United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
N S » D E f H I S I S S U E
Source Water Protection Practices Bulletin
Managing Aircraft and Airfield Deicing Operations to
Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water
AIRPORT PAVEMENT
CHEMICAL USE
WHY IS IT
IMPORTANT TO
MANAGE DEICING
RUNOFF?
AVAILABLE
PREVENTION
MEASURES
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
ANTI-ICING/
DEICING FLUIDS:
ADFs are usually 50%
ethylene or propylene
glycol concentration by
volume and have 4 types.
Type I ADFs are used for
deicing and contain < 1%
additives.
Types II, III and IV are
used for anti-icing,
contain up to 2%
additives.
Type I and IV are used by
large airlines for both
deicing and anti-icing.
Small airlines use Type I
or II because anti-icing is
not as important.
anti-icing operations that
take place at airports: the
deicing/anti-icing of
aircraft, and the deicing/
anti-icing of paved areas
including runways,
taxiways and gate areas.
It also discusses some
The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA)
requires that aircraft
surfaces be deiced and
anti-iced to ensure the
safety of passengers.
However, when
performed without
prevention measures in
place, airport deicing
operations can contribute
to contamination of
ground water and surface
water supplies. This
bulletin addresses two
basic types of deicing/
AIRCRAFT DEICING/ANTI ICING CHEMICAL USE
source water
contamination prevention
measures available for
use at smaller airports.
Additional information on
deicing of roadways is
presented in the bulletin
on highway deicing.
1—Sn owy Airport.
The most common
technique for deicing/anti-
icing of aircraft is the
application of chemical
deicing/anti-icing fluids
(ADF), which are composed
primarily of ethylene or
propylene glycol. Frequently
this is achieved using fixed
booms or trucks with an
operator bucket mounted on
a boom. Temperature and
weather conditions dictate
the required concentration
of glycol in ADF, but most
operators use fluid with fifty
percent glycol concentration
by volume. Deicing/anti-
icing fluids also contain
additives, including
corrosion inhibitors, flame
retardants, wetting agents,
and thickeners that protect
aircraft surfaces and allow
ADF to cling to the aircraft,
resulting in longer holdover
times (the time between
application and takeoff
during which ice or snow is
prevented from adhering to
aircraft surfaces). Limited
information is available on
the actual chemical
compositions of ADF
because their formulations
are considered trade
secrets.
Four types of deicing/anti-
icing fluid are used on
aircraft, and vary by
composition and holdover
time. Type I fluids, which
contain glycol and less than
one percent additives, are
most commonly used for
deicing and have relatively
short holdover times. Types
II, III, and IV fluids are used
for anti-icing protection
because they contain higher
concentrations of additives
(two percent or less) in
addition to glycol. Larger
airlines use both Type I and
Type IV fluids for deicing and
anti-icing. Because longer
holdover times are not as
important a consideration at
smaller airports, smaller
airlines typically use Type I
and II fluids, which contain
smaller amounts of
additives, or no anti-icing
fluids at all.

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Ice and snow is cleared from
runways, taxiways, roadways,
and gate areas using a
combination of mechanical
methods (e.g., plows and
brushes) and chemical
deicing agents. Pavement is
pically cleared with
mechanical equipment, then
chemically treated to prevent
further snow and se
accumulation. Chemicals
commonly used for deicing/
anti-icing include ethylene or
propylene glycol, urea,
potassium acetate, sodium
acetate, sodium formate,
calcium magnesium acetate
(CMA), or an ethylene glycol-
based fluid known as UCAR
(containing ethylene glycol,
urea, and water). Sand and
salt (sodium or potassium
chloride) may also be used,
2 ana
Mechanical snow removal
(left and right)
4 - Chemical snow removal (below)
Page 2
Using sand or salt
as deicers and
anti-icers in
airports can cause
damage to
aircraft surfaces
and mechanical
parts.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO MANAGE
SOURCES OF DRI
EPA estimates that 21 million gallons of ADF (50 percent glycol
concentration) are discharged to surface waters annually from
airport deicing operations across the country, and an additional 2
million gallons are discharged to publicly owned treatment works
(POTWs). Unless captured for recycling, recovery, or treatment,
RUNOFF OF DEICING FLUID NEAR
NKING WATER?
deicing agents will run off onto bare or vegetated ground where they
may travel through the soil and enter ground water, or run off into
streams. Unprotected storm water drains that discharge to surface
water or directly to the subsurface (i.e., through a dry well) are also
of concern.
21 million gallons of
ADF are discharged
to surface waters
annually from airport
deicing operations.
An additional 2
million gallons are
discharged to
POTWs.
5 - Surface runoff can reach freshwater
storage for drinking water and infiltrate
into ground water sources as well.
" Precipitation
Water Cycle
Water storage in ^ Water storage in the atmosphere
ice and snow
Sublimation
Condensation
Evapotranspiration
Desublimation
Fog
drip
1
Snowmelt runoff
to streams
Spring
Surface runoff
Stfeamflow
Evaporation -IW
Freshwater,
storage
Evaporation
Water storage
in oceans

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[
AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICINS
]
Page 3
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Ethylene and propylene glycol can have
harmful effects on aquatic life due to their
high biological oxygen demand (BOD).
Depletion of oxygen, fish kills, and
undesirable bacterial growth in receiving
waters may result. Although pure ethylene
and propylene glycols have low aquatic
toxicity, ethylene glycol exhibits toxicity in
mammals, including humans (with the potential to cause health problems
such as neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal problems,
serious birth defects, and even death when ingested in large doses).
Additionally, ethylene glycol is considered a hazardous air pollutant (HAP),
and is subject to reporting requirements under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA).
6 - Fish kill due to low oxygen.
Pharynx
Larynx
Lymph nodes
Heart
Arteries
Musces
Bone marrow
Ga b adder
Stomach
Kidneys
Skeleton
Intestines
Veins
Pancreas
Urinary bladder
7 - Human health effects from glycols, additives and
sodium chloride are numerous.
8 - Chlorine corrodes pipes.
CHEMICAL EFFECTS
•	Ethylene and propylene glycol
have a high biological oxygen
demand (BOD), which can result
in fish kills and undesirable
bacterial growth in aquatic
environments.
•	Ethylene glycol is considered a
HAP and is subject to CERCLA.
•	Additives in ADFs can be
significantly more toxic to
aquatic environments than
glycols alone.
•	Corrosion inhibitors are highly
reactive and produce toxic
byproducts.
•	Chloride can corrode pipes and
cause problems with coagulation
processes in water treatment
plants.
Additives in deicing/anti-
icingfluids can be significantly more toxic to the
aqjjaticenvironmentthan glycols alone.
Corrosion inhibitors are highly reactive with each
other and with glycols; reactions can produce
highly toxic byproducts. Other additives such as
wetting a gents, flame retardants, pH buffers,
and dispersing agents also exhibit high aquatic
and mammalian toxicities. Manufacturers and
formulators have attempted to reduce the
toxicity of additives present in their ADF formula-
tions and, when possible, use environmentally
benign chemicals. The Society for Automotive
Engineers (SAE) is currently working to set an
ADF toxicity standard in the near future.
Ethylene glycol
exhibits toxicity in
humans with the
potential to cause
neurological,
cardiovascular and
gastrointestinal
problems, serious
birth defects and
even death when
ingested in large
doses.
Sodium chloride, or salt, is applied to paved surfaces to prevent icing. (See
the bulletin on highway deicingfor more information on deicing paved
surfaces.) Sodium can contribute to cardiovascular, kidney..and-liver
diseases, and has a direct link to high blood press u There is no MCL <
health advisory level for sodium; however, there is a Drinking Water Equiva-
lent Level of 20 mg/L. a non-enforceable guidance level considered protec-
tive against non-carcinogenic adverse health effects. Chloride, for which
EPA has established a national secondary drinking water standard of 250
mg/L adds a salty taste to water and corrodes pipes. It can also cause
problems with coagulation processes in water treatment plants. The water
quality standard for chloride is 230 mg/L, basdd on toxicity to aquatic life.

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[
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES BULLETIN
]
AVAILABLE PREVENTION MEASURES TO ADDRESS
AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICING
An overview of several
management measures
are described in this
section, though they are
not exhaustive. The
reference materials below
can provide additional
resources and informa-
tion. Please keep in mind
that individual prevention
measures may or may not
be adequate to prevent
contamination of source
waters. Most likely,
individual measures
should be combined in an
overall prevention
approach that considers
the nature of the potential
source of contamination,
the purpose, cost,
operational, and
maintenance
requirements of the
measures, the
vulnerability of the source-
water, the public's
acceptance of the meas-
ures, and the community's
desired degree of risk
reduction.
Page 4
Alternative
deicing products
have lower
toxicities, are
readily
biodegradable
and have a
lower BOD in the
environment.
ALTERNATIVE D E I C I N G / A N T I -1 C I N G MATERIALS
Use alternative airfield
deicing products such as
potassium acetate,
sodium acetate, sodium
formate, potassium
formate, or DMA instead
of urea or glycol deicers.
These products have lower
toxicities, are readily
biodegradable, and have
a lower BOD in the
environment. Many of
these products can be
applied using the same
mechanical spreaders
used for urea or spray
booms used for
glycol-based fluids,
(See the bulletin on
highway deicing for
more information on
some of these
alternative deicers.)
9 - Infra-red deicing.
10 - Boot deicers are installed on the
wings before ice deposition occurs.
11 - Electrical resistive heating mats.
REDUCING DEICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID USAGE
ON AIRCRAFT:
Mechanical deicing technologies eliminate the need for deicing fluids and reduce
the need for anti-icing fluid. Below are some examples of this technology:
•	Boot deicing works by inflating a rubber boot located on the leading edge of an
aircraft wing. When inflated, the boot causes ice to crack and become dislodged
from the surface. Passing air blows the ice away. This method is used primarily on
propeller-driven aircraft.
•	Infra-red deicing systems work well for small aircraft, and use natural-gas-fired
radiant heaters inside a drive-through hanger. Follow-up chemical deicing or anti-
icing is usually required to prevent re-freezing.
•	Electrical resistive heating can remove ice from the surface of small to medium
sized aircraft. By applying resistive heating to heating mats located near the skin of
an aircraft, ice is melted and is easily dislodged from aircraft surfaces,
•	Hot air blast deicing systems use heated compressed air to blow snow and ice off
of aircraft wings. This may be followed by conventional deicing/anti-icing.

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[
AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICINS
]
PREVENTION MEASURES
•	Use alternative deicing/anti-icing materials.
•	Reduce the use of deicing/anti-icing fluids:
•	On Aircraft-
• By using Mechanical deicing:
•	Bootdeicing
•	infra-red deicing
•	Electrical resistive heating
•	Hot air blast
•	Installing a computerized spraying
system.
•	Using ice detection sensors.
•	Increasing storage for multi-strength
glycol solutions.
•	On Pavement -
•	Promptly using deicing/anti-icing
methods.
•	Using mechanical methods for dry
snow removal.
•	Using proper amounts of deicing/
anti-icing chemicals.
•	Collect and dispose of spent fluids to reduce
runoff by using:
•	Centralized deicing pads
•	Vacuum sweeper trucks
•	Detention basins or constructed wetlands
•	Anaerobic bioremediation systems
•	Transport spent fluid using a sanitary
sewer
•	Recycling and recovery of spent fluid.
•	Additional prevention measures:
•	Use of NPDES permits
•	Employee education
•	Monitoring of ground water quality
Computerized spraying systems:
The installation of a computer-
ized spraying system to apply
deicing chemicals may reduce
the use of deicing/anti-icing flu-
ids. These systems can reduce
both the volume of deicing fluid
used and the time needed for
deicing and increase the collec-
tion efficiency of runoff. These
"carwash" style systems can be
operated by personnel with a
minimum of training. This option
may be cost-prohibitive for
Page 5
smaller airports, and in some
cases, planes may need addi-
tional deicing usingtraditional
means (trucks or fixed booms)
to deice engine inlets, under-
carriages, or the underside of
aircraft wings. Deicingfluid
sprayed from truck-mounted
booms allows more effective
and efficient deicing. The de-
icer can be sprayed closer to
the aircraft surface, reducing
over-spray and wastage.
Increase storage for mutli-strength glycol solutions
Using a technique called "blending
to temperature," operators can vary
the concentration of glycol in deicing
fluid. Operators, particularly at small
airports, commonly use a fluid with
50 percent glycol, a concentration
that is formulated for worst-case
cold weather conditions. However,
concentrations of 30 to 70 percent
glycol may be used in different con-
ditions. Reducing the glycol concen-
tration in deicingfluid decreases the
amount of glycol in surface runoff
and storm water collection systems.
ADFs with 50% glycol
concentrations are
formulated for
worst-case cold
weather conditions.
Reducing the glycol
concentration in
deicing fluid
decreases the
amount of glycol in
surface runoff.
Ice detection systems and sensors:
Using ice detection systems or
sensors, especially on larger air-
craft, can reduce and, in some
cases, eliminate application of
deicingfluid. Because operators
and flight crews often have diffi-
culty detecting ice on aircraft
wings, aircraft are deiced when-
ever ice is suspected to be pre-
sent. Magnetostrictive, electro-
magnetic, and ultrasonic devices
can detect ice on aircraft sur-
faces, including areas that are
difficult to inspect visually and
in cases where ice buildup is
not apparent. This allows op-
erators to more accurately
determine when deicing is
unnecessary and can de-
crease the amount of ADF
used at an airport.

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R
Use mechanical methods for drv snow removal
Deicing pads allow
for less Type IV
anti-icing fluid
usage. In addition,
fluids recovered
from deicing may
be suitable for
Page 6
12 - Use chemicals as soon as
possible to prevent strong
bonding of ice to the pavement.
13 - Deicing pad, Ohio,
Use mechanical methods for dry snow removal
rather than applying chemicals.
Use the proper amount of chemicals:
Use the proper amount of pavement
deicing/anti-icingchemicals by
following recommendations from the
manufacturer, and properly
maintaining spreading equipment.
This will reduce unnecessary or
over-application of chemicals. Avoid
applyingglycol-based deicers near
storm drains, particularly those that
are not routed to a publicly-owned
sewage treatment plant.
EDUCING DEICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID USAGE
ON PAVEMENT:
Promptly use deicing/anti-icing methods:
Prevent strong bonding of such as aqueous
ice to pavement surfaces
by pre-treatingand/or
promptly treating pave-
ment using either me-
chanical methods or
chemicals. Pre-treating
pavement with chemicals
potassium acetate prior to
the onset of freezing
conditions or a storm
event can allow easy
removal of snow and ice
using sweepers and
plows. The FAA esti-
\
mates that the correct
application of pavement
anti-icing chemicals can
reduce the overall quantity
of pavement deicing/anti-
icing agents used by 30 to
75 percent.
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF
SPENT FLUID TO REDUCE RUNOFF
reuse.
CENTRALIZED DEICING PADS
Centralized deicing pads
restrict aircraft deicing to
a small area, minimizing
the volume and allowing
for the capture of deicing
waste. A deicing pad is
specially graded to cap-
ture and route contami-
nated runoff to tanks. If
the pads are located near
gate areas or at the head
of runways, deicing may
be completed just prior to
takeoff; as a result, less
Type IV anti-icing fluid may
be necessary for shorter
holdover times, reducing
the amount of glycols re-
leased onto the runway or
into the air. In addition,
fluids recovered from
deicing pads may be
suitable for reuse.
14 - Vacuum truck, UK.
VACUUM SWEEPER TRUCKS:
Vacuum sweeper trucks
collect spent aircraft and
airfield deicingfluids as
well as any slush or snow
from gate areas, ramps,
aircraft parking areas,
taxiways, and aircraft
holding pads. Vacuum
vehicles are a cost-
effective alternative to
installing traditional
drainage collection
systems or deicing pads,
typically ranging in cost
from $200,000 to
$400,000 each. In
addition, the recovered
fluid may be suitable for
recycling.
I AQIJftfflC
1 1 0845 600 2345J

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[
B C R A F I AND AIRFIELD D E
NG
]
NTION BASINS OR CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
storm sewer, Ai too its
operating these may be
required to install liners to
protect ground water and
monitoring wells to detect
Detention basins or
constructed wetlands are
open-water ponds that
collect ADF runoff from
runways and airport
grounds. Basins allow
solids to settle, and
reduce oxygen demand
before the runoff is
Berm
Page 7
Electric Motor
with propeller and
slinger-ring on
vertical motor shaft
, Berm
discharged to receiving
waters. A pump station
can discharge metered
runoff by way of an airport
leakage from breached
liners. An aeration system
may be required to treat
glycol contaminated
runoff. (See the storm
water bulletin for more
information on runoff
controls.)
Foats
15 - Surface aerated basin.
V
16 - Construction
of a wetland.
ANAEROBIC BIOREMEDIA TION SYSTEM:
An economic
benefit to the
anaerobic
remediation
process is that it
converts glycol in
runoff to methane
gas that can be
used for heating.
TRANSPORTATION OF S
Transport of spent fluid to
a sewage treatment plant
by way of a sanitary sewer
is almost always the most
economical method of
treating deicing fluid,
provided that sufficient
biological loading capacity
is available at the
treatment plant. However,
:orm drains are routed to
sanitary sewer. They
nould be knowledgeable
bout which drains or col-
Anaerobic bioremediation
systems, in conjunction
with sewage treatment
plants or detention basins,
can be an effective means
to dispose of glycol-
contaminated runoff,
Bioremediation systems
generally consist, of a run-
off collection and storage
system, an anaerobic
bioreactor treatment
system (one that requires
little or no oxygen), and a
gas/heat recovery system.
These systems can reduce
oxygen demand levels
sufficiently to permit
unrestricted disposal to a
sewage treatment plant.
Additionally, these
systems can remove
additives from runoff. An
economic benefit to the
anaerobic process is that
it converts glycol in runoff
to methane gas that can
be used for heating.
PENT FLUID:
many sewage treatment
plants will only accept
limited quantities of
glycol-contaminated
runoff; check with the
appropriate local agency
to verify applicable
regulations. Airport
maintenance crews
should not assume that
a
should
about wh
lection systems d.~	
directly to surface waters
or to the subsurface, e.g.,
through a dry well.
fluid to
treatment plant

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[
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES BULLETIN
]
RECYCLING AND RECOVERY OF SPENT FLUIDS
U &
18 - Recycle
Recycling of glycol from spent
deicing/anti-icing fluid
decreases the amount that
reaches and potentially
impairs surface and ground
waters. The recycling process
consists of several steps
including filtration, reverse
osmosis, and distillation to
recover glycol from spent
deicingfluid. Technology is
available to recycle fluids
containing at least 5 percent
glycol. Glycol recycling reduces
the amount and strength of
ADDITIONAL PREVENTION MEASURES
Page 8
wastewater, reducing
wastewater disposal costs. In
addition, the recovered glycol
may be sold; the value of
recovered glycol depends on
the type of glycol and its
concentration and purity.
Recent developments have
made on-site recycling
successful at smaller airports;
however, the volume of fluid
used at very small airports
may still be insufficient to
make recycling economically
viable at these facilities.
I ° ° o o ° o I o °
fV oFILToRATEo° o\ .
19 - Filtration
20 - Distillation
mrj
A + B
*[X3—
t _L t
A + B
am
Cooling
Water
—^
Purified A
—^
Steam
Still
Bottoms
Under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permitting Program, airports are required to obtain permit coverage for
storm water discharges from vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning operations, and airport deicing operations. While specific permit con-
ditions vary from state-to-state, in general, NPDES storm water permits require airports to develop and implement Storm Water Pollution
Prevention Plans (SWPPPs) that include the following elements:
NPDES storm
water permits
require airports
to develop and
implement
SWPPPs.
•	Description of potential pollutant sources and a site map indicating the locations of aircraft and
runway deicing/anti-icing operations and identification of any pollutant or pollutant parameter of
concern.
•	Description of storm water discharge management controls appropriate for each area of operation.
•	Consideration of alternatives to glycol- and urea- based deicing/anti-icing chemicals to reduce the
aggregate amount of deicing chemicals used and/or lessen the environmental impact.
•	Evaluation of whether deicing/anti-icing over-application is occurring and adjustment as necessary.
•	Employee training on topics such as spill response, good housekeeping, and material management
practices for all personnel that work in the deicing/anti-icing area.
Many NPDES storm water permits issued to airports also require a
variety of monitoring activities to evaluate the effectiveness of storm
water controls in preventing deicing/anti-icing activities from impact-
ing receiving water quality. For example, monitoring requirements
for airport deicing/anti-icing activities in EPA's Multi-Sector General
Permit include monthly inspections of existing storm water controls
during the deicing season (weekly if large quantities of deicing
chemicals are being spilled or discharged), quarterly visual monitor-
ing of storm water discharges, and periodic effluent monitoringfor
BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, and pH (for larger
users of deicing/anti-icing chemicals) during storm events.
Storm water that discharges directly to the subsurface by way of dry
wells, drain fields, or any other type of distribution system is subject
to Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program requirements. These
types of drainage systems are regulated as Class V injection wells
and operators should contact their state orfederal UIC Program
authority for information on applicable regulations.

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['
AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICINQ
]
Page 9
EMPLOYEE EDUCATION:
Employee training is an important tool
in reducing contaminated runoff.
Deicing personnel receive eight hours
of FAA-mandated training, but industry
sources state that three years of
experience is required to become
adept at aircraft deicing. Personnel
should be trained on proper
application techniques and best
management practices, and be
informed of the presence of any
sensitive water areas nearby. Properly
trained personnel will also use less
deicing/antiicing fluid, saving money
and reducing contamination
Properly trained personnel
will use less ADFs, saving
money and reducing
contamination.
Local flow system
Direction
of flow
i \/J Systems
Local
Intermediate
flow system
Regional
flow system
21 and 22 - Ground
water flow and water
table map examples
from USGS.
MONITOR GROUND WATER QUALITY:
Monitor ground water quality
and identify the direction of
ground water movement on-site
through the creation of a water
table map. Once the direction of
ground water flow is known,
annual monitoring up gradient
and down gradient of deicing
areas should provide early
detection of deicingfluid
contamination and other
harmful impacts.
0
13H.47
131.42
o

152.31
O
0
145 03
152.31
o
EXPLANATION
LOCATION Of WFIL AND
altitude of WATEfi
TABLE ABOVE SEA
LEVEL, IN FEET
o
126 78
13221
O
0
137 90
—140—
WATER TABLE CONTOUK-
Shows altitude of water
tabte. Contour interval 1(
feet. Datum is sea level:
121.34
O
Q
128.31

GROUND-WATER FLOW
LINE
Q\
136 <7 ,
15231
>5/ °
131 4?
?
O
145.03
\

o \
126.fU
132.21
O
137.90
121.34 0 " - .
0 128,37
130.47
1314?
O	O
145.00
132.21
O	Q
1ZB./8
1 i • ¦ ¦ i
l.'l 34
12637
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
These sources contain information on airport deicing practices and facilities and provide prevention measures to avoid source
water contamination. All of the documents listed are available for free on the Internet.
Bremer, Karl. The Double Deicing Dilemma. Airport Magazine.
http://www.airportnet.org/depts/publicat/airmags/am91093/deicing.htm
Bremer, Karl. The Three Rs, Reduce, Recover and Recycle. Airport Magazine.
http://www.airportnet.org/depts/publiea1/AIRMAG3/Am3498/deiGfng.htffi
FAA(2001) Northwest Mountain Regional Airport Plan 2001.
http://www.nw.faa.gov/airports/Plans/RAP/
FAA (2001) Electronic Aircraft Icing Handbook. Chapter III
http://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/aar421/eaihbpg.html
FAA Management of Airport Industrial Waste. Change 1 (1997) and Change 2 (2000)
http://www.faa.gov/arp/pdf/5320-151.pdf
http://www.faa .gov/a rp/pdf/5300-142. pdf

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^ SOURCE WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES BULLETIN	Page 10
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. (2000) Protecting Water Quality in Urban Areas: Best Management Practices for Dealing
with Storm Water Runoff from Urban, Suburban and Developing Areas of Minnesota.
http://vwvw.pca.state.mn.us/water/pubs/swm-ch7.pdf
Switzenbaum, Michael S., Shawn Veltman, Theodore Schoenberg Carmen Durand, Dean Mericas, and Bryan Wagoner. (1999)
Best Management Practices for Airport DeicingStormwater. University of Massachusetts Water Resources Research Center.
http://www.umass.edu/tei/wrrc/pdf/Switzl73.pdf
USEPA. (1999) Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet: Airplane Deicing Fluid Recovery Systems. EPA-832-F-99-043, United
States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, Washington DC.
http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/airplnde.pdf
USEPA. (1998) EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project: Air Transportation Industry, Sector Notebook Project,
EPA/310-R-97-001.
http://es.epa.g0v/0eca/sect0r/#air
USEPA. (2000) Preliminary Data Summary: Airport Deicing Operations (Revised). EPA-821-
R-00-016, United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, Washington, DC.
http://www.epa.gov/ost/guide/airport/airport.pdf
USEPA. (2001) Contaminant Candidate List Preliminary Regulatory Determination Support Document for Sodium, EPA 815-R-
01-014, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ccl/pdf/sodium_final_rsd.pdf
USEPA. (No Date) EPA Office of Federal Activities: Pollution Prevention / Environmental Impact Reduction Checklist for Airports.
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/ofa/pollprev/airport.html
USEPA. (No Date) Shallow Injection Wells (Class V). Available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/uic/classv.html
IMAGE CREDITS
1	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. Waiting Time, uploaded by "DieselDemon" on February 2, 2009.
http://www.flickr.eom/photos/28096801@N05/3248216549/
2	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. The snow clearer's dance, uploaded by "James_Cridland" on March 10,
2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/2325743696/
3	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. Not Actually Winterpeg!, uploaded by "WireLizard" on December 14,
2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/wirelizard/3108973513/
4	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. Sea-Tac Airport Snow Removal Practice, uploaded by "Michael @ NW
Lens" on Novemeber4, 2009. http://www.flickr.com/photos/aboyandhisbike/4076255704/
5	- United States Geologic Survey: The Water Cycle - Water Science for Schools, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html
6	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. 24/365 Fish Kill., uploaded by "BLW Photography" on October 4, 2009.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/macbeck/3982210565/
7	- Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Image: Internal Organs.
http://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:lnternal_organs.png
8	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. Pipe @ Avila Beach, California, uploaded by "timparkinson" on December
2, 2006. http://www.flickr.com/photos/timparkinson/312604512/
9 - Radiant Energy Corporation: Radiant Aviation. Accessed July 23, 2010. http://www.radiantenergycorp.com/product.htm

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AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICING
Page 11
10 - PilotFrierid.com: Flight Safety - icing conditions in flight, http://www.pilotfriend.com/safe/safety/Icing_conditions.htm
11- Sloan, Jeff, High-Performance Composites: "787 integrates new composite wingdeicingsystem". January 2(
Gardner Publications, http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/787-integrates-new-composite-wing-deicing-system
/
12	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. Time, uploaded by "alancleave/_2000" on July 12, 2008.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alancleaver/2661425133/
13	- RW Armstrong Projects: Cleveland Hopkins Airport - Deicing, completed in 2006
http://www.rwa rmstrong.com/project.aspx?id =494
14	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search. After the UK runs out of grit aVtd salt for the roads the Highland Council
comes up with an innovative solution to clearing snow!, uploaded by "foxypar4" on February 14, 2009.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/foxypar4/3278603278/
15-Wikipedia	Public Domain Image: Surface-Aerated Basin. http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/File:Surface-Aerated_Basin.png
16-Wikipedia	Public Domain Image: Newly planted constructed wetland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetland
17	- Flickr Creative Commons: Attribution only search, roads and railways series #1, uploaded by "woodleywonderwork" on
October 14, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/2942952271/
18	- Recycling logo.
19	- Wikipedia. Attribution/Share-Alike license: FilterDiagram, uploaded by "Wikiwayman" on August 4, 2009.
http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/File:FilterDiagram.svg
20	- Wikipedia Free Art License: BatchDistill. http://en.wikipedia.0rg/wiki/File:BatchDistill.svg
21	and 22 - United States Geologic Survey. T.C. Winter, J.W. Harvey, O.L. Franke, and W.M. Alley. "Ground Water and Surface
Water A Single Resource." Denver, Colorado, 1998. Accessed July 26, 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circll39/
23 - O'Liner, Mark. CENews.com, "Cold-weather Contaminants: Airports begin planning for federal guidelines regulating
management of glycol deicing fluids." April 2007.
http://www.cenews.com/magazine-article-cenews.com-april-2007-cold_weather_contaminants-4998.html
Back Cover - University Corporation for Atmospheric Research: Communications Archives - UCAR Quarterly: Winter/Spring
1997. Anatta, "Deicing forecasts unclog LaGuardia and 0'Ha re Airports."
http://Avvw.ucar.edu/communications/quart.erly/spring97/deicing.html
3 - Airplane deicing.

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SOURCE WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES BULLETIN
MANAGING AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICING
OPERATIONS TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF
DRINKING WATER
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and
to safeguard the natural environment - air, water
and land - upon which life depends.
USEPA East (EPA East) [Old ICC Building]
1201 Constitution Avenue N.W.
Washington, DC 20004
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water (4606)
EPA ### ### ### ###
www. epa.go v/safewater
August 2010

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