EPA Document# EPA-740-D-20-005
£% 1-riA April 2020
lS®5f |—1*^4 United States Office of Chemical Safety and
¦ * * Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention
Draft Scope of the Risk Evaluation for
1,2-Dichloroethane
CASRN 107-06-2
April 2020
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10
1 INTRODUCTION 13
2 SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION 13
2.1 Reasonably Available Information 13
2.1.1 Search of Gray Literature 14
2.1.2 Literature from Publicly Available Databases (Peer-Reviewed Literature) 15
2.1.3 Search of TSCA Submissions 20
2.2 Conditions of Use 21
2.2.1 Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk
Evaluation 21
2.2.2 Activities Excluded from the Scope of the Risk Evaluation 23
2.2.3 Production Volume 23
2.2.4 Overview of Conditions of Use and Lifecycle Diagram 23
2.3 Exposures 26
2.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 26
2.3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport 26
2.3.3 Releases to the Environment 26
2.3.4 Environmental Exposures 28
2.3.5 Occupational Exposures 28
2.3.6 Consumer Exposures 29
2.3.7 General Population Exposures 29
2.4 Hazards (Effects) 30
2.4.1 Environmental Hazards 30
2.4.2 Human Health Hazards 30
2.5 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations 30
2.6 C onceptual Model s 31
2.6.1 Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses 31
2.6.2 Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses 33
2.6.3 Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures and
Hazards (Regulatory Overlay) 35
2.6.3.1 Ambient Air Pathway 37
2.6.3.2 Drinking W ater Pathway 37
2.6.3.3 Ambient Water Pathway 37
2.6.3.4 Disposal and Soil Pathways 38
2.6.4 Conceptual Models for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures and
Hazards 39
2.7 Analysis Plan 41
2.7.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate 41
2.7.2 Exposure 42
2.7.2.1 Environmental Releases 42
2.7.2.2 Environmental Exposures 44
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2.7.2.3 Occupational Exposures 45
2.7.2.4 Consumer Exposures 47
2.7.2.5 General Population 48
2.7.3 Hazards (Effects) 49
2.7.3.1 Environmental Hazards 49
2.7.3.2 Human Health Hazards 50
2.7.4 Summary of Risk Approaches for Characterization 52
2.8 Peer Review 53
REFERENCES 54
APPENDICES 60
Appendix A LIST OF GRAY LITERATURE SOURCES 60
Appendix B PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 64
Appendix C ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF 1,2-
DICHLOROETHANE 66
Appendix D REGULATORY HISTORY 68
D.l Federal Laws and Regulations ...............68
D.2 State Laws and Regulations 73
D.3 International Laws and Regulations.......... .....................74
Appendix E PROCESS, RELEASE AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE INFORMATION.. 76
E.l Process Information ...76
E. 1.1 Manufacture (Including Import) 76
E. 1.1.1 Manufacture 76
E.l. 1.2 Import 76
E. 1.2 Processing and Distribution 76
E. 1.2.1 Processing as a Reactant or Intermediate 76
E. 1.2.2 Incorporation into Formulation, Mixture, or Reaction Product 77
E.l.3 Uses 77
E. 1.3.1 Functional Fluids (Heat Transfer Agent) 77
E.l.3.2 Lubricants and Greases 77
E.l.3.3 Degreasing and Cleaning Solvents 77
E.l.3.4 Plastic and Rubber Products 77
E.l.3.5 Fuels and Related Products 77
E.l.3.6 Laboratory Use 77
E.l.3.7 Embalming Agent 78
E.l.4 Disposal 78
E.2 Sources Containing Potentially Relevant Data or Information ....78
Appendix F SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL
AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND USES 80
Appendix G SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR CONSUMER
ACTIVITIES AND USES 90
Appendix II SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR CONSUMER
ACTIVITIES AND USES 91
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1. Results of Title Screening of Submissions to EPA under Various Sections of TSCA 21
Table 2-2. Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk Evaluation 22
Table 2-3. Summary of 1,2-Dichloroethane TRI Production-Related Waste Managed in 2018 27
Table 2-4. Summary of Releases of 1,2-Dichloroethane to the Environment During 2018 (lb) 27
Table 2-5. Categories and Sources of Environmental Release Data 42
Table 2-6. Potential Sources of Occupational Exposure Data 45
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Gray Literature Tags by Discipline for 1,2-Dichloroethane 14
Figure 2-2. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Physical-Chemical Properties Search Results for 1,2-
Dichloroethane 16
Figure 2-3. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Fate and Transport Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane 17
Figure 2-4. Peer Reviewed Literature - Engineering Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane 18
Figure 2-5. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Exposure Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane 19
Figure 2-6. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Hazard Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane 20
Figure 2-7. 1,2-Dichloroethane Life Cycle Diagram 25
Figure 2-8. 1,2-Dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses:
Worker and Occupational Non-User Exposures and Hazards 32
Figure 2-9. 1,2-Dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses: Consumer
Exposures and Hazards 34
Figure 2-10. 1,2-dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes:
Environmental and General Population Exposures and Hazards (Regulatory Overlay) ..36
Figure 2-11. 1,2-Dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes:
Environmental Exposures and Hazards 40
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table_Apx A-l. List of Gray Literature Sources 60
TableApx B-l. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dichloroethane 64
TableApx C-l. Environmental Fate and Transport Properties of 1,2-Dichloroethane 66
Table_Apx D-l. Federal Laws and Regulations 68
Table_Apx D-2. State Laws and Regulations 73
Table Apx D-3. Regulatory Actions by other Governments, Tribes, and International Agreements 74
Table Apx E-l. Summary of Industry Sectors with 1,2-Dichloroethane Personal Monitoring Air
Samples Obtained from OSHA Inspections Conducted since 2014 79
Table Apx E-2. Potentially Relevant Data Sources for Exposure Monitoring and Area Monitoring Data
from NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations 79
Table Apx F-l. Worker and Occupational Non-User Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table.. 80
Table Apx G-l. Consumer Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table 90
Table Apx H-l. General Population and Environmental Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table
91
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of
Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT).
Acknowledgements
The OPPT Assessment Team gratefully acknowledges participation or input from Intra-agency
reviewers that included multiple offices within EPA, Inter-agency reviewers that included multiple
Federal agencies, and assistance from EPA contractors GDIT (Contract No. HHSN316201200013W),
ERG (Contract No. EP-W-12-006), Versar (Contract No. EP-W-17-006), ICF (Contract
No.68HERC19D0003), Abt Associates (Contract No. EP-W-16-009) and SRC (Contract No.
68HERH19F0213). EPA also acknowledges the contributions of technical experts from EPA's Office of
Research and Development.
Docket
Supporting information can be found in public docket: Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-042.7.
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favoring by
the United States Government.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACGIH
ADME
AMTIC
AT SDR
AWQC
BAF
BCF
BMF
BOD
BP
BSER
BW34
CAA
CAL EPA
CASRN
CBI
CDC
CDR
CEHD
CEM
CEPA
CERCLA
CFR
CHRIP
COC
CSCL
CWA
DMR
DOT
EC
ECHA
DCE
EPA
EPCRA
ERG
ESD
EU
FDA
FFDCA
FIFRA
FR
FYI
GACT
GC
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
EPA Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Bioaccumulation Factor
Bioconcentration Factor
Biomagnification factor
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Boiling Point
Best System of Emission Reduction
Body Weight 3/4 Extrapolation
Clean Air Act
California Environmental Protection Agency
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
Confidential Business Information
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
Chemical Data Reporting
Chemical Exposure Health Data
Consumer Exposure Model
Canadian Environmental Protection Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Code of Federal Regulations
Chemical Risk Information Platform
Concentration of Concern
Chemical Substances Control Law
Clean Water Act
Discharge Monitoring Report
Department of Transportation
Engineering Control(s)
European Chemicals Agency
1,2-Dichloroethane
Environmental Protection Agency
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Eastern Research Group
Emission Scenario Document
European Union
Food and Drug Administration
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Federal Register
For your information
Generally Available Control Technology
Gas Chromatography
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GESTIS
GDIT
GS
HAP
HERO
HHE
HLC
HMTA
HSDB
I ARC
IBCs
ICF
IECCU
IMAP
ISHA
Koc
KOECT
Kow
LCx
LOAELs
LOEC
MACT
MCL
MCLG
MFG
MITI
MOA
MP
MWCs
MSW
NAICS
NATA
NEI
NESHAP
NICNAS
NIOSH
NITE
NOAELs
NOEC
NPDES
NPDWR
NPL
NPRI
NSPS
NTP
Substance Database contains information for the safe handling of hazardous substances
and other chemical substances at work
General Dynamics Information Technology
Generic Scenario
Hazardous Air Pollutant
Health and Environmental Research Online
Health Hazard Evaluation
Henry's Law Constant
Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
Hazardous Substances Data Bank
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Intermediate Bulk Containers
ICF is a global consulting services company
Indoor Environmental Concentrations in Buildings with Conditioned and Unconditioned
Zones
Inventory Multi-Tiered Assessment and Prioritisation (Australia)
Industrial Safety and Health Act
Organic Carbon: Water Partition Coefficient
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Octanol: Water Partition Coefficient
Lethal Concentration
Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
Lowest Observed Effect Concentration
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Maximum Contaminant Level
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
Manufacturing
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Mode of Action
Melting Point
Municipal waste combustors
Municipal Solid Waste
North American Industry Classification System
National-scale Air Toxics Assessment
National Emissions Inventory
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (Australia)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
No Observed Adverse Effect Level
No Observed Effect Concentration
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
National Priorities List
National Pollutant Release Inventory
New Source Performance Standards
National Toxicology Program
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OCSPP
Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OELs
Occupational Exposure Limits
ONU
Occupational Non-User
OPPT
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OW
EPA's Office of Water
P-chem
Phy si cal -chemi cal
PBPK
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic
PBT
Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic
PECO
Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit
PESS
Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations
PODs
Points of Departure
POTW
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RDF
Refuse-derived Fuel
REACH
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (European Union)
REL
Recommended Exposure Limit
RIVM
Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
SARA
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SBR
Styrene Butadiene Rubber
SDS
Safety Data Sheet
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
SIDS
Screening Information Dataset
SRC
SRC Inc., formerly Syracuse Research Corporation
STEL
Short-term Exposure Limit
STORET
Storage and Retrieval for Water Quality Data; EPA's repository of water quality
monitoring data
SVOCs
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds
TBD
To be determined
TERA
Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment
TG
Test Guideline
TIAB
Title and Abstract
TK
Toxicokinetics
TLV
Threshold Limit Value
TMF
Trophic Magnification Factors
TRI
Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TTO
Total Toxic Organics
TURA
Toxic Use Reduction Act
TWA
Time-weighted average
UCMR
Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule
UIC
Underground Injection Control
USD A
United States Department of Agriculture
USGS
United States Geological Survey
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VOC Volatile Organic Compound
VP Vapor Pressure
WHO IPCS World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety
WQX Water Quality Exchange
WS Water Solubility
WWT Wastewater Treatment
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In December 2019, EPA designated 1,2-dichloroethane (CASRN 107-06-2) as a high-priority substance
for risk evaluation following the prioritization process as required by Section 6(b) of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) and implementing regulations (40 CFR Part 702) (Docket ID: EPA-
HQ-OPPT-2018-0427). The first step of the risk evaluation process is the development of the scope
document, and this document fulfills the TSCA requirement to issue a draft scope document as required
in 40 CFR 702.41(c)(7). The draft scope for 1,2-dichloroethane includes the following information: the
conditions of use, potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations (PESS), hazards, and exposures that
EPA plans to consider in this risk evaluation, along with a description of the reasonably available
information, conceptual model, analysis plan and science approaches, and plan for peer review for this
chemical substance. EPA is providing a 45-day comment period on the draft scope. Comments received
on this draft scope document will help inform development of the final scope document and the risk
evaluation.
General Information. 1,2-Dichloroethane occurs as a colorless, oily, heavy liquid that is slightly soluble
in water with a total production volume in the United States between 20 and 30 billion pounds. 1,2-
Dichloroethane has a pleasant chloroform-like odor. It is a volatile, synthetic hydrocarbon that is used
principally in the synthesis of vinyl chloride monomer and other chlorinated solvents.
Reasonably Available Information. EPA leveraged the data and information sources already described
in the document supporting the High-Priority Substance designation for 1,2-dichloroethane to inform the
development of this draft scope document. To further develop this draft scope document, EPA
conducted a comprehensive search to identify and screen multiple evidence streams (i.e., chemistry, fate,
release and engineering, exposure, hazard) and the search and screening results to date are provided in
Section 2.1. EPA is seeking public comment on this draft scope document and will consider additional
information identified following publication of this draft scope document, as appropriate, in developing
the final scope document. EPA is using the systematic review process described in the Application of
Systematic Review in TSCA Risk Evaluations document (U.S. EPA, 2018a) to guide the process of
searching for and screening reasonably available information, including information already in EPA's
possession, for inclusion in the risk evaluation. EPA plans is applying these systematic review methods
to collect reasonably available information regarding hazards, exposures, PESS and conditions of use
that will help inform the risk evaluation for 1,2-dichlorethane.
Conditions of Use. EPA plans to evaluate manufacturing, including importing; processing; distribution
in commerce; industrial, commercial and consumer uses; and disposal of 1,2-dichloroethane in the risk
evaluation. 1,2-Dichloroethane is manufactured within the U.S. as well as imported into the U.S. The
chemical is processed as a reactant, incorporated into a formulation, mixture, or reaction products, and
incorporated into articles. The identified processing activities also include the repackaging and recycling
of 1,2-dichloroethane. Several industrial and commercial uses were identified that ranged from use in
plastic and rubber products to use in lubricants. The only consumer use reported is in plastic and rubber
products. EPA identified these conditions of use from information reported to EPA through CDR and
TRI reporting, published literature, and consultation with stakeholders for both uses currently in
production and uses whose production may have ceased. Section 2.2 provides details about the
conditions of use within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Conceptual Model. The conceptual models for 1,2-dichloroethane are presented in Section 2.6.
Conceptual models are graphical depictions of the actual or predicted relationships of conditions of use,
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exposure pathways (e.g., media), exposure routes (e.g., inhalation, dermal, oral), hazards and receptors
throughout the life cycle of the chemical substance - from manufacturing, processing, distribution in
commerce, storage, or use, to release or disposal. EPA plans to focus the risk evaluation for 1,2-
dichloroethane on the following exposures, hazards and receptors, however, EPA also plans to consider
comments received on this draft scope and other reasonably available information when finalizing this
scope document, and to adjust the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards included in the scope
document as needed.
• Exposures (Pathways and Routes), Receptors and PESS. EPA plans to analyze both human and
environmental exposures resulting from the conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane that EPA
plans to consider in the risk evaluation. Exposures for 1,2-dichloroethane are discussed in 2.3.
EPA identified environmental monitoring data reporting the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane in
air, drinking water, ground water, sediment, soil, surface water and biota. 1,2-dichloroethane is
subject to reporting to EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and EPA plans to use TRI
information as reasonably available information to inform 1,2-dichloroethane's environmental
release assessment. For the 2018 reporting year, 60 facilities reported to EPA releases of 1,2-
dichloroethane to air, water, and via land disposal. Additional information gathered through the
results of systematic review searches will also informed expected exposures.
EPA's plan as to environmental exposure pathways considers whether and how other EPA-
administered statutes and regulatory programs address the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane in
media pathways falling under the jurisdiction of those authorities. Section 2.6.3 discusses those
pathways that may be addressed pursuant to other Federal laws. In Section 2.6.4, EPA presents
the conceptual model describing the identified exposures (pathways and routes), receptors and
hazards associated with the conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane within the scope of the risk
evaluation.
Preliminarily, EPA plans to evaluate the following human and environmental exposure
pathways, routes, receptors and PESS in the scope of the risk evaluation. However, EPA plans to
consider comments received on this draft scope and other reasonably available information when
finalizing this scope document, and to adjust the exposure pathways, exposure routes and
hazards included in the scope document as needed.
Occupational exposure pathways associated with industrial and commercial conditions
of use: EPA plans to evaluate exposures to workers and/or occupational non-users via the
inhalation route and exposures to workers via the dermal route associated with the
manufacturing, processing, use or disposal of 1,2-dichloroethane (Section 2.2.1).
Consumer and bystander exposure pathways associated with consumer conditions of use:
EPA plans to evaluate the inhalation and dermal exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane when
consumers are handling plastic and rubber products.
- Receptors and PESS: EPA plans to include children, women of reproductive age (e.g.,
pregnant women per TSCA statute), workers and consumers as receptors and PESS in the
risk evaluation.
Environmental exposures: EPA plans to evaluate exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane for
aquatic and terrestrial receptors.
• Hazards. Hazards for 1,2-dichloroethane are discussed in Section 2.4. EPA completed
preliminary reviews of information from peer-reviewed assessments and databases to identify
potential environmental and human health hazards for 1,2-dichloroethane as part of the
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prioritization process. Environmental hazard effects were identified for aquatic and terrestrial
organisms. Information collected through systematic review methods and public comments may
identify additional environmental hazards that warrant inclusion in the environmental hazard
assessment of the risk evaluation.
EPA plans to use systematic review methods to evaluate the epidemiological and toxicological literature
for 1,2-dichloroethane. Relevant mechanistic evidence will also be considered, if reasonably available,
to inform the interpretation of findings related to potential human health effects and the dose-repose
assessment. EPA plans to evaluate all of the potential human health hazards for 1,2-dichloroethane
identified in Section 2.4.2. The broad health effect categories include reproductive and developmental,
dermal, immunological, neurological and irritation effects. Studies were also identified reporting
information on genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, biomonitoring and toxicokinetics. EPA is in the process of
identifying additional reasonably available information through systematic review methods and public
input, which may update the list of potential human health hazards under the scope of the risk
evaluation. If necessary, EPA plans to update the list of potential hazards in the final scope document of
the 1,2-dichloroethane risk evaluation.
Analysis Plan. The analysis plan for 1,2-dichlorethane is presented in Section 2.7. The analysis plan
outlines the general science approaches that EPA plans to use for the various information streams (i.e.,
chemistry, fate, release and engineering, exposure, hazard) supporting the risk evaluation. The analysis
plan is based on EPA's knowledge of 1,2-dichloroethane to date which includes a partial, but ongoing,
review of identified information as described in Section 2.1. EPA will continue to consider new
information submitted by the public. Should additional data or approaches become reasonably available,
EPA may update its analysis plan in the final scope document.
EPA will seek public comments on the systematic review methods supporting the risk evaluation for
1,2-dichloroethane, including the methods for assessing the quality of data and information and the
approach for evidence synthesis and evidence integration supporting the exposure and hazard
assessments. The details will be provided in a supplemental document that EPA anticipates releasing for
public comment prior to the finalization of the scope document.
Peer Review. The draft risk evaluation for 1,2-dichloroethane will be peer reviewed. Peer review will be
conducted in accordance with EPA's regulatory procedures for chemical risk evaluations, including
using EPA's Peer Review Handbook and other methods consistent with Section 26 of TSCA (See 40
CFR 702.451
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1 INTRODUCTION
This document presents for comment the scope of the risk evaluation to be conducted for 1,2-
dichloroethane under the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act. The Frank R.
Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act amended the Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA) on June 22, 2016. The new law includes statutory requirements and deadlines for actions related
to conducting risk evaluations of existing chemicals.
TSCA § 6(b) and 40 CFR Part 702, Subpart A require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
designate chemical substances as high-priority substances for risk evaluation or low-priority substances
for which risk evaluations are not warranted at the time, and upon designating a chemical substance as a
high-priority substance, initiate a risk evaluation on the substance. TSCA § 6(b)(4) directs EPA, in
conducting risk evaluations for existing chemicals, to "determine whether a chemical substance presents
an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, without consideration of costs or other non-
risk factors, including an unreasonable risk to a potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation
identified as relevant to the risk evaluation by the Administrator under the conditions of use."
TSCA § 6(b)(4)(D) and implementing regulations require that EPA publish the scope of the risk
evaluation to be conducted, including the hazards, exposures, conditions of use and potentially exposed
or susceptible subpopulations that the Administrator expects to consider, within 6 months after the
initiation of a risk evaluation. In addition, a draft scope is to be published pursuant to 40 CFR 702.41. In
December 2019, EPA published a list of 20 chemical substances that have been designated high-priority
substances for risk evaluations (84 FR 71924). as required by TSCA § 6(b)(2)(B), which initiated the
risk evaluation process for those chemical substances. 1,2-dichloroethane was also one of the chemicals
designated as a high priority substance for risk evaluation.
2 SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION
2.1 Reasonably Available Information
EPA conducted a comprehensive search for reasonably available information1 to support the
development of this draft scope document for 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA leveraged the data and
information sources already collected in the documents supporting the high-priority substance
designations. In addition, EPA searched for additional data and information on physical and chemical
properties, environmental fate, engineering, exposure, environmental and human health hazards that
could be obtained from in the following general categories of sources:
1. Databases containing publicly available, peer-reviewed literature;
2. Gray literature, which is defined as the broad category of data/information sources not found in
standard, peer-reviewed literature databases.
3. Data and information submitted under TSCA Sections 4, 5, 8(e), and 8(d), as well as "for your
information" (FYI) submissions
1 Reasonably available information means information that EPA possesses or can reasonably generate, obtain, and synthesize
for use in risk evaluations, considering the deadlines specified in TSCA Section 6(b)(4)(G) for completing such evaluation.
Information that meets the terms of the preceding sentence is reasonably available information whether or not the
information is confidential business information, that is protected from public disclosure under TSCA Section 14 (40 CFR
702.33).
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Following the comprehensive search, EPA performed a title and abstract screening to identify
information potentially relevant for the risk evaluation process. This step also classified the references
into useful categories or tags to facilitate the sorting of information through the systematic review
process. The search and screening process was conducted based on EPA's general expectations for the
planning, execution and assessment activities outlined in the Application of Systematic Review in TSCA
Risk Evaluations document (U.S. EPA, 2018a). EPA plans to publish supplemental documentation on
the systematic review methods supporting the 1,2-dichloroethane risk evaluation to explain the literature
and screening process presented in this document in the form of literature inventory trees. Please note
that EPA focuses on the data collection phase (consisting of data search, data screening, and data
extraction) during the preparation of the TSCA scope document, whereas the data evaluation and
integration stages will occur during the development of the draft risk evaluation and thus are not part of
the scoping activities described in this document.
The subsequent sections summarize the data collection activities completed up to date for the general
categories of sources and topic areas (or disciplines) using systematic review methods. EPA plans to
seek public comments on the systematic review methods supporting the risk evaluation for 1,2-
dichloroethane upon publication of the supplemental documentation of those methods.
2.1.1 Search of Gray Literature
EPA surveyed the gray literature2 and identified 99 search results relevant to EPA's risk assessment
needs for 1,2-dichloroethane. Appendix A lists the gray literature sources that yielded 99 discrete data or
information sources relevant to 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA further categorized the data and information
into the various topic areas (or disciplines) supporting the risk evaluation (e.g., physical chemistry,
environmental fate, ecological hazard, human health hazard, exposure, engineering) and the breakdown
is shown in Figure 2-1. EPA is currently identifying additional reasonably available information (e.g.,
public comments), and the reported numbers in Figure 2-1 may change.
Gray Literature Tags by Discipline
Physical.Chemical ¦
Ilnman.IIealth.Hazard ¦
>5 Fate-
.&
o
Exposure ¦
Q
Environmental. Hazard ¦
Engineering -
0 25 50 75 100
Percent Tagged (%)
Figure 2-1. Gray Literature Tags by Discipline for 1,2-Dichloroethane
The percentages across disciplines do not add up to 100%, as each source may provide data or information for various topic
areas (or disciplines).
2 Gray literature is defined as the broad category of data/information sources not found in standard, peer-reviewed literature
databases (e.g., PubMed and Web of Science). Gray literature includes data/information sources such as white papers,
conference proceedings, technical reports, reference books, dissertations, information on various stakeholder websites, and
other databases.
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28/99
47/99
13/99
72/99
13/99
72/99
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2.1.2 Literature from Publicly Available Databases (Peer-Reviewed Literature)
EPA is currently conducting a systematic review of the reasonably available literature. This includes
performing a comprehensive search of the reasonably available peer review literature on physical-
chemical properties, environmental fate and transport, engineering (environmental release and
occupational exposure), exposure (environmental, general population and consumer) and environmental
and human health hazards of 1,2-dichloroethane. Eligibility criteria were applied in the form of PECO
(population, exposure, comparator, outcome) statements. Included references met the PECO criteria,
whereas excluded references did not meet the criteria (i.e., not relevant), and supplemental material was
considered as potentially relevant. EPA plans to analyze the reasonably available information identified
for each discipline during the development of the risk evaluation. The literature inventory trees depicting
the number of references that were captured and those that were included, excluded, or tagged as
supplemental material during the screening process for each discipline area are shown in Figure 2-2
through Figure 2-6. "TIAB" in these figures refers to title and abstract screening. Note that the sum of
the numbers for the various sub-categories may be larger than the broader category because some
studies may be included under multiple sub-categories. In other cases, the sum of the various sub-
categories may be smaller than the main category because some studies may not be depicted in the sub-
categories if their relevance to the risk evaluation was unclear.
15
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Point
Point
Water Solublity
Henry's Law Constant
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Density
40
Viscosity
Retrieved for Fuil-text
Review
Inducted for Data
Extraction and Data
Evaluation
Dielectric Constant
425
Refractive Index
Total for TiAB:
P-Chem
385
Supplemental Information
Exclusion
Exclusion
Figure 2-2. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Physical-Chemical Properties Search Results for 1,2-
Dichloroethane
16
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BiQconcerrtratiort
lation
Hydrolysis
¦sis
28
Retrieved for Full-text
Review
2153
Volatilization
Total for TIABi
Fate
Wastewater Treatment
2062
Exclusion
Other
Figure 2-3. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Fate and Transport Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane
17
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General Fa::.ifr Estimate
28S
Environmental Releases
Occuptti:-a Expo: lj e
« 1332
Figure 2-4. Peer Reviewed Literature - Engineering Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane
18
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aquatic species (12)
ground water (75)
biosolids/sludge (3)
foreign language (2)
consumer uses and/or products (9)
Supplemental (199)
¦w drinking water (35)
dietary (8)
ambient air (95)
Unique HERO IDs (748)
~4 Excluded (276)
epidemiological/biomonitoring study (16)
PECO relevant (197)
Included (273)
indoor air (43)
Unclear (76)
sediment (24)
soil (31)
surface water (98)
terrestrial species (3)
Figure 2-5. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Exposure Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane
19
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Human
Human Health Model
Artim;
521
Ecotoxicological Model
Plant
Retrieved for Full-text
Review
adme/Tk/pbpk
Case Report/Series
9283
8290
Total for TIAB:
Hazard
Exclusion
Field Study
Mechanistic
Mixture
472
No Original Data
Susceptible Population
Figure 2-6. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Hazard Search Results for 1,2-Dichloroethane
2.1.3 Search of TSCA Submissions
Table 2-1 presents the results of screening the titles of data sources and reports submitted to EPA under
various sections of TSCA, as amended by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century
Act. EPA screened a total of 235 submissions using inclusion/ exclusion criteria specific to individual
disciplines (see Table 2-1 for the list of disciplines). The details about the criteria are not part of this
document but will be provided in a supplemental document that EPA anticipates releasing prior to the
finalization of the scope document. EPA identified 206 submissions that met the inclusion criteria in
these statements and identified 15 submissions with supplemental data. EPA excluded 14 submissions
because the reports were identified as one of the following:
• Published report that would be identified via other peer or gray literature searches
• Draft report of a final available submitted report
• Illegible submission
• Data not relevant to any discipline
• Letter of notification of bioremediation initiation
• Memo regarding meeting
• Submission on a different chemical
• Ranking of chemicals for proposed evaluation
20
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• Letter with no attached report
• Route-to-route extrapolation of human health hazard with no original data
EPA plans to conduct additional deduplication at later stages of the systematic review process (e.g., full
text screening), when more information regarding the reports is available.
Table 2-1. Results of Title Screening of Submissions to EPA under Various Sections of TSCA
Discipline
Included
Supplemental
Physicochemical Properties
0
0
Environmental Fate and Transport
18
0
Environmental and General Population Exposure
114
1
Occupational Exposure/Release Information
70
0
Environmental Hazard
9
1
Human Health Hazard
61
13
2.2 Conditions of Use
As described in the Proposed Designation of 1,2-Dichloroethane fCASRN10 7-0 a High-Priority
Substance for Risk Evaluation (U.S. EPA (2019a), EPA assembled information from the CDR and TRI
programs to determine conditions of use3 or significant changes in conditions of use of the chemical
substance. EPA also consulted a variety of other sources to identify uses of 1,2-dichloroethane,
including: published literature, company websites, and government and commercial trade databases and
publications. To identify formulated products containing 1,2-dichloroethane, EPA searched for safety
data sheets (SDS) using internet searches, EPA Chemical and Product Categories (CPCat) data, and
other resources in which SDSs could be found. SDSs were cross-checked with company websites to
make sure that each product SDS was current. In addition, and when applicable, EPA incorporated
communications with companies, industry groups, environmental organizations, and public comments to
supplement the use information.
EPA identified and described the categories and subcategories of conditions of use that will be included
in the scope of the risk evaluation (Section 2.2.1; Table 2-2). The conditions of use included in the scope
are those reflected in the life cycle diagrams and conceptual models.
After gathering the conditions of use, EPA identified those categories or subcategories of use activities
for 1,2-dichloroethane the Agency determined not to be conditions of use or will otherwise be excluded
during scoping. These categories and subcategories are described in Section 2.2.22.1.1.
2.2.1 Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk
Evaluation
Table 2-2 lists the conditions of use that are included in the scope of the risk evaluation. EPA is looking
for more information to confirm reports of 1,2-dichloroethane use in cleaning and mechanical cleaning
that are not currently included as conditions of use.
3 Conditions of use means the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance is
intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in commerce, used, or disposed.
21
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Table 2-2. Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk Evaluation
Life Cycle Slniic
C 'iitcjiorv
Suhcii(o«i»rv
References
Manufacturing
Domestic
manufacture
Domestic manufacture
U.S. EPA (2019)
Import
Importa
U.S. EPA (2019)
Processing
Processing as a
reactant
Intermediate in:
Petrochemical
manufacturing; Plastic
material and resin
manufacturing; All
other basic organic
chemical manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019); EPA-HO-
OPPT-2018-0427-0006: EPA-
HO-OPPT-2018-042.7-0015
Processing -
Incorporated into
formulation, mixture,
or reaction product
Fuels and fuel
additives: All other
petroleum and coal
products manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019); EPA-HO-
OPPT-2018-0427-0006; EPA-
HO-OPPT-2018-0427-0015
Functional Fluids:
Pharmaceutical and
medicine
manufacturing
U.S. EPA (2019)
Processing aids:
specific to petroleum
production
U.S. EPA (2019)
Recycling
Recycling
U.S. EPA (2019)
Distribution in
commerce
Distribution in
commerce
Distribution in
commerce
Industrial Use
Adhesives and
sealants
Adhesives and sealants
EP A-HO-OPPT-2018-0427-0018
Functional Fluids
(closed systems)
Heat transferring agent
Baldwin Filters (2015)
Lubricants and
Greases
Paste lubricants and
greases
EP A-HO-OPPT-2018-0427-0005
Oxidizing/ reducing
agents
Oxidation inhibitor in
controlled oxidative
chemical reactions
EPA-HO-Ol 0427-0006
Solvents (for cleaning
and degreasing)
A component of
degreasing and cleaning
solvents
EP A-HO-OPPT-2018-0427-0005
Commercial Use
Plastic and rubber
products
Products such as:
plastic and rubber
products
U.S. EPA (2019)
Fuels and related
products
Fuels and related
products
U.S. EPA (2019); EPA-HO-
OPPT-2018-0427-0006
Other use
Laboratory chemicalb
(e.g. reagent)
ThermoFisher (2018)
Embalming agent
Frigid Fluid Company (2015)
22
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I.il'c Cvcli' Sl:i»i'
C iitcyorv
Suhc;ili'»ory
Ul'llTl'lll'l'S
Consumer Use
Plastic and rubber
products
Plastic and rubber
products0
U.S. EPA (2019); Doucette, et al.
(2010)
Disposal
Disposal
Disposal
a - The Agency has included information in this draft scope document sourced from the 2012 and 2016 Chemical Data
Reporting (CDR) Rule collections. In instances where particular CDR data elements included in this document were claimed
as confidential business information (CBI), the Agency reviewed the claims and secured their declassification,
b- This use covers the reported industrial use of laboratory chemicals as they are used for services and wholesale and retail
trade.
c - EPA continues to engage with stakeholders on this condition of use.
Notes:
Life Cycle Stage Use Definitions (40 CFR § 711.3)
"Industrial use" means use at a site at which one or more chemicals or mixtures are manufactured (including
imported) or processed.
"Commercial use" means the use of a chemical or a mixture containing a chemical (including as part of an article)
in a commercial enterprise providing saleable goods or services.
"Consumer use" means the use of a chemical or a mixture containing a chemical (including as part of an article,
such as furniture or clothing) when sold to or made available to consumers for their use.
2.2.2 Activities Excluded from the Scope of the Risk Evaluation
As explained in the final rule for Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic
Substances Control Act, TSCA section 6(b)(4)(D) requires EPA to identify "the hazards, exposures,
conditions of use, and the potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations the Administrator expects to
consider" in a risk evaluation, suggesting that EPA may exclude certain activities that it determines to
be conditions of use on a case-by-case basis (82 FR 33736, 33729; July 20, 2017). As a result, EPA does
not plan to include in this scope or in the risk evaluation the activities that the Agency has concluded do
not constitute conditions of use.
Organizations submitted docket comments to EPA regarding the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane in
pesticides (EPA-HQ-QPPT-2018-0427-0005; EPA.~H.Q~QF 1427-0006). These activities and
releases are not TSCA conditions of use and will not be evaluated during the risk evaluation.
2.2.3 Production Volume
As reported to EPA during the 2016 CDR reporting period and described here as a range to protect
production volumes that were claimed as confidential business information (CBI), total production
volume of 1,2-dichloroethane in 2015 was between 20 billion and 30 billion pounds (U.S. EPA 2017).
EPA also uses pre-2015 CDR production volume information, as detailed in the Proposed Designation
of 1,2-dichloroethane (CASRN 10 7-06-2) as a High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation (U. S. EPA.
2019) and will include future production volume information as it becomes available to support the
exposure assessment.
2.2.4 Overview of Conditions of Use and Lifecycle Diagram
The life cycle diagram provided in Figure 2-7 depicts the conditions of use that EPA plans to consider in
the risk evaluation for the various life cycle stages. This section provides a brief overview of the
industrial, commercial, and consumer use categories included in the life cycle diagram.
Appendix E contains more detailed descriptions (e.g., process descriptions, worker activities) for each
manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, use and disposal category based on preliminary
information.
23
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The information in the life cycle diagram is grouped according to the CDR processing codes and use
categories (including functional use codes for industrial uses and product categories for industrial,
commercial and consumer uses)4, in combination with other data sources (e.g., published literature and
consultation with stakeholders) to provide an overview of the conditions of use.
4 The descriptions are primarily based on the corresponding industrial function category and/or commercial and consumer
product category descriptions and can be found in EPA's Instructions for Reporting 20.1.6 TSCA Chemical Data Reporting.
24
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MFC/IMPORT
PROCESSING*
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE (CAS KN 107-06-2)
INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, CONSUMER USES*
RELEASES and WASTE DISPOSAL
Manufacture
(Including
Imported)
(20-<30B lb)
1
Processing as Reactant
(Irtermaiiate in: Petrochemical
- Plastic m .1 aiid
Resin lumArtiiriiiJ; All Other ia*: c
organic dbanucal EisauJactuzins)
Incorporated into
Formulation, Mixture, or
Reaction Product
(Fuels aid fuel additives: All other
petroleum and coal products
maaufecfiiring; Functional fluids:
P> nTTT Hfp- inn' rugdl-IUie
manufact-jre; Processing aids specific
to pstroleum production)
Adhesives and Sealants1
Functional Fluids (Closed System)1
(Heat transfer agent)
Lubricants and Greases1
(Paste lubricants and greases)
Oxidizing and Reducing agents1
Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)1
Plastic and Rubber products1-3
Fuels and related Products1
Otber use1
(Embalming fluid; laboratory chemical (e.g.
reagent))
Recycling
a
7
Dfcprcal
See Concepntci Model for
Enrironmenial Releases
and Utorei
| Manufacture (Including Import)
Processing
Uses:
~
1. Industrial and. or
CoinTriercial
2. Consumer
Figure 2-7. 1,2-Dichloroethane Life Cycle Diagram
Volume is not depicted in the life cycle diagram for processing and industrial, commercial, and consumer uses as specific production volume is claimed
confidential business information (CBI) or withheld pursuant to TSCA Section § 14.
25
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2.3 Exposures
For TSCA exposure assessments, EPA plans to analyze exposures and releases to the environment
resulting from the conditions of use within the scope of the risk evaluation for 1,2-dichloroethane.
Release pathways and routes will be described to characterize the relationship or connection between the
conditions of use of the chemical and the exposure to human receptors, including potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations, and environmental receptors. EPA plans to take into account, where
relevant, the duration, intensity (concentration), frequency and number of exposures in characterizing
exposures to 1,2-dichloroethane.
2.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical and chemical properties are essential for a thorough understanding or prediction of
environmental fate (i.e., transport and transformation) and the eventual environmental concentrations.
They can also inform the hazard assessment. EPA plans to use the physical and chemical properties
described in the Proposed Designation of IJ-Dichloroeiham (CASRN 107-96-2) as a High-Priority
Substance for Risk Evaluation (U.S. EPA (2019)) to support the development of the risk evaluation for
1,2-dichloroethane. The values for the physical and chemical properties (Appendix B) may be updated
as EPA collects additional information through systematic review methods.
2.3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport
Understanding of environmental fate and transport processes assists in the determination
of the specific exposure pathways and potential human and environmental receptors that need to be
assessed in the risk evaluation for 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA plans to use the environmental fate
characteristics described in the Proposed Designation of 1,2-Dichloroetham (CASRN107-06-2) as a
High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation (U.S. EPA (2019)) to support the development of the risk
evaluation for 1,2-dichloroethane. The values for the environmental fate properties (Appendix B) may
be updated as EPA collects additional information through systematic review methods.
2.3.3 Releases to the Environment
Releases to the environment from conditions of use are a component of potential exposure and may be
derived from reported data that are obtained through direct measurement, calculations based on
empirical data and/or assumptions and models.
A source of information that EPA plans to consider in the risk evaluation in evaluating exposure is data
reported under the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program. EPA's TRI database contains information
on chemical waste management activities that are disclosed by industrial and federal facilities, including
quantities released into the environment (i.e., to air, water, and disposed of to land), treated, burned for
energy, recycled, or transferred off-site to other facilities for these purposes.
Under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) 1,2-dichloroethane is a
TRI-reportable substance, under the name 1,2-dichloroethane (or ethylene dichloride), effective January
01, 1987 (40 CFR 372.65). For TRI reporting5, facilities in covered sectors in the United States are
required to disclose releases and other waste management activity quantities of 1,2-dichloroethane under
the CASRN 107-06-2 if they manufacture (including import) or process more than 25,000 pounds or
otherwise use more than 10,000 pounds of the chemical in a given year by July 1 of the following year.
5 For TRI reporting criteria see https://www.epa.gOY/toxics-release-iiiventorv-tri-program/basics-tri-reporling
26
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Table 2-3provides production-related waste management data for 1,2-dichloroethane reported by
facilities to the TRI program for reporting year 2018.6 As shown in the table, 60 facilities reported a total
of approximately 373 million pounds of 1,2-dichloroethane waste managed. Of this total quantity,
approximately 69% was reported as recycled and 25% was treated, and for each occurred mostly on site.
The quantities of 1,2-dichloroethane waste burned for energy recovery or released to the environmental
during 2018 are of much smaller magnitude and were mostly on site.
Table 2-3. Summary of 1,2-Dichloroethane TRI Production-Related Waste Managed in 2018
Year
Number of
I'acililies
Recycled
(lbs)
Recovered for
Knergv (lbs)
Treated
(lbs)
Released
(lbs)"1''
Tolal Production
Related Waste
(lbs)
2018
60
255,728,005
22,317,586
94,383,691
579,621
373,008,902
Data source: 2018 TRI Data (Updated November 2019)
3 Terminology used in these columns may not match the more detailed data element names used in the TRI public data and analysis access points.
b Does not include releases due to one-time event not associated with production such as remedial actions or earthquakes.
c Counts all releases including release quantities transferred and release quantities disposed of by a receiving facility reporting to TRI.
Table 2-4 provides a summary of the quantities of 1,2-dichloroethane released to the environment during
2018.6 Of these quantities, 76% was released to air, and roughly 70% of these air emissions originated
from fugitive sources, with the remainder from point sources. Land disposal accounted for roughly 7%
of the total releases, about half of which was to Class I underground injection wells. "Other Releases" of
1,2-dichloroethane accounted for 16% of all reported total releases, in which transfer quantities for off-
site storage and other off-site management comprised the vast majority.
Table 2-4. Summary of Releases of 1,2-Dichloroethane to the Environment During 2018
Yesir
\u m her
of
l-'iicililics
Air Kt
Sisiek Air
Kelesises
(ll)S)
¦lesises
l"iiiiili\e
Air
Kelesises
(II)N)
\\ Slier
Kelesises
(Ills)
( Isiss 1
I mler-
liround
Injection
(lbs)
.siihI l)is|)(>>
R( RA
Suhiiile (
l.snuirills
(ll)S)
Sll
All oilier
1 -Sill(1
Dispossil
(Ills)1
Oilier
Kelesises
(lbs) ¦'
lolsil
Kelesises
(Ills) '*¦ *"
2018
60
136,759
311,737
3,361.95
21,801
19,665
82
94.113 1
5
587,519
448,496
41,548
Data source: 2018 TRI Data (Updated November 2019)
3 Terminology used in these columns may not match the more detailed data element names used in the TRI public data and analysis access points.
b These release quantities do include releases due to one-time events not associated with production such as remedial actions or earthquakes.
c Counts release quantities once at final disposition, accounting for transfers to other TRI reporting facilities that ultimately dispose of the chemical waste.
While production-related waste managed shown in Table 2-3 excludes any quantities reported as
catastrophic or one-time releases (TRI Form R Section 8 data), release quantities shown in Table 2-4
include both production-related and non-production-related quantities for 2018. Approximately 12,500
pounds of 1,2-dichloroethane waste not related to production were reported for 2018. These waste
quantities are included in the total releases stated in Table 2-4.
6 Reporting year 2018 is the most recent TRI data available. Data presented in Table 2-3 were queried using TRI Explorer
and uses the 2018 National Analysis data set (released to the public in November 2019). This dataset includes revisions for
the years 1988 to 2018 processed by EPA.
27
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EPA plans to review these data in conducting the exposure assessment component of the risk evaluation
for 1,2-dichloroethane.
2.3.4 Environmental Exposures
The manufacturing, processing, distribution, use and disposal of 1,2-dichloroethane can result in releases
to the environment and exposure to aquatic and terrestrial receptors (biota). Environmental exposures to
biota are informed by releases into the environment, overall persistence, degradation, and
bioaccumulation, and partitioning across different media. Concentrations of chemical substances in biota
provide evidence of exposure. EPA plans to review available environmental exposure data in biota in the
risk evaluation. Monitoring data were identified in EPA's data search for 1,2-dichloroethane and can be
used in the exposure assessment. Relevant and reliable monitoring studies provide(s) information that
can be used in an exposure assessment. Monitoring studies that measure environmental concentrations
or concentrations of chemical substances in biota provide evidence of exposure.
EPA plans to review available environmental monitoring data in the risk evaluation. EPA's Ambient
Monitoring Technology Information Center Air Toxics database has identified 1,2-dichloroethane in air
(U.S. EPA 1990). In addition, EPA's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule has identified 1,2-
dichloroethane in drinking water (U.S. EPA 1996). USGS's Monitoring Data - National Water Quality
Monitoring Council has identified 1,2-dichloroethane in air, ground water, sediment, soil, surface water
and biota (e.g., fish tissue concentrations) (USGS 1991).
2.3.5 Occupational Exposures
EPA plans to analyze worker activities where there is a potential for exposure under the various
conditions of use described in Section 2.2.1. In addition, EPA plans to analyze exposure to occupational
non-users (ONUs), i.e., workers who do not directly handle the chemical but perform work in an area
where the chemical is present. EPA also plans to consider the effect(s) that engineering controls (EC)
and/or personal protective equipment (PPE) have on occupational exposure levels as part of the draft
risk evaluation.
Worker activities associated with conditions of use within the scope of the risk evaluation for 1,2-
dichloroethane will be analyzed, including but not limited to:
• Unloading and transferring 1,2-dichloroethane to and from storage containers to process vessels;
• Handling, transporting and disposing of waste containing 1,2-dichloroethane;
• Cleaning and maintaining equipment;
• Sampling chemicals, formulations or products containing 1,2-dichloroethane for quality control;
• Repackaging chemicals, formulations or products containing 1,2-dichloroethane;
EPA has received comments that manufacturers have identified residual amounts of the chemical in end
products, however, formulators are uncertain how much remains in these products from the residuals in
raw materials (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0451-0005). Because of this uncertainty; EPA plans to evaluate
these conditions of use for potential occupational exposures via inhalation and dermal routes.
1,2-Dichloroethane has a vapor pressure of around 79 mm Hg at 25 °C (see Appendix B). EPA
plans to analyze inhalation exposure to vapor for workers and ONUs. Where mist generation is
expected (e.g. spray application), EPA also plans to analyze inhalation exposure to mist for
workers and ONUs. 1,2-Dichloroethane has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) ("OSHA. 2009). The PEL is 50 parts per million (ppm)
over an 8-hour work day, time weighted average (TWA), with 100 ppm acceptable Ceiling limit
28
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and 200 ppm acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling limit for 5 min in any 3 hours
period. This chemical also has a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 1 ppm TWA, with short term exposure limit (STEL) of 2
ppm (NIOSH. 2019aY
EPA also plans to evaluate worker exposure to liquids via the dermal route. EPA does not play to
evaluate dermal exposure for ONUs because they do not directly handle 1,2-dichloroethane.
EPA generally does not evaluate occupational exposures through the oral route. Workers may
inadvertently transfer chemicals from their hands to their mouths, ingest inhaled particles that deposit in
the upper respiratory tract or consume contaminated food. The frequency and significance of this
exposure route are dependent on several factors including the p-chem properties of the substance during
expected worker activities, workers' awareness of the chemical hazards, the visibility of the chemicals
on the hands while working, workplace practices, and personal hygiene that is difficult to predict
(Cherrie et al., 2006). However, EPA will consider oral exposure on a case-by-case basis.
2.3.6 Consumer Exposures
According to reports to the 2012 and 2016 CDR, plastic and rubber products was identified as consumer
products for 1,2-dichloroethane. Consumers using or disposing of plastic or rubber products may be
exposed to 1,2-dichloroethane through oral or dermal pathways by using rubber or plastic articles. In
addition, consumers may be exposed to 1,2-dichloroethane through vapor emissions which may lead to
inhalation exposure, given its volatility at room temperature (79.1 mmHg). Consumers are not expected
to routinely handle liquids containing 1,2-dichloroethane, since the conditions of use are in
rubber/plastic article form. Bystanders are not expected to routinely come in contact with solid plastic or
rubber articles containing 1,2-dichloroethane. In addition, bystanders are not expected to have
significant inhalation exposures to vapor emissions from plastic and rubber articles. Based on these
potential sources and pathways of exposure, EPA plans to analyze inhalation, oral and dermal routes of
exposures to consumers that may result from the conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA does not
plan to evaluate bystander exposures to 1,2-dichloroethane via the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes as
the exposure is not expected.
2.3.7 General Population Exposures
Releases of 1,2-dichloroethane from certain conditions of use, such as manufacturing, processing, or
disposal activities, may result in general population exposures. Inhalation of the compound from the air
is a source of exposure to the general population. Other routes of exposure include, ingestion of 1,2-
dichloroethane form contaminated drinking water or food items and dermal absorption (ATSDR 2001).
Populations living near industrial waste sites may have a higher likelihood of exposure to 1,2-
dichloroethane. 1,2-dichloroethane is found in more than 570 hazardous waste sites on the National
Priorities List (ATSDR 2001). An EPA survey found an average of 0.31 ppm 1,2-dichloroethane in 29
groundwater near hazardous waste sites (NTP 1993).
The OECD monitoring database has identified human biomonitoring data for 1,2-dichloroethane (OECD
2018). However, blood concentrations of 1,2-dichloroethane were below the limit of detection in the
2,876 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2015-2016 subsample of the U.S. population (CDC, 2019).
29
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2.4 Hazards (Effects)
2.4.1 Environmental Hazards
As described in the Proposed Designation of 1,2-Dichloroetham fCASRN 107-06-? > as a High-Priority
Substance for Risk Evaluation ), EPA considered reasonably available information from
peer-reviewed assessments and databases to identify potential environmental hazards for 1,2-
dichloroethane. EPA considers all the potential environmental hazards for 1,2-dichloroethane identified
during prioritization to be relevant for the risk evaluation and thus they remain within the scope of the
evaluation. EPA is in the process of identifying additional reasonably available information through
systematic review methods and public comments, which may update the list of potential environmental
hazards associated with 1,2-dichloroethane exposure. If necessary, EPA plans to update the list of
potential hazards in the final scope document for 1,2-dichloroethane. Based on information identified
during prioritization, environmental hazard effects were identified for aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
2.4.2 Human Health Hazards
As described in the Proposed Designation of 1,2-dichloroethane (CASRN107-06-2) as a High-Priority
Substance for Risk Evaluation (U.S. EPA 2019), EPA considered reasonably available information from
peer-reviewed assessments and databases to identify potential human health hazards for 1,2-
dichloroethane. EPA plans to evaluate all of the potential human health hazards for 1,2-dichloroethane
identified during prioritization. The health effect categories screened for during prioritization included
acute toxicity, irritation/corrosion, dermal sensitization, respiratory sensitization, genetic toxicity,
repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity,
carcinogenicity, epidemiological or biomonitoring studies and ADME (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion). The broad health effect categories included in scope are reproductive and
developmental, dermal, immunological, neurological and irritation effects. Studies were also identified
reporting information on genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, biomonitoring and toxicokinetics. EPA is in the
process of identifying additional reasonably available information through systematic review methods
and public input, which may update the list of potential human health hazards under the scope of the risk
evaluation. If necessary, EPA plans to update the list of potential hazards in the final scope document of
the 1,2-dichloroethane risk evaluation.
2.5 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations
TSCA requires EPA to determine whether a chemical substance presents an unreasonable risk to "a
potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation identified as relevant to the risk evaluation." TSCA
§3(12) states that "the term 'potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation' means a group of
individuals within the general population identified by the Administrator who, due to either greater
susceptibility or greater exposure, may be at greater risk than the general population of adverse health
effects from exposure to a chemical substance or mixture, such as infants, children, pregnant women,
workers, or the elderly." General population is "the total of individuals inhabiting an area or making up
a whole group" and refers here to the U.S. general population (U.S. EPA. 2011).
During the prioritization process, EPA identified the following potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations based on CDR information and studies reporting developmental and reproductive
effects: workers and consumers (U.S. EPA 2019). EPA plans to evaluate these potentially exposed or
susceptible subpopulations in the risk evaluation.
In developing exposure scenarios, EPA plans to analyze available data to ascertain whether some human
receptor groups may be exposed via exposure pathways that may be distinct to a particular
30
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subpopulation or life stage (e.g., children's crawling, mouthing or hand-to-mouth behaviors) and
whether some human receptor groups may have higher exposure via identified pathways of exposure
due to unique characteristics (e.g., activities, duration or location of exposure) when compared with the
general population (U.S. EPA. 2006a). Likewise, EPA plans to evaluate available human health hazard
information to ascertain whether some human receptor groups may have greater susceptibility than the
general population to the chemical's hazard(s).
2.6 Conceptual Models
In this section, EPA presents the conceptual models describing the identified exposures (pathways and
routes), receptors and hazards associated with the conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane. Pathways
and routes of exposure associated with workers and occupational non-users are described in Section
2.6.1, and pathways and routes of exposure associated with consumers are described in Section 2.6.2.
Pathways and routes of exposure associated with environmental releases and wastes, including those
pathways that may be addressed pursuant to other Federal laws are discussed and depicted the
conceptual model shown in Section 2.6.3. Pathways and routes of exposure associated with
environmental releases and wastes, excluding those pathways that may be addressed pursuant to other
Federal laws, are presented in the conceptual model shown in Section 2.6.4.
2.6.1 Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses
Figure 2-8 illustrates the conceptual model for the pathways of exposure from industrial and commercial
activities and uses of 1,2-dichloroethane that EPA plans to include in the risk evaluation. There is
potential for exposures to workers and/or ONUs via inhalation routes and exposures to workers via
dermal routes. It is expected that inhalation exposure to vapors is the most likely exposure route. In
addition, workers at waste management facilities may be exposed via inhalation or dermal routes
disposed in wastewater treatment, incineration or via other disposal methods. EPA plans to evaluate
activities resulting in exposures associated with distribution in commerce (e.g., loading, unloading)
throughout the various lifecycle stages and conditions of use (e.g., manufacturing, processing, industrial
use, commercial use, and disposal) rather than a single distribution scenario. For each condition of use
identified in Table 2-2, an initial determination was made as to whether or not each unique combination
of exposure pathway, route, and receptor will be further analyzed in the risk evaluation. The results of
that analysis along with the supporting rationale are presented in 2.8Appendix F.
EPA does not plan to further analyze exposure to vapor/mist via the dermal route because vapor/mist
deposition is not expected to be a significant exposure pathway. In addition, EPA does not plan to
further analyze dermal exposure for ONUs because they are not expected to directly handle 1,2-
dichloroethane.
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INDUSTRIAL AM)
COSMEKCMLACTBTIUS/
USES
EXPOSURE PATHWAY EXPOSURE ROUTE
RECEPTORS
HAZARDS
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Figure 2-8.1,2-Dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses: Worker and Occupational
Non-User Exposures and Hazards
The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to human receptors from industrial and commercial activities and uses of 1,2-
dichloroethane.
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2.6,2 Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses
The conceptual model in Figure 2-9 presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to
human receptors from consumer activities and uses of 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA expects inhalation to be
the primary route of exposure and plans to further analyze inhalation exposures to 1,2-dichloroethane
vapor for consumers. There is potential for dermal exposures to 1,2-dichloroethane via direct dermal
contact with rubber articles during consumer uses, and inhalation exposures to 1,2-dichloroehtane via
vapors emitted from rubber consumer products. Direct dermal exposure via liquid is not an expected
route of exposure as the conditions of use for 1,2-dichloroethane are plastic and rubber products and no
liquid consumer use is expected. Bystanders are not expected to have direct dermal contact or inhalation
to 1,2-dichloroethane. The supporting rationale for consumer pathways that are in scope for 1,2-
dichloroethane are included in 2.8Appendix G.
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CONSUMER ACTIVmES
PATHWAYS
TTL5
miasm
,u ». i
Figure 2-9.1,2-Dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses: Consumer Exposures and Hazards
The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to human receptors from consumer activities and uses of 1,2-dichloroethane.
a) Receptors include potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations (see Section 2.5).
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2.6.3 Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures
and Hazards (Regulatory Overlay)
In this section, EPA presents the conceptual models describing the identified exposures (pathways and
routes), receptors and hazards associated with the conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane within the
scope of the risk evaluation. It also discusses those pathways that may be addressed pursuant to other
Federal laws.
In complying with TSCA, EPA plans to efficiently use Agency resources, avoid duplicating efforts
taken pursuant to other Agency programs, maximize scientific and analytical efforts, and meet the
statutory deadline for completing risk evaluations. OPPT is working closely with the offices within EPA
that administer and implement the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the
Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), to identify how
those statutes and any associated regulatory programs address the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane in
exposure pathways falling under the jurisdiction of these EPA statutes.
The conceptual model in Figure 2-10 presents the potential exposure pathways, exposure routes and
hazards to human and environmental receptors from releases and waste streams associated with
industrial, commercial and consumer uses of 1,2-dichloroethane. This figure includes overlays, labeled
and shaded to depict the regulatory programs (e.g., CAA, SDWA, CWA, RCRA) and associated
pathways that EPA considered in developing this conceptual model for the draft scope document. The
regulatory programs that cover these environmental release and waste pathways are further described in
Section 2.6.3.1 through Section 2.6.3.4.
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RELEASES AND WASTES FROM
INDI STIUAL/COMMERCIAL/
CONS1 MI R i si s
KXPOSl RE PATHWAYS
CWA-AWQC
EXPOSURE
ROUTES
RECEPTORS
Wastewater or
Liquid Wastes
Industrial Pre-
Treatment or
Industrial WWT
SDWA
Water. Sediment
Indirect discharge
M t
ish Ingestion
unlK
Species
POTW
RCRA-HazList
l ndei ground
Injection
Dimnng
aioaolida
Water
I la/ardous and
Municipal Waste
Landfill
Land
Disposal
Hazards Potential!)
Associated with
\cute and or Chronic
Exposure
General
Population
Dermal
Ground m 1
Solid Wastes
Water
Hazardous and
Municipal Waste
Incinerators
Liquid Wastes
CAA-HAP
Fugitive Linissions
Inhalation
On-site W aste
transfer
Terrestrial
Species
Recycling. Other
Treatment
hmissions to Air
Figure 2-10.1,2-dichloroetliane Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Environmental and General Population
Exposures and Hazards (Regulatory Overlay)
The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to human and environmental receptors from releases and wastes from industrial,
commercial, and consumer uses of 1,2-dichloroethane including the environmental statutes covering those pathways. Notes:
a) Industrial wastewater or liquid wastes may be treated on-site and then released to surface water (direct discharge), or pre-treated and released to Publicly Owned
Treatment Works (POTW) (indirect discharge). For consumer uses, such wastes may be released directly to POTW. Drinking water will undergo further treatment in
drinking water treatment plant. Ground water may also be a source of drinking water. Inhalation from drinking water may occur via showering
b) Receptors include potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations (see Section 2.5).
c) For regulation of hazardous and municipal waste incinerators and municipal waste landfills CAA and RCRA may have shared regulatory authority.
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2.6.3.1 Ambient Air Pathway
The Clean Air Act (CAA) contains a list of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) and provides EPA with the
authority to add to that list pollutants that present, or may present, a threat of adverse human health
effects or adverse environmental effects. For stationary source categories emitting HAP, the CAA
requires issuance of technology-based standards and, if necessary, additions or revisions to address
developments in practices, processes, and control technologies, and to ensure the standards adequately
protect public health and the environment. The CAA thereby provides EPA with comprehensive
authority to regulate emissions to ambient air of any hazardous air pollutant.
1,2-Dichloroethane is a HAP. EPA has issued a number of technology-based standards for source
categories that emit 1,2-dichloroethane to ambient air and, as appropriate, has reviewed, or is in the
process of reviewing remaining risks. Emission pathways to ambient air from commercial and industrial
stationary sources and associated inhalation exposure of the general population or terrestrial species in
this TSCA evaluation from stationary source releases of 1,2-dichloroethane to ambient air are covered
under the jurisdiction of the CAA. EPA's Office of Air and Radiation and Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxics will continue to work together to provide an understanding and analysis of the CAA
regulatory analytical processes and to exchange information related to toxicity and occurrence data on
chemicals undergoing risk evaluation under TSCA.
2.6.3.2 Drinking Water Pathway
EPA has promulgated National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) under the Safe
Drinking Water Act for 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA has set an enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level
(MCL) as close as feasible to a health based, non-enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
(MCLG). Feasibility refers to both the ability to treat water to meet the MCL and the ability to monitor
water quality at the MCL, SDWA Section 1412(b)(4)(D), and public water systems are required to
monitor for the regulated chemical based on a standardized monitoring schedule to ensure compliance
with the MCL. The MCL for 1,2-dichloroethane in water is 0.005 mg/L.
The drinking water exposure pathway for 1,2-dichloroethane is currently addressed in the SDWA
regulatory analytical process for public water systems. EPA's Office of Water and Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics will continue to work together providing understanding and analysis of the
SDWA regulatory analytical processes and to exchange information related to toxicity and occurrence
data on chemicals undergoing risk evaluation under TSCA.
2.6.3.3 Ambient Water Pathway
EPA develops recommended water quality criteria under Section 304(a) of the CWA for pollutants in
surface water that are protective of aquatic life or human health designated uses. EPA has developed
recommended water quality criteria for protection of human health for 1,2-dichloroethane which are
available for possible adoption into state water quality standards and are available for possible use by
NPDES permitting authorities in deriving effluent limits to meet state narrative criteria. EPA's OW and
OPPT will continue to work together providing understanding and analysis of the CWA water quality
criteria development process and to exchange information related to toxicity of chemicals undergoing
risk evaluation under TSCA.
For pollutants with recommended human health criteria, EPA regulations require that state criteria
contain sufficient parameters and constituents to protect designated uses. Once states adopt criteria as
water quality standards, the CWA requires that National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) discharge permits include effluent limits as stringent as necessary to meet standards CWA
37
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Section 301(b)(1)(C). This permit issuance process accounts for risk in accordance with the applicable
ambient water exposure pathway (human health or aquatic life as applicable) for the designated water
use and, therefore, can the risk from the pathway can be considered assessed and managed.
EPA has not developed CWA Section 304(a) recommended water quality criteria for the protection of
aquatic life for 1,2-dichloroethane, so there are no national recommended criteria for this use available
for adoption into state water quality standards and available for use in NPDES permits. As a result, this
pathway will undergo aquatic life risk evaluation under TSCA. EPA may issue CWA Section 304(a)
aquatic life criteria for 1,2-dichloroethane in the future if it is identified as a priority under the CWA.
2.6.3.4 Disposal and Soil Pathways
1,2-Dichloroethane is included on the list of hazardous wastes pursuant to RCRA 3001 (40 CFR §§
261.33) as a listed waste on the U077, D028, K018, K029, K096, F024, F025 lists. The general standard
in RCRA Section 3004(a) for the technical criteria that govern the management (treatment, storage, and
disposal) of hazardous waste are those "necessary to protect human health and the environment," RCRA
3004(a). The regulatory criteria for identifying "characteristic" hazardous wastes and for "listing" a
waste as hazardous also relate solely to the potential risks to human health or the environment (40 CFR
§§ 261.11, 261.21-261.24). RCRA statutory criteria for identifying hazardous wastes require EPA to
"tak[eJ into account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for accumulation in
tissue, and other relatedfactors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazardous
characteristics." Subtitle C controls cover not only hazardous wastes that are landfilled, but also
hazardous wastes that are incinerated (subject to joint control under RCRA Subtitle C and the Clean Air
Act (CAA) hazardous waste combustion Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)) or
injected into Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class I hazardous waste wells (subject to joint
control under Subtitle C and the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)).
Emissions to ambient air from municipal and industrial waste incineration and energy recovery units that
form combustion by-products from incineration treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane wastes may be subject
to regulations, as would 1,2-dichloroethane burned for energy recovery.
TRI reporting in 2018 indicated 21,801 pounds released to underground injection to Class I hazardous
waste wells. Environmental disposal of 1,2-dichloroethane injected into Class I well types fall under the
jurisdiction of RCRA and SDWA; and the disposal of 1,2-dichloroethane via underground injection to
Class I hazardous waste well is not likely to result in environmental and general population exposures.
EPA has identified releases to land that go to RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste landfills. Based on
2018 reporting, the majority of TRI land disposal includes Subtitle C landfills (19,665 pounds) with a
much smaller amount transferred to "other landfills" both on-site and off-site (82 pounds reported in
2018). Design standards for Subtitle C landfills require double liner, double leachate collection and
removal systems, leak detection system, run on, runoff, and wind dispersal controls, and a construction
quality assurance program. They are also subject to closure and post-closure care requirements including
installing and maintaining a final cover, continuing operation of the leachate collection and removal
system until leachate is no longer detected, maintaining and monitoring the leak detection and
groundwater monitoring system. Bulk liquids may not be disposed in Subtitle C landfills. Subtitle C
landfill operators are required to implement an analysis and testing program to ensure adequate
knowledge of waste being managed, and to train personnel on routine and emergency operations at the
facility. Hazardous waste being disposed in Subtitle C landfills must also meet RCRA waste treatment
standards before disposal. Given these controls, general population exposure in groundwater from
Subtitle C landfill leachate is not expected to be a significant pathway.
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1,2-Dichloroethane is present in commercial and consumer products that may be disposed of in landfills,
such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills. On-site releases RCRA Subtitle D municipal solid
waste landfills leading to exposures of the general population (including susceptible populations) or
terrestrial species from such releases are expected to be minimal based on current TRI releases (i.e., 82
lb in 2018) for 1,2-dichloroethane. While permitted and managed by the individual states, municipal
solid waste (MSW) landfills are required by federal regulations to implement some of the same
requirements as Subtitle C landfills. MSW landfills generally must have a liner system with leachate
collection and conduct groundwater monitoring and corrective action when releases are detected. MSW
landfills are also subject to closure and post-closure care requirements and must have financial assurance
for funding of any needed corrective actions. MSW landfills have also been designed to allow for the
small amounts of hazardous waste generated by households and very small quantity waste generators
(less than 220 lb per month). Bulk liquids, such as free solvent, may not be disposed of at MSW
landfills.
On-site releases to land may occur from industrial non-hazardous and construction/demolition waste
landfills. Industrial non-hazardous and construction/demolition waste landfills are primarily regulated
under authorized state regulatory programs. States must also implement limited federal regulatory
requirements for siting, groundwater monitoring, and corrective action, and a prohibition on open
dumping and disposal of bulk liquids. States may also establish additional requirements such as for
liners, post-closure and financial assurance, but are not required to do so.
2.6.4 Conceptual Models for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures
and Hazards
As described in Section 2.6.3, some pathways in the conceptual models are covered under the
jurisdiction of other environmental statutes administered by EPA. The conceptual model depicted in
Figure 2-11 presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to human and environmental
receptors from releases and wastes from industrial, commercial, and consumer uses of 1,2-
dichloroethane that EPA plans to consider in the risk evaluation. The exposure pathways, exposure
routes and hazards presented in this conceptual model are subject to change in the final scope, in light of
comments received on this draft scope and other reasonably available information. EPA continues to
consider whether and how other EPA-administered statutes and any associated regulatory programs
address the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane in exposure pathways falling under the jurisdiction of these
EPA statutes.
The diagram shown in Figure 2-11 includes releases from industrial, commercial and/or consumer uses
to water/sediment; biosolids and soil, via direct and indirect discharges to water, that may lead to
exposure to aquatic and terrestrial receptors. The supporting basis for environmental pathways
considered for 1,2-dichloroethane are included in Appendix H.
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RELEASES AND WASTES FROM
INDl STRIAL/COMMERCIAL /
CONSUMER USES
EXPOS! RE PATHWAY'S
EXPOSURE
ROUTES
RECEPTORS
HAZARDS
—I
Wastewater or
Liquid Wastes
Industrial Pre-
T reatment or
industrial WWT
1
Indirect discharge
*
POTW
¦ Water, Sediment
Diosolids ^
Land
Disposal
1
Soil
>
Aquatic
Species
Hazards Potentially
Associated with
Acute and/or Chronic
Exposures
Ground
Water
RCR A
Terrestrial
Species
Figure 2-11.1,2-Dichloroethane Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Environmental Exposures and
Hazards
The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to environmental receptors from releases and wastes from industrial,
commercial, and consumer uses of 1,2-dichloroethane that EPA plans to consider in the risk evaluation. Notes:
a) Industrial wastewater or liquid wastes may be treated on-site and then released to surface water (direct discharge), or pre-treated and released to POTW (indirect
discharge). For consumer uses, such wastes may be released directly to POTW.
b) Receptors include potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations (see Section 2.5).
40
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2.7 Analysis Plan
The analysis plan is based on EPA's knowledge of 1,2-dichloroethane to date which includes a partial,
but not complete review of identified information as described in Section 2.1. EPA encourages
submission of additional existing data, such as full study reports or workplace monitoring from industry
sources, that may be relevant for further evaluating conditions of use, exposures, hazards and potentially
exposed or susceptible subpopulations during risk evaluation. Furthermore, EPA may consider any
relevant CBI in the risk evaluation in a manner that protects the confidentiality of the information from
public disclosure. EPA will consider new information submitted by the public. Should additional data or
approaches become available, EPA may update its analysis plan in the final scope document. As
discussed in the Application of Systematic Review in JSC A Risk Evaluations document [EPA Document
#740-P 1-8001] (U.S. EPA, 2018a), targeted supplemental searches during the analysis phase may be
necessary to identify additional information (e.g., commercial mixtures) for the risk evaluation of 1,2-
dichloroethane.
2.7.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate
EPA plans to analyze the physical-chemical properties and environmental fate and transport of 1,2-
dichloroethane as follows:
1) Review reasonably available measured or estimated physical-chemical properties and
environmental fate endpoint data collected using systematic review procedures and, where
available, environmental assessments conducted by other regulatory agencies.
EPA plans to review data and information collected through the systematic review methods and
public comments about the physical-chemical properties (Appendix B) and fate endpoints
(Appendix C) previously summarized in the Proposed Designation of 1,2-Dichloroethane
(CASRN107-06-2) as a Hish-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation (U.S. EPA, 2019). All
sources cited in EPA's analysis will be evaluated according to the procedures described in the
systematic review documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope
document. Where the systematic review process fails to identify experimentally measured
chemical property values of sufficiently high quality, these values will be estimated using
chemical parameter estimation models as appropriate. Model-estimated fate properties will be
reviewed for applicability and quality.
2) Using measured data and/or modeling, determine the influence of physical-chemical
properties and environmental fate endpoints (e.g., persistence, bioaccumulation,
partitioning, transport) on exposure pathways and routes of exposure to human and
environmental receptors.
Measured data and, where necessary, model predictions of physical-chemical properties and
environmental fate endpoints will be used to characterize the persistence and movement of 1,2-
dichloroethane within and across environmental media. The fate endpoints of interest include
volatilization, sorption to organic matter in soil and sediments, water solubility, aqueous and
atmospheric photolysis rates, aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation rates, and potential
bioconcentration and bioaccumulation. These endpoints will be used in exposure calculations.
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3) Conduct a weight-of-evidence evaluation of physical-chemical and environmental fate data,
including qualitative and quantitative sources of information.
During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the physical-chemical properties and
environmental fate evidence identified in the literature inventory using the methods described in
the systematic review documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope
document.
2.7.2 Exposure
EPA plans to analyze exposure levels for indoor air, ambient air, surface water, sediment, soil, aquatic
biota, and terrestrial biota associated to exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA has not yet determined the
exposure levels in these media or how they may be used in the risk evaluation. Exposure scenarios are
combinations of sources (uses), exposure pathways, and exposed receptors. Draft release/exposure
scenarios corresponding to various conditions of use for 1,2-dichloroethane are presented in Appendix
F, Appendix G and Appendix H. EPA plans to analyze scenario-specific exposures.
Based on their physical-chemical properties, expected sources, and transport and transformation within
the outdoor and indoor environment, chemical substances are more likely to be present in some media
and less likely to be present in others. Exposure level(s) can be characterized through a combination of
available monitoring data and modeling approaches.
2.7.2.1 Environmental Releases
EPA plans to analyze releases to environmental media as follows:
1) Review reasonably available published literature and other reasonably available
information on processes and activities associated with the conditions of use to analyze the
types of releases and wastes generated.
EPA has reviewed some key data sources containing information on processes and activities
resulting in releases, and the information found is described in Appendix E. EPA plans to
continue to review data sources identified in Appendix E during risk evaluation using the
evaluation strategy in the systematic review documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to
finalizing the scope document. Potential sources of environmental release data are summarized
in Table 2-7 below:
Table 2-5. Categories and Sources of Environmental Release Data
U.S. EPA TRI Data
U.S. EPA Generic Scenarios
OECD Emission Scenario Documents
Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) surface water discharge data for 1,2-dichloroethane from
NPDES-permitted facilities
2) Review reasonably available chemical-specific release data, including measured or
estimated release data (e.g., data from risk assessments by other environmental agencies).
EPA has reviewed key release data sources including the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), and
the data from this source is summarized in Section 2.3.3. EPA plans to continue to review
relevant data sources during risk evaluation. EPA plans to match identified data to applicable
conditions of use and identify data gaps where no data are found for particular conditions of use.
EPA plans to attempt to address data gaps identified as described in steps 3 and 4 below by
considering potential surrogate data and models.
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Additionally, for conditions of use where no measured data on releases are available, EPA may
use a variety of methods including release estimation approaches and assumptions in the
Chemical Screening Tool for Occupational Exposures and Releases ChemST £
2013 Y
3) Review reasonably available measured or estimated release data for surrogate chemicals
that have similar uses and physical properties.
If surrogate data are identified, these data will be matched with applicable conditions of use for
potentially filling data gaps. Measured or estimated release data for other chlorinated solvents
may be considered as surrogates for 1,2-dichloroethane.
4) Review reasonably available data that may be used in developing, adapting or applying
exposure models to the particular risk evaluation.
This item will be performed after completion of #2 and #3 above. EPA plans to evaluate relevant
data to determine whether the data can be used to develop, adapt or apply models for specific
conditions of use (and corresponding release scenarios). EPA has identified information from
various EPA statutes (including, for example, regulatory limits, reporting thresholds or disposal
requirements) that may be relevant to release estimation. EPA plans to further consider relevant
regulatory requirements in estimating releases during risk evaluation.
5) Review and determine applicability of OECD Emission Scenario Documents (ESDs) and
EPA Generic Scenarios to estimation of environmental releases.
EPA has identified potentially relevant OECD Emission Scenario Documents (ESDs) and EPA
Generic Scenarios (GS) that correspond to some conditions of use; for example, the July 2009
ESP on Plastics Additives (OECD, 2009) and the September 2 ID on The Chemical
Industry (OECD, 201 1) may be useful. EPA plans to critically review these generic scenarios
and ESDs to determine their applicability to the conditions of use assessed.
EPA Generic Scenarios are available at the following: https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-
OECD Emission Scenario Documents are available at the following:
http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafetv/risk-assessment/emissionscenariodocuments.htm
EPA plans to perform additional targeted research to understand those conditions of use which
may inform identification of release scenarios. EPA may also need to perform targeted research
for applicable models and associated parameters that EPA may use to estimate releases for
certain conditions of use. If ESDs and GSs are not available, other methods may be considered.
Additionally, for conditions of use where no measured data on releases are available, EPA may
use a variety of methods including the application of default assumptions such as standard loss
fractions associated with drum cleaning (3%) or single process vessel cleanout (1%).
6) Map or group each condition of use to a release assessment scenario(s).
EPA has identified release scenarios and mapped (i.e. grouped) them to relevant conditions of
use as shown in Appendix F. EPA was not able to identify release scenarios corresponding to
some conditions of use (e.g. recycling, construction and demolition). EPA plans to perform
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targeted research to understand those uses, which may inform identification of release scenarios.
EPA may further refine the mapping/grouping of release scenarios based on factors (e.g., process
equipment and handling, magnitude of production volume used, and exposure/release sources)
corresponding to conditions of use as additional information is identified during risk evaluation.
7) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of environmental release data.
During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the exposure evidence identified in
the literature inventory using the methods described in the systematic review documentation that
EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope document. The data integration strategy will be
designed to be fit-for-purpose in which EPA plans to use systematic review methods to assemble the
relevant data, evaluate the data for quality and relevance, including strengths and limitations,
followed by synthesis and integration of the evidence.
2.7.2.2 Environmental Exposures
EPA plans to analyze the following in developing its environmental exposure assessment of 1,2-
dichloroethane:
1) Review available environmental and biological monitoring data for all media relevant to
environmental exposure.
For 1,2-dichloroethane, environmental media which will be analyzed are sediment, soil and
surface water.
2) Review reasonably available information on releases to determine how modeled estimates
of concentrations near industrial point sources compare with available monitoring data.
Available environmental exposure models that meet the TSCA Science Standards and that
estimate surface water, sediment, and soil concentrations will be analyzed and considered
alongside available surface water, sediment, and soil monitoring data to characterize
environmental exposures. Modeling approaches to estimate surface water concentrations,
sediment concentrations and soil concentrations generally consider the following inputs: direct
release into surface water, sediment, or soil, indirect release into surface water, sediment, or soil
(i.e., air deposition), fate and transport (partitioning within media) and characteristics of the
environment (e.g., river flow, volume of lake, meteorological data).
3) Determine applicability of existing additional contextualizing information for any
monitored data or modeled estimates during risk evaluation.
Monitoring data or modeled estimates will be reviewed to determine how use patterns have
changed over recent years and will determine how representative environmental concentrations
are of ongoing use patterns. .
Studies which relate levels of 1,2-dichloroethane in the environment or biota with specific
sources or groups of sources will be evaluated.
4) Group each condition(s) of use to environmental assessment scenario(s).
Refine and finalize exposure scenarios for environmental receptors by considering combinations
of sources (use descriptors), exposure pathways including routes, and populations exposed. For
1,2-dichloroethane, the following are noteworthy considerations in constructing exposure
scenarios for environmental receptors:
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Estimates of surface water concentrations, sediment concentrations and soil
concentrations near industrial point sources based on available monitoring data.
Generally, consider the following modeling inputs: release into the media of interest,
fate and transport and characteristics of the environment.
Reasonably available biomonitoring data. Monitoring data could be used to compare
with species or taxa-specific toxicological benchmarks.
Applicability of existing additional contextualizing information for any monitored
data or modeled estimates during risk evaluation. Review and characterize the spatial
and temporal variability, to the extent that data are available, and characterize
exposed aquatic and terrestrial populations.
Weight of scientific evidence of environmental occurrence data and modeled
estimates.
5) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of environmental occurrence data and
modeled estimates.
During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the exposure evidence identified in
the literature inventory using the methods described in the systematic review documentation that
EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope document.
2.7.2.3 Occupational Exposures
EPA plans to analyze both worker and occupational non-user exposures as follows:
1) Review reasonably available exposure monitoring data for specific condition(s) of use.
EPA plans to review exposure data including workplace monitoring data collected by
government agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and monitoring data found in
published literature. These workplace monitoring data include personal exposure monitoring data
(direct exposures) and area monitoring data (indirect exposures).
EPA has preliminarily reviewed available monitoring data collected by OSHA and NIOSH and
will match these data to applicable conditions of use. EPA has also identified additional data
sources that may contain relevant monitoring data for the various conditions of use. EPA plans to
review these sources (identified in Table 2-2 and in Table Apx-B-3.3) and extract relevant data
for consideration and analysis during risk evaluation.
EPA plans to evaluate and consider applicable regulatory and non-regulatory limits, such as
OSHA PEL, NIOSH REL, and ACGIH TLV.
Table 2-6. Potential Sources of Occupational Exposure Data
2012 ATSDR Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethane
U.S. OSHA Chemical Exposure Health Data (CEHD) program data
U.S. NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) Program reports
2) Review reasonably available exposure data for surrogate chemicals that have uses,
volatility and chemical and physical properties similar to 1,2-dichloroethane.
EPA plans to review literature sources identified and if surrogate data are found, these data will
be matched to applicable conditions of use for potentially filling data gaps. For several
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conditions of use, EPA believes data for other chlorinated solvents may serve as surrogates for
1,2-dichloroethane.
3) For conditions of use where data are limited or not available, review existing exposure
models that may be applicable in estimating exposure levels.
EPA has identified potentially relevant OECD emission scenario documents (ESDs) and EPA
generic scenarios (GSs) corresponding to some conditions of use. For example, the November
2004 Emission Scenario Document on Lubricants and Lubricant Additives (OECD, 2004) may
be used to estimate occupational exposures. EPA plans to critically review these generic
scenarios and ESDs to determine their applicability to the conditions of use assessed. EPA was
not able to identify ESDs or GSs corresponding to several conditions of use, including the use of
1,2-dichloroethane as an intermediate chemical. EPA plans to perform additional targeted
research in order to better understand those conditions of use, which may inform identification of
exposure scenarios. EPA may also need to perform targeted research to identify applicable
models that EPA may use to estimate exposures for certain conditions of use.
4) Review reasonably available data that may be used in developing, adapting or applying
exposure models to a particular risk evaluation scenario.
This step will be performed after Steps #2 and #3 are completed. Based on information
developed from Steps #2 and #3, EPA plans to evaluate relevant data to determine whether the
data can be used to develop, adapt, or apply models for specific conditions of use (and
corresponding exposure scenarios). EPA may utilize existing, peer-reviewed exposure models
developed by EPA/OPPT, other government agencies, or available in the scientific literature, or
EPA may elect to develop additional models to assess specific condition(s) of use. Inhalation
exposure models may be simple box models or two-zone (near-field/far-field) models. In two-
zone models, the near-field exposure represents potential inhalation exposures to workers, and
the far-field exposure represents potential inhalation exposures to ONUs.
5) Consider and incorporate applicable EC and/or PPE into exposure scenarios.
EPA plans to review potentially relevant data sources on EC and PPE as identified in Appendix
E to determine their applicability and incorporation into exposure scenarios during risk
evaluation. EPA plans to assess worker exposure pre- and post-implementation of EC, using
reasonably available information on available control technologies and control effectiveness. For
example, EPA may assess worker exposure in industrial use scenarios before and after
implementation of local exhaust ventilation.
6) Map or group each condition of use to occupational exposure assessment scenario(s).
EPA has identified occupational exposure scenarios and mapped them to relevant conditions of
use (see Appendix F). EPA was not able to identify occupational scenarios corresponding to
some conditions of use. EPA plans to perform targeted research to understand those uses which
may inform identification of occupational exposure scenarios. EPA may further refine the
mapping of occupational exposure scenarios based on factors (e.g., process equipment and
handling, magnitude of production volume used, and exposure/release sources) corresponding to
conditions of use as additional information is identified during risk evaluation.
7) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of occupational exposure data, which may
include qualitative and quantitative sources of information.
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During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the exposure evidence identified in
the literature inventory using the methods described in the systematic review documentation that
EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope document. EPA plans to rely on the weight of
the scientific evidence when evaluating and integrating occupational data. The data integration
strategy will be designed to be fit-for-purpose in which EPA plans to use systematic review
methods to assemble the relevant data, evaluate the data for quality and relevance, including
strengths and limitations, followed by synthesis and integration of the evidence.
2.7.2.4 Consumer Exposures
EPA plans to analyze both consumers using a consumer product and bystanders associated with the
consumer using the product as follows:
1) Group each condition of use to consumer exposure assessment scenario(s).
Refine and finalize exposure scenarios for consumers by considering combinations of sources
(ongoing consumer uses), exposure pathways including routes, and exposed populations.
For 1,2-dichloroethane, the following are noteworthy considerations in constructing consumer
exposure scenarios:
Conditions of use including type of consumer product
Duration, frequency and magnitude of exposure
Weight fraction of chemical in products
Amount of chemical used
2) Evaluate the relative potential of indoor exposure pathways based on available data.
Based on the condition of use in "plastic and rubber products" (see Section 2.2.1), indoor
exposure pathways expected to be potentially higher include dust ingestion and mouthing of
products. Other indoor exposure pathways include inhalation of indoor air, dermal contact with
dust and articles. The data sources associated with these respective pathways have not been
comprehensively evaluated, therefore quantitative comparisons across exposure pathways or in
relation to toxicity thresholds are not yet available.
3) Review existing indoor exposure models that may be applicable in estimating indoor air,
indoor dust concentrations, or indoor dust surface loadings.
Indoor exposure models that estimate emissions from consumer products are available. These
models generally consider physical-chemical properties (e.g., vapor pressure, molecular weight),
product specific properties (e.g., weight fraction of the chemical in the product), use patterns
(e.g., duration and frequency of use), user environment (e.g., room of use, ventilation rates), and
receptor characteristics (e.g., exposure factors, activity patterns). The OPPT's Consumer
Exposure Model (CEM) and other similar models can be used to estimate indoor air exposures
from consumer products.
Indoor exposure models that estimate emission and migration of SVOCs into the indoor
environment are available. These models generally consider mass transfer as informed by the
gas-phase mass transfer coefficient, the solid-phase diffusion coefficient, and the material-air
partition coefficient. In addition, direct transfer to surface dust or physical abrasion may
influence emissions over time. These properties vary based on physical-chemical properties and
properties of the material. The OPPT's Indoor Environmental Concentrations in Buildings with
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Conditioned and Unconditioned Zones (IECCU) model and other similar models can be used to
estimate indoor air and dust exposures from indoor sources.
4) Review reasonably available empirical data that may be used in developing, adapting or
applying exposure models to a particular risk evaluation scenario. For example, existing
models developed for a chemical assessment may be applicable to another chemical
assessment if model parameter data are available.
To the extent other organizations have already modeled a 1,2-dichloroethane consumer exposure
scenario that is relevant to the OPPT's assessment, EPA plans to evaluate those modeled
estimates. In addition, if other chemicals similar to 1,2-dichloroethane have been modeled for
similar uses, those modeled estimates will also be evaluated. The underlying parameters and
assumptions of the models will also be evaluated.
5) Review reasonably available consumer product-specific sources to determine how those
exposure estimates compare with each other and with indoor monitoring data reporting
1,2-dichloroethane in specific media (e.g., dust or indoor air).
The availability of 1,2-dichloroethane concentration for various ongoing uses will be evaluated.
This data provides the source term for any subsequent indoor modeling. Source attribution
between overall indoor air and dust levels and various indoor sources will be analyzed.
6) Review reasonably available population- or subpopulation-specific exposure factors and
activity patterns to determine if potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations need to
be further refined.
During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the exposure evidence identified in
the literature inventory using the methods described in the systematic review documentation that
EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope document.
7) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of consumer exposure estimates based on
different approaches.
EPA plans to rely on the weight of the scientific evidence when evaluating and integrating data
related to consumer exposure. The weight of the scientific evidence may include qualitative and
quantitative sources of information. The data integration strategy will be designed to be fit-for-
purpose in which EPA plans to use systematic review methods to assemble the relevant data,
evaluate the data for quality and relevance, including strengths and limitations, followed by
synthesis and integration of the evidence.
2.7.2.5 General Population
EPA does not expect to analyze general population exposures, based on a review of exposure
pathways as described in Section 2.3.7. EPA does not expect to include in the risk evaluation
pathways under programs of other environmental statutes, administered by EPA, which adequately
assess and effectively manage exposures and for which long-standing regulatory and analytical
processes already exist.
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2.7.3 Hazards (Effects)
2.7.3.1 Environmental Hazards
EPA plans to conduct an environmental hazard assessment of 1,2-dichloroethane as follows:
1) Review reasonably available environmental hazard data, including data from alternative
test methods (e.g., computational toxicology and bioinformatics; high-throughput screening
methods; data on categories and read-across; in vitro studies).
EPA plans to analyze the hazards of 1,2-dichlorethane to aquatic and/or terrestrial organisms,
including plants, invertebrates (e.g., insects, arachnids, mollusks, crustaceans), and vertebrates
(e.g., mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, reptiles) across exposure durations and conditions if
potential environmental hazards are identified through systematic review results and public
comments. Additional types of environmental hazard information will also be considered (e.g.,
analogue and read-across data) when characterizing the potential hazards of 1,2-dichloroethane
to aquatic and/or terrestrial organisms.
Environmental hazard data will be evaluated using the environmental toxicity data quality
criteria outlined in the systematic review documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to
finalizing the scope document. The study evaluation results will be documented in the risk
evaluation phase and data from suitable studies will be extracted and integrated in the risk
evaluation process.
Hazard endpoints (e.g., mortality, growth, immobility, reproduction) will be evaluated, while
considering data availability, relevance, and quality.
2) Derive hazard thresholds for aquatic and/or terrestrial organisms.
Depending on the robustness of the evaluated data for a particular organism or taxa (e.g., aquatic
invertebrates), environmental hazard values (e.g., ECx. LCx, NOEC, LOEC) may be derived and
used to further understand the hazard characteristics of 1,2-dichloroethane to aquatic and/or
terrestrial species. Identified environmental hazard thresholds may be used to derive
concentrations of concern (COC), based on endpoints that may affect populations of organisms
or taxa analyzed.
3) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of environmental hazard data.
During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the environmental hazard evidence
identified in the literature inventory using the methods described in the systematic review
documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope document.
4) Consider the route(s) of exposure, based on available monitoring and modeling data and
other available approaches to integrate exposure and hazard assessments.
EPA plans to consider aquatic (e.g., water and sediment exposures) and terrestrial pathways in
the 1,2-dichloroethane conceptual model. These organisms may be exposed to 1,2-
dichloroethane via a number of environmental pathways (e.g., surface water, sediment, soil,
diet).
5) Conduct an environmental risk characterization of 1,2-dichloroethane.
EPA plans to conduct a risk characterization of 1,2-dichloroethane to identify if there are risks to
the aquatic and/or terrestrial environments from the measured and/or predicted concentrations of
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1,2-dichloroethane in environmental media (i.e., water, sediment, soil). Risk quotients (RQs)
may be derived by the application of hazard and exposure benchmarks to characterize
environmental risk (U.S. EPA, 1998; Barnthouse ct al., 1982).
6) Consider a Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Assessment of 1,2-
Dichloroethane.
EPA plans to consider the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic (PBT) potential of 1,2-
dichloroethane after reviewing relevant physical-chemical properties and exposure pathways.
EPA plans to assess the available studies collected from the systematic review process relating to
bioaccumulation and bioconcentration (e.g., BAF, BCF) of 1,2-dichloroethane. In addition, EPA
plans to integrate traditional environmental hazard endpoint values (e.g., LCso, LOEC) and
exposure concentrations (e.g., surface water concentrations, tissue concentrations) for 1,2-
dichloroethane with the fate parameters (e.g., BAF, BCF, BMF, TMF).
2.7.3.2 Human Health Hazards
EPA plans to analyze human health hazards as follows:
1) Review reasonably available human health hazard data, including data from alternative
test methods (e.g., computational toxicology and bioinformatics; high-throughput screening
methods; data on categories and read-across; in vitro studies; systems biology).
EPA plans to use systematic review methods to evaluate the epidemiological and toxicological
literature for 1,2-dichloroethane. EPA plans to publish the systematic review documentation
prior to finalizing the scope document.
Relevant mechanistic evidence will also be considered, if reasonably available, to inform the
interpretation of findings related to potential human health effects and the dose-repose
assessment. Mechanistic data may include analyses of alternative test data such as novel in vitro
test methods and high throughput screening. The association between acute and chronic exposure
scenarios to the agent and each health outcome will also be integrated. Study results will be
extracted and presented in evidence tables or another appropriate format by organ/system.
2) In evaluating reasonably available data, determine whether particular human receptor
groups may have greater susceptibility to the chemical's hazard(s) than the general
population.
Reasonably available human health hazard data will be evaluated to ascertain whether some
PESS may have greater susceptibility than the general population to 1,2-dichloroethane
hazard(s). Susceptibility of particular populations or subpopulations to 1,2-dichloroethane will be
determined by evaluating information on factors that influence susceptibility.
EPA has reviewed some sources containing hazard information associated with susceptible
populations and lifestages such as pregnant women and infants. Pregnancy (i.e., gestation) and
childhood are potential susceptible lifestages for 1,2-dichloroethane exposure. EPA plans to
review the current state of the literature in order to potentially quantify these differences for risk
evaluation purposes.
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3) Conduct hazard identification (the qualitative process of identifying non-cancer and cancer
endpoints) and dose-response assessment (the quantitative relationship between hazard
and exposure) for identified human health hazard endpoints.
Human health hazards from acute and chronic exposures will be identified by evaluating the
human and animal data that meet the systematic review data quality criteria described in the
systematic review documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to finalizing the scope
document. Hazards identified by studies meeting data quality criteria will be grouped by routes
of exposure relevant to humans (e.g., oral, dermal, inhalation) and by cancer and noncancer
endpoints.
Dose-response assessment will be performed in accordance with EPA guidance (U.S. EPA.
2.012a. 2011. 1994). Dose-response analyses may be used if the data meet data quality criteria
and if additional information on the identified hazard endpoints are not available or would not
alter the analysis.
The cancer mode of action (MOA) determines how cancer risks can be quantitatively evaluated.
If cancer hazard is determined to be applicable to 1,2-dichloroethane, EPA plans to evaluate
information on genotoxicity and the mode of action for all cancer endpoints to determine the
appropriate approach for quantitative cancer assessment in accordance with the U.S. EPA
Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA. 2005).
4) Derive points of departure (PODs) where appropriate; conduct benchmark dose modeling
depending on the available data. Adjust the PODs as appropriate to conform (e.g., adjust
for duration of exposure) to the specific exposure scenarios evaluated.
Hazard data will be evaluated to determine the type of dose-response modeling that is applicable.
Where modeling is feasible, a set of dose-response models that are consistent with a variety of
potentially underlying biological processes will be applied to empirically model the dose-
response relationships in the range of the observed data consistent with EPA's Benchmark Dose
Technical Guidance Document. Where dose-response modeling is not feasible, NOAELs or
LOAELs will be identified. Non-quantitative data will also be evaluated for contribution to
weight of scientific evidence or for evaluation of qualitative endpoints that are not appropriate
for dose-response assessment.
EPA plans to evaluate whether the available PBPK and empirical kinetic models are adequate for
route-to-route and interspecies extrapolation of the POD, or for extrapolation of the POD to
standard exposure durations (e.g., lifetime continuous exposure). If application of the PBPK
model is not possible, oral PODs may be adjusted by BW3 4 scaling in accordance with U.S. EPA.
£201 I and inhalation PODs may be adjusted by exposure duration and chemical properties in
accordance with
5) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of human health hazard data.
During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the human health hazard evidence
identified in the literature inventory under acute and chronic exposure conditions using the
methods described in the systematic review documentation that EPA plans to publish prior to
finalizing the scope document.
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6) Consider the route(s) of exposure (oral, inhalation, dermal), available route-to-route
extrapolation approaches, available biomonitoring data and available approaches to
correlate internal and external exposures to integrate exposure and hazard assessment.
Following systematic review, EPA plans to conduct a dose-response analysis and/or benchmark
dose modeling for the oral route of exposure based on the results. This may include using route-
to-route extrapolation methods where appropriate. EPA also plans to evaluate any potential
human health hazards following dermal and inhalation exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane, which
could be important for worker, consumer, and general population risk analysis. Available data
will be assessed to determine whether or not a point of departure can be identified for the dermal
and inhalation routes.
If sufficient toxicity studies are not identified in the literature search to assess risks from dermal
and inhalation exposures, then a route-to-route extrapolation from oral toxicity studies would be
needed to assess systemic risks from dermal or inhalation exposures. Without an adequate PBPK
model, the approaches described in the EPA guidance document Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for
Dermal Risk Assessment) (U.S. EPA. 2004) could be applied to extrapolate from oral to dermal
exposure. These approaches may be able to further inform the relative importance of dermal
exposures compared with other routes of exposure. Similar methodology may also be used for
assessing inhalation exposures
2.7.4 Summary of Risk Approaches for Characterization
Risk characterization is an integral component of the risk assessment process for both environmental and
human health risks. EPA plans to derive the risk characterization in accordance with EPA's Risk
Characterization Handbook (U.S. EPA. 2000). As defined in EPA's Risk Characterization Policy, "the
risk characterization integrates information from the preceding components of the risk evaluation and
synthesizes an overall conclusion about risk that is complete, informative and useful for decision
makers ." Risk characterization is considered to be a conscious and deliberate process to bring all
important considerations about risk, not only the likelihood of the risk but also the strengths and
limitations of the assessment, and a description of how others have assessed the risk into an integrated
picture.
The level of information contained in each risk characterization varies according to the type of
assessment for which the characterization is written. Regardless of the level of complexity or
information, the risk characterization for TSCA risk evaluations will be prepared in a manner that is
transparent, clear, consistent, and reasonable (U.S. EPA. 2000) and consistent with the requirements of
the Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (82 FR
6). For instance, in the risk characterization summary, EPA plans to further carry out the
obligations under TSCA Section 26; for example, by identifying and assessing uncertainty and
variability in each step of the risk evaluation, discussing considerations of data quality such as the
reliability, relevance and whether the methods utilized were reasonable and consistent, explaining any
assumptions used, and discussing information generated from independent peer review.
EPA will also be guided by EPA's Information Quality Guidelines ( 2002) as it provides guidance
for presenting risk information. Consistent with those guidelines, EPA plans to identify in the risk
characterization the following: (1) Each population addressed by an estimate of applicable risk effects;
(2) The expected risk or central estimate of risk for the potentially exposed or susceptible
subpopulations affected; (3) Each appropriate upper-bound or lower-bound estimate of risk; (4) Each
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significant uncertainty identified in the process of the assessment of risk effects and the studies that
would assist in resolving the uncertainty; and (5) Peer reviewed studies known to the Agency that
support, are directly relevant to, or fail to support any estimate of risk effects and the methodology used
to reconcile inconsistencies in the scientific information.
2.8 Peer Review
Peer review will be conducted in accordance with EPA's regulatory procedures for chemical risk
evaluations, including using EPA's Peer Review Handbook and other methods consistent with Section
26 of TSCA (See 40 CFR 702.45). As explained in the Risk Evaluation Rule, the purpose of peer review
is for the independent review of the science underlying the risk assessment. Peer review will therefore
address aspects of the underlying science as outlined in the charge to the peer review panel such as
hazard assessment, assessment of dose-response, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The
draft risk evaluation for 1,2-dichloroethane will be peer reviewed.
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Survey, http://pubs.usgs.gov/
Leighton, DT, Jr; Calo, JM. (1981). Distribution coefficients of chlorinated hydrocarbons in dilute
air-water systems for groundwater contamination applications. Journal of Chemical and
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Engineering Data 26: 382-585. http://dx.doi.ore/ ¦00026a010
Lide, DR. (1998). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: A ready-reference book of chemical and
physical data (79th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Lyman, WJ; Reehl, WF; Rosenblatt, DH. (1990). Handbook of chemical property estimation
methods: Environmental behavior of organic compounds. In WJ Lyman; WF Reehl; DH
Rosenblatt (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
Mackay, D; Shiu, WY; Ma, KC; Lee, SC. (2006). Handbook of physical-chemical properties and
environmental fate for organic chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
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Chemistry 35: 1231-1239.
Mudder, TI; Musterman, JL. (1982). Development of empirical structure biodegradability
relationships and biodegradability testing protocol for volatile and slightly soluble priority
pollutants. In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. Kansas City, MO: ACS.
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[10.1039/JR9500000075], Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)75-84.
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NICNAS (National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme). (2014). Ethane, 1,2-
dichloro-: Environment tier II assessment. Sydney, Australia: Australian Department of Health,
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme.
https://www.nicnas.eov.au/chernical-inforrnation/irnap-assessrnents/irnap-assessrnents/tier-ii-
environment-assessments/1.2-dichloroethane
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Collaborative Knowledge database (J-CHECK). CASRN: 107-06-2. Available online at
https://www.nite. go.jp/chem/jcheck/detail. action?cno=107-06-2&mno=2-
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a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants administered in drinking water to
F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (NTP TR 35; NIH Publication 93-3384). Research Triangle
Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health,
National Toxicology Program, https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/st_rpts/tox35.pdf
NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2016). Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition: 1,2-
dichloroethane. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
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report: 1,2-dichloroethane (pp. 203). Paris, France.
https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/ui/handler. axd?id=95F8Dl 94-732A.-4CC9-B59B-839 12
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Raton, FL: CRC Press.
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Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, [online]: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Staudinger, J; Roberts, PV. (1996). A critical review of Henry's law constants for environmental
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confidential Production Volume in Pounds. CD. Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection
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(CDR).
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Public CDR database). Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics. Retrieved from ChemView: June 2019. https://www.epa.gov/chem.ical-data-
reporting
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CBI CDR database). Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics. Retrieved: April 25, 2019. http://www.epa.gov/cdr/
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Public CDR database). Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution
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Dichloroethane (CASRN 107-06-2) as a High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation. Washington,
DC. https://www.epa.gov/sites/prodiiction/files/2019-08/dociiments/12-dichloroetha -
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59
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APPENDICES
Appendix A LIST OF GRAY LITERATURE SOURCES
Table Apx A-l. List of Gray Literature Sources for 1,2-Dichloroethane
Source/ Agency
Source Name
Source Type
Source Csilejiory
AT SDR
ATSDR Tox Profile Updates and
Addendum s
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
AT SDR
ATSDR Toxicological Profiles (original
publication)
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
Australian
Government,
Department of
Health
NICNAS Assessments (eco)
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
Australian
Government,
Department of
Health
NICNAS Assessments (human health.
Tier I, 11 or 111)
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
CAL EPA
Technical Support Documents for
Regulations: Soil Screening
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
CAL EPA
Technical Support Documents for
Regulations: Cancer Potency Information
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
CAL EPA
Technical Support Documents for
Regulations: Reference Exposure Levels
(RELs)
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
CAL EPA
Technical Support Documents for
Regulations: Proposition 65, Cancer
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
CAL EPA
Technical Support Documents for
Regulations: Drinking Water Public
Health Goals
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
CDC
CDC Biomonitoring Tables
Other US
Agency
Resources
Database
60
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Source/ Agency
Source Nsinie
Source Type
Source Csilejiory
ECHA
ECHA Documents
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
Env Canada
Priority Substances List Assessment
Report; State of Science Report,
Environment Canada Assessment
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
Env Canada
Chemicals at a Glance (fact sheets)
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
Env Canada
Guidelines, Risk Management,
Regulations
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
EPA
Office of Water: STORET and WQX
US EPA
Resources
Database
EPA
EPA Office of Water: Ambient Water
Quality Criteria documents
US EPA
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
EPA
Office of Air: TRI
US EPA
Resources
Database
EPA
TSCA. Hazard Characterizations
US EPA
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
EPA
Included in 201 1 NATA
US EPA
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
EPA
Office of Air: National Emissions
Inventory (NE1) - National Emissions
Inventory (NE1) Data (2014, 201 1, 2008)
US EPA
Resources
Database
EPA
Other EPA: Misc sources
US EPA
Resources
General Search
EPA
EPA: AP-42
US EPA
Resources
Regulatory
Document or List
EPA
TRI: Envirofacts Toxics Release
Inventory 2017 Updated Dataset
US EPA
Resources
Database
EPA
Chemical Data Reporting (2012 and
2016 non-CBI CDR database)
US EPA
Resources
Database
EPA
Chemical Data Reporting (2012 and
2016 CBI CDR database)
US EPA
Resources
Database
61
-------
Source/ Agency
Source Nsinie
Source Type
Source Csilejiory
EPA
EPA: Generic Scenario
US EPA
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
EPA
EPA Discharge Monitoring Report Data
US EPA
Resources
Database
EPA
Office of Water: CFRs
US EPA
Resources
Regulatory
Document or List
EPA
Office of Water: Drinking Water
Standards Health Effects Support
Documents
US EPA
Resources
Regulatory
Document or List
EPA
Office of Air: CFRs and Dockets
US EPA
Resources
Regulatory
Document or List
FDA
FDA technical support documents for
regulations
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
I ARC
I ARC Monograph
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
Japan
Japanese Ministry of the Environment
Assessments - Environmental Risk
Assessments (Class I Designated
Chemical Substances Summary Table)
International
Resources
Regulatory
Document or List
KOECT
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology Journal Article
Other
Resource
Encyclopedia
NIOSH
CDC NIOSH - Occupational Health
Guideline Documents
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
NIOSH
CDC NIOSH - Pocket Guides
Other US
Agency
Resources
Database
NIOSH
CDC NIOSH - Health Hazard
Evaluations (HHEs)
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
NIOSH
CDC NIOSH - Publications and Products
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
NLM
National Library of Medicine's HazMap
Other US
Agency
Resources
Database
62
-------
Source/ Agency
Source Nsime
Source Type
Source Csilejiory
NLM
National Library of Medicine's
Pub C hem
Other US
Agency
Resources
Database
NTP
Technical Reports
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
NTP
Additional NTP Reports
Other US
Agency
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
OECD
OECD S1DS
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
OECD
OECD Emission Scenario Documents
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
OECD
OECD: General Site
International
Resources
General Search
OSHA
U.S. OSHA Chemical Exposure Health
Data (CEHD) program data [ERG]
Other US
Agency
Resources
Database
RIVM
RIVM Reports: Risk Assessments
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
RIVM
Probit Function Technical Support
Document
International
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
TERA
Toxicology Excellence for Risk
Assessment
Other
Resources
Assessment or
Related
Document
63
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Appendix B PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 1,2-
DICHLOROETHANE
This appendix provides p-chem information and data found in preliminary data gathering for 1,2-
dichloroethane. Table Apx B-l summarizes the p-chem property values preliminarily selected for use in
the risk evaluation from among the range of reported values collected as of March 2020. This table
differs from that presented in the Proposed Designation of 1.2-Dichloroetham fCASRN 107-06-2) as a
High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation (U.S. EPA, 2019) and may be updated as EPA collects
additional information through systematic review methods. All p-chem property values that were
extracted and evaluated as of March 2020 are presented in the supplemental file Data Extraction and
Data Evaluation Tables for Physical Chemical Property Studies (EPA.~H.< 1-2018-0427).
Table Apx B-l. Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dichloroethane
Properly or Kmlpoinl
Value51
Reference
Data Quality
Ualing
Molecular formula
C2H4CI2
NA
NA
Molecular weight
98.96 g/mol
NA
NA
Physical state
Heavy liquid
O'Neil, 2013
High
Physical properties
Clear, colorless, oily
liquid
NLM, 2018
High
Melting point
-35.6°C
Rumble, 2018
High
Boiling point
83.4°C
Rumble, 2018
High
Density
1.2569 g/cm3 at 20°C
relative to water at
4 e
O'Neil, 2013
High
Vapor pressure
78.9 mm Hg at 25°C
NLM, 2018
High
Vapor density
Not available
Water solubility
8,600 rng/L at 25°C
Rumble, 2018
High
Log Octanol/water
partition coefficient (Log
Kow)
1.48
NLM, 2018
High
Henry's Law constant
0.00118 atm m Vmol at
25°C
NLM, 2018
High
64
-------
Propcrlv or Kmlpoinl
VsllllO51
UcfcrciKT
Dsilsi Qusililv
Killing
Flash point
13°C (closed cup)
.. eil, 2013
High
Auto flammability
413 T
NLM, 2018
High
Viscosity
0.779 cP at 25 C
Rumble, 2018
High
Refractive index
1.4422
Rumble, 2018
High
Dielectric constant
10.43 (time domain
reflect ometry)
Pawar, 2006
High
a Measured unless otherwise noted.
NA = Not applicable
-------
Appendix C ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT
PROPERTIES OF 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
Table Apx C-l. Environmental Fate and Transport Properties of 1,2-Dichloroethane
Properly or Kndpoinl
Value
Reference
Direct Photodegradation
Not expected to be susceptible to
direct photolysis by sunlight
because 1,2-dichloroethane does
not contain chromophores that
absorb at wavelengths >290 nm
HSDB (2010) citing Lyman et al
(1990)
Indirect Photodegradation
11/2 = 65 days (based on -OH
reaction rate constant of 2.48 x
10"13 cm3/molecule-second at 25
°C)
HSDB (2010); Physprop (2012)
citing Kwok and Atkinson (1994)
ti/2 = 73 days (based on -OH
reaction rate constant of 2.2 x 10"
13 cm3/molecule-second and an
•OH concentration of 5 x 105
•OH/cm3 at 25 °C)
AT SDR (2001) citing Arnts et al.
(1989) and Atkinson (1989)
Atmospheric degradation
products: formyl chloride,
chloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen
chloride, and chloroethanol
AT SDR (2001) citing U.S. EPA
(1993)
Hydrolysis
ti/2 = 65 and 72 years (based on
first order rate constant = 2.1 x
10"8 second"1 and 1.8 x 10"8
second"1, respectively, in neutral
conditions at 25 °C)
A.TSDR (2001) citing Barbash
and Reinhard (1989) and Jeffers
et al. (1989)
Biodegradation (Aerobic)
Water: 0%/21 days (modified
shake-flask test)
HSDB (2010) citing Mudder
and Musterman (1982)
Water: 20-63%/7 days with 5-
27% from volatilization after an
unspecified acclimation period
(static-flask method)
WHO IPCS (1995) citing Tabak
et al. (1981)
Water: 1.6%/14 days based on
BOD 1.1% after 14 days based
on GC (Japanese MITI test)
NITE (2010)
Water: ti/2 =100 days
AT SDR (2001) citing Capel and
Larson (1995)
Biodegradation (Anaerobic)
Groundwater: ti/2 = 63-165 days
NICNAS (2014) citing Lawrence
(2006)
66
-------
Water: 11/2 = 400 days
AT SDR (2001) citing Capel and
Larsen (1995)
Sediment: ti/2 = 52 days based on
an observed 0.013/day
AT SDR (2001) citing
Peijnenburg et al. (1998)
Sediment: 0%/35 days
WHO IPCS (1995) citing Jafvert
and Wolfe (1987)
Wastewater Treatment
45% total removal (16% by
biodegradation, 1% by sludge
and 28% by volatilization to air;
estimated)13
U.S. EPA (2012a)
Bioconcentration
Factor
2 (Lepomis macrochirns)] ti/2 = 2
days for clearance from tissues
WHO IPCS (1995) citing
Barrows (1980)
Bioaccumulation Factor
3.8 (estimated)13
U.S. EPA (2012a)
Soil Organic Carbon:Water
Partition
Coefficient (Log Koc)
1.28-1.62 (Koc = 19-42)
ATSDR (2001) citing Chiou et
al. (1980), Sabljic et al. (1995),
and
Borisover and Graber (1997)
"Measured unless otherwise noted
bEPI Suite™ (physical property inputs: Log Kow = 1.48, BP = 83.4 °C, MP = -35.6 °C, VP = 78.9 mm Hg, WS = 8600 mg/L,
HLC = 1.18 x 10-3 atm-m3/mole), BioP = 120, BioA = 30 and BioS = 30 SMILES: C1CCC1, -OH = hydroxyl radical; BOD =
biochemical oxygen demand; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; TG = test guideline; GC
= gas chromatography; MITI = Ministry of International Trade and Industry
67
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Appendix D REGULATORY HISTORY
The chemical substance, 1,2-dichloroethane, is subject to federal and state laws and regulations in the
United States (TableApx D-land TableApx D-2). Regulatory actions by other governments, tribes and
international agreements applicable to 1,2-dichloroethane are listed in Table Apx_D-3.
D.l Federal Laws and Regulations
Table Apx D-l. Federal Laws and Regulations
Statutes/Regulations
Description of Authority/Regulation
Description of Regulation
EPA Regulations
Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) - Section
6(b)
EPA is directed to identify high-priority chemical
substances for risk evaluation; and conduct risk
evaluations on at least 20 high priority substances
no later than three and one-half years after the date
of enactment of the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical
Safety for the 21st Century Act.
1,2-Dichloroethane is one of
the 20 chemicals EPA
designated as a High-Priority
Substance for risk evaluation
under TSCA (M FR 71924.
Dec. 30, 2019). Designation of
1,1,2-trichloroethane as a high-
priority substance constitutes
the initiation of the risk
evaluation on the chemical.
Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) - Section
8(a)
The TSCA Section 8(a) CDR Rule requires
manufacturers (including importers) to give EPA
basic exposure-related information on the types,
quantities and uses of chemical substances
produced domestically and imported into the
United States.
1,2-
Dichloroethane manufacturing
(including importing),
processing and use information
is reported under the CDR rule
(76 FR 50816. Auaust 16.
2011).
Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) - Section
8(b)
EPA must compile, keep current and publish a
list (the TSCA Inventory) of each chemical
substance manufactured (including imported)
or processed in the United States.
1,2-Dichloroethane was on the
initial TSCA Inventory and
therefore was not subject to
EPA's new chemicals review
process under TSCA Section 5
(60 FR 16309. March 29.
1995).
Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) - Section
8(d)
Provides EPA with authority to issue rules
requiring producers, importers, and (if specified)
processors of a chemical substance or mixture to
submit lists and/or copies of ongoing and
completed, unpublished health and safety studies.
Five health and safety
studies were received for 1,2-
Dichloroethane (2002-
2006) (U.S. EPA, ChemView.
Accessed April 25, 2019).
Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) - Section
8(e)
Manufacturers (including importers), processors,
and distributors must immediately notify EPA if
they obtain information that supports the
conclusion that a chemical substance or mixture
presents a substantial risk of injury to health or the
environment.
Ten risk reports were received
for 1,2-Dichloroethane (years
when the submissions were
received: 1995-2017) (U.S.
EPA, ChemView. Accessed
April 2, 2019).
68
-------
MsitiiU's/Kcgiihilions
Description of Aiilliorh\/Ucgiil:ilion
Description of Ucgnhilion
Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) - Section 4
Provides EPA with authority to issue rules,
enforceable consent agreements and
orders requiring manufacturers (including
importers) and processors to test chemical
substances and mixtures.
Six chemical data submissions
from test rules and
enforceable consent
agreements were received for
1,2-Dichloroethane: one acute
inhalation toxicity study (2006),
four studies on metabolism and
pharmacokinetics (2005, 2006,
2009, 2010) and one study on
neurological toxicity (2006)
(U.S. EPA, ChemView.
Accessed April 2, 2019).
Emergency Planning and
Community Right-To-
Know Act (EPCRA) -
Section 313
Requires annual reporting from facilities in specific
industry sectors that employ 10 or more full-time
equivalent employees and that manufacture,
process or otherwise use a TRI-listed chemical in
quantities above threshold levels. A facility that
meets reporting requirements must submit a
reporting form for each chemical for which it
triggered reporting, providing data across a variety
of categories, including activities and uses of the
chemical, releases and other waste management
(e.g., quantities recycled, treated, combusted) and
pollution prevention activities (under Section 6607
of the Pollution Prevention Act). These data include
on- and off-site data as well as multimedia data
(i.e., air, land and water).
1,2-Dichloroethane is a listed
substance subject to reporting
requirements under 40 CFR
372.65 effective as of January
1, 1987.
Clean Air Act (CAA) -
Section 111(b)
Requires EPA to establish new source performance
standards (NSPS) for any category of new or
modified stationary sources that EPA determines
causes, or contributes significantly to, air pollution,
which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger
public health or welfare. The standards are based on
the degree of emission limitation achievable
through the application of the best system of
emission reduction (BSER) which (taking into
account the cost of achieving reductions and
environmental impacts and energy requirements)
EPA determines has been adequately
demonstrated.
1,2-Dichloroethane is subject to
the NSPS for equipment leaks
of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in the synthetic organic
chemicals manufacturing
industry for which construction,
reconstruction or modification
began after January 5, 1981 (40
CFR Part 60, Subparts VV,
NNN, and RRR).
Clean Air Act (CAA) -
Section 112(b)
Defines the original list of 189 hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs). Under 112(c) of the CAA, EPA
must identify and list source categories that emit
HAP and then set emission standards for those
listed source categories under CAA Section 112(d).
CAA Section 112(b)(3)(A) specifies that any
person may petition the Administrator to modify
the list of HAP by adding or deleting a substance.
1,2-Dichloroethane is listed as a
HAP (42 U.S. Code Section
7412).
69
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MsitiiU's/Kcgiihilions
Description of Aiilliorh\/Ucgiil:ilion
Description of Ucgnhilion
Since 1990, EPA has removed two pollutants from
the original list leaving 187 at present.
Clean Air Act (CAA) -
Section 112(d)
Directs EPA to establish, by rule, NESHAPs for
each category or subcategory of listed major
sources and area sources of HAPs (listed pursuant
to Section 112(c)). For major sources, the
standards must require the maximum degree of
emission reduction that EPA determines is
achievable by each particular source category. This
is generally referred to as maximum achievable
control technology (MACT). For area sources, the
standards must require generally achievable
control technology (GACT) though may
require MACT.
EPA has established NESHAPs
for a number of source
categories that emit 1,2-
dichloroethane to air. (See
https://www.epa.eov/stationarv-
sources-air-pollution/national-
emission-standards-hazardous-
air-pollutants-neshap-9).
Clean Water Act (CWA)
- Section 304(a)(1)
Requires EPA to develop and publish ambient
water quality criteria (AWQC) reflecting the latest
scientific knowledge on the effects on human health
that may be expected from the presence of
pollutants in any body of water.
In 2015, EPA published
updated AWQC for 1,2-
Dichloroethane, including a
recommendation of 9.9 (|_ig/L)
for "Human Health for the
consumption of Water +
Organism" and 650 (|ig/L) for
"Human Health for the
consumption of Organism
Only"
for states and authorized tribes
to consider when adopting
criteria into their water quality
standards (80 FR 36986, June
29, 2015).
Clean Water Act (CWA)
- Section 301, 304, 306,
307, and 402
Clean Water Act Section 307(a) establishes a list of
toxic pollutants or combination of pollutants under
the CWA. The statue specifies a list of families of
toxic pollutants also listed in the Code of Federal
Regulations at 40 CFR Part 401.15. The "priority
pollutants" specified by those families are listed in
40 CFR Part 423 Appendix A. These are pollutants
for which best available technology effluent
limitations must be established on either a national
basis through rules (Sections 301(b), 304(b),
307(b), 306) or on a case-by-case best professional
judgement basis in NPDES permits, see Section
402(a)(1)(B). EPA identifies the best available
technology that is economically achievable for that
industry after considering statutorily prescribed
factors and sets regulatory requirements based on
the performance of that technology.
1,2-Dichloroethane is
designated as a toxic pollutant
under Section 307(a)(1) of the
CWA and as such is subject to
effluent limitations. Under
CWA Section 304, 1,2-
Dichloroethane is included in
the list of total toxic organics
(TTO) (40 CFR413.02(i)).
70
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MsitiiU's/Kcgiihilions
Description of Aiilliorh\/Ucgiil:ilion
Description of Ucgnhilion
Clean Water Act (CWA)
- Section 311(b) (2)(A)
and 501(a) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control
Act.
Requires EPA to develop, promulgate, and
revise as may be appropriate, regulations
designating as hazardous substances, other than
oil, which, when discharged present an
imminent and substantial danger to the public
health or welfare, including, but not limited to,
fish, shellfish, wildlife, shorelines, and
beaches.
1,2-Dichloroethane is a
designated hazardous substance
in accordance with Section
311(b) (2)(A) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act.
Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA) - Section 1412
Requires EPA to publish non-enforceable
maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) for
contaminants which 1. may have an adverse effect
on the health of persons; 2. are known to occur or
there is a substantial likelihood that the contaminant
will occur in public water systems with a frequency
and at levels of public health concern; and 3. in the
sole judgement of the Administrator, regulation of
the contaminant presents a meaningful opportunity
for health risk reductions for persons served by
public water systems. When EPA publishes an
MCLG, EPA must also promulgate a National
Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR)
which includes either an enforceable maximum
contaminant level (MCL), or a required treatment
technique. Public water systems are required to
comply with NPDWRs.
1,2-Dichloroethane is subject to
NPDWR under the SDWA with
a MCLG of zero and an
enforceable MCL
of 0.005 mg/L (Section 1412).
Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act
(RCRA) - Section 3001
Directs EPA to develop and promulgate criteria for
identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste,
and for listing hazardous waste, taking into account
toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature,
potential for accumulation in tissue and other
related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness,
and other hazardous characteristics.
1,2-Dichloroethane is included
on the list of hazardous wastes
pursuant to RCRA 3001.
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Code: D028 (40 CFR 261.24);
U077 (40 CFR 261.33); F024,
F025 (40 CFR 261.31); K018,
K029, K096 (40 CFR 261.32).
Comprehensive
Environmental
Response, Compensation
and Liability Act
(CERCLA) - Sections
102(a) and 103
Authorizes EPA to promulgate regulations
designating as hazardous substances those
substances which, when released into the
environment, may present substantial danger to the
public health or welfare or the environment.
EPA must also promulgate regulations establishing
the quantity of any hazardous substance the release
of which must be reported under Section 103.
Section 103 requires persons in charge of vessels or
facilities to report to the National Response Center
if they have knowledge of a release of a hazardous
substance above the reportable quantity threshold.
1,2-Dichloroethane is a
hazardous substance under
CERCLA. Releases of 1,2-
Dichloroethane in excess
of 100 pounds must be reported
(40 CFR 302.4).
71
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MsitiiU's/Kcgiihilions
Description of Aiilliorh\/Ucgiil:ilion
Description of Ucgnhilion
Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act
(SARA) -
Requires the Agency to revise the hazardous
ranking system and update the National Priorities
List of hazardous waste sites, increases state and
citizen involvement in the superfund program and
provides new enforcement authorities and
settlement tools.
1,2-Dichloroethane is listed on
SARA, an amendment to
CERCLA and the CERCLA
Priority List of Hazardous
Substances. This list includes
substances most commonly
found at facilities on the
CERCLA National Priorities
List (NPL) that have been
deemed to pose the greatest
threat to public health.
Other Federal Regulations
Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
Provides the FDA with authority to oversee the
safety of food, drugs and cosmetics.
The FDA regulates 1,2-
Dichloroethane in bottled
water. The maximum
permissible level of 1,2-
Dichloroethane in bottled
water is .005 mg/L (21 CFR
165.110).
FDA established a limit
of 1 ppm on the amount
of 1,2-Dichloroethane that
can be present as a
residual in finished
polyethylenimine
polymer (21 CFR 173.357).
1,2-Dichloroethane is listed as
an optional substance to be
used in: adhesives used as
components of articles intended
for use in packaging,
transporting, or holding food
(21 CFR § 175.105).
Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA)
Requires employers to provide their workers with a
place of employment free from recognized hazards
to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic
chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical
dangers, heat or cold stress or unsanitary conditions
(29 U.S.C Section 651 et seq.).
Under the Act, OSHA can issue occupational safety
and health standards including such provisions as
Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), exposure
monitoring, engineering and administrative control
measures, and respiratory protection.
In 1979, OSHA issued
occupational safety and health
standards for 1,2-
Dichloroethane that included a
PEL of 50 ppm TWA, exposure
monitoring, control measures
and respiratory protection (29
CFR 1910.1000).
72
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Statutes/Regulations
Description of Aiilhoril\/Ucgulalion
Description of Regulation
Federal Hazardous
Materials Transportation
Act (HMTA)
Section 5103 of the Act directs the Secretary of
Transportation to:
• Designate material (including an explosive,
radioactive material, infectious substance,
flammable or combustible liquid, solid or gas,
toxic, oxidizing or corrosive material, and
compressed gas) as hazardous when the
Secretary determines that transporting the
material in commerce may pose
an unreasonable risk to health and safety or
property.
Issue regulations for the safe transportation,
including security, of hazardous material in
intrastate, interstate and foreign commerce.
The Department of
Transportation (DOT) has
designated 1,2-
Dichloroethane as a hazardous
material, and there are special
requirements for marking,
labeling and transporting it (49
CFR Part 172).
D.2 State Laws and Regulations
Table Apx D-2. State Laws and Regulations
Stale Actions
Description of Action
State Air Regulations
Allowable Ambient Levels: New Hampshire (Env-A 1400: Regulated Toxic Air
Pollutants). Rhode Island (Air Pollution Regulation No. 22)
State Drinking Water
Standards and Guidelines
Arizona (14 Ariz. Admin. Register 2978, August 1, 2008), California (Cal Code
Regs. Title 26, § 22-64444), Delaware (Del. Admin. Code Title 16, § 4462),
Connecticut (Conn. Agencies Regs. § 19-13-B102), Florida (Fla. Admin. Code R.
Chap. 62-550), Maine (10 144 Me. Code R. Chap. 231), Massachusetts (310 Code
Mass. Regs. § 22.00), Michigan (Mich. Admin. Code r.299.44 and r.299.49, 2017),
Minnesota (Minn R. Chap. 4720), New Jersey (7:10 N.J Admin. Code § 5.2),
Pennsylvania (25 Pa. Code § 109.202), Rhode Island (Rules and Regulations
Pertaining to Public Drinking Water R46-13-DWQ), Texas (30 Tex. Admin. Code
§290.104).
State PELs
California (PEL of 1 ppm and a STEL of 2 ppm) (Cal Code Regs. Title 8, § 5155)
Hawaii PEL: 1 ppm (Hawaii Administrative Rules Section 12-60-50).
State Right-to-Know Acts
Massachusetts (105 Code Mass. Regs. § 670.000 Appendix A), New Jersey
(N.J.A.C. 7:1G) and Pennsylvania (P.L. 734, No. 159 and 34 Pa. Code § 323).
Chemicals of High Concern
to Children
Several states have adopted reporting laws for chemicals in children's
products containing 1,2-Dichloroethane, including Maine (38 MRS A Chapter 16-
D), Minnesota (Toxic Free Kids Act Minn. Stat. 116.9401 to 116.9407).
Other
California listed 1,2-Dichloroethane on Proposition 65 in October 1, 1987 due
to cancer. (Cal Code Regs. Title 27, § 27001).
1,2-Dichloroethane is listed as a Candidate Chemical under California's Safer
Consumer Products Program (Health and Safety Code § 25252 and 25253).
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Stale Actions
Description of Action
California issued a Health Hazard Alert for 1,2-Dichloroethane (Hazard Evaluation
System and Information Service, 2016).
California lists 1,2-Dichloroethane as a designated priority chemical for
biomonitoring (California SB 1379).
1,1,2-trichloroethane is on the MA Toxic Use Reduction Act (TURA) list of 2019
(301 CMR 41.00).
D.3 International Laws and Regulations
TahleApx D-3. Regulatory Actions hv other Governments. Tribes, and International Agreements
Country/Tribe/
Organization
Requirements and Restrictions
Canada
1,2-Dichloroethane is on the Canadian List of Toxic Substances (CEPA 1999
Schedule 1) and is on the Domestic Substances List (Government of Canada.
Managing substances in the environment. Substances search. Database accessed
April 17,2019).
Other regulations include:
• Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI).
European Union
In May 2016, 1,2-dichloroethane was added to Annex XIV of REACH
(Authorisation List) with a sunset date of November 22, 2017. After the sunset
date, only persons with approved authorization applications may continue to use
the chemical. Twenty applications for authorization have been received and
decided, for uses as an industrial solvent, swelling agent, and reaction
medium (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) database. Accessed April 15,
2019).
Australia
1,2-dichloroethane was assessed under both Human Health and Environment
Tier II of the Inventory Multi-Tiered Assessment and Prioritisation (IMAP).
Uses reported in Australia include as a component of solvents to remove grease,
resins, glue and dirt; and as an anti-knock component of leaded petrol (previous
use only); as a solvent in the manufacture of polystyrene and styrene butadiene
rubber (SBR) latex. International uses include in solvents; in varnish and finish
removers, paints, coatings and adhesives for professional use (European product
registers contain entries of products with the chemical as an ingredient. The
product types are paints and lacquers (concentrations between 1 and 100%),
adhesives (concentrations between 10 and 50%) and fertilizers (concentrations
below 1%)); as a component in leaded gasoline; as a chemical intermediate in the
production of vinyl choride monomer which in turn is used in the manufacture of
polymers; and as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of other chlorinated
solvents. (NICNAS, Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-: Human health tier II assessment, 22
March 2013. Accessed April 15, 2019).
Japan
1,2-Dichloroethane is regulated in Japan under the following legislation:
Act on the Evaluation of Chemical Substances and Regulation of Their
Manufacture, etc. (Chemical Substances Control Law; CSCL)
74
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Country/Trilu7
Orgiini/iilion
Requirements sind Restrictions
Acl 011 Conilrmalion, clc. of Release Amounts of Specific Chemical Substances 111
the Environment and Promotion of Improvements to the Management Thereof
Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA)
Air Pollution Control Law
Water Pollution Control Law
Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act
(National Institute of Technology and Evaluation [NITE] Chemical Risk
Information Platform [CHRIP], Accessed April 16, 2019).
Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Hungary, Ireland,
Japan, Latvia, New
Zealand, People's Republic
of China,
Poland, Romania, Singapor
e, South Korea, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, The
Netherlands, United
Kingdom
Occupational exposure limits for 1,2-Dichloroethane (GESTIS International limit
values for chemical agents (Occupational exposure limits, OELs) database.
Accessed April 17, 2019).
75
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Appendix E PROCESS, RELEASE AND OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE INFORMATION
This appendix provides information and data found in preliminary data gathering for 1,2-dichloroethane.
E.l Process Information
Process-related information potentially relevant to the risk evaluation may include process diagrams,
descriptions and equipment. Such information may inform potential release sources and worker
exposure activities.
E.l.l Manufacture (Including Import)
E.l.1.1 Manufacture
1,2-Dichloroethane is produced by the vapor- or liquid-phase chlorination of ethylene. Most liquid-
phase processes use small amounts of ferric chloride as the catalyst. Other catalysts claimed in the patent
literature include aluminum chloride, antimony pentachloride, and cupric chloride and an ammonium,
alkali, or alkaline-earth tetrachloroferrate. The chlorination is carried out at 40-50 degrees C with 5% air
or other free-radical inhibitors added to prevent substitution chlorination of the product. Selectivities
under these conditions are nearly stoichiometric to the desired product. The exothermic heat of reaction
vaporizes the 1,2-dichloroethane product, which is purified by distillation. (Snedecor, et al., 2004)
E.l.1.2 Import
Commodity chemicals such as 1,2-dichloroethane may be imported into the United States in bulk via
water, air, land, and intermodal shipments {Tomer, 2015, 5018559}. These shipments take the form of
oceangoing chemical tankers, railcars, tank trucks, and intermodal tank containers. Chemicals shipped in
bulk containers may be repackaged into smaller containers for resale, such as drums or bottles.
Domestically manufactured commodity chemicals may be shipped within the United States in liquid
cargo barges, railcars, tank trucks, tank containers, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs)/totes, and drums.
Both imported and domestically manufactured commodity chemicals may be repackaged by wholesalers
for resale; for example, repackaging bulk packaging into drums or bottles. The type and size of container
will vary depending on customer requirement. In some cases, QC samples may be taken at import and
repackaging sites for analyses. Some import facilities may only serve as storage and distribution
locations, and repackaging/sampling may not occur at all import facilities.
1,2-Dichloroethane may be imported neat or as a component in a formulation. In the 2016 CDR, 11
companies reported importing 1,2-dichloroethane at mainly >90% concentration. Six additional facilities
reported manufacturing/import information (U.S. EPA, 2016).
E.1.2 Processing and Distribution
E.l.2.1 Processing as a Reactant or Intermediate
Processing as a reactant or intermediate refers to the use of 1,2-dichloroethane as a feedstock in the
production of another chemical via a chemical reaction in which 1,2-dichloroethane is consumed to form
the product. In the 2016 CDR, companies reported use of 1,2-dichloroethane as an intermediate in the
manufacture of petrochemicals, plastic material and resin, and other basic organic chemicals. EPA has
not identified specific process information for the processing of 1,2-dichloroethane as a reactant but will
further investigate during the risk evaluation (U.S. EPA, 2016).
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E.l.2.2 Incorporation into Formulation, Mixture, or Reaction Product
Incorporation into a formulation, mixture or reaction product refers to the process of mixing or blending
of several raw materials to obtain a product or mixture. In the 2016 CDR, companies reported use of
1,2-dichloroethane in fuels and fuel additives, functional fluids for pharmaceutical and medicinal
applications, and processing aids for petroleum production. (U.S. EPA, 2016). 1,2-Dichloroethane -
specific formulation processes were not identified; however, lubricant formulation typically involves the
blending of two or more components, including liquid and solid additives, together in a blending vessel
(OECD, 2004).
E.1.3 Uses
E.l.3.1 Functional Fluids (Heat Transfer Agent)
EPA identified a safety data sheet for a supplemental coolant additive containing <1 percent of 1,2-
Dichloroethane (Baldwin Filters, 2015). However, specific use activities are unknown. EPA plans to
further investigate the use of 1,2-Dichloroethane in functional fluids during the risk evaluation.
E.l.3.2 Lubricants and Greases
EPA identified a safety data sheet for a low friction coating containing 5 to 10 percent 1,2-
dichloroethane (Everlube Products, 2019). According to the associated product Technical Data sheet,
this product is a thermally cured lubricant to prevent metal to metal contact when used in the presence of
conventional lubricants, with spray application method suggested (Everlube Products, 2003). EPA plans
to further investigate the potential use of 1,2-dichloroethane in this type of process and other
lubricant/grease applications during the risk evaluation.
E. 1.3.3 Decreasing and Cleaning Solvents
EPA identified a safety data sheet for 1,2-Dichloroethane (99 to 100 percent) that identified use as a
process cleaner (Occidental Chemical Corporation, 2015). However, specific use activities are unknown.
EPA plans to further investigate the use of 1,2-Dichloroethane in degreasing and cleaning (including
potential use in vapor degreasing, cold cleaning, aerosol degreasing) during the risk evaluation.
E.l.3.4 Plastic and Rubber Products
EPA has not identified specific process information for the use of 1,2-dichloroethane in plastics and
rubber products but will further investigate during the risk evaluation. The 2014 Generic Scenario on
Use of Additive in Plastic Compounding and 2014 Generic Scenario on Use of Additives in the
Thermoplastic Converting Industry discuss typical worker activities during plastics compounding and
converting, including unloading/loading, mixing, processing, and trimming (U.S. EPA, 2014a; U.S.
EPA, 2014b).
E.l.3.5 Fuels and Related Products
EPA has not identified specific process information for the use of 1,2-dichloroethane in fuels and related
products but will further investigate during the risk evaluation.
E.l.3.6 Laboratory Use
EPA identified a safety data sheet for 1,2-dichloroethane (>95% percent purity) that indicates
recommended use as a laboratory chemical (ThermoFisher, 2018). However, specific laboratory use
activities are unknown. EPA plans to further investigate the laboratory use of 1,2-dichloroethane during
the risk evaluation.
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E.l.3.7 Embalming Agent
EPA identified a safety data sheet for a supplemental embalming fluid containing >90 percent 1,2-
dichloroethane (Frigid, 2015). However, specific use activities are unknown. EPA plans to further
investigate the use of 1,2-Dichloroethane in embalming agents during the risk evaluation.
E.1.4 Disposal
Each of the conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane may generate waste streams of the chemical that are
collected and transported to third-party sites for disposal, treatment, or recycling. Industrial sites that
treat or dispose onsite wastes that they themselves generate will be assessed in each condition of use
assessment. Wastes of 1,2-dichloroethane that are generated during a condition of use and sent to a
third-party site for treatment, disposal, or recycling may include the following:
• Wastewater: 1,2-dichloroethane may be contained in wastewater discharged to POTW or other,
non-public treatment works for treatment. Industrial wastewater containing 1,2-dichloroethane
discharged to a POTW may be subject to EPA or authorized NPDES state pretreatment
programs.
• Solid Wastes: Solid wastes are defined under RCRA as any material that is discarded by being:
abandoned; inherently waste-like; a discarded military munition; or recycled in certain ways
(certain instances of the generation and legitimate reclamation of secondary materials are
exempted as solid wastes under RCRA). Solid wastes may subsequently meet RCRA's definition
of hazardous waste by either being listed as a waste at 40 CFR §§ 261.30 to 261.35 or by
meeting waste-like characteristics as defined at 40 CFR §§ 261.20 to 261.24. Solid wastes that
are hazardous wastes are regulated under the more stringent requirements of Subtitle C of
RCRA, whereas non-hazardous solid wastes are regulated under the less stringent requirements
of Subtitle D of RCRA.
1,2-Dichloroethane is a U-listed hazardous waste under code U077 under RCRA; therefore,
discarded, unused pure and commercial grades of 1,2-Dichloroethane are regulated as a
hazardous waste under RCRA (40 CFR § 261.33(f)).
• Wastes Exempted as Solid Wastes under RCRA: Certain conditions of use of 1,2-dichloroethane
may generate wastes of 1,2-dichloroethane that are exempted as solid wastes under 40 CFR §
261.4(a). For example, the generation and legitimate reclamation of hazardous secondary
materials of 1,2-Dichloroethane may be exempt as a solid waste.
•
E.2 Sources Containing Potentially Relevant Data or Information
EPA presents below examples of occupational exposure-related information from the preliminary data
gathering. EPA plans to consider this information and data in combination of other data and methods for
use in the risk evaluation. Note these points are the only data available for the last ten years.
78
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TableApx E-l. Summary of Industry Sectors with 1,2-Dichloroethane Personal Monitoring Air
Samples Obtained from OSHA Inspections Conducted since 2014
NAICS
NAICS Description
Number of Data Points
325998
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
Preparation Manufacturing
2 (2016)
339112
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
2(2014)
Table Apx E-2. Potentially Relevant Data Sources for Exposure Monitoring and Area Monitoring
Data from NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations
Year of Publication
Report Number
I'acility Description
1992
HETA 91-251-2218
Manufacture of self lubricating ball bearings
1984
HETA 83-375-1521
USDA Grain Inspection Service (grain
fumigants)
1982
HETA 80-186-1149
Plastic Manufacuring
1980
HE 79-80, 81-746
Medical Equipment Manufacturing
1979
HE 77-73-610
Chemical Manufacturing
79
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Appendix F SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL
AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND USES
Table Apx F-l. Worker and Occupational Non-User Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»e
SiihciiU'jion
Rde;ise/r.\|>osuiv
SiTiiiirio
I'1\|)omiiv l';illm:i>
r.\|)ONIMY
Koulo
Km'plor
I'lilllS lo
l'.\iiliiiiH*
Kiilioiiiilc
Manufacturing
Domestic
Manufacture
Domestic
manufacture
Domestic
manufacture
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they arc not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Import
Import
Import
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
80
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l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
SuhciiU'^on
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Scenario
I'1\|)omiiv Piidiwin
l'l\|)OMIIV
Route
Receptor
Phins lo
l'l\;ilu;ilc
R;iliou;ilc
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Processing
Processing as
a reactant or
intermediate
Petrochemical
manufacturing
Processing of
petrochemicals,
plastics, resins, and
other basic organic
chemicals
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Plastic material
and resin
manufacturing
Processing of
plastics and resins
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they arc not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
81
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Scenario
I'1\|)omiiv Piidiwin
l'l\|)OMIIV
Route
Receptor
Phins to
l'l\;ilu;ilc
R;iliou;ilc
All other basic
organic chemical
manufacturing
Processing of
organic chemicals
containing 1,2-
dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Incorporated
into
formulation,
mixture or
Fuels and fuel
additives: All
other petroleum
and coal products
manufacturing
Processing of fuels,
fuel additives,
and/or other
products containing
1,2-dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
reaction
product
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Functional Fluids:
Pharmaceutical
Processing of
liquid products that
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
82
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Sciwiiirio
l'l\|)OMIIV I'illllWil^
l'l\|)OMIIV
Koulo
Km'plor
Phins lo
l'l\illllillO
K;ilion;ik*
and medicine
manufacturing
contain 1,2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they arc not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Processing aids,
specific to
petroleum
production
Processing of
liquid products that
contain 1,2-
dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Recycling
Recycling
Handling of
products containing
1,2-dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquid products containing
1, 2-dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
83
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Scciiiii'io
I'lxposiiiv P;i 1 liw ;i>
I'lxposiiiv
Koulo
Km'plor
I'hins lo
l'l\;ilii;ilc
K;ilion;ik*
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Distribution in
commerce
Distribution
in commerce
Distribution in
commerce
Distribution of bulk
shipments of 1,2-
dichloroethane and
formulated products
Liquid Contact, Vapor
Dermal,
Inhalation
Worker,
ONU
Yes
EPA plans to analyze activities
resulting in exposures associated
with distribution in commerce
(e.g. loading, unloading)
throughout the various lifecycle
stages and conditions of use (e.g.
manufacturing, processing,
industrial use, commercial use,
disposal) rather than as a single
distribution scenario.
Industrial Use
Adhesives
and Sealants
Adhesives and
Sealants
Application of
glues and adhesives
containing 1,2-
dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane.
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
84
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Sciwiiirio
I'1\|)omiiv Piidiwin
l'l\|)OMIIV
Koulo
Km'plor
Phins lo
K;ilion;ik*
Mist
Mist
Worker/ON
U
Yes
EPA plans to evaluate the
possibility of mist generation and
resulting releases and/or
exposures that could occur during
this condition of use.
Industrial Use
Functional
Fluids (closed
systems)
Heat Transfer
agent
Heat Transfer agent
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing I, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Industrial Use
Lubricants
and Greases
Paste lubricants
and greases
Application of
"solid film
lubricant"
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
85
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Sciwiiirio
I'1\|)omiiv Piidiwin
l'l\|)OMIIV
Koulo
Km'plor
Phins lo
K;ilion;ik*
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Mist
Mist
Worker/ON
U
Yes
TDS recommends spray
application
Industrial Use
Oxidizing/red
ucing agents
Oxidation
inhibitor in
controlled
oxidative
chemical reactions
Use of 1,2-
dichloroethane as
an oxidation
inhibitor in
controlled
oxidative chemical
reactions
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Industrial Use
Solvents
(for cleaning
and
degreasing)
A component of
degreasing and
cleaning solvents
Use of solvents
and/or degreasing
formulations
containing 1,2-
dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
86
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Sciwiiirio
I'lxposiiiv P;i 1 liw ;i>
I'lxposiiiv
Koulo
Km'plor
I'hins lo
l'l\;ilii;ilc
K;ilion;ik*
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Commercial
Use
Plastic and
rubber
products
Products such as:
plastic and rubber
products
Use of plastic and
rubber products
containing 1,2-
Dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Commercial
Use
Fuels and
related
products
Fuels and related
products
Use of fuels, fuel
additives, and/or
other products
containing 1,2-
dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they arc not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
87
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Scenario
I'lxposiiiv P;i 1 liw ;i>
I'lxposiiiv
Route
Receptor
I'hins to
l'l\;ilu;ilc
R;ition;ilc
Commercial
Use
Other Use
Laboratory
Chemicals
(e.g. reagents)
Use of laboratory
products and/or
reagents containing
1,2-dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Commercial
Use
Other Use
Embalming agent
Use of embalming
products containing
1,2-Dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they are not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Disposal
Disposal
Waste Handling,
Treatment, and
Disposal
Handling of wastes
containing 1,2-
dichloroethane
Liquid Contact
Dermal
Worker
Yes
Workers are expected to routinely
handle liquids containing 1, 2-
dichloroethane
88
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
S(;i»o
Suhc.iU'Sion
Kok';iso/r.\|)osuiv
Scciiiii'io
I'lxposiiiv P;i 1 liw ;i>
I'lxposiiiv
Route
Km'plor
Phins lo
l'l\illllillO
K;ilion;ik*
Vapor
Inhalation
Worker
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
Liquid Contact
Dermal
ONU
No
Dermal exposure by ONU is not
expected for this condition of use
as they arc not expected to
directly handle the chemical.
Vapor
Inhalation
ONU
Yes
Due to high volatility (79.1
mmHg at 25°C), EPA plans to
evaluate inhalation exposure to
vapor
89
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Appendix G
SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR CONSUMER
ACTIVITIES AND USES
Table Apx G-l. Consumer Exposure Conce
jtual Model Supporting
l.ilV ( \clc
S(;i»c
SubciiK'iion
Kolciisc from
SOII ICO
i:\posii iv
P;i(h\\;i\
Koulc
Km'plttr
Pliins In
Kiilioiiiik-
Liquid
Contact
Dermal
( oiisiiniers
\n
( iiiisiinieis are ik roiilincK
handle liquids eislanders
\n
15> slanders are nni e\pecled In iniiiiiicK
come in contact u illi inhalation of
plasiic and rnhher products
Article
Oral
Consumer
Yes
Consumers can routinely come in
contact with solid plastic or rubber
articles.
Dermal
I5\ slanders
\n
I5\ slanders are nol e\peeled In I'oiilincK
conic in conlacl u illi inhalation of
plasiie and rnhher products
able
90
-------
Appendix H SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR CONSUMER
ACTIVITIES AND USES
Table Apx H-l. General Population and Environmental Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table
Life (\clo
S(;i»e
Kok'iiso
r.xposiirc
P;il h \\ ;¦> /
Mcdiii
l'l\|)OMIIV
Ron (cs
Km'plor /
Population
PlilllS lo
Kiilioiiiilc
All
1 Emissions lo
\ll
1 Emissions lo \ 11"
Near laeilils
anihieni air
concern ral ions
Inhalation
(leneral
Kipiilaliiin
\n
1.2-1 )ieliliii'iielliane is a 11 \ 1* SialioiiaiA
siuiree releases of 1,2-dieliliiiiielliaiie lo
amhieiii airare under iliejiirisdielinii nl'llie
( \ \
11 id i reel
depusiiiiin iii
iiearln bodies
nl' ualer and
boil catchments
Oral
Dermal
(leneral
l\ipnlaliiiii
\n
Tl'.l)
\i|ii;ilie and
Terrestrial
Receptors
\n
Wastewater
or Liquid
Wastes
Industrial pre-
treatment and
wastewater
treatment, or POTW
Direct release
into surface
water and
indirect
partitioning lo
sediment
TBD
Aquatic and
Terrestrial
Receptors
Yes
EPA has developed Ambient Water
Quality Criteria for protection of human
health for 1.2-dichloroclhanc.
Oral
Dermal
General
Population
No
Drinking Water
via Surface or
Ground Water
Oral
Dermal and
Inhalation
(e.g.
showering)
General
Population
No
The drinking water exposure pathway for
1.2-dichloroclhanc is currently addressed
in the SDWA regulatory analytical process
for public water sy stems.
Biosolids:
application lo
soil and/or
migration lo
groundwater
and/or surface
water
Oral (e.g.
ingestion of
soil)
Inhalation
General
Population
No
Unlikely to be a route to general
population since 1.2-dichloroclhanc is not
expected to sorb onto biosolids.
TBD
Aquatic and
Terrestrial
receptors
Yes
7 The exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards EPA plans to consider are subject to change in the final scope, in light of comments received on this draft scope
and other reasonably available information. EPA continues to consider whether and how other EPA-administered statutes and any associated regulatory programs address
the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane in exposure pathways falling under the jurisdiction of these EPA statutes.
91
-------
l.ilo ( >clo
Slii»c
Uok'iisi'
l'l\|)osuro
P;il h \\ ;¦> /
Modiii
r.\|)ONIMY
Routes
Km'plor /
Pnpnhilion
Phins lo
l.\;ihi;ik~
Kiilioiiiik*
1 lldaui'oillld
MI|CClK'll
\1mr;ilion lii
urouiid\\;ikT.
pokiilml
siirl';ii_v di'iiikiiiu
\\;ikr
()r;il
Dcrniiil
(leuercil
I'opukiliou
VI .
1.2-1 )khloroclh;uic is rele;ised lo (kiss 1
I iidcruroimd liikvliou 1 l;i/;irdous \V;isk
Wells w Inch ;ire co\ crcd h\ SI )\V \ ;ind
k( k V
Tl'.l)
\t|ii;ilic ;ind
1 'erresiml
S |KVICs
1 )lspos;il
Solid ;md
Liquid
\V;isks
1 l;i/;irdous.
\ 11M l ici p;i 1 hnidl'ill
;ind oilier l;ind
disposal
l.e;idi;ile In
soil, mound
u;ikT;iud or
niilm;iliou lo
surl';ii_v \\;ikr
Or;il
l)crni;il
(leuercil
I'opukiliou
VI
1.2-1 )khloroclh;iiic is included on llic lisi
ol'h;i/;irdoiis \\;isk's piirsii;ini lo k('k \
'tini (4o (ik jfjf :<-i v,,
Tl'.l)
\t|ii;ilk ;ind
Terresiml
kecepiors
92
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