Fast Facts
National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory
emissions
emissions
Nitrous Oxide (ISLO)
F uorinated Gases
Methane (CH J
Carbon Dioxide (CO,)


Electricity
Agriculture
Commercial Residential
Transportation
Industry
2018 Total Emissions
2017-2018 Change
6,677 million metric tons ofC02 equivalent
C02 emissions from
fossil fuel combustion:
75.4%
of total emissions
C02 removals by forests
and other lands:
12.0%
of total emissions
t 2.9% total
t 3.3% c02
^ 2.9 fuel combustion
C02 emissions from fossil
1990-2018 Change
t 3.7% total
t 5.8%
t 6.2%
C02emissions from fossil
fuel combustion
To learn more about the inventory, visit
www.epa.aov/qhqemissions/inventorv-us-areenhouse-qas-emissions-and-sinks. or
explore the data at https://cfpub.epa.gov/qhqdata/inventorvexplorer/.
*Percentages may not add to 100% due to independent rounding and the way the inventory quantifies U.S. territories (not shown) as a separate sector.
AEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
April 2020
EPA 430-F-20-002

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U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Gas
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT C02 Equivalents)
000
000
000 -
000 -
000 -
000 -
000
000
l HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3
I Methane
Nitrous Oxide
I Carbon Dioxide
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions/Sinks
by Chapter/IPCC Sector

8,000 -

7,000-
D"
LU
6,000-
d"
5,000-
O

l-
4,000-
E

S
3,000-

2,000-

1,000-
o-
-1,000-
I Waste Industrial Processes
Energy ¦ Land Use, Land-Use Change,
and Forestry (sinks)
Agriculture
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2018 U.S.CO2 Emissions
from Fossil Fuel Combustion by
Fuel Type and End-Use Sector
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
2,000
1,600-
1,200-
800-
400
0
Relative Contribution	, Qryl
by Fuel Type	^S3
246	337

~
/
V «/

Note: Electricity generation also includes emissions of less than 0.5 Tg CO, Eq. from
geothermal-based electricity generation.
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Allocated to Economic Sectors
1 Residential
Industry
Commercial 1
I Electric Power Industry
Agriculture
¦ Transportation
000-
000-
000-
000-
Note: Does not include U.S. territories and LULUCF sector.
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
with Electricity Distributed to
Economic Sectors
I Agriculture
I Transportation
I Residential
Industry
Commercial
o
o
s
s
DUO -
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Note: Does not include U.S. territories and LULUCF sector.
* Additional sources that do not exceed 0.05 MMT C0= Eq. in all listed years:
CO;: Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells, Magnesium Production and Processing.
CH4: Carbide Production and Consumption, Iron and Steel Production and
Metallurgical Coke Production, Ferroalloy Production, Incineration of Waste.
N;0: Natural Gas Systems.
Unspecified Mix of HFCs and PFCs: Electronics Industry.
+ Does not exceed 0.05 MMT CO, Eq.
0 Emissions from Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumption are not included
specifically in summing energy sector totals. Net carbon fluxes from changes in
biogenic carbon reservoirs are accounted for in the estimates for land use, land-use
change, and forestry.
b Emissions from international bunker fuels are not included in totals.
LULUCF emissions of CH4 and N,0 are reported separately from gross emissions totals.
d Total gross emissions exclude the land use, land-use change, and forestry category.
Net emissions include this category.
Note: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding.
Gas/Source*
1990

2005
O
P
5,128.3

6,131.9
Fossil Fuel Combustion
4,740.0

5,740.7
Transportation
1,469.1

1,856.1
Electric Power Sector
1,820.0

2,400.0
Industrial
857.0

850.1
Residential
338.2

357.9
Commercial
228.2

226.9
U.S.Territories
27.6

49.7
Non-Energy Use of Fuels
119.5

139.7
Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical Coke Production
104.7

70.1
Cement Production
33.5

46.2
Petroleum Systems
9.6

12.2
Natural Gas Systems
32.2

25.3
Petrochemical Production
21.6

27.4
Ammonia Production
13.0

9.2
Lime Production
11.7

14.6
Incineration of Waste
8.0

12.5
Other Process Uses of Carbonates
6.3

7.6
Urea Fertilization
2.0

3.1
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
1.5

1.4
Urea Consumption for Non-Agricultural Purposes
3.8

3.7
Liming
4.7

4.3
Ferroalloy Production
2.2

1.4
Soda Ash Production
1.4

1.7
Titanium Dioxide Production
1.2

1.8
Aluminum Production
6.8

4.1
Glass Production
1.5

1.9
Zinc Production
0.6

1.0
Phosphoric Acid Production
1.5

1.3
Lead Production
0.5

0.6
Carbide Production and Consumption
0.4

0.2
International Bunker Fuelsb
103.5

113.1
Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumption"
219.4

230.7
CH/
774.4

679.6
Enteric Fermentation
164.2

168.9
Natural Gas Systems
183.3

158.1
Landfills
179.6

131.3
Manure Management
37.1

51.6
Coal Mining
96.5

64.1
Petroleum Systems
46.1

38.8
Wastewater Treatment
15.3

15.4
Rice Cultivation
16.0

18.0
Stationary Combustion
8.6

7.8
Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells
6.6

7.0
Abandoned Underground Coal Mines
7.2

6.6
Mobile Combustion
12.9

9.6
Composting
0.4

1.9
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
0.3

0.4
Petrochemical Production
0.2

0.1
International Bunker Fuelsb
0.2

0.1
N20';
434.6

432.6
Agricultural Soil Management
315.9

313.0
Stationary Combustion
25.1

34.3
Manure Management
14.0

16.4
Mobile Combustion
42.0

37.3
AdipicAcid Production
15.2

7.1
Nitric Acid Production
12.1

11.3
Wastewater Treatment
3.4

4.4
N„0 from Product Uses
4.2

4.2
Composting
0.3

1.7
Caprolactam, Glyoxal.and Glyoxylic Acid Production
1.7

2.1
Incineration of Waste
0.5

0.4
Electronics Industry
+

0.1
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
0.2

0.2
Petroleum Systems
+

+
International Bunker Fuelsb
0.9

1.0
HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3
99.7

147.7
HFCs
46.5

128.7
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances
0.2

108.4
HCFC-22 Production
46.1

20.0
Electronics Industry
0.2

0.2
Magnesium Production and Processing
+

+
PFCs
24.3

6.7
Electronics Industry
2.8

3.2
Aluminum Production
21.5

3.4
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances
+

+
SF«
28.8

11.8
Electrical Transmission and Distribution
23.2

8.4
Magnesium Production and Processing
5.2

2.7
Electronics Industry
0.5

0.7
NF3
+

0.5
Electronics Industry
+

0.5
Total Emissions'1
H

7,391.8
LULUCF Emissions
7.4

16.3
LULUCF CH4 Emissions
4.4

8.8
LULUCF N„0 Emissions
3.0

7.5
LULUCF Carbon Stock Change
(860.7)

(831.0)
LULUCF Sector Net Total
(853.4)

(814.7)
Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks)
5,583.6

6,577.1
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
5,561.7
5,412.4
5,292.3
5,253.6
5,424.9
5,184.8
5,031.8
4,942.4
4,892.2
5,031.8
1,713.7
1,725.3
1,765.3
1,787.3
1,820.7
2,037.1
1,900.6
1,808.9
1,732.0
1,752.8
812.9
801.3
801.4
805.0
833.2
346.8
317.8
293.1
293.8
337.3
232.8
245.4
232.3
232.8
246.5
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
120.0
127.0
113.7
123.1
134.6
58.2
47.9
43.6
40.6
42.6
39.4
39.9
39.4
40.3
40.3
30.5
32.6
23.0
24.5
36.8
29.6
29.3
29.9
30.4
35.0
26.3
28.1
28.3
28.9
29.4
9.4
10.6
10.8
13.2
13.5
14.2
13.3
12.6
12.8
13.2
10.4
10.8
10.9
11.1
11.1
13.0
12.2
10.5
9.9
10.0
3.9
4.1
4.0
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
1.8
4.6
5.1
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.9
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.5
2.8
2.8
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
103.4
110.9
116.6
120.1
122.1
323.2
317.7
317.2
322.2
328.9
639.0
638.5
624.2
630.3
634.5
164.2
166.5
171.8
175.4
177.6
141.1
141.9
135.8
139.3
140.0
112.6
111.3
108.0
107.7
110.6
54.3
57.9
59.6
59.9
61.7
64.6
61.2
53.8
54.8
52.7
43.5
40.5
39.0
38.7
36.2
14.3
14.6
14.4
14.1
14.2
15.4
16.2
13.5
12.8
13.3
8.9
8.5
7.9
7.8
8.6
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.3
6.4
6.7
6.4
6.2
4.1
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
449.3
443.8
426.1
421.3
434.5
349.2
348.1
329.8
327.4
338.2
33.0
30.5
30.0
28.6
28.4
17.3
17.5
18.1
18.7
19.4
19.7
18.3
17.4
16.3
15.2
5.4
4.3
7.0
7.4
10.3
10.9
11.6
10.1
9.3
9.3
4.8
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
+
+
+
+
0.1
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
179.0
181.6
181.5
183.1
182.8
166.3
170.5
170.5
172.5
171.6
160.9
165.8
167.3
166.9
167.8
5.0
4.3
2.8
5.2
3.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
5.6
5.1
4.3
4.0
4.6
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.4
1.0
1.6
+
+
+
+
0.1
6.5
5.5
6.1
5.9
5.9
4.8
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
BB
6,676.4
6,524.1
6,488.2
6,676.6
16.6
27.4
12.8
26.1
26.1
9.5
16.1
7.3
15.2
15.2
7.0
11.2
5.5
10.8
10.9
(739.6)
(802.9)
(801.7)
(790.0)
(799.6)
(723.0)
(775.5)
(788.9)
(763.9)
(773.5)

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Global Warming Potentials (100-Year Time Horizon)
Gas*
GWP
CO, 1
CH4
25
n2o
298
HFC-23
14,800
HFC-32
675
HFC-43-10mee
1,640
HFC-125
3,500
HFC-134a
1,430
HFC-143a
4,470
HFC-152a
124
HFC-227ea
3,220
HFC-236fa
9,810
u_
O
7,390
%
12,200
CO
U_
o°
8,830
%
8,860

10,300
IPs
9,160
fe
9,300
*0
LI-
CO
22,800
nf3
17,200
Global warming potential (GWP) is defined as
the cumulative radiative forcing effects of a gas
over a specified time horizon resulting from
the emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a
reference gas.The GWP-weighted emissions of
direct greenhouse gases in the U.S. Inventory
are presented in terms of equivalent emissions
of carbon dioxide (GO^'using units of million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMT
CQ,Eq.).
Conversion:
1 million metric tons = 106 metric tons = 1(? kg.
The molecular weight of carbon is 12, and the
molecular weight of oxygen is 16; therefore, the
molecular weight of C02 is 44 (i.e., 12 + [16 x
2]), as compared to 12 for carbon alone.Thus,
the weight ratio of carbon to carbon dioxide is
12/44,'
Conversion from gigagrams of gas to million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:
(¦ Gg \	/ rami \
ofgasjx(GWP)x(l,000Ggj
Source:
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
m See Annex 6 of EPA's Inventory report for
information about the full list of gases in the
Inventory.

i ¦ v;3"
'w


r —:
Energy Units
Rfii
Rritish thprmnl iinit
1 Rti i


MBtu
Thousand Btu
1 x ID'3 Btu

MMBtu
Miilion Btu
1 x 106 Btu

BBtu
Billion Btu
1 x 10s Btu

TBtu
Trillion Btu
1 x 1012 Btu

QBtu
Quadrillion Btu
1 x 1D15 Btu

For more information on calculating C02 emissions per kWh, download eGRID
data at www.epa.aov/enerav/earid.
For other related information, see www.epa.aov/ahaemissions and
https://unfccc.int.
Carbon Information
Conversion Factors to Energy Units and Carbon Contents by Fuel Type
The values in this table provide conversion factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents.
These factors can be used as default factors, if local data are not available.
Fuel Type
Heat Content
Carbon (C) Content
Coefficients
Carbon Dioxide (C02) per Physical Unit
Solid Fuels
Million Btu/Metric Ton
kg C/Million Btu
kg C02/MetricTon
Anthracite Coal
24.88
28.28
2,579.9
Bituminous Coal
26.33
25.41
2,453.2
Sub-bituminous Coal
18.89
26.49
1,834.8
Lignite
14.19
26.76
1,392.3
Coke
23.69
31.00
2,692.8
Unspecified Coal
27.60
25.34
2,564.4
Gas Fuels
Btu/Cubic Foot
kg C/Million Btu
kg CO/Cubic Foot
Natural Gas
1,036
14.43
0.0548
Liquid Fuels
Million Btu/Petroleum Barrel
kg C/Million Btu
kg CO./Petroleum Barrel
Motor Gasoline
5.05
19.46
360.3
Distillate Fuel Oil
5.83
20.17
431.2
Residual Fuel Oil
6.29
20.48
472.3
Jet Fuel
5.67
19.70
409.6
Aviation Gasoline
5.05
18.86
349.2
LPG
3.55
16.83
219.1
Kerosene
5.67
19.96
415.0
Still Gas
6.00
18.20
400.4
Petroleum Coke
6.02
27.85
614.7
Pentanes Plus
4.62
19.10
323.6
Unfinished Oils
5.83
20.31
434.2
Note: For fuels with variable heat contents and carbon content coefficients, this table presents 2018 U.S. average values. All factors are presented in gross
calorific values (GCV) (i.e., higher heating values). LPG = liquefied petroleum gases.

Unit Conversions
1 pound
= 0.454 kilograms
= 16 ounces

1 kilogram
= 2.205 pounds
= 35.27 ounces

1 short ton
= 0.9072 metric tons
= 2,000 pounds

1 cubic foot
= 0.02832 cubic meters
= 28.3168 liters

1 cubic meter
= 35.315 cubic feet
= 1,000 liters

1 U.S. gallon
= 3.78541 liters
= 0.03175 barrels
= 0.02381 barrels petroleum
1 liter
= 0.2642 U.S. gallons
= 0.0084 barrels
= 0.0063 barrels petroleum
1 barrel
= 31.5 U.S. gallons
= 119 liters
= 0.75 barrels petroleum
1 barrel petroleum
= 42 U.S. gallons
= 159 liters

1 mile
= 1.609 kilometers
= 5,280 feet

1 kilometer
= 0.6214 miles
= 3,280.84 feet

1 square mile
= 2.590 square kilometers
= 640 acres

1 square kilometer
= 0.386 square miles
= 100 hectares

1 acre
= 43,560 square feet
= 0.4047 hectares
= 4,047 square meters

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