ilmii
Temporal Profile:
Temporal Profile:
Diurnal variation
2230001350 Light Duty Diesel
Vehicles (LDDV)- parking areas
rural
2230060350 Light Duty Diesel
Trucks 1 through 4 (M6) (LDDT)
)- parking areas rural
Rural
Population
(same as rural
local roads)
130
Not
applicable
- inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
RURAL LD values are:
Mon-Fri 12.1% 12.1%
12.1% 12.1% 18.3%
Sat/Sun: 15.3% 18.3%
Weekly code (for SMOKE)
=20021
Rationale: choose same
weekend/weekday variation
for all Light Duty Vehicles
on all rural road types
Use same as profile as
rural local roads
(Rdtype=210).
Code = 2006 (see Figure
3-3, reddish curve)
Rationale: choose same
diurnal profile for all
vehicles (except HDDV
2B to 8B) for all rural
parking areas (which is the
profile used for rural local
roads)
Use same speciation profiles as what is used for LD
DIESEL vehicles, irrespective of road type,
i.e.:
EVP VOC: ZERO emissions (placeholder profile is
required by SMOKE: 4547 (Gasoline Headspace Vapor
- Circle K Diesel - adjusted for oxygenates)
EXH VOC: 4674 (Diesel Exhaust - Medium Duty
Trucks)
PM2.5 : ZERO emissions ->not needed since OTAQ
supplies pre-speciated emissions. Placeholder profile is
required by SMOKE: 92042 (LDDV Exhaust -
Simplified)
BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other
roadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)
2230001370 Light Duty Diesel
Vehicles (LDDV)- parking areas
urban
2230060370 Light Duty Diesel
Trucks 1 through 4 (M6) (LDDT)
)- parking areas urban
URBAN
Population
(same as
urban local
roads)
120
Not
applicable
- inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
URBAN LD values are:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%
16.0%
Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%
Weekly code (for SMOKE)
=20031
Rationale: choose same
weekend/weekday variation
for all Light Duty Vehicles
on urban road types
Use same as profile as
urban local roads.
(Rdtype=330).
Code = 2012 (see Figure
3-3, yellow curve
Rationale: choose same
diurnal profile for all
vehicles (except HDDV
2B to 8B) for all rural
parking areas (which is the
profile used for rural local
roads)
Same as above
74
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i)ii:m:i. yi:iii( i.i:
n pis
**11 rriiii-H*."
IVmporiil
Profile:
Miuillih
\ .i ri.i I ii hi
Tempo nil Profile:
Tempor;il Profile:
2230071350 Heavv Dutv Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 2B-
parking areas rural
2230072350 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 3,4, & 5-
parking areas rural
2230073350 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 6 & 7-
parking areas rural
2230074350 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 8A & SB-
parking areas rural
Rural primary
roads
code=210
Rationale:
most idling
will occur at
truckstops
Not
applicable
- inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
RURAL HD values are:
Mon-Fri
16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%
15.9%
Sat Sun 8.8% and 8.8%
Weekly code (for SMOKE)
=20022
Construct new profile
CODE=3000 which is low
at daytime and high at
night-time (11pm to 2am)
See Figure 3-4
Use same speciation profiles as what is used for HD
DIESEL vehicles, irrespective of road type.
i.e.:
EVP VOC: ZERO emissions (placeholder profile is
required by SMOKE: 4547 (Gasoline Headspace Vapor
- Circle K Diesel - adjusted for oxygenates)
EXH VOC: 4674 (Diesel Exhaust - Medium Duty
Trucks)
PM2.5: ZERO emissions ->not needed since OTAQ
supplies pre-speciated emissions. Placeholder profile is
required by SMOKE: 92035 (HDDV Exhaust -
Simplified)
BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other
roadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)
2230071370 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 2B-
parking areas urban
2230072370 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 3,4, & 5-
parking areas urban
2230073370 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 6 & 7-
parking areas urban
URBAN
primary roads
code=200
Rationale:
most idling
will occur at
truckstops
Not
applicable
- inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
URBAN LD values are:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%
16.0%
Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%
Weekly code (for SMOKE)
=20031
Construct new profile
CODE=3000 which is low
at daytime and high at
night-time (11pm to 2am)
See Figure 3-4
Same as above
2230074370 Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicles (HDDV) Class 8A & SB-
parking areas urban
75
-------
dii sti. yt.iik u: n pis
SCCX Description
Surrogate
Tempo nil
Profile:
Monthly
Yariation
Temporal Profile:
l);i\ of Week Yiiriiilion
Temporal Profile:
Diurnal \ariation
Speciation Profile
2230075350 Heavy Duty Diesel
Buses (School & Transit) - parking
areas rural
Rural
Population
(same as rural
local roads)
130
Not
applicable
- inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
USE URBAN LD values:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%
16.0%
Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%
Weekly code (for SMOKE)
=20031
Rationale: these vehicles
follow profile of LD vehicles
better than HD; day of week
variation should more
closely follow urban (higher
weekday than weekend)
Use same as profile as
rural local roads
(Rdtype=210).
Code = 2006 (see Figure
3-3, reddish curve)
Rationale: choose same
diurnal profile for all
vehicles (except HDDV
2B to 8B) for all rural
parking areas (which is the
profile used for rural local
roads)
Same as above
2230075370 Heavy Duty Diesel
Buses (School & Transit) - parking
areas urban
URBAN
Population
(same as
urban local
roads)
120
Not
applicable
- inventory
contains
monthly
emissions
USE URBAN LD values:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%
16.0%
Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%
Weekly code (for SMOKE)
=20031
Use same as profile as
urban local roads.
(Rdtype=330).
Code = 2012 (see Figure
3-3, yellow curve
Rationale: choose same
diurnal profile for all
vehicles (except HDDV
2B to 8B) for all rural
parking areas (which is the
profile used for rural local
roads)
Same as above
76
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4 References
Eastern Research Group, Mexico National Emissions Inventory, 1999: Final, prepared for
Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources and the National Institute of
Ecology, Mexico, October 11, 2006.
EPA, 2005b. EPA 's National Inventory Model (NMIM), A Consolidated Emissions Modeling
System for MOBILE6 and NONROAD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Transportation and Air Quality. Assessment and Standards Division. Ann Arbor, MI
48105, EPA420-R-05-024, December 2005.
EPA 2006c. SPEC I ATE 4.0, Speciation Database Development Document, Final Report, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, EPA600-R-06-
161, February 2006.
EPA, 2007c. Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Marine SI and Small
SI Engines, Vessels, and Equipment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Transportation and Air Quality, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and
Standards Division, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, EPA420-D-07-004, April 2007.
Eyth, A., L. Ran, R. Partheepan, G. Yarwood, M. Jimenez, S. Rao. (2006) "New Tools to
Generate Spatial Surrogate and Speciation Profile Inputs to SMOKE." International
Emission Inventory Conference, New Orleans, LA.
Gustin, M.S.; Lindberg, S.E, and Weisberg, P.J. (2008). An update on the natural sources and
sinks of atmospheric mercury. Applied Geochemistry, 23(3), 482-493.
Pouliot, G., H. Simon, P. Bhave, D. Tong, D. Mobley, T. Pace, and T. Pierce . (2010) "Assessing
the Anthropogenic Fugitive Dust Emission Inventory and Temporal Allocation Using an
Updated Speciation of Particulate Matter." International Emission Inventory Conference,
San Antonio, TX.
Strum, M., D. Mintz, L. Driver, C. Harvey, H. Michaels, R. Mason. (2007) "Estimating the
Monthly Variation in California's Nonroad Equipment Emissions for the 2002 Emissions
and Air Quality Modeling Platform." International Emission Inventory Conference,
Raleigh, NC.
Yarwood, G., S. Rao, M. Yocke, and G. Whitten, 2005: Updates to the Carbon Bond Chemical
Mechanism: CB05. Final Report to the US EPA, RT-0400675.
77
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United States Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Publication No. EPA-454/B-20-004
Environmental Protection Air Quality Assessment Division March 2011
Agency Research Triangle Park, NC
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