PEER REVIEW DRAFT. DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ¦SERA United States Office of Chemical Safety and Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention Draft Risk Evaluation for T richloroethylene Systematic Review Supplemental File: Data Extraction Tables for Environmental Fate and Transport Studies CASRN: 79-01-6 CI H CI CI February 2020 ------- Table of Contents Table 1. Biodegradation Study Summary for Trichloroethylene 2 Table 2. Bioconcentration Study Summary for Trichloroethylene 17 Table 3. Photolysis Study Summary for Trichloroethylene 18 Table 4. Hydrolysis Study Summary for Trichloroethylene 21 Table 5. Other Fate Endpoints Summary for Trichloroethylene 22 EPI Suite™ Model Outputs 27 References 30 ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT. DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initial CoiKontratio 11 Inoculum Source (An)acrobk' S til tu s Duration Result Comments Affiliated Reference Data Quality Evaluation results olTull Study Report Water Other; Anaerobic serum bottle test 83 ng/L Digested sludge Anaerobic 60 days Biodegradation parameter: percent removal: 100%/60d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Long et al„ 1993) High Other; Batch transformation experiment under methanogenic conditions ca. 200 |ig/L Activated sludge (adaptation not specified) Anaerobic 57 days Biodesradation parameter: percent removal: 40%/8 weeks The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Bouwer and Mccartv. 19831 High Other; Sequential- Aerobic serum bottle test 35 ng Digested sludge Aerobic 22 days Biodesradation parameter: percent removal: methane culture and phenol culture, respectivelv: 100%/22d and 100%/22d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Long et al„ 1993) High Other; Aerobic batch fed reactor 160 ng/L Digested sludge Aerobic More than a year Biodegradation parameter: test reactor influent/effluent comparison: Average reactor influent of TCE = 160 ng/L, average reactor effluent = ND ng/L The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Long et al„ 1993) High Other; Aerobic serum bottle test 38 ng Digested sludge Aerobic 20 days Biodesradation parameter: percent removal: methane culture and phenol culture, respectivelv: 100%/20d and 100%/20d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Long et al„ 1993) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo Initicil Inoculum (An)iiorobk' Duration Uosult Comments A Hil kited Dcitii Qiiiilitv (your) Coiuentintio 11 Sou n o S til tu s Reference lAiiluiition results olTiill Study Report Other; Anaerobic 120 ng/L Digested Anaerobic More than Biodegradation The reviewer (Lone et al„ High batch fed reactor sludge a year parameter: test reactor influent/effluent comparison: Average reactor influent of TCE = 120 ng/L, average reactor effluent = 2 |ig/L agreed with this study's overall quality level. 1993) Other; non- 19 urn Other: Aerobic 3 Oh Biodegradation The reviewer (Kim et al„ High guideline Hanford soil microcosms parameter: test substance transformation rate 0.01 nmol/mg total suspended solids/h agreed with this study's overall quality level. 2000) Other; non- 550 to 700 Digested Anaerobic 300 days Biodeeradation The reviewer (Freedman High guideline study; reductive dechlorination in nmol/100 mL sludge 1st generation inoculum; parameter: removal: 2.83 |imol/17d agreed with this study's overall quality level. and Gossett. 1989) a semi- 120 days continuous sixth reactor with an anaerobic generation inoculum enrichment culture Other; non- >18 to <187 Other: Anaerobic 16 weeks Biodegradation The reviewer (Bouwer et al„ High guideline anaerobic l-ig/L Methanogeni c mixed parameter: removal: limited degradation agreed with this study's overall 1981) biodegradation culture quality level. experiment grown in a laboratory- scale Other; non- guideline 20 mg/L Other Anaerobic 10 days Biodegradation parameter: removal: 95%/5d The reviewer agreed with this (PhelDS et al„ 1991) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initicil Concentintio ii Inoculum Souito (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Result Comments Affiliiited Reference Diitii Qu.ilitv lAiiluiition results oM'ull Study Report experimental bioreactor study's overall quality level. OECD Guideline 302 B (Inherent biodegradability: Zahn- Wellens/EMPA Test); A "fast biodegradability test" was done initially, according to Polo etal. 2011. Compounds, including TCE, that were not determined to be biodegradable in adapted sludge according to that test underwent the OECD 302 B test. 100 mg/L Activated sludge, domestic, adapted Aerobic 28 days Biodegradation parameter: TOC: 38.9%/28d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Tobaias et ai, 20161 High Other; static- culture flask- screening test 5 to 10 mg/L Sewage, domestic, non-adapted Aerobic 28 days (includes 7-day static incubation and 3 weekly subculture s) Biodegradation parameter: percent removal at 5 mg/L test substance and 10 me/L test substance, respectivelv: 64%/7d and 87%/28d; and 87%/7d and 84%/28d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (TabaketaL 19811 High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initial Coiuentintio ii Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Coninionts A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results olTull Study Report Other: granular sludge from USAB reactor treating sugar beet refinery wastewater. Methanol used as growth substrate. >1000 to <1500 other Activated sludge, industrial, non-adapted Anaerobic 65 days Biodeeradation parameter: concentration: approx. 900 nmol after 65d (initial concentration: 1375 nmol) The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (van Eekert et al.. 2001") High other: aquifer water from 15, 25,35,45 and 55 m away from landfill ca.120 to ca.150 |ig/L Water (not specified): sediment and ground water collected 15, 25,35, 45 and 55 m away from landfill Anaerobic 537 days Biodeeradation parameter: percent removal fanaerobic"): Complete reduction was seen closest to the landfill (15, 25 and 35m). No degradation was observed at further distances The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Biere et al. 1999) High Other: cylinder open at bottom, screened at top. Installed in the aquifer through a borehole approx. 5 m below ground surface. ca.150 |ig/L Natural water: freshwater Aerobic 3 months Biodegradation parameter: percent removal faerobic!: 0%/3 months The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Nielsen et al.. 1996) High other: ISMs - Stainless steel cylinder open at bottom, screened at top. Installed at 15,25,35, 45 and 55m from landfill ca.120 to ca.150 |ig/L Water (not specified) Anaerobic 220 days Biodeeradation parameter: percent removal fanaerobic"): Complete reduction was seen closest to the landfill (15, 25 and 35 m). No degradation was The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. 1999) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo Initicil Inoculum (An)iiorobk' Duration Uosult Comments A Hil kited Diitii Qiiiilitv (your) Coiu'entrntio 11 Sou n o S til tu s Reference lAiiluiition results olTull Study Report observed at further distances Other: bottles on Other; Anaerobic lh Biodegradation The reviewer (Hasten and High shaker table Anaerobic mixed culture known to be capable dechlorinatin g PCE to ethene seeded with aquifer material from a PCE- contaminated site in Victoria, TX parameter: Dechlorination rate: 59 |iM/day; Biodegradation parameter: Half- Velocitv Coefficients (Ks): 1.4+/-0.09 \M; kapp = 1.6+/-0.3 |imol (mg of volatile suspended solids)-l d-1) agreed with this study's overall quality level. Mccarty. 19991 Other: ca.150 ng/L Natural 3 months Biodegradation The reviewer (Nielsen et al„ High groundwater collected from water: freshwater parameter: percent removal: No agreed with this study's overall 1996) drive point piezometers. degradation observed under aerobic conditions quality level. Other; <11.8 mg/L Other; Anaerobic 100 days Biodegradation The reviewer (Schmidt and High groundwater microcosm groundwater for anaerobic parameter: percent removal via agreed with this study's overall Tiehm. 20081 studies using reductive reductive quality level. water obtained dechlorina dechlorination: from a metal- tion 100%/40d using working industry studies groundwater polluted with microcosms chlorinated amended with solvents hydrogen/acetate Other; influents Activated Not specified 3 months Biodeeradation The reviewer (Lee et al„ High and effluents of sludge, Darameter: Dercent agreed with this 20151 ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initkil Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Coninionts A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results oH'ull Study Report 27 Korean WWTPs screened for 22 chemicals industrial (adaptation not specified) removal festimated from eraphl: 95%/3 mo. (degradation, volatilization, sorption to solids, all included in "removal") study's overall quality level. Other; non- guideline 5 to 30 mg/L Other; from stream at U of Washington Seattle campus, enriched by phenol feeding and non-enriched Aerobic 1 day Biodeeradation parameter: degradation rate: 0.10-0.25 (avg = 0.18) g/gvolatile suspended solids/d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Bielefeldt et al„ 19951 High Other; non- guideline 30 to 60 |ig/L Natural water Anaerobic 62 hours Biodegradation parameter: pseudo- first-order rate coefficient k'. without and with methane, respectivelv: 2.3+/- 0.05 L mg/day and 0.004 to 0.046 L mg/day The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Henry and Grbic-Galic, 1991) High Anaerobic continuous flow study (large column) ca. 300 |ig/L Organic waste streams Anaerobic Not applicable Biodeeradation parameter: concentration finitial concentration: ca. 300 Hg/L): <5 ng/L; PCE and TCE were loaded to column The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Voeel and Mccartv. 19851 High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initicil Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Comments A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results oH'ull Study Report together, transformation product was vinyl chloride Other; microcosm study (cometabolism) 2.5 mg/L Natural water Anaerobic 34 days Biodegradation parameter: percent removal in the presence of methanol and chlorobenzene respectivelv: 100%/23d and 100%/34d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Kao and Prosser, 1999) Medium Other; microcosm study (cometabolism) 2.5 mg/L Natural water Aerobic 34 days Biodeeradation parameter: percent removal in the presence of phenol and chlorobenzene respectivelv: 100%/15d and 100%/23d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Kao and Prosser, 1999) Medium Other; controlled microcosm studies conducted to simulate seasonal (spring, summer and winter) field conditions >3.2 to <3.6 Hg/L Natural water: marine Aerobic 6 days Biodeeradation parameter: half-lives poisoned with HgCl? and not poisoned, respectivelv: 10.7 d and 8.6 d; Biodeeradation parameter: rate constants poisoned with HgCl? and not poisoned, respectivelv: -0.064 day-1 and -0.081 day-1 The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Wakeham et al„ 19831 Medium ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initicil Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Comments A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results olTiill Study Report Other; controlled microcosm studies conducted to simulate seasonal (spring, summer and winter) field conditions >2.4 to <3.8 Hg/L Natural water: marine Aerobic 64 d (spring), 20 d (summer), 61 d (winter) Biodegradation parameter: half-lives: 28 d (spring), 13 d (summer), 15 d (winter); Biodeeradation parameter: rate constants: -0.025 days-1 (spring), - 0.052 days-1 (summer), -0.045 days-1 (winter); Volatilization dominated the loss of test material The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Wakeham et aL. 19831 Medium Other; non- guideline ~3.33 Hg/ml Other: muck from the Everglades Anaerobic 30 days Biodegradation parameter: half-life: 43 d The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Trichlor o ethylen e is a transformation product in this study. (Wood et ai, 0 Medium Other; non- guideline microcosm 30 to 70 |ig/L Other; 0.7 gof fresh, washed, dried plant roots Aerobic approx. 9 Od total Biodegradation parameter: pseudo first-order rate constant: 0.22 (±0.12) d-1 The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (0in et ai. 2014) Medium Other; biotransformatio n in static microcosms 3.7 mg/L Natural water / sediment: freshwater Aerobic 16 weeks Biodegradation parameter: Concentration f|ig/Ll of degradation Droducts f95% The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Loss (Parsons et ai. 1985) Low ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initml Concentintio 11 Inoculum Source (An)norobic S til tu s Duration Result Comments A Hi 1 in ted Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results olTull Stuck Report confidence interval in parentheses!: Cis: wk 0 - ND, wk2: 38(13), wk 8: 30(4), wk 12: trace; wk 16: 1200(637); Trans: wk 0 - ND, wk2: 85(906), wk 8: trace, wk 12: ND; wk 16: ND;: wk 0 - ND, wk2: ND, wk 8: 57(340), wk 12: ND; wk 16: ND due to abiotic processes and/or adsorption were not controlled. Concentrations of TCE over time, degradation rate or half-life were not reported, limiting evaluation of the study. Other; inhibition of gas production to anaerobic sludge from an operating municipal sludge digester 0 to 1000 mg/L Sewage, domestic (adaptation not specified) Anaerobic 48 hours Parameter: inhibition of sas production: 21% inhibition at 10 mg/L and 56% at 100 mg/L after 48h The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Study describes inhibition of gas production not biodegradation rates or transformation pathways. (Dow Chem Co. 19771 Low Other; anaerobic continuous-flow column studies >4.4 |ig/L to <20.5 mg/L Anaerobic bacteria Anaerobic 22 days; Liquid detention in large column = 6 days; small column = 2-4 days Biodegradation parameter: concentration: flarse column"): PCE and TCE influents ~300 |ig/L were reduced to <5 ng/L The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Based on lack of control group details and the test substance, Trichlor o ethylen (Voeel and Mccartv. 19851 Low ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initial Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Coninionts A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results olTull Study Report e, was a degradation product of the test substance mixture. Other; thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy of formation and entropies of formation were calculated for aqueous chloroethylenes by extrapolating partial molar enthalpies for gas phased species. Not specified Anaerobic Biodegradation parameter: Thermodynamic parameters: Calculated standard partial molal thermodynamic properties for the aqueous chloroethylenes at elevated temperatures and pressures may be used to predict the equilibrium stabilities of these species under a wide range of environmental and geologic conditions. The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Study reports calculated estimates with limited details for endpoints related to fate (thermodynamic property). (Haas and Shock. 19991 Low Other; non- guideline aerobic biodegradation experiment 11+/-17% to 81+/-18% Hg/L Other: primary sewage effluent Palo Alto, CA, Water Pollution Control Facility Aerobic 25 weeks Biodegradation parameter: percent removal in test svstem: No detectable or significant degradation observed under the tested conditions The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Greater than 100% of test substance was remaining relative to the (Bouwer et a)„ 1981) Low ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initkil Concentintio 11 Inoculum Source (An)norobic S til tu s Duration Result Comments AfTilmteri Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results oH'ull Stuck Report controls after 25 weeks. Other; trichloroethylene transformation by a Mixed Methanotrophic Culture >0.6 to <15 mg/L anaerobic microorganis ms anaerobic Biodegradation parameter: transformation rates from freshlv harvested cells: 0.58 to 1.1 mg/mg cells/day; Biodegradation parameter: transformation rates for initial TCE concentrations of 0.6. 3. and 6 me/L. respectively: 0.068. 0.048, and 0.026 mg/mg cells/day; the rate of transformation declined over time and was found to increase if an electron donor (formate) was added; it was also noted that toxicity as a result of TCE and/or transformation products may be a factor The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Variation in transformation rates indicated that loss was affected by factors other than strictly biotic processes. (Alvarez- Cohen and McCartv. 1991) Low Other; anaerobic biodegradation 1.00 mg/L anaerobic sludge anaerobic 100 days Biodegradation parameter: percent removal: 39%/100d Extraction efficiency, percent ffiossetL 19851 Unacceptable ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initkil Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Comments A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results olTiill Study Report from seeded samples; Biodegradation parameter: concentration of degradation intermediates and products: 1.1-DCE (11 nmol); cis-1,2- DCE (27 nmol); VC (12 nmol) recovery, and mass balance were not reported; analytical methods were not reported, and loss of test material not accounted for limits evaluation of the study. Other 14.6 mg/L activated sludge (adaptation not specified) aerobic/anaerob ic 14 days Biodegradation parameter: percent removal: anaerobic: 0%/14d; Biodegradation parameter: removal: aerobic changed to anaerobic conditions: some transformation/14d The test method was not suitable for the test substance since TCE was also a degradation product of another compound being tested it is difficult to confirm or determine TCE removal. (Kastner, 1991) Unacceptable Other; solid, liquid, and gas emissions from a municipal solid waste and sludge composting reactor were analyzed for DCM and other VOC. activated sludge, domestic, adapted aerobic 5 days Biodeeradation parameter: percent removal: >0%/5d Based on insufficient data reported for TCE. Removal efficiency for volatilization, biodegradation and residuals for TCE of >0% (Kim et al„ 1995) Unacceptable ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initkil Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Coninionts AfTilmtori Uoforoiuo Diitii Qu.ilitv lAiiluiition results olTull Stuck Report Based on degradation rates from Howard 1991 and other system parameters, VOC concentrations were estimated in starting MSW. were not sufficient to evaluate study results. Other; degradation in open and closed systems >0.1 to <1 ppm natural water: marine not specified 14 days Biodegradation parameter: percent removal in open- lisht. closed-lisht. and closed-dark svstems. respectivelv: 80%. 35%, 30% Serious uncertainties or limitations were identified in sampling methods of the outcome of interest. In addition, loss from leaks in valves and open test systems were likely to have a substantial impact on the results. These serious flaws make the study unusable. (lensen and Rosenberg. 1975) Unacceptable 14C-labelled Not reported activated sludge, adapted aerobic Not reported Biodegradation parameter: percent removal of radiolabel: 3.4% No information was provided about the test substance other that a statement saying some test 1^53" Unacceptable ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initicil CoiKontrntio 11 Inoculum Source (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Result Comments AfTilmted Reference Diitii Qu.ilitv lAiiluiition results oM'iill Study Report substances were bought, some were synthesized in the lab. Other; non- guideline Not reported for TCE study (cites Powell etal. 2011) Not reported for TCE study (cites Powell etal. 2011) aerobic Not reported for TCE study (cites Powell et al. 2011) Biodegradation parameter: degradation rate constant: 0.15 d1 (mean; biomass normalized) Study details for TCE reported in separate study (not available in HERO: Powell, C.L., Agrawal, A., 2011. Co- metabolic degradation of trichloroethene by methane oxidizers naturally associated with wetland plant roots: investigation with Carex comosa and Scirpus atrovirens. Wetlands 31 (1), 45-52.) (Powell et al. 2014) Unacceptable Sediment Other; anaerobic biodegradation with methane- utilizing mixed culture 110 ng/mL natural sediment anaerobic 54 hours Biodegradation parameter: percent removal of radiolabel via primarv degradation: 100%/2d (not all of The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Fogel et al. 1986) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study Typo (your) Initial Coiuentintio 11 Inoculum Sou n o (An)iiorobk' S til tu s Duration Uosult Coninionts A Hil kited Reference Diitii Qiiiilitv lAiiluiition results olTull Study Report this is completely biodegrading to carbon dioxide during this time period") Other; static microcosm with muck and surface water in sealed septum bottles studying tetrachloroethene 100 ng natural sediment: freshwater anaerobic 21 days Biodeeradation parameter: percent removal: 72.2%/21d The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Parsons et al„ V) Medium Non-guideline 50 |imol/L Dehalococcoi des sp. was characterized as the microbe responsible for the dechlorinatio n ofTCE anaerobic Biodegradation parameter: highest dechlorination rate observed: 68.8 l_imol/L day; Biodeeradation parameter: dechlorination products: trans- DCE:cis-DCE ratio = 1.43:1; Complete reductive dechlorination of TCE to ethene was accomplished in sediments from 1 location. The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: This study focused on dechlorination by a specific species and due to limited information being reported in the study, evaluation of the reasonableness of the study results was not possible. (Chene; et al„ 2010) Low ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Table 2. Bioconcentration Study Summary for Trichloroethylene Study Typo (your) Initial Conconticition Spocios l)ii riition Uosult Commonts Ami in tod Uoforonco l);i til Qu.ilitv lAiiliiiition results of l ull Study Uoport Bioconcentration in Bluegill sunfish: Aquarium with well-water and modified continuous-flow proportional dilution apparatus for chemical introduction 8.23±0.42 l-ig/L Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus] 100 per aquarium Tetrachloroethylene 14 days; Test: 28 days or until equilibrium; water and fish samples collected periodically until apparent equilibrium was reached or the max exposure of 28 days was reached Bioconcentration parameter: BCF: 17 (bluegill); Bioconcentration parameter: half- life: >1 day; The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Barrows et al„ 1980) High OECD Guideline 305 B (Bioaccumulation: Semi-static Fish Test) 2500 ng/L Zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) 2 weeks Bioconcentration parameter: BCF: 19 (zebra fish, average), 12 (zebra fish, based on initial concentration), 65 (zebra fish, based on concentration 48 hours into test) The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Evaluation of the reasonableness of the study results was not possible due to limited data reporting regarding sampling and controls. (Umweltbundesamt. 1984) Low ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Table 3. Photolysis Study Summary for Trichloroethylene Study I'vpo (year) Wavelength Range D11 ration Result Comments Affiliated Reference Data Quality evaluation results ot l 11II Study Report Air Photooxidation through the action of NO2 and sunlight. 3160-3660 Angstrom 140 minutes Photodesradation parameter: indirect photolvsis fNCbl percent removal: 66%/140 min; Photodegradation parameter: indirect rate constant K fNCbl: 0.6 min1 The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Gav et al„ 1976.) High Water Photodegradation in water (indirect photolysis) 185 to 254 nm 60 min Photodegradation parameter: indirect photolvsis rate constants: 0.0135k deg min1 (oxygenated) 0.0498 k deg min1 (oxygen free) Photodesradation parameter: indirect photolvsis half-lives: 3.75 min (oxygenated); 3.39 min (oxygen free) The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Shiravama et al.. 2001) High Outdoor solar treatment system using solar radiation andTi02 365 nm 6 hours; 10 am to 4 pm Photodegradation parameter: First-order rate constants: Clear skv. Partlv cloudv skv. and Thick cloudv skv. respectivelv: 0.074/min. 0.018/min, and 0.004/min; Photodegradation parameter: percent removal: Clear skv. Partlv cloudv skv. and Thick cloudv skv. respectivelv: 88%. 81.2%, and 55.1%; The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Park et al.. 2003) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study I'vpo (vein) Wavelength Run^e Duration Result Comments Affiliated Reference Data Quality Evaluation results ot l iiII Study Report TCE rapidly degraded in the presence of Ti02 and solar light, complete degradation was observed after 120 min under a clear sky and 270 min under a cloudy sky, 80% loss was observed under a thickly cloudy sky; results were negative in the presence of Ti02 alone and solar light alone. Seasonal variation and byproducts of TCE using an outdoor solar treatment system with solar radiation and Ti02 365 nm 6 hours; 10 am to 4 pm (Summer: July-August; Winter: December- January) Photodegradation parameter: First-order rate constants: Winter at 50.100.150. and 200 me/L. respectively: 0.073/min. 0.047/min, 0.028, and 0.018/min, Photodegradation parameter: First-order rate constants: Summer at 50.100.150. and 200 ms/L. respectively: 0.095/min, 0.065/min, 0.038/min, 0.024min; Summer resulted in 1.3X faster degradation rates compared to winter The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Park et al„ 2003) High EPA OTS 796.3700 (Direct Photolysis Rate in Water by Sunlight) sunlight 1 year Photodegradation parameter: DT50: 6.6 months The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. Related HERO ID 3970783, ECHA. Phototransformation in water: (Dilline et al„ 1975) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Study I'vpo (vein) Wavelength Run^e Duration Result Comments Affiliated Reference Data Quality Evaluation results ot l 11II Study Report Tetrachloroethylene. 2017. Non-guideline batch reactor 253.7 nm 60 min Photodegradation parameter: indirect photolvsis fOH radicals generated from peroxide"): concentration: studies atpH 3. 5, 7,11 and varying conc. of H2O2 all had significant decreases in C(final)/Co over 60 min of experiment (<0.3] The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Dobaradaran et al„ 2012) Medium Other Photodegradation parameter: degradation: 36% A single data point (36% degradation) was provided. More info may be available in the report; however, the document is illegible. Unacceptable ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Table 4. Hydrolysis Study Summary for Trichloroethylene Study Type (year) PH Temperature Duration Results Comments Affiliated Reference Data Quality Evaluation Results of Full Study Report Nonguideline lab study in Pyrex tubes with light-proof container, shaken every 2-weeks, water purged with air for 15 min prior to addition of chlorinated compounds Not reported approx. 25 2C 1 year Hvdrolvsis parameter: Half-life: 10.7 months (avg.), 1 ppm/0 months, 0.68 ppm/6 months, 0.44 ppm/12 months; Decomposition rate in aerated water in the dark; part of the reaction may have occurred in the vapor phase. The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Dilline et al„ 1975) High Alkaline homogenous hydrolysis experiments; a range ofpH and temperature evaluated. Arrhenius temperature dependence assumed. 2-14 70-160 30 min to several days (for all test materials; specific duration for tetrachloroethylene not specified) Hvdrolvsis parameter: half-life fpH 7. 25 °CH: 1.3E6 years. The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (leffers et al„ 1989) Medium ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Table 5. Other Fate Endpoints Summary for Trichloroethylene System Study Type (your) Uosults Com moil ts A ITi Im tod Uoforoiuo Oil til Qu.ility lAiiliiiition results on iiII Study Uoport For the wind speed experiments, bottles were cut so that the height of the bottle was <0.5 cm from the water surface. For water motion experiments, the bottles were cut to make that distance 4.5cm so that and wind speed was not a factor. TCE evaporation from DI water was measured at various wind speeds and water agitation speeds. Parameter: volatilization half-life with no wind/water motion: 50%/3h Parameter: volatilization half-life with water motion at 50.100. and 150 rpm. respectivelv 50%/2.07h, 0.59h and 0.16h Parameter: volatilization half-life with wind speeds 0.54 m/s and 1.58 m/s: 50%/2.43h and 0.31h The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Pant et al„ 2007) High Model Two-dimensional numerical model and analysis of vapor sorption on the subsurface transport of volatile organic compounds Parameter: volatilization percent removal after 100 davs: From soil w/ moist surface and dry lower levels, 73.2% w/ strong vapor sorption and 84.6% w/o vapor sorption; From dry soil, similar to previous; From soil w/ dry surface and moist lower levels, 81.2-90.3% w/ strong vapor sorption and 72.3% w/o vapor sorption. The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Culver et al„ 1991) High >90% of the wastewater is composed of residential and commercial domestic sewage with <5% from industrial sources; most plants also receive runoff (18- 40%") from the Analysis of NYC municipal wastewaters from 1989-1993 Parameter: WWTP influent/effluent comparison: Trichloroethene was detected in 27% of influent samples and 7% of effluent samples; the concentration range detected in influent was 1-46 |ig/L and effluent was 2-3 |ig/L. The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Stubin et al„ 1996) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE System Study Type (your) Uosults Com moil ts A ITi Im tod Uoforoiuo Oil til Qu.ility lAiiliiiition results on iiII Study Uoport surrounding urban watershed Processes governing solute transport and volatilization were quantified using measured field data and the OTIS (one- dimensional transport with inflow and storage") Volatilization rates and half-lives for VOCs in constructed wastewater treatment wetlands Parameter: wastewater treatment wetlands to air mass flux: 0.06 g/d/hectare The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Keefe et ai, 2004) High Modified EPA method 624 Stripping of volatile organics from wastewater Parameter: WWTP influent/effluent comparison: 213 and 745 |ig/m3 max off gas samples; avg influent and effluent: 0.6 and 0.1 |ig/L in water and 50 and 19 |Ag/m:i in off gas at skyway, respectively, influent and effluent: 2 0.9 and 2.9 ng/L in water and 289 and 252 |ig/m3 in off gas at highland creek, respectively. The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. fBell et ai, 1993) High Beaker with mixer and dissolved oxygen analyzer in line Volatilization rate study for high- volatility compounds Parameter: volatilization rate constant ratios kvC/kvo: 0.57 ±0.09; range of kvo = 1.6-10.7 h-1 The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Smith et ai. 1980) High Monitoring; trichloroethene concentrations in KWRP wastewater ~0.4 ng/L, Post-MF ~0.6 Hg/L, Post-RO < 0.003 ng/L; in BPP wastewater <0.04 |ig/L, Post-MF <0.03 |ig/L, Post-RO <0.003 Iig/L Monitoring of water samples and correlation to treatment efficiency Parameter: WWTP removal efficiency: 91.2% for tetrachloroethene; STE samples (n=29): 48.3% detections; post-MF samples (n=9): 55.6% detections; post-RO samples (n=27): 7.4% detections The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Rodriguez et ai. 2012) High ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE System Study Type (vein) Results Comments A Nil kited Reference Oil til Quality lAiiliiiition results ot l iiII Study Report Gravimetric measurements by a Mettler H54 balance Evaporation rates of solutes from water Parameter: volatilization rates at 23.9 !£: 5.07E5 g/cm2-s The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Chiou et al„ 1980) High 12h Batch reactions run in lab-scale bioreactor continuously simulating pre- sedimentation without aeration (1st to 2nd hr.), followed by forepart (3rd to 6th hr.) and rear part aerobic biological treatment (7 th to 10 th hr.), post- sedimentation (final 2 hrs.) Lab-scale batch experiments using a bioreactor to simulate the fate of VOCs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP] and fugacity model predictions of VOCs in WWTP Parameter: partitioning: The concentrations of the VOCs in the air, water, and sludge phases of the bioreactor were analyzed regularly. Mass distributions indicated that TCE was mainly present in the water phase throughout the four treatment stages; less than 1% of the total mass was subject to biological sorption and/or degradation by the sludge; water aeration resulted in increased partitioning to the air phase with a negative impact on biological removal; TCE mass distribution throughout the 4 stages: ~99% water, ~0.1% air, less than 0.1% sludge The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. (Chen et ai, 2014) High Concentration in seawater and air Parameter: seawater to air flux: 0.03-309.7 (mean 70.0) nmol nr2 d1 The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. CHe et al.. 20131 High 200 rpm stirring of the solution with a shallow-pitch Parameter: volatilization half-life: 23.5 min The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. milling. 19771 High Wastewater flow: 41.5, 21,852,2390, 499,110 and 30.5 L/min. Volatile organic loading rate: 14.6, 4.6, 292, 286,19,5.29, 0.395 kg/L. Feed ratio: 9.6, 10.5, 28.8, NA, 14.7, 7.1,1.4 kg/kg for plants A-G respectively 7 steam stripper operations are reported Parameter: percent removal from steam stripper operations: >99.7 to >99.9% removal from plants A, C and D. The reviewer agreed with this study's overall quality level. CBlanev. 19891 Medium ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE System Study Type (your) Uosults Com moil ts A ITi Im tod Uoforoiuo Oil til Qu.ility lAiiliiiition results on iiII Study Uoport VOCs injected into water line of shower and glass syringes were used to collect air and water samples. Parameter: percent volatilization at 25 °C. 33 °C. and 42 °C. respectivelv: -56% +/- 7%, -60% +/-10% and -62% +/" 8% Parameter: percent volatilization at 42 °C bv flow rates: — 67% +/- 7% at 9.7 L/min, —65% +/- 7% at 13.5 L/min The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Study investigated volatilization from shower water. Study results may not be relevant to a specific/designated Fate endpoint. (Tancrede et al„ 1992) Low Reactors were fed by actual wastewater from unnamed facilities that were spiked with various VOCs. Field study Parameter: WWTP influent/effluent comparison: influent: 22-190 fmean 110) mg/L (SD 50.1); effluent: nd-6 mg/L (mean 2.86) (SD 1.73) The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: Modeling study that did not report the related experimental details well. (Soltanali and Hagani. 2008) Low WWTP sampling Parameter: 8h TWA in air 200 ppb Parameter: air concentration: 0.04-35 ppm v/v; Parameter: WW concentration: 0.11-7.5 ng/L The reviewer downgraded this study's overall quality rating. They noted: The volatility is reported for 3 sites in open systems. (Dunovant et al„ 1988) Low continuous release of chemicals and steady hydrological parameters assumed to develop a steady-state model for estimating concentration in river Hydrological data and monitoring samples are used to calculate volatilization Parameter: half-life in river: 4-6d; TCE release from the river is variable with an average value of 0.16%. Mainly removed by volatilization. This is a site specific modeling study reporting estimated data. (Briiggemann and Traoi3, 1988) Unacceptable ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE System Study Type (your) Uosults Com moil ts A ITi Im tod Uoforoiuo Oil til Qu.ility lAiiliiiition results on iiII Study Uoport Full scale Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) of solvent still bottoms and general organic waste details Wet air oxidation performance data Parameter: percent removal from test svstem: >67.74%; Effluent concentration solvent still bottoms of trichloroethylene = <50 mg/L Due to limited information, evaluation of the reasonableness of the study results was not possible. (Matienzo. 19891 Unacceptable Highland Creek WWTP in Toronto, Ontario (pilot plant study also reported in the study) Partitioning in activated sludge plant Parameter: percent removal from WWTP: >90% bv full scale aeration basin; TCE not detected in liquid-phase Study evaluates removal based on air stripping. The extent of air stripping is a function of the compound physical- chemical properties and a function of WWTP design and operation. (Parker et al„ 1993) Unacceptable Performance data was collected on full scale batch fractional distillation systems as referenced in the source document Distillation performance data Parameter: performance of test svstem: Mean solvent concentration of distillation residues: trichloroethylene 14 reported values, mean concentration = 4; feasible treatment level = 2.0 mg/kg Due to limited information, evaluation of the reasonableness of the study results was not possible. (Matienzo. 1989) Unacceptable ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT. DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE EPI Suite™ Model Outputs CAS Number: 000079-01-6 SMILES : C(=CCL)(CL)CL CHEM : TRICHLOROETHENE MOL FOR: C2 HI CL3 MOLWT : 131.39 EPI SUMMARY (v4.11) Physical Property Inputs: Log Kow (octanol -water): 2.42 Boiling Point (deg C) : 87.20 Melting Point (deg C) : -84.70 Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) : 69 Water Solubility (mg/L): 1280 Henry LC (atm-m3/mole) : 0.00985 Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC): Log Kow (KOWWIN vl.68 estimate) = 2.47 Log Kow (Exper. database match) = 2.42 Exper. Ref: HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPVP vl.43): Boiling Pt (deg C): 84.79 (Adapted Stein & Brown method) Melting Pt (deg C): -77.15 (Mean or Weighted MP) VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 72.5 (Mean VP of Antoine & Grain methods) VP (Pa, 25 deg C) : 9.66E+003 (Mean VP of Antoine & Grain methods) MP (exp database): -84.7 deg C BP (exp database): 87.2 deg C VP (exp database): 6.90E+01 mm Hg (9.20E+003 Pa) at 25 deg C Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW vl.42): Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L): 1191 log Kow used: 2.42 (user entered) melt pt used: -84.70 deg C Water Sol (Exper. database match) = 1280 mg/L (25 deg C) Exper. Ref: HORVATH,AL ET AL. (1999) Water Sol Estimate from Fragments: Wat Sol (vl.01 est) = 755.94 mg/L ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR vl. 11): Class(es) found: Vinyl/Allyl Halides Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.20]: Bond Method: 2.30E-002 atm-m3/mole (2.33E+003 Pa-m3/mole) Group Method: 1.86E-002 atm-m3/mole (1.88E+003 Pa-m3/mole) ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Exper Database: 9.85E-03 atm-m3/mole (9.98E+002 Pa-m3/mole) For Henry LC Comparison Purposes: User-Entered Henry LC: 9.850E-003 atm-m3/mole (9.981E+002 Pa-m3/mole) Henrys LC [via VP/WSol estimate using User-Entered or Estimated values]: HLC: 9.319E-003 atm-m3/mole (9.443E+002 Pa-m3/mole) VP: 69 mm Hg (source: User-Entered) WS: 1.28E+003 mg/L (source: User-Entered) Log Octanol-Air Partition Coefficient (25 deg C) [KOAWIN vl.10]: Log Kow used: 2.42 (user entered) Log Kaw used: -0.395 (user entered) Log Koa (KOAWIN vl.10 estimate): 2.815 Log Koa (experimental database): 2.990 Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.10): Biowinl (Linear Model) : 0.3508 Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model) : 0.0119 Expert Survey Biodegradation Results: Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.3893 (weeks-months) Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) : 3.3563 (days-weeks) MITI Biodegradation Probability: Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model) : 0.3307 Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.0408 Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability: Biowin7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): 0.7186 Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO Hydrocarbon Biodegradation (BioHCwin vl.01): Structure incompatible with current estimation method! Sorption to aerosols (25 Dec C)[AEROWIN vl.00]: Vapor pressure (liquid/subcooled): 9.2E+003 Pa (69 mm Hg) Log Koa (Exp database): 2.990 Kp (particle/gas partition coef. (m3/|ig)): Mackay model : 3.26E-010 Octanol/air (Koa) model: 2.4E-010 Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): Junge-Pankow model : 1.18E-008 Mackay model : 2.61E-008 Octanol/air (Koa) model: 1.92E-008 Atmospheric Oxidation (25 deg C) [AopWin vl.92]: Hydroxyl Radicals Reaction: OVERALL OH Rate Constant = 0.8048 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec Half-Life = 13.291 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3) Ozone Reaction: OVERALL Ozone Rate Constant = 0.000512 E-17 cm3/molecule-sec Half-Life = 2239.432 Days (at 7E11 mol/cm3) ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 1.89E-008 (Junge-Pankow, Mackay avg) 1.92E-008 (Koa method) Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation Soil Adsorption Coefficient (KOCWIN v2.00): Koc : 60.7 L/kg (MCI method) LogKoc: 1.783 (MCI method) Koc : 125.9 L/kg (Kow method) LogKoc: 2.100 (Kowmethod) Experimental Log Koc: 2 (database) Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v2.00]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! Bioaccumulation Estimates (BCFBAF v3.01): Log BCF from regression-based method = 1.264 (BCF = 18.35 L/kg wet-wt) Log Biotransformation Half-life (HL) = 0.0509 days (HL = 1.124 days) Log BCF Arnot-Gobas method (upper trophic) = 1.375 (BCF = 23.7) Log BAF Arnot-Gobas method (upper trophic) = 1.375 (BAF = 23.7) log Kow used: 2.42 (user entered) Volatilization from Water: Henry LC: 0.00985 atm-m3/mole (entered by user) Half-Life from Model River: 1.238 hours Half-Life from Model Lake : 109.6 hours (4.567 days) Removal in Wastewater Treatment: Total removal: 79.58 percent Total biodegradation: 0.04 percent Total sludge adsorption: 1.26 percent Total to Air: 78.28 percent (using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S) Level III Fugacity Model: Mass Amount Half-Life Emissions (percent) (hr) (kg/hr) Air 35.4 109 1000 Water 54.2 900 1000 Soil 10.1 1.8e+003 1000 Sediment 0.261 8.1e+003 0 Persistence Time: 147 hr ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE References Alvarez-Cohen, L; McCarty, PL (1991). Effects of toxicity, aeration and reductant supply on trichloroethylene transformation by a mixed methanotrophic culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 228-235. Barrows, ME; Petrocelli, SR; Maeek, KJ; Carroll, JJ. (1980). Bioconcentration and elimination of selected water pollutants by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). In R Haque (Ed.), Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals (pp. 379-392). Ann Arbor, Ml: Ann Arbor Science. Bell, J; Melcer, H; Monteith, H; Osinga, I; Steel, P. (1993). Stripping of volatile organic compounds at full- scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Environ Res 65: 708-716. http://dx.doi.Org/10.2.175/WER.65.6.2 Bielefeldt, AR; Stensel, HP: Strand, SE. (1995). Cometabolic degradation of TCE and DCE without intermediate toxicity. J Environ Eng 121: 791-797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733- 9372(19951121:11(791) Bierg, PL: ROgge. K; Co risen, J: Nielsen, PH: Christensen, TH. (1999). Degradation of aromatic and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the anaerobic part of the Grindsted Landfill leachate plume: In situ microcosm and laboratory batch experiments. Ground Water 37: 113-121. http://dx.doi.Org/10.llll/i.1745-6584.1999.tb00964.x Blanev, BL. (1989). Applicability of steam stripping to organics removal from wastewater streams. In Third International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management: Proceedings (pp. 415-424). (EPA/600/9-89/072). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockev=30005CR3.txt Bouwer, Ei; Mccarty, PL. (1983). Transformations of 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds under methanogenic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 45: 1286-1294. Bouwer, Ei; Rittmann, BE: McCarty, PL. (1981). Anaerobic degradation of halogenated 1- and 2-carbon organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 15: 596-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/esQ0087a012 Briiggemann, R; Trapp, S. (1988). Release and fate modelling of highly volatile solvents in the river Main. Chemosphere 17: 2029-2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(88)90013-6 Chen, WH; Yang, WB; Yuan, CS; Yang, JC; Zhao, QL. (2014). Fates of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in aerobic biological treatment processes: the effects of aeration and sludge addition. Chemosphere 103: 92-98. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.chemosphere.2013.ll.039 Cheng, D; Chow, WL; He, J. (2010). A Dehalococcoides-containing co-culture that dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to trans-l,2-dichloroethene. ISME J 4: 88-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismei.2009.9Q Chiou, CT; Freed, VH; Peters, LJ; Kohnert, RL. (1980). Evaporation of solutes from water. Environ Int 3: 231-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(80)90123-3 Culver, TB; Shoemaker, CA; Lion, LW. (1991). Impact of vapor sorption on the subsurface transport of volatile organic compounds: A numerical model and analysis. Water Resour Res 27: 2259-2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91WR00223 Pilling, WL. (1977). Interphase transfer processes. II. Evaporation rates of chloro methanes, ethanes, ethylenes, propanes, and propylenes from dilute aqueous solutions. Comparisons with theoretical predictions. Environ Sci Technol 11: 405-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60127a0Q9 Pilling, WL; Tefertiller, NB; Kallos, GJ. (1975). Evaporation rates and reactivities of methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and other chlorinated compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Technol 9: 833-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60107a0Q8 Pobaradaran, S; Nabizadeh, R; Mahvi, AH; Noroozi, A; Yunesian, M; Rastkari, N; Nazmara, S; Zarei, S. (2012). Kinetic and degradation efficiency of trichloroethylene (TCE) via photochemical process ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE from contaminated water. Afr J Biotechnol 11: 2006-2012. http://dx.doi.ore/10.5897/AJBll.3276 Dow Chem Co. (1977). THE INHIBITION OF ANAEROBIC SLUDGE GAS PRODUCTION BY 1,1,1- TRICHLOROETHANE, METHYLENE CHLORIDE, TRICHLOROETHYLENE AND PERCHLOROETHYLENE, Part 2. (OTS: OTS0517178; 8EHQ Num: NA; DCN: 86-870002089; TSCATS RefID: 309930; CIS: NA). Dunovant, VS; Clark, CS; Que Hee, SS; Hertzberg, VS: Trapp, JH. (1986). Volatile organics in the wastewater and airspaces of three wastewater treatment plants. J Water Pollut Control Fed 58: 886-895. Fogel, MM: Taddeo, AR; Fogel, S. (1986). Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes by a methane-utilizing mixed culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 51: 720-724. Freedman, PL: Gossett, JM. (1989). Biological reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene to ethylene under methanogenic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 2144- 2151. Freitag, D: Ballhorn, L: Gever, H: Korte, F. (1985). Environmental hazard profile of organic chemicals: an experimental method for the assessment of the behaviour of organic chemicals in the ecoshpere by means of simple laboratory tests with 14C labelled chemicals. Chemosphere 14: 1589-1616. Gay, BW, Jr: Hanst, PL: Bufalini, J J: Noonan, RC. (1976). Atmospheric oxidation of chlorinated ethylenes. Environ Sci Technol 10: 58-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60112a005 Gossett, JM. (1985). Anaerobic degradation of CI and C2 chlorinated hydrocarbons. (ESL-TR-85-38). Tyndal AFB, FL: Air Force Engineering & Services Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA165005 Haas, JR: Shock, EL. (1999). Halocarbons in the environment: Estimates of thermodynamic properties for aqueous chloroethylene species and their stabilities in natural settings. Geochim Cosmo Act 63: 3429-3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037f99lQ0276-8 Haston, ZC; Mccarty, PL. (1999). Chlorinated ethene half-velocity coefficients (KS) for reductive dehalogenation. Environ Sci Technol 33: 223-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9805876 He, Z; Yang, G; Lu, X: Zhang, H. (2013). Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during spring. Environ Pollut 177: 28-37. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.envpol.2013.02.008 Henry, SM; Grbic-Galic, D. (1991). Influence of endogenous and exogenous electron donors and trichloroethylene oxidation toxicity on trichloroethylene oxidation by methanotrophic cultures from a groundwater aquifer. Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 236-244. Jeffers, PM: Ward. LM: Wovtowitch, LM: Wolfe, NL. (1989). Homogeneous hydrolysis rate constants for selected chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, and propanes. Environ Sci Technol 23: 965- 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/esQ0066a006 Jensen, S: Rosenberg, R. (1975). Degradability of some chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in sea water and sterilized water. Water Res 9: 659-661. Kao, CM: Prosser, J. (1999). Intrinsic bioremediation of trichloroethylene and chlorobenzene: Field and laboratory studies. J Hazard Mater 69: 67-79. http://dx.doi.org/lQ.lQ16/S0304-3894f99W0Q60-6 Kastner, M. (1991). Reductive dechlorination of tri- and tetrachloroethylenes depends on transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 2039-2046. Keefe, SH: Barber, LB: Runkel, RL: Ryan, JN. (2004). Fate of volatile organic compounds in constructed wastewater treatment wetlands. Environ Sci Technol 38: 2209-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034661i Kim, JY; Park, JK; Emmons, B; Armstrong, DE. (1995). Survey of volatile organic compounds at a municipal solid waste composting facility. Water Environ Res 67: 1044-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095X133284 ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Kim, Y; Arp, DJ; Semprini, L. (2000). Chlorinated solvent cometabolism by butane-grown mixed culture. J Environ Eng 126: 934-942. http://dx.doi.org/lQ.lQ61/(ASCE)Q733-9372.(2QQQ)12.6:lQ(934) Lee, W: Park, SH; Kim, J; Jung, JY. (2015). Occurrence and removal of hazardous chemicals and toxic metals in 27 industrial wastewater treatment plants in Korea. Desalination Water Treat 54: 1141-1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.93581Q Long, JL; Stensel, HP; Ferguson, JF; Strand, SE; Ongerth, JE. (1993). Anaerobic and aerobic treatment of chlorinated aliphatic compounds. J Environ Eng 119: 300-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.106 l/(ASCE)Q733-9372( 1993)119:2(300) Matienzo, LV. (1989). Staff report on development of treatment standards for non-RCRA solvent waste. Sacramento, CA: Toxic Substances Control Program. http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/17/16884.pdf Nielsen, PH; Bjerg, PL: Nielsen, P; Smith, P: Christensen, TH. (1996). In situ and laboratory determined first-order degradation rate constants of specific organic compounds in an aerobic aquifer. Environ Sci Technol 30: 31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es940722o Pant, P: Allen, M; Cai, Y; Javachandran, K: Chen, Y, in. (2007). Influence of physical factors on trichloroethylene evaporation from surface water. Water Air Soil Pollut 183: 153-163. http://dx.doi.org/lQ.10Q7/sll270-007-9365-5 Park, J: Choi, E; Cho, 1H: Kim, YG. (2003). Solar light induced degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) using Ti02: effects of solar light intensity and seasonal variations. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 38: 1915-1926. http://dx.doi.org/lQ.1081/ESE-12.0022889 Parker, WJ: Thompson, DJ: Bell, JP: Melcer, H. (1993). Fate of volatile organic compounds in municipal activated sludge plants. Water Environ Res 65: 58-65. Parsons, F; Lage, GB; Rice, R. (1985). Biotransformation of chlorinated organic solvents in static microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 739-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.10Q2/etc.5620Q406Q4 Parsons, F; Wood, PR: Demarco, J. (1984). Transformations of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene in microcosms and groundwater. J Am Water Works Assoc 762: 56-59. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1002/i.1551-8833.1984.tb05282.x Phelps, TJ; Niedzielski, J J: Malachowsky, KJ; Schram, RM; Herbes, SE: White, DC. (1991). BIODEGRADATION OF MIXED-ORGANIC WASTES BY MICROBIAL CONSORTIA IN CONTINUOUS- RECYCLE EXPANDED-BED BIOREACTORS. Environ Sci Technol 25: 1461-1465. Powell, CL; Goltz, MN; Agrawal, A. (2014). Degradation kinetics of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by methane oxidizers naturally-associated with wetland plant roots. J Contam Hydrol 170: 68-75. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.iconhyd.2014.10.001 din, K; Struckhoff, GC; Agrawal, A: Shelley, ML: Dong, H. (2014). Natural attenuation potential of tricholoroethene in wetland plant roots: Role of native ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms. Chemosphere 119C: 971-977. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.chemosphere.2014.09.040 Rodriguez, C: Linge, K: Blair, P: Busetti, F: Devine, B: Van Buvnder, P: Weinstein, P: Cook, A. (2012). Recycled water: potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4- dichlorobenzene as treatment performance indicator. Water Res 46: 93-106. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.watres.2011.10.032 Schmidt, KR; Tiehm, A. (2008). Natural attenuation of chloroethenes: identification of sequential reductive/oxidative biodegradation by microcosm studies. Water Sci Technol 58: 1137-1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.729 Shiravama, H: Tohezo >, [".viuchi, S. (2001). Photodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the presence and absence of dissolved oxygen in water. Water Res 35: 1941-1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.lQ16/S0043-1354(00)00480-2 Smith, JH; Bomberger, DC, Jr; Haynes, PL. (1980). Prediction of the volatilization rates of high-volatility chemicals from natural water bodies. Environ Sci Technol 14: 1332-1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60171a004 ------- PEER REVIEW DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Soltanali, S; Hagarti, ZS. (2008). Modeling of air stripping from volatile organic compounds in biological treatment processes. Int J Environ Sci Tech 5: 353-360. Stubin, Al; Brosnan, TM; Porter, KD; Jimenez, L; Lochan, H. (1996). Organic priority pollutants in New York City municipal wastewaters: 1989-1993. Water Environ Res 68: 1037-1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143096X128108 Tabak, HH; Quave, SA; Mashni, CI: Barth, EF. (1981). Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds. J Water Pollut Control Fed 53: 1503-1518. Tancrede, M; Yanagisawa, Y; Wilson, R. (1992). Volatilization of volatile organic compounds from showers: I. Analytical method and quantitative assessment. Atmos Environ A 26: 1103-1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/096Q-1686(92.)9QQ42-J Tobajas, M; Verdugo, V; Polo, AM: Rodriguez, J J: Mohedano, AF. (2016). Assessment of toxicity and biodegradability on activated sludge of priority and emerging pollutants. Environ Technol 37: 713-721. http://dx.doi.org/lQ.lQ8Q/Q959333Q.2Q15.lQ792.64 Umweltbundesamt. (1984). Assessments of the feasibility and evidence of test methods of levels I and II of the chemicals act on thiourea [TSCA Submission], (OTS: OTS0000551-0; 8EHQ Num: FYI-OTS- 0787-0551; DCN: NA; TSCATS RefID: 304314; CIS: NA). van Eekert, MHA; Schroder, TJ: van Rhee, A: Stams, AJM; Schraa, G: Field, JA. (2001). Constitutive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes by a methanol degrading methanogenic consortium. Bioresour Technol 77: 163-170. http://dx.doi.org/lQ.1016/S096Q-8524(0Q)QQ149-8 Vogel, TM: Mccarty, PL (1985). Biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 49: 1080-1083. Wakeham, SG; Davis, AC: Karas, JA. (1983). Mesocosm experiments to determine the fate and persistence of volatile organic compounds in coastal seawater. Environ Sci Technol 17: 611-617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/esQ0116a009 Wooc ng, RF; Payan, IL; Ruiz, MC. (1981). Introductory study of the biodegradation of the chlorinated methane, ethane and ethene compounds. Paper presented at American Water Works Association Annual Conference and Exposition, June 7-11, 1981, St. Louis, MO. ------- |