List of Alternative Test Methods and Strategies (or New Approach Methodologies [NAMs])
First Update: December 5th, 20191:
INTRODUCTION
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section 4(h)(2)(C) requires EPA to develop "a list,
which the Administrator shall update on a regular basis, of particular alternative test methods or
strategies the Administrator has identified that do not require new vertebrate animal testing and
are scientifically reliable, relevant, and capable of providing information of equivalent or better
scientific reliability and quality to that which would be obtained from vertebrate animal testing."
The New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) presented in this List are not meant to be an
exhaustive list of NAMs that could be used for TSCA decisions2. Rather, they are representative
lists for consideration by EPA. Many of the NAMs have been reviewed and were established by
different organizations3 (i.e., OECD,4 EURL-ECVAM and ICCVAM) and meet the section
4(h)(2)(C) criteria for scientific reliability, and relevancy. The extensive test method evaluation
process, developed by EURL-ECVAM5 and ICCVAM,6 is accepted internationally, as described
in the OECD Guidance Document 34,7 and was designed to identify NAMs for regulatory
acceptance. In addition, there are some NAMs on the list that represent existing practices or
policies within EPA.
CONTENTS OF LIST/TSCA DECISION CONTEXT
Appendix A consists of tables of different methods and approaches that do not use vertebrate
animals to develop new data/information. Two tables are based on accepted OECD (and other)
test guidelines/methods. The other tables represent EPA-specific NAMs. One includes EPA-
specific policies adopted by one or more of the three offices within the Office of Chemical
Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP) (i.e., the Office of Pesticide Programs [OPP], the
Office of Science Coordination and Policy [OSCP], and the Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics [OPPT]). The other includes NAMs that have been historically used for the New
Chemicals Program in OPPT.
1	This list replaces the Original List published on June 22, 2018.
2	Consistent with Sections 4 (testing), 5 (new chemicals) and 6 (existing chemicals), EPA expects to consider NAMs
for the following TSCA decision contexts, among others where testing issues may arise: screening candidates for
prioritization, prioritization, risk evaluations and other risk-based decisions. These contexts follow the concept of
"fit-for-purpose" which is interpreted to mean that a particular NAM may be suitable for one regulatory use and not
others.
3	OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; EURL-ECVAM = European Union
Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing; ICCVAM = Interagency Coordinating Committee for the
Validation of Alternative Methods.
4	EPA has played a key role for many years in the review and validation/vetting process for the OECD test
guidelines program, including the new performance-based and defined approach methods identified in Chapter 5 of
the Strategic Plan. ICCVAM has been a recognized, official partner in these OECD deliberations since 2018. The
collaboration of NICEATM, ICCVAM and EPA is an important and strong presence in the international arena as
new NAMs are being identified, developed and implemented for EPA's regulatory use.
5	https://ec.enropa.en/irc/eti/enrl/ecvam/alternafive-methods-toxicitv-testing/valiciafion
6	ttos://nS);njghs, mlil^ZmbMilth/gvatat ni/remHffiescfo NMJBgthodhdg^^
7	http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/pnblicdisplavdocnmentpdf/?cote=env/ini/mono(2005).1.4&doclanguage=en
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Appendix B is a table labeled "Other Useful Information" which contains tools and approaches
which may enhance the use of NAMs for regulatory use under TSCA.
Importantly, EPA will review any potential NAM that it receives, and determine the
merits/relevance of the information based on whether it meets both the information needs and the
objective of TSCA Section 4(h). To this end, EPA encourages all stakeholders to consult with
the Agency on the development and/or use of NAMs.
EPA understands that as science progresses and as stakeholders develop new
methods/approaches, OCSPP is in a unique position to inform the development of NAMs since
they are submitted to the Agency in various stages of development to support pre-manufacture
notice applications for new industrial chemical substances under TSCA. Thus, OCSPP may have
early knowledge of possible future NAMs that could go on this list. OCSPP views this as
important in building confidence in the understanding and use of NAMs for regulatory purposes.
Finally, EPA expects to consider NAMs for a number of TSCA decision contexts, including the
prioritization of existing chemicals and hazard identification and characterization for both new
and existing chemicals. These methods/approaches will need to be considered in a "fit-for-
purpose" approach, because a particular NAM may be suitable for one regulatory decision (e.g.,
prioritization) context but not others (e.g., quantification of hazard or risk).
At this time, it is understood that the value of most of the NAMs on this list is to provide
important information that may be used as weight-of-evidence in characterizing a mechanism of
action or hazard to develop a risk profile for a chemical substance. As such, each NAM alone
may not be used for a specific TSCA decision context. However, some may be combined for a
specific purpose. For example, there are several defined approaches available for evaluating skin
sensitization that use 2-3 separate OECD Test Guideline protocols which, taken together, will
result in a decision on whether a chemical substance is a skin sensitizer (OCSPP Skin
Sensitization Policy).
NAM CRITERIA FOR RELEVANCE AND RELIABILITY
The methods and approaches on the list meet the eight criteria for NAMs to be listed under
TSCA as described in Chapter 5 of the Strategic Plan, which are reproduced here:
1.	The decision context should be clearly defined.
2.	Where possible, the NAMs should be mechanistically and/or biologically relevant to
the hazard being assessed. The chemical domain of applicability of the NAMs should
also be defined to determine relevance to the TSCA chemical landscape.
3.	The criteria for selecting reference or training chemicals should be defined and
supporting information should be adequately referenced.
4.	The reliability of the NAM should be considered within the context of intended use
and accepted best practices within the given field and the variability of the existing
animal model.
5.	The NAMs should be transparently described and information made available to the
public (e.g., any datasets are publicly available, and its known limitations are clearly
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described). Information claimed as CBI may not allow public accessibility of all
information in some cases.
6.	Uncertainty should be described to the fullest extent possible, both independently and
compared to the existing animal model (if possible).
7.	The NAMs should undergo an independent review in order to raise confidence in the
approach.
8.	Access and use by third parties should be possible (i.e., the alternative approach must
be readily accessible commercially and/or the relevant protocols should be available).
THE T JST
Below is a brief description for each table in Appendix A.
Test Guidelines - Human Health Effects. The NAMs in this table identify Test Guidelines that
have gone through the OECD Test Guidelines Program, the ICCVAM process or the ECVAM
process, and thus, meet the criteria in section 4(h)(2)(C). These NAMs are all experimental
methods designed to identify/evaluate an adverse effect or endpoint relevant to human health
concerns and would not use vertebrate animals. Importantly, in the new section "Other Useful
Information", there is a table with links for how some of these experimental methods may be
combined with an Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) framework or with
Defined Approaches (DAs) for specific regulatory use scenarios.
Test Guidelines - Effects on Biotic Systems. Like the Health Effects table above, the NAMs in
this table identify Test Guidelines that have gone through the OECD Test Guidelines Program,
and thus, meet the criteria in section 4(h)(2)(C). These NAMs are all experimental methods
designed to identify/evaluate an adverse effect or endpoint relevant to evaluating toxicity to
environmental organisms. Although many of the methods in this table use plants or invertebrate
species, these data are valuable in helping to determine possible species sensitivities/distribution,
and thus, could potentially obviate the need to perform testing in environmental vertebrate
species.
EPA NAM-Related Policies Which May Be Relevant to TSCA. This table includes EPA-
specific NAM policies adopted by EPA's OCSPP; four are more relevant to OPP but may be
used/relevant to OPPT (i.e., acute dermal toxicity waiver guidance, acute toxicity waiver for
birds, acute toxicity waiver/bridging guidance and the eye irritation alternative testing
framework; links provided in the table); and one is the use of NAMs in screening for endocrine
activity by OSCP for the endocrine disruptor program. The OCSPP Skin Sensitization Policy is
currently in use by OPPT and explains OCSPP's general approach to replace vertebrate animal
tests for skin sensitization with non-animal tests. Each of the tests incorporated under the policy
are existing OECD Test Guidelines (i.e., 442C, D & E). The policy uses two DAs in review by
the OECD (see Other Useful Information below) for use in a regulatory context.
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Other NAMs Used for TSCA. This table provides NAMs (e.g., computational toxicology tools,
chemical category and tiered testing approaches, screening methods) that have been used by
OPPT in the New Chemicals Program. EPA has been using (and plans to use) other
models/approaches developed outside of OPPT or even the Agency as they become available.
For example, OPPT has been using the OECD QSAR Toolbox - which contains several EPA
models and has been vetted through the OECD. Other examples include tools that are available
through EPA's Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), some of which are
in the early stages of deployment in the New Chemicals Program. For example, the EPA.
CompTox Chemicals Dashboard is presented in the "Other Useful Information" section.
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Appendix A - The List
Test Guidelines - Health Effects1
Test
Guideline
No.
Title
Information Gathered
OECD TG
NO. 428
Skin Absorption: in vitro Method
Provides information on absorption of a test
substance (can be from human or animal
source)
OECD TG
NO. 430
in vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous
Electrical Resistance Test (TER)
Evaluates corrosivity (rat skin as source)
OECD TG
NO. 431
in vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed
Human Epidermis (RHE) Test
Evaluates corrosivity (human skin as source)
OECD TG
NO. 432
in vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test
Evaluates Phototoxicity to mouse cells in
culture
OECD TG
NO. 435
in vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for
Skin Corrosion
Evaluates corrosion using a synthetic
membrane
OECD TG
NO. 437
Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability
Test Method for Identifying Ocular
Corrosives and Severe Irritants
Evaluates eye irritation/corrosivity in bovine
eyes
OECD TG
NO. 438
Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for
Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe
Irritants
Evaluates eye irritation/corrosivity in chick
eyes
OECD TG
NO. 439
in vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed
Human Epidermis Test Method
Evaluates irritation (human skin as source)
OECD TG
NO. 442C
In chemico Skin Sensitisation
No animal or human cells used, evaluates
simple binding of a chemical to a receptor
OECD TG
NO. 442D
In vitro Skin Sensitisation: ARE-Nrf2
Luciferase Test Method
Evaluates skin sensitization using human cells
OECD TG
NO. 442E
In vitro Skin Sensitisation: (h-CLAT)
Evaluates skin sensitization using human cells
OECD TG
NO. 455
Performance-based Test Guideline for Stably
Transfected Transactivation in vitro Assays
to Detect Estrogen Receptor Agonists and
Antagonists
Evaluates estrogenic effects using human cells
OECD TG
No. 456
H295R Steroidogenesis Assay
Evaluates possible endocrine effects using
human cells
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Test Guidelines - Health Effects1
Test
Guideline
No.
Title
Information Gathered
OECD TG
No. 458
Stably Transfected Human Androgen
Receptor Transcriptional Activation Assay
for Detection of Androgenic Agonist and
Antagonist Activity of Chemicals
Evaluates androgenic effects using Chinese
hamster ovary cells
OECD TG
No. 460
Fluorescein Leakage Test Method for
Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe
Irritants
Evaluates eye corrosivity/severe irritation with
canine kidney cells
OECD TG
No. 471
Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
Evaluates mutagenicity in bacterial cells
OECD TG
No. 473
in vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration
Test
Evaluates chromosomal effects in either
human or rodent cells
OECD TG
No. 476
in vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation
Tests using the Hprt and xprt genes
Evaluates gene mutations in either human or
rodent cells
OECD TG
No. 487
in vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
Evaluates chromosomal effects in either
human or rodent cells
OECD TG
No. 490
In vitro Thymidine Kinase Mutation Test
Evaluates gene mutations in either human or
rodent cells
OECD TG
No. 491
Short-time Exposure for the Detection of
Chemicals Causing Serious Eye Damage,
and Chemicals Not Requiring Classification
for Serious Eye Damage or Eye Irritation
Evaluates eye corrosivity/severe irritation with
rabbit cornea cells
OECD TG
No. 492
Reconstructed Human Cornea4ike
Epithelium for the Detection of Chemicals
Not Requiring Classification and Labelling
for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage
Evaluates eye irritation with reconstructed
human cells (either eye or skin)
OECD TG
No. 493
Performance-Based Test Guideline for
Human Recombinant Estrogen Receptor
(hrER) in vitro Assays
Evaluates estrogenicity in human cells
OECD TG
No. 494 2
Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test Method for
Identifying Chemicals not requiring
Classification and Labelling for Eye
Irritation or Serious Eye Damage
Recommended to identify chemicals not
requiring classification for serious eye damage
or eye irritation.
OECD TG
No. 495 2
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Assay for
Photoreactivity
Evaluates photoreactivity in chemico
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Test Guidelines - Health Effects1
Test
Guideline
No.
Title
Information Gathered
OECD TG
No. 496 2
In Vitro Macromolecular Test Method for
Identifying Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye
Damage and Chemicals Not Requiring
Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious
Eye Damage
Recommended as initial step of a testing
strategy (see OECD Guidance Document 263
in Potentially Useful Information table) to
identify chemicals that induce serious eye
damage.
TM2016-08
(US) 2-3
The ToxCast Estrogen Receptor Agonist
Pathway Model
Mathematical model that combines results
from 18 assays to predict estrogen receptor
agonism
TM2004-07
(EU) 2 3
In vitro BALB/c 3T3 Cell Transformation
Assay
Assay to measure carcinogenicity potential
TM2009-01
(EU) 2 3
Ocular Irritection®
Assay to predict potential eye irritation for
classification/labelling purposes
TM2008-14
(EU) 2 3
3T3 Neutral Red Uptake cytotoxicity assay
Assay to specifically identify non-classified
chemicals (for classification/labelling
purposes) with a cutoff value of 2000 mg/kg-
bw (oral)
ICCVAM
Eve Irritation
Test4
Cytosensor Michrophysiometer™ in vitro
test method for eye safety
In vitro test to evaluate eye irritation
1	OECD Test Guidelines (Health). ICCVAM (Alternative Methods Accented bv US Aeencies: excludes methods used for specific
Diirooscs bv other asencies (e.e.. vaccines bv FDA), and ECVAM source (filtered bv "reeulatorv acccDtancc/Standards" bv Steo and
"finalized" by Step Status.
2	Added to list in First Update (December 2019)
3	From ECVAM (see footnote 1)
4	From ICCVAM (see footnote 1)
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Test Guidelines - Effects on Biotic Systems1
Test
Guideline
No.
Title
Information Gathered
OECD TG
NO. 201
Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria Test
Evaluates toxicity to algae
OECD TG
NO. 202
Daphnia Species Acute Immobilization
test
Evaluates toxicity to freshwater invertebrates
OECD TG
NO. 207
Earthworm Acute Toxicity test
Evaluates toxicity to soil invertebrates
OECD TG
NO. 211
Daphnia magna Reproduction Test
Evaluates reproductive effects in freshwater
invertebrates
OECD TG
NO. 212 2
Fish Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo
and Sac-Fry Stages
Evaluates toxicity to fish development.
OECD TG
NO. 218 2
Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity
Using Spiked Sediment
Evaluates toxicity to sediment-dwelling
invertebrates
OECD TG
NO. 219 2
Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity
Evaluates toxicity to sediment-dwelling
invertebrates
OECD TG
NO. 221
Lemna species Growth Inhibition Test
Evaluates toxicity to freshwater aquatic plants
of the genus Lemna (duckweed).
OECD TG
NO. 222
Earthworm Reproduction Toxicity Test
Evaluates reproductive effects in soil
invertebrates
OECD TG
NO. 225 2
Sediment-Water Lumbriculus Toxicity
Evaluates toxicity of sediment-associated
chemicals endobenthic living organisms
OECD TG
NO. 233 2
Sediment-Water Chironomid Life-Cycle
Toxicity
Evaluates chronic toxicity to the life-cycle of
sediment-dwelling freshwater dipteran
Chironomus species.
OECD TG
NO. 235 2
Chironomus sp. Acute Immobilisation test
Evaluates acute toxicity (immobilisation) to
chironomid species.
OECD TG
NO. 236
Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET)
Evaluates toxicity to fish using zebrafish
embryos
OECD TG
NO. 238 2
Sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum
Toxicity Test
Evaluates toxicity to a submerged, rooted
macrophyte species (water milfoil)
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Test Guidelines - Effects on Biotic Systems1
Test
Guideline
No.
Title
Information Gathered
OECD TG
NO. 239 2
Water-Sediment Myriophyllum spicatum
Toxicity Test
Evaluates toxicity to a submerged, rooted
macrophyte species (water milfoil)
OECD TG
NO. 242 2
Potamopyrgus antipodarum Reproduction
Test
Evaluates reproductive toxicity to a mudsnail
OECD TG
NO. 243 2
Lymnaea stagnalis Reproduction Test
Evaluates reproductive toxicity to a freshwater
snail
OECD TG
NO. 319A 23
OECD TG
NO. 319B 23
Determination of in vitro intrinsic
clearance using rainbow trout hepatocytes
(OECD TGNO. 319A)
Determination of in vitro intrinsic
clearance using rainbow trout liver S9
sub-cellular fraction (RT-S9) (OECD TG
NO. 319B)
Evaluates the capacity for fish (rainbow trout)
to metabolically clear chemical via the liver.
This in vitro clearance measurement can be
applied to models to predict chemical
bioconcentration in fish (BCF). The
application is described in the guidance
document (see No. 280, Other Useful
Information table)
1	Does not include tests in terrestrial plant species.
2	Added to list on First Update (December 2019)
3	These Test Guidelines are classified by the OECD as evaluating Environmental Fate and Behavior.
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EPA NAM-Related Policies Which May Be E
relevant to TSCA
Link to Policy
Type of NAM
Information Gathered
OCSPP Skin Sensitization
Policy (To be updated when
finalized)
Choice of Two Defined
Approaches (DAs)
Combination of NAMs to predict
skin sensitization in humans
Waiver Guidance - Dermal
Toxicity 1
Process for waiving dermal
toxicity testing for pesticides; but
may be applicable to industries
considering performing these
studies for TSCA purposes.
Acute dermal toxicity
Waiver Guidance - Birds 1
Waiving
Draft policy open for public comment
Waiver Guidance - Acute
Toxicity 1
Waiving or the use of Bridging
(read-across)
Acute toxicity for pesticides (by route
and including irritation/sensitization)
Alternative Testing
Framework - Eve Irritation 1
Decision tree for in vitro testing
for labeling
Eye irritation
Process to Evaluate and
Implement Alternative
Accroaches to In Vivo Acute
Toxicity Studies 1
Alternative approaches to
evaluating acute toxicity in lieu of
an in vivo study
Documents a process to be followed
to submit to EPA (Office of Pesticide
Programs)
Use of NAMs for Endocrine
Disruptor Screening 1
Use of high throughput assays and
computational tools in the
endocrine disruptor screening
program
Screening for tiered testing for
endocrine activity
1 Added to list on First Update (December 2019)
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Other NAMs Used for TSCA1
NAM
Parameter/ Information Gathered
The OECD OSAR Toolbox 2
Compilation of models and information to predict physical-
chemical properties and hazards of chemicals. EPA has
contributed models to this tool and it is used by scientists at
EPA to understand and evaluate new and existing chemicals
under TSCA
Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships
Program (ECOSAR)
Hazard3 - In silico tool to predict aquatic hazard
OncoLogic
Hazard3 - In silico tool to predict potential to cause cancer
in humans
Analog Identification Methodology (AIM)
Hazard3 - Database tool to facilitate identification of
analogs for read-across
Chemical Assessment Clustering Engine
(ChemACE)
Hazard3 - Database tool to facilitate structural clustering
New Chemicals Program Chemical
Categories Document
Hazard3 - Documentation of TSCA chemical categories
Estimation Programs Interface (EPISuite™)
Physical/chemical properties and environmental fate3 - e.g.,
bi oconcentrati on/bi oaccumul ati on
Chemical Screening Tool for Exposures and
Environmental Releases (ChemSTEER)
Exposure4 - tools and models to estimate environmental
releases and worker exposures
Exposure and Fate Assessment Screening
Tool (E-FAST)
Exposure4 - tools and models to estimate consumer, general
public and environmental exposures to chemicals.
Approaches to Estimate Consumer Exposure
Exposure4 - a variety of tools and models to estimate
exposure to various consumer products and materials
1	General Guidance on all aoDroachcs - httBsV/www.eoa.sov/tsca-screenins-tools
2	Added to list on First Update (December 2019)
3	Hazard - htft>s://www.ei3a.eov/tsca-screenine-tools/usine-i3redictive-methods-assess-hazard-under-tsca#models :
4Phvsical/Chemical Properties. Environmental Fate and Exposure - httt>s://www.et>a.eov/tsca-screenine-tools/usine-i3redictive-
methods-assess-exr)osure-and-fate-under-tsca#fate
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Appendix B - Other Information or Strategies
Appendix B - which is a new addition to the list - includes non-specific tests/experimental
methods that are different from the information presented in Appendix A. This section includes
tools developed by entities outside of OPPT, important Federal Advisory Committee Act
(FACA) committee findings for OCSPP evaluations/work products that use NAMs, and guidance
documents considered national or international consensus documents.
As with the TSCA Section 4(h)(2)(C) list above, the information in the table below is not meant
to be exhaustive. It includes information/tools that OPPT has knowledge of and experience with
under TSCA. The table below provides links and a brief description of the source of information
identified. General information on the publications from the OECD can be found under Series on
Testing and Assessment/Adopted Guidance and Review Documents.
Other Useful Information1
Source
Content
EPA CompTox
Chemicals
Dashboard
Compilation of publicly available information on over 850,000 chemicals.
FIFRA SAP
January 2013 2
Prioritizing the Universe of Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)
Chemicals Using Computational Toxicology Tools
FIFRA SAP
November, 2017
Continuing Development of Alternative High-Throughput Screens to Determine
Endocrine Disruption, Focusing on Androgen Receptor, Steroidogenesis, and
Thyroid Pathways
FIFRA SAP
December, 2018
Evaluation of a Proposed Approach to Refine the Inhalation Risk Assessment for
Point of Contact Toxicity: A Case Study Using a New Approach Methodology
(NAM)
OECD No. 34
Guidance Document on the Validation and International Acceptance of New or
Updated Test Methods for Hazard Assessment
OECD No. 69
Guidance documents on the validation of (Quantitative) structure-activity
relationship [(Q)SAR] models
OECD No. 102
Guidance document for using the OECD (Q)SAR application toolbox to develop
chemical categories according to the OECD guidance on grouping chemicals
OECD No. 184
Guidance document on developing/assessing adverse outcome pathways
OECD No. 194
Guidance on grouping of chemicals, second edition
OECD No. 203
Guidance document on an integrated approach on testing and assessment (IATA) for
skin corrosion and irritation
OECD No. 211
Guidance Document for Describing Non-Guideline In Vitro Test Methods
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Other Useful Information1
Source
Content
OECD No. 214
Guidance Document on the In Vitro Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) Cell
Transformation Assay
OECD No. 231
Guidance Document on the In Vitro Bhas 42 Cell Transformation Assay (BHAS 42
CTA)
OECD No. 237
Guidance Document on Considerations for Waiving or Bridging of Mammalian
Acute Toxicity Tests
OECD No. 255
Guidance Document on the Reporting of Defined Approaches to be Used Within
Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment
OECD No. 256
Guidance Document on the Reporting of Defined Approaches and Individual
Information Sources to be Used Within Integrated Approaches to Testing and
Assessment HAT A) for Skin Sensitisation, Annex 1. Annex 2
OECD No. 260
Guidance Document for the Use of Adverse Outcome Pathways in Developing
Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA)
OECD No. 263
Guidance Document on an Integrated Approach on Testing and Assessment (IATA)
for Serious Eye Damage and Eye Irritation
OECD No. 280
Guidance Document on the Determination of In Vitro Intrinsic Clearance Using
Cryopreserved Hepatocytes (RT-HEP) or Liver S9 Sub-Cellular Fractions (RT-S9)
from Rainbow Trout and Extrapolation to In Vivo Intrinsic Clearance
1	Added at First Update (December 2019)
2	FIFRA SAP = Federal Insecticide. Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. Scientific Advisory Panel. Although several
meetings/evaluations are presented in this table, interested parties are encouraged to review the SAP link for other meetings
related to NAMs
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