EPA
WaterSense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
February 1, 2011
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WaterSense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Summary
Pre-rinse spray valves (PRSVs) are used in commercial food operations for the purpose of
removing food waste from dishes prior to dishwashing. PRSVs can consume nearly one-third of
the water used in the dish room. Of the PRSVs currently in use in commercial kitchens across
the United States, many have flow rates exceeding the current 1.6 gallon per minute (gpm)
maximum flow rate allowed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct). Over the past several
years, manufacturers have developed high-efficiency PRSVs with flow rates lower than the
standard.
To capitalize on the opportunity for potential water and energy savings, on July 10, 2009, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced its intent to develop a specification for
water-efficient, energy-efficient, and high-performing PRSVs for the WaterSense® and ENERGY
STAR® programs.
The WaterSense program labels products that not only save water, but also perform as well as
or better than standard models. Though EPAct 2005 specifies the maximum flow rate for
PRSVs, it does not address the performance of these products. To provide a mechanism to
compare PRSV efficiency and performance, the ASTM F2324-03 Standard Test Method for Pre-
Rinse Spray Valves (hereafter referred to as ASTM F2324) was developed. In accordance with
the test method, product efficiency is determined by measuring flow rate in gpm. Product
performance is determined by measuring -eleanability," or the time it takes for the PRSV to rinse
tomato paste from a plate, in units of seconds per plate.
Though ASTM F2324 provides a measure for PRSV performance, during EPA's initial
evaluation of this product category, it received input from some of its utility partners and other
stakeholders with concerns about the following:
• PRSVs with flow rates less than 1.0 gpm are used longer in the field than higher flowing
PRSVs. As a result, high-efficiency PRSVs might save less water than expected.
• Users are generally not satisfied with high-efficiency PRSV performance, although these
same PRSVs score well on the ASTM F2324 eleanability test.
Because it is interested in labeling water- and energy-efficient PRSVs that perform as well or
better than standard PRSVs, EPA decided that it needed additional field data on PRSVs before
developing a specification that addresses water use, energy use, and performance. From
January through June 2010, EPA monitored PRSV use at 10 commercial and institutional
kitchens. The objectives of the study were to determine if:
• High-efficiency PRSVs save less water than expected because users have to spend
more time rinsing dishes;
• Users are less satisfied with high-efficiency PRSVs; and
• The ASTM F2324 eleanability test method provides an indication of PRSV performance
in the field.
EPA's contractor, Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), collected water use, use time, operating
flow rate, and user satisfaction data at 10 commercial kitchen facilities in the Washington, D.C.
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and Boston, Massachusetts, areas. The 10 participating facilities included four university dining
halls, one high school cafeteria, and five restaurants.
ERG monitored the existing PRSV at each facility for three weeks. Then, ERG installed and
monitored three new PRSVs for three weeks each at each facility. The PRSVs included in the
study had flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 1.6 gpm and varying cleanability times ranging from 17
to 26 seconds per plate when evaluated in accordance with the ASTM F2324 test method. At
the end of each three-week monitoring period, ERG surveyed the PRSV users to assess their
satisfaction with each PRSV.
Using the data collected, EPA evaluated the following in order to provide analyses to support
the research objectives:
• The relationship between water use and PRSV operating flow rates;
• The relationship between use time and PRSV operating flow rates;
• The relationship between use time and cleanability time;
• User satisfaction as compared to PRSV operating flow rates, use time, and cleanability
time; and
• Additional quantitative and qualitative user feedback.
From these analyses, EPA concluded that use time remained relatively constant among the
PRSVs tested and that high-efficiency PRSVs did use less water and energy. EPA also found
that users were less satisfied with PRSVs that flowed at less than 1.0 gpm. However, EPA
concluded that use time did not have a perceivable impact on user satisfaction in this study,
which may be because use time remained relatively constant among the PRSVs tested and
users could not perceive a difference in the amount of time they used each PRSV. EPA also
found that the ASTM F2324 cleanability test did not indicate which of the PRSVs tested the
users preferred, nor was it an indicator of actual use time in the field. Since several users
indicated pressure (i.e., spray force) as a reason for dissatisfaction, pressure may be a factor
that EPA should consider for differentiating PRSV performance.
Because PRSVs have demonstrated significant water and energy savings potential, EPA will
continue working with stakeholder groups to identify and develop requirements that high-
efficiency PRSVs must meet in order to provide the expected performance. In addition, EPA will
evaluate other issues that became apparent throughout the study, such as addressing PRSV
life cycle testing and determining why some PRSVs may have operating flow rates far different
than their flow rates tested using the ASTM F2324 test method. EPA's ultimate goal is to create
a specification that ensures long-term water and energy savings and acceptable performance.
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CONTENTS
Page
1 Background 1
2 Terminology 3
3 Objectives 4
4 Methodology 4
4.1 Facility Selection 4
4.2 Pre-Rinse Spray Valves 7
4.3 Data Collection Methodology 8
4.3.1 Flow Rate 9
4.3.2 Water Use and Use Time 9
4.3.3 Water Temperature 11
4.3.4 Water Pressure 11
4.3.5 Surveys 12
5 Limitations 13
6 Results 15
6.1 Water Use 18
6.2 Use Time 18
6.3 Cleanability Time 19
6.4 User Satisfaction 20
6.4.1 User Satisfaction and Flow Rate 20
6.4.2 User Satisfaction and Use Time 21
6.4.3 User Satisfaction and Cleanability Time 23
6.4.4 User Satisfaction and Other Performance Characteristics 24
7 Water and Energy Savings Potential 30
8 Conclusions and Next Steps 34
Appendix A: EPA Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Research Study Scope
Appendix B: Weekly Site Visit Measurements Form
Appendix C: User Satisfaction Survey Form
Appendix D:
Data, User Satisfaction Survey Responses, and Facility Operations Survey
Responses
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
1 Regulations and Voluntary Requirements for Pre-Rinse Spray Valves 2
2 Facilities Selected for EPA's Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Study 6
3 Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Evaluated 7
4 Example Data Logger Output and Use Time and Water Use Calculations Using 1.0 gpm
Maximum Flow Rate 11
5 Example Overall User Satisfaction Score Evaluation 12
6 EPAct 2005-Compliant Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Study Summary Data Set 16
7 Average Use Time per PRSV, Facility Average Use Time, and User Satisfaction per
PRSV 21
8 User Satisfaction Feedback for Unsatisfactory PRSVs 26
9 Energy Use Assumptions and Calculations 30
10 Estimated Savings From Replacing Category 1 Pre-Rinse Spray Valves 31
11 Estimated Savings from Replacing Non-EPAct-complaint Pre-Rinse Spray Valves, 33
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Water Meter and Data Logger Set-Up 9
2 Water Use vs. Operating Flow Rate 18
3 Use Time vs. Operating Flow Rate 19
4 Use Time vs. Cleanability Time 20
5 Frequency of User Satisfaction Scores Among EPAct 2005-Compliant PRSV Categories
(Categorized Using Operating Flow Rate) 21
6 Frequency of Satisfaction Score Occurrence for PRSVs Wth More or Less Than the
Average Use Time at a Facility 23
7 User Satisfaction vs. Cleanability Time 24
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
1 Background
Commercial pre-rinse spray valves (PRSVs) are nozzles that spray hot water under pressure to
remove food and grease from dishes, pots, pans, and utensils before they are put into a
dishwasher. In typical commercial food operations, dishwashing consumes nearly two-thirds of
all the water used. Of that water, nearly half is consumed by PRSVs for the purpose of removing
food waste from dishes prior to dishwashing.1
An estimated 1.35 million2 commercial PRSVs are in use in the United States. Many of these
PRSVs may be inefficient units, with flow rates exceeding the current 1.6 gallons per minute
(gpm) maximum flow rate allowed by the federal standard governing such devices, the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005). These non-EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs flow between 3.0
and 5.0 gpm. Since Congress enacted the federal standard, however, manufacturers have
developed high-efficiency PRSVs with flows as low as 0.5 gpm.
To capitalize on this opportunity for potential water and energy savings, on July 10, 2009, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced its intent to develop a specification for
water-efficient, energy-efficient, and high-performing PRSVs for the WaterSense® and ENERGY
STAR® programs.
The WaterSense program labels products that use less water and perform as well as or better
than standard models. Although EPAct 2005 specifies the maximum flow rate for PRSVs, it
does not address the performance of PRSVs. To provide a mechanism to compare PRSV
efficiency and performance, Pacific Gas and Electric's Food Service Technology Center (FSTC)
developed a timed test to measure the ability of a PRSV to clean a plate. The FSTC test method
was later used by the California Urban Water Conservation Council (CUWCC) to select PRSVs
for their PRSV replacement program and was eventually adopted by the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM International) as ASTM F2324-03 Standard Test Method for Pre-
Rinse Spray Valves (hereafter referred to as ASTM F2324).
In accordance with the ASTM F2324 test method, a PRSVs efficiency is determined by
measuring its flow rate in gpm. A PRSVs performance is determined by measuring its
-eleanability," or the average amount of time the PRSV takes to clean tomato paste from a set of
plates, in units of seconds per plate.
The ASTM F2324 test method was originally developed to help water and energy utilities select
high-efficiency PRSVs for their efficiency incentive programs by differentiating products that
used flow restrictors to achieve a lower flow rate, without regard to performance. However,
1 California Urban Water Conservation Council. February 2005. Rinse & Save Program Final Report
Summary.
2 The National Restaurant Association (NRA) estimates that 945,000 commercial food establishments are
present in the United States as of January 2008. A Puget Sound Energy (PSE) direct-install program
estimated that approximately 70 percent of facilities using PRSVs are restaurants (Tso, Bing, P.E. and
John Koeller, P.E. Pre-Rinse Spray Valve Programs: How are They Really Doing? December 1, 2005. p.
1-12.). Assuming one PRSV per restaurant, if restaurants are 70 percent of the market, then the total
number of PRSVs nationwide can be estimated to be 1.35 million.
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several organizations now use the test method to further differentiate PRSV performance
among those products that do not use flow restrictors by specifying a maximum flow rate and
cleanability threshold that products must meet, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Regulations and Voluntary Requirements for Pre-Rinse Spray Valves
Group
Regulation
Domain
Maximum
Flow Rate
Maximum
Cleanability
Threshold
Effective
Date
California Energy
Commission
(CEC)
Appliance Efficiency
Regulations
Required for all
PRSVs sold in
the state of
California
1.6 gpm
30 seconds
per plate
January 1,
2006
Federal Energy
Management
Program (FEMP)
Purchasing
specifications for
federal agencies
Required for all
PRSVs
purchased by
federal agencies
1.25 gpm
26 seconds
per plate
December
2008
American Society
of Heating,
Refrigerating, and
Air Conditioning
Engineers, Inc.
(ASHRAE)
Standard 189.1-
2009, Standard for
the Design of High-
Performance Green
Buildings Except
Low-Rise Residential
Buildings
Voluntary
standard—only
required for
those buildings
meeting the
standard
1.3 gpm
26 seconds
per plate
December
2009
California Urban
Water
Conservation
Council (CUWCC)
Rinse & Save
Program (direct
installation program)
Voluntary
program—only
required for
those PRSVs
selected for the
direct installation
program
1.6 gpm
21 seconds
per plate
2002-
2007
Arizona
Department of
Water Resources
Arizona Rinse Smart
(direct installation
program)
Voluntary
program—only
required for
those PRSVs
selected for the
direct installation
program
1.6 gpm
21 seconds
per plate
Began
2005
New York State
Energy Research
and Development
Authority
Focus on Hospitality
(rebate program)
Voluntary
program—only
required for
those PRSVs
selected for the
rebate program
1.6 gpm
26 seconds
per plate
Began
2004
Although these groups have established flow rate and cleanability maximums for PRSVs, EPA
received input from some of its utility partners and other stakeholders that the following might be
occurring:
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• PRSVs with flow rates less than 1.0 gpm are used longer in the field than higher flowing
PRSVs. As a result, high-efficiency PRSVs might save less water than expected.
• Users are generally not satisfied with high-efficiency PRSV performance, although these
same PRSVs score well on the ASTM F2324 cleanability performance test.
These concerns raised questions of whether EPA should use ASTM F2324 to assess PRSV
performance and as a result, EPA determined that it needed additional field data on PRSVs
before developing a specification that addresses water use, energy use, and performance.
In September 2009, EPA hosted a stakeholder meeting to discuss these outstanding concerns
and presented for comment a draft of its research study scope outlining the study objectives and
EPA's general approach for collecting PRSV field data. In October 2009, EPA joined the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers/Canadian Standards Association (ASME/CSA) Joint
Harmonization Task Force on Water-Efficient PRSVs (task force), agreeing to collaborate with
ASME/CSA and ASTM on the development of a PRSV performance specification. During the
initial task force meetings, EPA discussed comments and revisions to its research study scope
and agreed to conduct research at 10 commercial and/or institutional facilities. Realizing the
limitations of a small data set, EPA attempted to recruit other parties interested in conducting
similar research. To date, no other organizations have agreed to provide such data. EPA
published its final research study scope on October 26, 2009, which guided its field research.
This report presents EPA's PRSV field research objectives, methodology, results, potential
water and energy savings, conclusions, and next steps. Supporting information—including
EPA's Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Research Study Scope, weekly site visit measurements form,
user satisfaction survey, raw data, user satisfaction survey responses, and facility operations
survey responses—are provided in appendices to this document.
2 Terminology
Key terminology used in this report is defined below.
• Non-EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs: Commercial PRSVs that flow higher than the
maximum EPAct 2005 standard of 1.6 gpm.
• EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs: Commercial PRSVs that meet the maximum EPAct 2005
standard of 1.6 gpm. This term encompasses standard and high-efficiency PRSVs,
defined below.
• Standard PRSVs: Commercial PRSVs that have tested flow rates between 1.25 and 1.6
gpm.
• High-efficiency PRSVs: Commercial PRSVs that are at least 20 percent more efficient
than the current federal standard; specifically in this report, the term refers to PRSVs
that have tested flow rates of 1.25 gpm or less.
• Tested flow rate: The flow rate (in gpm) provided on the Food Service Technology
Center's (FSTC's) website for each PRSV it tests using the ASTM F2324 test method.
The flow rate is collected per the test method at a flowing water pressure of 60 pounds
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per square inch (psi). The tested flow rate for each PRSV is not provided in this report in
order to mask the model names of PRSVs evaluated.
• Operating flow rate: The flow rate (in gpm) measured in the field during this study,
calculated as the average of the weekly operating flow rate measurements for a PRSV
at each test facility. The operating flow rate is measured at the flowing pressure in each
facility and is described further in Section 4.3.1.
• Recorded flow rate: The average flow rate (in gpm) recorded by the data logger over a
10-second interval. The flow rate is recorded by the data logger at the flowing pressure
in each facility.
• Cleanability time: Cleanability time (in seconds per plate) reported on FSTC's website for
each PRSV it tested using the ASTM F2324 test method. The cleanability times provided
in this report were rounded to the nearest whole number, in order to mask the model
names of PRSVs evaluated.
3 Objectives
To examine the water use, energy use, use time, and user satisfaction of high-efficiency
PRSVs, EPA initiated a 12-week field study at 10 commercial kitchen facilities in the
Washington, DC, and Boston, Massachusetts, areas. The intent of this research was to answer
the questions outlined in EPA's Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Research Study Scope, dated October
26, 2009 (see Appendix A). The objectives of the study were to determine if:
• High-efficiency PRSVs save water;
• Users require more time to rinse dishes when using high-efficiency PRSVs;
• The ASTM F2324 cleanability test method accurately predicts whether a user will spend
more time using a given PRSV in the field;
• Users are less satisfied with high-efficiency PRSVs;
• Users are less satisfied with PRSVs that they have to use for more time in order to rinse
the dishes; and
• Users are more satisfied with PRSVs that have lower ASTM F2324 cleanability times.
4 Methodology
This section describes facility selection, PRSVs monitored, and EPA's data collection
methodology. Field research was conducted by Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), an EPA
contractor. ERG also worked under contract with EPA to analyze the data.
4.1 Facility Selection
ERG evaluated 22 facilities before choosing 10 at which to conduct field research. Facility
eligibility was based on the requirements outlined in the Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Research
Study Scope. ERG targeted facilities that:
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• Had an existing PRSV with a tested flow rate less than or equal to 1.6 gpm;
• Used PRSVs prior to commercial dishwashing equipment; and
• Served on china dishware, not plasticware.
In addition, ERG evaluated other facility characteristics, including:
• Water temperature;3
• Typical facility customer throughput;
• Feasibility of water meter installation;
• Willingness to participate; and
• Estimated frequency of PRSV use.4
Following ERG's evaluation of the 22 potential facilities, EPA attempted to select facilities with
existing PRSVs that met EPAct 2005 requirements, but 15 of the 22 facilities evaluated did not
have EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs in place. Adherence to this requirement was determined not
to be feasible, and five of the final 10 facilities selected for the study did not have existing EPAct
2005-compliant PRSVs.
EPA targeted university dining halls with commercial kitchens for participation in the field study.
University dining halls have a relatively consistent customer throughput that allows usage
patterns to be easily distinguished. A private high school was chosen for the study for similar
reasons. Because restaurants are an important user group and represent a majority of PRSV
installations in the United States, EPA also selected five restaurants to participate in the study.
ERG developed study timelines based on facility operating schedules, taking into account
facility closing periods such as university and school breaks. PRSVs were monitored at all
facilities for three weeks (21 days), with the exception of the PRSVs monitored at Buckingham
Browne & Nichols School (BB&N) (which were monitored for 12 days, because not enough
operating days remained in the school year to collect a full 21-day data set for each PRSV
monitored). The data collection period was set at three weeks to normalize for any anomalies or
abnormalities that could occur at a facility. The field data collection period for each participating
facility occurred between January and June 2010.
Table 2 lists the 10 selected facilities and includes general baseline information for each.
3 Facilities with operating water temperatures well above the water meter operating temperature of 120°F
were not selected.
4 Facilities that did not use a PRSV as the main means of removing food waste from dishes prior to
washing or used PRSVs primarily for purposes other than rinsing food waste from dishes were not
selected.
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Table 2. Facilities Selected for EPA's Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Study
Facility Name
Existing
EPAct
2005-
compliant
PRSV?
Operating
Flow Rate of
Existing
PRSV (gpm)
Operating
Water
Temperature
(°F)
Operating
Static /
Flowing Water
Pressure (psi)
Approximate
Weekly
Customer
Throughput
University Dining Halls
Boston College
McElroy Commons
(BC McElroy),
Chestnut Hill, MAa
No
3.66
118
69/39
35,000
Boston College
Stuart Hall (BC
Stuart), Newton, MA
No
4.05
93
75/39
15,000
Harvard University
Mather House
(Harvard Mather),
Cambridge, MAa
Yes
0.97
104
50/41
4,500
Harvard University
Currier House
(Harvard Currier),
Cambridge, MA
Yes
1.08
99
52/48
4,800
Day School
BB&N, Cambridge,
MA
No
3.21
129
72/25
2,900
Restaurants
Founding Farmers,
Washington, DC
Yes
1.10
119
58/42
5,400
Farmers & Fishers,
Washington, DC
Yes
1.17
126
62/55
3,000
Mario's Italian
Restaurant,
Lexington (Mario's),
MA
No
4.31
85
91 / 48
1,500
Jimmy's Steer
House (Jimmy's),
Arlington, MA
No
2.62
75
67/39
5,400
The Fireplace
Restaurant (The
Fireplace),
Brookline, MA
Yes
1.04
113
73/59
1,200
a - Harvard Mather and BC McElroy had two PRSVs each, all of which are used for rinsing dishes before
they are put into a commercial dishwasher. At these two facilities, both existing PRSVs were replaced
with the same model of new PRSV during each monitoring period to ensure that one PRSV was not
favored over the other. However, only one PRSV at each facility was equipped with a data logger to
capture detailed usage patterns.
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4.2 Pre-Rinse Spray Valves
Because one of the objectives of the study was to determine whether the ASTM F2324 test
method indicates PRSV performance and use time in the field, EPA only included PRSVs in the
study that had been previously tested by the FSTC in accordance with the ASTM F2324 test
method. Where feasible, participating facilities were given one PRSV to test from each of the
following three flow rate categories (based upon their tested flow rate as reported by FSTC):
• Category 1: PRSVs with a tested flow rate of 1.25 to 1.6 gpm
• Category 2: PRSVs with a tested flow rate of 1.0 to 1.25 gpm
• Category 3: PRSVs with a tested flow rate less than 1.0 gpm
The PRSVs for each facility were selected at random and installed in a random order. Users
were not told the tested flow rate of the PRSVs being installed. No training was provided to
users when new PRSVs were installed.
Table 3 provides a list of PRSVs monitored in the study (masked to conceal model names),
including the operating flow rate for each model in the field, the cleanability time each achieved
on the ASTM F2324 test, and a list of the facilities where each model was evaluated. To
develop the most robust user satisfaction data set possible, ERG monitored each PRSV in at
least two facilities, with the exception of a few PRSVs, as noted in the table.
Table 3. Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Evaluated
PRSV
Operating Flow Rate (gpm)a
Rounded Cleanability Time
(seconds per plate)
Facilities Where Evaluated
Category 3 PRSVs (< 1.0 gpm)
N
0.51
21
• Harvard Mather
A
0.61
21
• Harvard Mather
• Jimmy's
J
0.73
21
• Harvard Currier
• BC McElroy
• Farmers & Fishers
• Mario's
H
0.86
20
• The Fireplace
E b
1.58
25
• Founding Farmers
. BB&N
M
1.10
20
• BC Stuart
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Table 3. Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Evaluated
PRSV
Operating Flow Rate (gpm)a
Rounded Cleanability Time
(seconds per plate)
Facilities Where Evaluated
Category 2 PRSVs (> 1.0 to < 1.25 gpm
L
1.04
23
• Harvard Currier
• Founding Farmers
I
1.21
22
• BC Stuart
• Jimmy's
C
1.27
22
• BC McElroy
. BB&N
G b
1.58
23
• Farmers & Fishers
• Mario's
B b
1.52
24
. BB&N
• The Fireplace
Category 1 PRSVs (> 1.25 to 1.6 gpm)
K b
1.09
17
• Harvard Mather
• Harvard Currier
• BC Stuart
• Founding Farmers
• The Fireplace
D
1.56
21
• Harvard Currier
• BC McElroy
• Jimmy's
• The Fireplace
F
1.44
21
• Harvard Mather
• Founding Farmers
• Farmers & Fishers
• Mario's
a - To conceal each PRSV's model name, the operating flow rates are provided in this table instead of
tested flow rates. Since the operating flow rate in the field differed from the tested flow rate, some PRSVs
may seem to be placed in the wrong category; however, PRSVs were originally categorized based on
their tested flow rate.
b - Even taking into account the variability of flowing water pressure in the field, the operating flow rates
for PRSVs E, G, and B were much higher than expected based on their tested flow rates. The operating
flow rate for PRSV K was much lower than expected. As a result, these PRSVs were found to flow
outside of their original designated flow rate category.
4.3 Data Collection Methodology
ERG installed and monitored the PRSVs discussed in Section 4.2 to assess the following key
PRSV data parameters to help EPA evaluate its study objectives:
• Flow rate;
• Water use;
• Use time; and
• User satisfaction.
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In addition, EPA assessed several other data parameters to obtain information about the PRSV
operating conditions, including:
• Water temperature;
• Static water pressure;
• Flowing water pressure; and
• Facility operations (as collected via manager surveys).
The list of equipment ERG used during the weekly visits can be found in the Pre-Rinse Spray
Valves Research Study Scope in Appendix A. The weekly site visit measurement forms used to
record the data each week are presented in Appendix B. The user satisfaction survey form can
be found in Appendix C. This section describes the how the data parameters were measured or
calculated.
4.3.1 Flow Rate
Using a bucket and stopwatch technique, ERG manually collected the PRSVs' flow rates each
week using the settings established by the operator (operating flow rate). ERG also collected
each PRSVs flow rate with the hot and cold faucet spigots fully open (maximum flow rate). ERG
allowed the PRSV to flow for 10 seconds into a bucket and then measured the volume of water
collected using a graduated cylinder. The measurements were converted to gpm. Each
measurement was taken three times for accuracy, and the average of the readings was used in
the data set.
4.3.2 Water Use and Use Time
To acquire water use and use time information, ERG hired a plumber to install an Elster AMCO
Water C700 water meter on the mixed hot and cold water line supplying the PRSV at each of
the participating facilities. ERG then connected a Model 100EL or 100AF Meter-Master data
logger to the water meter to record real-time water use data. A picture of a typical set-up is
shown in Figure 1.
Logger
Figure 1. Water Meter and Data Logger Set-Up
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The data logger recorded the average flow rate in gpm over 10-second intervals. ERG used a
field laptop to download the data from the data logger at each facility during weekly site visits. In
addition, ERG read the water meter at the beginning and end of each week. The water meter
readings were input into the data logger software to calibrate the data logger output in
accordance with the true measured volume of water.
ERG eliminated high and low outliers from the data set each week. Low outliers were removed
when the recorded value was below the sensitivity threshold of the water meter. High outliers
were removed when the recorded value was above the maximum flow rate of the PRSV, as
measured in the field. After excluding the outliers, the water use calculated from the data logger
output only differed from water use recorded by the water meter by 7 percent.
4.3.2.1 Water Use
To calculate the amount of water used by each PRSV for each time interval, ERG multiplied
each of the data logger's average recorded flow rates by the 10-second time interval over which
each data point was collected (converting the 10-second time interval to minutes to perform the
calculation), as shown in the equation below.
Water Use (gallons) = [average recorded flow rate output (gpm)] x 10 seconds x 1 minute /
60 seconds
From this data, ERG summed the water use calculated for each individual 10-second interval to
determine the total amount of water each PRSV used during each three-week monitoring
period. See Table 4 for an example of the water use calculation.
4.3.2.2 Use Time
To calculate the time each PRSV was in use, ERG compared the data logger's average
recorded flow rate over each 10-second interval to the PRSV's maximum recorded flow rate by
the data logger. If the average recorded flow rate was equivalent to the maximum recorded flow
rate, ERG assumed that the PRSV handle was fully depressed for the entire 10-second interval.
If the average recorded flow rate was less than the maximum recorded flow rate, ERG assumed
that the PRSV was only used for a portion of the 10-second interval. For each 10-second
interval, it is possible to calculate the amount of time the PRSV was used by dividing the
average recorded flow rate in gpm for that interval by the maximum recorded flow rate, and then
multiplying this ratio by 10 seconds, as shown in the equation below. For example, if a 1.0 gpm
PRSV had an average recorded flow rate value of 0.5 gpm during a 10-second interval, it would
indicate that the PRSV was only operated for 50 percent of this 10-second period, or 5 seconds.
Use Time (seconds) = [Average Recorded Flow Rate (gpm) / Maximum Recorded Flow Rate
(gpm)] x 10 seconds
From this data, ERG summed the use time calculated for each individual 10-second interval to
determine the total amount of time each PRSV was used during each three-week monitoring
period. See Table 4 for an example of the use time calculation. Note that 1.0 gpm was the
maximum recorded flow rate in this example.
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 4. Example Data Logger Output and Use Time and Water Use Calculations Using
1.0 gpm Maximum Flow Rate
Date and Time
Average Recorded Flow
Rate (gpm) during the
10 second Interval
Use Time (seconds)
Water Use (gallons)
4/1/2010 1:00:10 PM
0.00
0
0.00
4/1/2010 1:00:20 PM
0.30
= 0.30/1.00 x 10 = 3
= 0.30 X 10 X 1/60 = 0.05
4/1/2010 1:00:30 PM
0.40
4
0.07
4/1/2010 1:00:40 PM
0.80
8
0.13
4/1/2010 1:00:50 PM
0.90
9
0.15
4/1/2010 1:01:00 PM
1.00
10
0.17
4/1/2010 1:01:10 PM
1.00
10
0.17
4/1/2010 1:01:20 PM
1.00
10
0.17
4/1/2010 1:01:30 PM
1.00
10
0.17
4/1/2010 1:01:40 PM
0.80
8
0.13
4/1/2010 1:01:50 PM
0.60
6
0.10
4/1/2010 1:02:00 PM
0.20
2
0.03
4/1/2010 1:02:10 PM
0.00
0
0.00
TOTAL
80
1.33
4.3.3 Water Temperature
ERG collected the PRSV operating temperature and the hot water and cold water temperatures
using a bucket and a digital thermometer. The operating temperature was collected by
depressing the PRSVs without adjusting the faucet spigots, leaving the settings as the user had
them prior to the site visit. The hot and cold water temperatures were collected by completely
shutting off the opposite faucet spigot. ERG allowed the PRSV to flow so the temperature could
stabilize prior to taking each measurement. Each measurement was taken three times for
accuracy, and the average of the three readings was used in the data set. At the end of each
site visit, the water temperature was returned to the original operating temperature.
4.3.4 Water Pressure
Using a pressure adaptor and a pressure gauge, ERG collected static and flowing water
pressure each week. The pressure adaptor and pressure gauge were installed in line after the
PRSV unit's hose and before the PRSV itself. Static pressure was collected without depressing
the PRSV handle, and flowing pressure was collected with the PRSV handle fully depressed.
Both static and flowing water pressure were collected at the operating temperature and with the
hot and cold water spigots completely open (to assess the maximum possible water pressure).
Each measurement was taken three times for accuracy, and the average of the readings was
used in the data set.
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4.3.5 Surveys
ERG surveyed the PRSV users to assess their satisfaction with each PRSV installed. ERG also
surveyed the facility managers to collect important operating data to provide additional context
during data analysis. This section describes the survey methodology.
4.3.5.1 User Satisfaction
ERG collected user satisfaction data for each PRSV by interviewing one or more user at each
facility at the end of each three-week monitoring period, including the baseline monitoring
period. ERG administered the survey either verbally or in written form (in languages other than
English if necessary), depending on the preference of the user. The user satisfaction survey
form can be found in Appendix C.
The user satisfaction survey included both quantitative and qualitative questions. Specifically,
ERG asked the users to evaluate their impression of each PRSV by ranking their satisfaction as
either 1 (unsatisfied), 2 (somewhat satisfied), or 3 (completely satisfied). The users also used
this numerical ranking scheme to evaluate each PRSV's pressure5, ability to clean dishes, and
spray pattern.
Each user was also asked additional questions about each PRSV he or she tested, including
what he or she liked or disliked about the PRSV, if he or she would consider purchasing it, if he
or she used an always-on clamp, which foods he or she found particularly difficult to remove,
and if he or she had to adjust the water temperature when using the PRSV. At the end of the
study, users were allowed to choose one of the EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs to keep.
Following the surveys and after allowing the user to select his or her preferred PRSV, ERG
considered all responses—quantitative and qualitative—pertaining to PRSV performance and
designated an overall satisfaction score of 1, 2, or 3 from each user for each PRSV at each
facility. An example of this evaluation is shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Example Overall User Satisfaction Score Evaluation
Facility
Harvard Currier
PRSV
D
User
User 2
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on User Responses
2
How satisfied are you with the spray valve? If unsatisfied, explain.
1 (It sprays out too much
water.)
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's pressure? If unsatisfied,
was it too strong, too weak, produced excessive backsplash, produced
misting, other?
3 (The pressure is good. I like
Valve A better than Valve B.)
How satisfied are you with the dish sprayer's ability to clean the dishes?
If unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast, other?
3 (Very good.)
5 Pressure in this context refers to the perceived force of the water spray.
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Table 5. Example Overall User Satisfaction Score Evaluation
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's spray pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it too wide, too focused, non-uniform coverage,
required modified use pattern, other?
1 (I like when it shoots out in a
stream. This one is a fan.)
If you were making the purchasing decision, would you buy this spray
valve?
Never.
What do you like about this spray valve?
The pressure is good.
What do you dislike about this spray valve?
When I move it around to
clean the dishes, it sprays all
over me.
In this case, the user evaluated the PRSV as being satisfactory when prompted with questions
regarding the PRSV's pressure and ability to clean dishes. However, when asked, -how
satisfied are you with the spray valve?" the user assigned the PRSV a 1 for unsatisfied and
additionally would not purchase the PRSV if given the option. Because this user was very
satisfied with several characteristics (pressure, cleaning ability) and unsatisfied with others
(spray pattern), an overall user satisfaction score of 2 (somewhat satisfied) was given.
This same methodology was used to determine overall user satisfaction score for each PRSV
evaluated by each user on a case-by-case basis. The overall user satisfaction scores were used
to perform the user satisfaction analysis in Section 6.4.
4.3.5.2 Facility Operations
ERG asked facility managers to provide information about their establishments, such as the
type of food that the establishments serve and its hours of operation. ERG also asked the
facility managers to provide customer count information on a weekly basis and identify any
atypical business or special events (e.g., birthday celebrations, weddings, etc.). ERG used this
data to ensure that each three-week monitoring period at a facility was comparable.
A list of these facility operations questions can be found in the Pre-Rinse Spray Valves
Research Study Scope in Appendix A.
5 Limitations
Though the study resulted in an extensive data set, EPA acknowledges the following limitations
in the data collected:
• Data was collected from only 10 facilities and was limited to the Washington, D.C., and
Boston, Massachusetts, areas. EPA recognizes that data from additional facilities from a
broader set of locations would be valuable, but to date no additional field data have been
shared.
• The only PRSVs with ASTM F2324 test results posted on FSTC's website are those with
cleanability times at or below 26 seconds per plate. Since EPA wanted to compare the
posted cleanability time with other key data parameters, the PRSVs included in this
study are limited to those with cleanability times below 26 seconds per plate. EPA
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
cannot draw any conclusions regarding PRSVs with cleanability times of more than 26
seconds per plate.
• Manual measurements (water temperature, flow rate, and water pressure) were only
collected once per week during the weekly site visits. These spot measurements are not
as robust as a continuous average, especially considering that a facility's water pressure
and temperature may fluctuate throughout the day. However, since the data were
collected each week for the three-week monitoring period, three weekly measurements
were averaged to develop a more representative water temperature, flow rate, and water
pressure data set for each PRSV at each facility.
• As discussed in Section 4.2, even taking into account the variability of flowing water
pressure in the field, the operating flow rates achieved by PRSVs E, G, and B in the field
were much higher than expected based on their tested flow rates. The operating flow
rates achieved by PRSV K in the field were much lower than expected based on its
tested flow rate. This is an outstanding issue that EPA will need to investigate and
resolve prior to developing a specification.
• Several PRSVs malfunctioned (leaked or broke) during the three-week monitoring
period. If the malfunction happened early in the monitoring period, a different PRSV was
installed and the monitoring period was restarted. If the malfunction was identified after
the last week of monitoring, ERG used the data in the data analysis. While EPA found
that most of the malfunctions were easy to repair, EPA is still concerned with such a high
malfunction rate over such a short period of time. EPA is considering whether PRSVs
need to undergo rigorous life cycle testing as part of its specification.
• A language barrier at some facilities complicated the user satisfaction survey. ERG was
able to overcome this obstacle by administering the survey verbally in various languages
using translators where needed or by providing the written survey in non-English
languages.
• The Harvard University dining hall facilities were equipped with garbage disposal troughs
that use recirculated water. Though it was not evident during the initial facility selection
site visit, it became apparent later that the users often used this recirculated stream of
water to rinse plates and dishes instead of the PRSV. As a result, the water use at the
Harvard University dining halls was low for facilities of their size and customer
throughput.
• Though, in some instances, multiple users provided satisfaction survey data for a
specific PRSV at a facility, EPA could not determine the specific use time from each
individual user. Oftentimes, the users used the PRSV at different times during the same
shift, and the data logger simply continues to record use time, without differentiation to
the user. In order to log use time from individual users, continuous observation and
manual logging would have been required. Therefore, EPA used the average use time
calculated for each PRSV tested at each facility (which accounts for use time from all
users) in its analysis of the impact of use time on user satisfaction, noting that the
individual use times for each user may have been different.
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6 Results
To provide data to support the research objectives outlined in Section 3, this section presents
the water use, operating flow rate, use time, cleanability times, and user satisfaction data for the
PRSVs monitored in the study, as well as an analysis of potential relationships between these
parameters. Below is a brief description of each parameter:
• Water Use (gallons per day): The average daily water use of a PRSV, as calculated by
dividing the total water use in gallons during the monitoring period at a given facility by
the total number of days the PRSV was monitored.
• Operating Flow Rate (gpm): The average of the weekly operating flow rate
measurements for a PRSV at a given facility.
• Use Time (minutes per day): The average daily use time of a PRSV, as calculated by
dividing the total use time in minutes during the monitoring period at a given facility by
the total number of days it was monitored.
• Cleanability Time (seconds per plate): Cleanability times, as determined by FSTC in
accordance with the ASTM F2324 test method. Cleanability times presented in this
report were obtained from the FSTC website.6 Cleanability times are rounded to the
nearest whole number to mask the model names of each PRSV.
• User Satisfaction Score: The overall satisfaction score for a PRSV, as discussed in
Section 4.3.5.1.
EPA determined that the most objective way to analyze the data and draw conclusions was to
examine trends within a facility and compare those observed trends among those facilities. EPA
used this approach to account for the variability in operating conditions, customer throughput,7
and usage patterns among the facilities.
EPA's goal was to evaluate the key parameters for PRSVs that are currently available in the
marketplace. As a result, EPA excluded from the analysis data from the five non-EPAct 2005-
compliant baseline PRSVs that were monitored, because these PRSVs can no longer be
purchased.
It is important to note that EPA's conclusions apply only to the set of PRSVs evaluated as part
of the study and may not be applicable to all PRSVs on the market.
Table 6 provides the raw data from the EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs monitored during the
study. The data in this table are used to support the analysis presented in this section. A more
comprehensive data set, the user satisfaction survey results, and the responses from the facility
operations surveys are provided in Appendix D.
6 The only results currently posted on FSTC's website are from PRSVs that achieve 26 seconds per plate
or less.
7 Customer throughput was defined as the number of customers served during each monitoring period.
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Table 6. EPAct 2005-Compliant Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Study Summary Data Set
Facility
PRSV a
Operating
Flow Rate
(gpm)b
Water
Use
(gallons
per day)
Average
PRSV Use
Time
(minutes
per day)
User 1's
User
Satisfaction
Score
User 2's
User
Satisfaction
Score
Cleanability
Time
(seconds
per plate)
Operating
Static
Water
Pressure
(psi)
Operating
Flowing
Water
Pressure
(psi)
Operating
Water
Temp (°F)
BB&N
C
1.29
97.7
64.3
3
NA
22
67
55
116.4
E
1.54
119.8
77.6
1
NA
25
68
52
109.8
B
1.57
105.3
68.1
1
NA
24
67
51
136.1
BC McElroy
J
0.81
90.9
111.9
1
1
21
66
64
116.0
C
1.25
114.2
92.7
2
2
22
71
67
116.2
D
1.53
153.8
99.8
2
3
21
72
64
117.7
BC Stuart
M
1.10
19.4
19.1
3
NA
20
69
51
105.1
K
1.18
39.3
32.6
3
NA
17
78
57
118.3
1
1.29
24.4
21.2
3
NA
22
77
71
112.3
Farmers &
Fishers
J
0.79
168.7
202.2
1
NA
21
63
61
122.2
X
1.17
199.2
182.5
2
NA
NA
62
55
126.1
G
1.41
282.3
204.4
3
NA
23
62
55
129.2
F
1.54
311.6
201.1
3
NA
21
NC
NC
127.0
Founding
Farmers
L
1.07
234.3
224.9
2
NA
23
59
51
114.0
K
1.10
198.0
179.7
3
NA
17
58
42
119.2
F
1.19
191.9
157.2
3
NA
21
NC
NC
120.7
E
1.62
274.5
176.9
3
NA
25
58
44
118.3
Harvard Currier
J
0.55
7.2
10.6
1
2
21
51
48
110.3
L
1.00
11.0
11.5
3
3
23
55
50
93.2
D
1.06
11.8
11.1
1
2
21
54
49
120.1
K
1.08
12.0
11.4
3
3
17
52
48
99.0
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WaterSense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 6. EPAct 2005-Compliant Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Study Summary Data Set
Facility
PRSV a
Operating
Flow Rate
(gpm)b
Water
Use
(gallons
per day)
Average
PRSV Use
Time
(minutes
per day)
User 1's
User
Satisfaction
Score
User 2's
User
Satisfaction
Score
Cleanability
Time
(seconds
per plate)
Operating
Static
Water
Pressure
(psi)
Operating
Flowing
Water
Pressure
(psi)
Operating
Water
Temp (°F)
Harvard Mather
N
0.51
15.9
31.7
2
NA
21
41
38
119.0
A
0.56
12.3
24.3
3
NA
21
50
46
120.5
K
0.97
29.1
31.6
3
NA
17
50
41
104.2
F
1.13
51.4
45.7
3
NA
21
NC
NC
127.0
Jimmy's
A
0.65
57.9
89.3
1
NA
21
62
57
86.6
1
1.14
120.1
112.4
2
3
22
65
55
83.7
D
1.35
119.9
94.1
3
3
21
68
53
82.6
Mario's
J
0.78
33.0
49.7
2
2
21
88
83
69.0
G
1.75
71.7
43.3
3
3
23
91
73
85.9
F
1.88
83.7
47.7
3
3
21
82
68
76.1
The Fireplace
H
0.86
66.1
81.0
1
NA
20
68
54
113.0
D
1.04
80.3
75.7
3
NA
21
73
59
113.4
K
1.09
82.7
75.4
3
NA
17
71
52
123.2
B
1.46
82.5
58.2
3
NA
24
66
43
121.9
NA - Data were not available.
NC - Data were not collected,
a - PRSVs are coded to mask their model names.
b - Operating flow rate is provided in all cases where available. In cases where operating flow rate data were not available, maximum flow rate
was used.
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6.1 Water Use
The WaterSense program labels products that use at least 20 percent less water than standard
models. As discussed in Section 1, stakeholders were concerned that water savings from high-
efficiency PRSVs might be offset by users spending more time using the PRSVs to remove food
waste from dishes. To examine this issue, EPA evaluated the relationship between water use
and PRSV operating flow rates.
As shown in Figure 2, EPA plotted the water use of each PRSV installed at each facility against
its corresponding operating flow rate. The resulting graph provides a single data point for each
EPAct 2005-compliant PRSV tested at each facility. The data points from each facility are
connected with a solid line.
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
BB&N
¦*— BC; M cElroy
BC Stuart
Farmers & Fishers
-*— Founding Farmers
-•— Harvard Currier
H— Harvard Mather
Jimmy's
Mario's
The Fireplace
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Operating Flow Rate (gallons per minute)
Figure 2. Water Use vs. Operating Flow Rate
Figure 2 shows that, in general, water use decreases when high-efficiency PRSVs are used
(i.e., the lines slope downward to the left), although the relationships do not appear to be fully
linear. Because high-efficiency PRSVs use less water, this indicates that use time does not
increase such that it completely offsets expected water savings.
6.2 Use Time
To further address its concern that use time increases with the use of high-efficiency PRSVs,
EPA examined the relationship between use time and PRSV operating flow rates.
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As shown in Figure 3, EPA plotted the use time of each PRSV installed at each facility against
its corresponding operating flow rate. The resulting graph provides a single data point for each
EPAct 2005-compliant PRSV tested at each facility. The data points from each facility are
connected with a solid line.
250.0
200.0
>
(C
¦o
a
Q.
W
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EPA
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WaterSense
Pre-Ririse Spray Valves Field Study Report
250.0
200.0
150.0
jz 100.0
16
18 20 22 24
Cleanability (seconds per plate)
26
-BB&N
- BC M cElroy
BC Stuart
Farmers & Fishers
-Founding Farmers
-Harvard Currier
- Harvard Mather
-Jimmy's
M ario's
The Fireplace
Figure 4. Use Time vs. Cleanability Time
Figure 4 shows that as the cleanability time increases, in general, use time remains relatively
constant. Therefore, cleanability time is not an indicator of the amount of time the PRSV is used
in the field for those PRSVs monitored in the study. It is important to point out that this data set
and conclusions are limited to the PRSVs that were tested, which all had cleanability times of 26
seconds per plate or less. EPA cannot draw any conclusions about the relationship between
cleanability times and use time for PRSVs that have cleanability times greater than 26 seconds
per plate.
6.4 User Satisfaction
The WaterSense program labels products that not only save water but also perform as well as
or better than standard models. As indicated in Section 1, stakeholders were concerned about
the performance of high-efficiency PRSVs, particularly those with flow rates less than 1.0 gpm.
To address this issue, EPA sought to determine whether operating flow rate, use time, or
cleanability time influences user satisfaction.
6.4.1 User Satisfaction and Flow Rate
To determine if users are less satisfied with high-efficiency PRSVs, particularly those with
operating flow rates less than 1.0 gpm, EPA compared the user satisfaction score for each
PRSV to its corresponding operating flow rate.
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EPA
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Pre-Ririse Spray Valves Field Study Report
To facilitate the analysis, EPA grouped the PRSVs into the categories described in Section 4.2
based on their operating flow rates instead of their tested flow rates. Since the operating flow
rate in the field differed from the tested flow rate for a PRSV (as discussed in Section 4.2), and
since users were evaluating the PRSVs in the field and not in a laboratory setting, EPA grouped
the PRSVs by operating flow rate in this analysis. Figure 5 shows how often the users rated the
PRSVs in each flow rate category as satisfactory, somewhat satisfactory, or completely
satisfactory.
<1.0 gpm
(12 user evaluations)
3 - completely
satisfied
17%
2 - somewhat
satisfied
33%
1 - unsatisfied
50°/
> 1.0 to <1.25 gpm
(17 user evaluations)
1 - unsatisfied
6%
>1.25 gpm
(18 user evaluations)
1 - unsatisfie
11%
f- somewhat
¦ j satisfied
3 - completely 2^%
satisfied
71%
3 - completely
satisfied
72%
2 - somewhat
satisfied
17%
¦ 1 - unsatisfied 2 - somewhat satisfied § 3 - completely satisfied
Figure 5. Frequency of User Satisfaction Scores Among EPAct 2005-Compliant PRSV
Categories (Categorized Using Operating Flow Rate)
Figure 5 indicates that users were generally more satisfied with the performance of PRSVs with
operating flow rates higher than 1.0 gpm.
6.4.2 User Satisfaction and Use Time
Though use time remained relatively constant, as discussed in Section 6.2, EPA evaluated if
even small changes in use time impacted user satisfaction. EPA calculated the average use
time for all of the EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs at each facility and compared this average to
the use time and associated user satisfaction score for each individual PRSV at the facility, as
shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Average Use Time per PRSV, Facility Average Use Time, and User Satisfaction
per PRSV
Facility
PRSV
User 1's User
Satisfaction
Score
User 2's User
Satisfaction
Score
Average PRSV
Use Time
(minutes per day)
Facility Average
Use Time (minutes
per day)
C
3
NA
64.3
BB&N
B
1
NA
68.1
E
1
NA
77.6
70.0
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Table 7. Average Use Time per PRSV, Facility Average Use Time, and User Satisfaction
per PRSV
User 1's User
User 2's User
Average PRSV
Facility Average
Satisfaction
Satisfaction
Use Time
Use Time (minutes
Facility
PRSV
Score
Score
(minutes per day)
per day)
C
2
2
92.7
BC McElroy
D
2
3
99.8
J
1
1
111.9
101.5
M
3
NA
19.1
BC Stuart
1
3
NA
21.2
K
3
NA
32.6
24.3
X
2
NA
182.5
Farmers &
F
3
NA
201.1
Fishers
J
1
NA
202.2
G
3
NA
204.4
197.5
F
3
NA
157.2
Founding
E
3
NA
176.9
Farmers
K
3
NA
179.7
L
2
NA
224.9
184.7
J
1
2
10.6
Harvard Currier
D
1
2
11.1
K
3
3
11.4
L
3
3
11.5
11.2
A
3
NA
24.3
Harvard Mather
K
3
NA
31.6
N
2
NA
31.7
F
3
NA
45.7
33.4
A
1
NA
89.3
Jimmy's
D
3
3
94.1
1
2
3
112.4
98.6
G
3
3
43.3
Mario's
F
3
3
47.7
J
2
2
49.7
46.9
B
3
NA
58.2
The Fireplace
K
3
NA
75.4
D
3
NA
75.7
H
1
NA
81.0
72.6
NA - Data were not available.
22
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WaterSense
Pre-Ririse Spray Valves Field Study Report
To determine if the time differential between the facility's average use time and the PRSV's use
time impacted user satisfaction, using the data in Table 7, EPA prepared Figure 6, which shows
when the PRSVs were used for more or less time than the average at a facility and how often
the users rated the PRSVs as unsatisfactory, somewhat satisfactory, or completely satisfactory
under both scenarios.
Used for Less Time than Average Used for More Time than Average
1 -
unsatisfied
1 - unsatisfied
3 - compfetely 3 - completely
satisfied 2-somewhat satisfied 2-somewhat
56% satisfied 59% satisfied
28% 18%
¦ 1 - unsatisfied 2 - somewhat satisfied s 3 - completely satisfied
Figure 6. Frequency of Satisfaction Score Occurrence for PRSVs With More or Less Than
the Average Use Time at a Facility
Figure 6 shows that there is no relationship between user satisfaction and an increase or
decrease in use time for the EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs tested in this study. PRSVs that
were used for more time than average were not rated less satisfactory more often than those
that were used for less time. Nor were the PRSVs that were used for less time than the average
rated more satisfactorily more frequently than those used for more time. Though these results
indicate that the relative change in use time did not impact user satisfaction in this study, it may
be because use time remained relatively constant among the PRSVs tested and users could not
perceive a difference in the amount of time they used each PRSV.
6.4.3 User Satisfaction arid Cleanability Time
To determine if cleanability time can be used to indicate performance, EPA compared the user
satisfaction score from each user that tested each PRSV with its corresponding cleanability
time, as shown in Figure 7.
23
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6
EPA
WaterSense
Pre-Ririse Spray Valves Field Study Report
c
o
«
iC
.2 2
(5
«
L.
03
tf)
D
3 - completely satisfied
2- somewhatsatisfied
1 - unsatisfied
i
i
14 16 18 20 22 24
Cleanability (seconds per plate)
PRSVKey
~ A
¦ B
C
D
t E
• F
+ G
¦H
H
J
K
L
M
N
26
Figure 7. User Satisfaction Vs. Cleanability Time
As shown in Figure 7, many PRSVs with the same cleanability time received different user
satisfaction scores. Further, there was no clear preference for PRSVs with the lowest
cleanability times, nor less preference for PRSVs with the highest cleanability times. Therefore,
cleanability time does not appear to differentiate PRSV performance for the PRSVs tested. It is
important to point out that this data set and conclusions are limited to the PRSVs that were
tested, which all had cleanability times posted on the FSTC website of 26 seconds per plate or
less. EPA cannot draw any conclusions about the relationship between cleanability times and
user satisfaction for PRSVs that have cleanability times greater than 26 seconds per plate.
6.4.4 User Satisfaction and Other Performance Characteristics
The WaterSense program develops specifications to not only differentiate water efficiency but
also performance of the products it labels. To evaluate what performance characteristics may
impact user satisfaction, EPA analyzed user responses to survey questions for PRSVs receiving
an overall user satisfaction rating of 1, meaning the users were unsatisfied. There were a total
of 56 overall user satisfaction scores, of which nine were unsatisfactory. Feedback on the
performance of the unsatisfactory PRSVs is summarized in Table 8.
For these unsatisfactory scores, four out of the nine were attributed to spray pattern, among
other factors. User preference for spray pattern was user-specific. For example, in Table 8,
multiple users evaluated PRSV J and had varying levels of satisfaction for its spray pattern.
24
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Seven out of the nine unsatisfactory scores were attributed to the ability to clean, among other
factors. Users commonly cited the cleaning ability as 4oo slow." From this feedback, EPA
determined that users were concerned with what they perceived to be increased use time. EPA
analyzed use time in relation to user satisfaction in detail in Section 6.4.2 and determined that
there was no relationship between user satisfaction and use time, likely because the time
PRSVs were in use remained relatively constant.
Seven out of the nine unsatisfactory scores were also attributed to pressure, or the user
perceived force of the spray, among other factors. Most of the users indicated that weak
pressure was an issue. However, one user was unsatisfied due to backsplash, which may have
been a result of high pressure. Since several users indicated pressure (i.e., spray force) as a
reason for dissatisfaction, pressure may be a factor that EPA should consider for differentiating
PRSV performance.
EPA also considered qualitative feedback regarding what users liked or disliked about PRSVs.
Of the overall unsatisfactory scores, one user identified design characteristics as being
unsatisfactory. This user found that it was difficult to fully engage and hold down the PRSV
handle. Other users commented on design, as well, when asked what they did not like about the
PRSV; however, user satisfaction for PRSV design varied.
25
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 8. User Satisfaction Feedback for Unsatisfactory PRSVs
Facility
User
Operating
Flow Rate
(gpm)
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's
pressure?8
How satisfied
are you with
the dish
sprayer's
ability to clean
dishes?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's spray
pattern?
What do you
like about this
spray valve?
What do you
dislike about
this spray
valve?
PRSV D, Shower Spray Pattern
Harvard
Currier
User 1
1.06
1 (This spray
valve tends to
break easy. One
is already
leaking. Too
much water
comes out and it
sprays right
back at you.)
1 (It produces
backsplash. In
the past when
I've tried this
valve it has
been known to
use more
water.)
1 (The water
comes out too
fast.)
1 (It comes out
weird. Each hole
leads to water
coming out in a
criss-cross
pattern.)
Nothing.
The spray back.
PRSV B, Fan Spray Pattern
BB&N
User 1
1.57
1
1 - It's very
weak. He wants
a jet spray. This
one is more of a
showerhead. He
wants a direct,
powerful spray.
He has to work
at cleaning the
dishes.
1 - Too slow.
1 - If there was
more pressure,
the spray
pattern would be
fine. It is a bit
too wide. It
should be a jet
stream. It is
hard to spray
into the
dishwasher to
clean it off.
Nothing.
The pressure,
the spray
pattern because
it's too wide (but
it would be
better if it had
better pressure,
the splash back
when filling a
bucket. He feels
he can't do his
job as well.)
8 Pressure in this context refers to the perceived force of the water spray.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 8. User Satisfaction Feedback for Unsatisfactory PRSVs
Facility
User
Operating
Flow Rate
(gpm)
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's
pressure?8
How satisfied
are you with
the dish
sprayer's
ability to clean
dishes?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's spray
pattern?
What do you
like about this
spray valve?
What do you
dislike about
this spray
valve?
PRSV E, Fan Spray Pattern
BB&N
User 1
1.54
0 (Terrible.
Worse pressure
than the last
one. Pressure is
key to my job.)
0 (Too weak,
extremely
weak.)
0 (Too slow.
Dishes are dirty
when they come
out of the
dishwasher and
1 have to re-
rinse a lot with
this spray valve.
I feel like I am
using more
water because it
takes me longer.
I am not able to
do my job.)
1.5 (The spray
pattern doesn't
matter to me if
there is
pressure. A
direct spray
would be better,
but spray
pattern is not
that important.
It's hard to get
stuff that is
stuck on and
hard to clean far
places.)
Nothing. The
spray pattern is
fine but the ideal
is a straight
spray like a
showerhead
with the
massage
setting.
I don't like the
pressure and
the ability to
clean. I don't like
everything.
PRSV H, Jet Spray Pattern
The
Fireplace
User 1
0.86
1
3
3
3
It's strong.
The spray is
very straight.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 8. User Satisfaction Feedback for Unsatisfactory PRSVs
Facility
User
Operating
Flow Rate
(gpm)
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's
pressure?8
How satisfied
are you with
the dish
sprayer's
ability to clean
dishes?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's spray
pattern?
What do you
like about this
spray valve?
What do you
dislike about
this spray
valve?
PRSV J, Jet Spray Pattern
BC McElroy
User 1
0.81
1 (There is no
pressure. This
has the best
design. The
spray angle and
pattern are
good.)
1 (Too weak.)
1 (Too slow, it
took longer to
clean the
plates.)
3
I like the spray
pattern, the
handle with the
always-on
clamp, and how
it is small. I like
the design.
I do not like the
pressure- that is
the main thing. It
felt like it took
longer to clean
the plates.
BC McElroy
User 2
0.81
1 (It has no
power or
pressure.)
1 (I have to get
right on the
plate or scrub to
get the food off.
The pressure is
too weak.)
1 (It took too
long to clean the
plates. I like the
design, the
always-on
clamp, because
it gives my wrist
a rest.)
3 (I am able to
direct the spray
right where I
want it to go
because it is a
straight spray
pattern. I don't
like the fan
spray.)
I like the design,
the always-on
clamp, and the
spray pattern.
There is no
pressure or
power.
Farmers &
Fishers
User 1
0.79
1
2 (A little weak.)
2
3
I like that the
trigger can be
locked into
place.
It is difficult to
fully engage and
hold down the
handle.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 8. User Satisfaction Feedback for Unsatisfactory PRSVs
Facility
User
Operating
Flow Rate
(gpm)
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's
pressure?8
How satisfied
are you with
the dish
sprayer's
ability to clean
dishes?
How satisfied
are you with
the spray
valve's spray
pattern?
What do you
like about this
spray valve?
What do you
dislike about
this spray
valve?
Harvard
Currier
User 1
0.55
1 - It comes out
different.
Weaker. It
seems like it is
spitting out
water. It is not a
solid stream.
1 - It is too
weak.
1 - It is too slow.
It felt like it took
longer to clean
the dishes.
1 - It is non-
uniform. It splits
and is not a
solid stream.
The color.
He didn't like the
way the water
came out. It
seems like it
takes longer for
it to come out.
PRSV A, Fan Spray Pattern
Jimmy's
User 1
0.65
1
1
1
2
No good,no
pressure.
No pressure.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
7 Water and Energy Savings Potential
The results of the study can also be used to estimate the water and energy savings that can be
expected from replacing a standard PRSV with a high-efficiency PRSV. Because facility
characteristics, specifically customer throughput, determine the total water use of a facility, a
wide range of water and energy savings can be expected.
Table 9 presents the assumptions used to calculated energy use and savings. Table 10
presents the calculated annualized water and energy savings that can be expected at each of
the facilities from replacing the standard Category 1 PRSV that was monitored with high-
efficiency PRSVs monitored from Category 2 (tested flow rate of 1.0 to 1.25 gpm) and Category
3 (tested flow rate less than 1.0 gpm). For facilities with an existing PRSV that did not comply
with EPAct 2005, even greater savings can be expected, as shown in Table 11.
Table 9. Energy Use Assumptions and Calculations
Source of Energy to
Heat Water
Energy Use Assumptions
Electricity
Calculate how many kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity are required to heat a
gallon of water, assuming:
• Specific heat of water = 1.0 British thermal unit (Btu)/pound (lb) °F
• 1 gallon of water = 8.34 lbs
. 1 kWh = 3,412 Btu
• Incoming water temperature raised from facility cold water temperature (°F)
to operating temperature (°F) (A °F)
• Water heating process is 90 percent efficient, electric hot water heater
6 gallon]
1.0BTU
A(1 lbXl°F).
1 kWh
v8.34lbsx
3,412Btu
1 gallon
(a°f)
0.90
= kWh/gallon
Natural Gas
Calculate how many thousand cubic feet (Mcf) of natural gas are required to heat
1,000 gallons of water, assuming:
• Specific heat of water = 1.0 Btu/lb 0 F
• 1 gallon of water = 8.34 lbs
• 1 Therm = 99,976 Btu
• Incoming water temperature raised from facility cold water temperature (°F)
to facility operating temperature (°F) (A0 F)
• Water heating process is 60 percent efficient, natural gas hot water heater
(l gallon]
1 .OBtu
(llbXl°F),
1 Therm
99,976Btu
v8.34lbs^
1 gallon
(a°f)
0.60
Therms
1 gallon
1 Mcf
(l ,000gallonsj
v \ 10,SO/Therms,
= kWh/gallon
Mcf
kgal
30
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EPA
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 10. Estimated Savings From Replacing Category 1 Pre-Rinse Spray Valves9
10
Annual Water Use (gallons)
Annual Savings11
Replacing Category 1 PRSV With
Category 2 PRSV
Replacing Category 1 PRSV With
Category 3 PRSV
Category 1
(tested flow
rate of 1.25
to 1.6 gpm)
Category 2
(tested flow
rate of 1.0
to 1.25
gpm)
Category 3
(tested flow
rate less
than 1.0
gpm)
Water
(gallons)
Electric
(kWh)
Natural
Gas (Mcf)
Water
(gallons)
Electric
(kWh)
Natural
Gas (Mcf)
Educational Facilities
BC Stuart
9,800
6,100
4,800
3,700
400
2.0
5,000
800
4.0
BC McElroy
38,000
29,000
23,000
9,900
1,600
7.8
16,000
2,700
14
Harvard Mather
7,300-
13,000
N/A
3,100-4,000
N/A
N/A
N/A
3,300-
9,800
500-1,900
2.5-9.3
Harvard Currier
3,000-3,000
2,700
1,800
210-250
68-240
0.3-1.2
1,200-
1,200
130-290
0.6-1.5
BB&N
N/A
17,000-
18,000
20,000
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
9 Due to equipment malfunctions and other site conditions, some facilities were not able to test a PRSV in each of the flow rate categories. These
instances are denoted with —N/A.For facilities where multiple PRSVs from the same category were installed, a range of water use and savings is
given. BB&N did not test a Category 1 PRSV, so expected savings cannot be calculated for the scenarios provided in this table.
0 As the table shows, water use varied widely by facility. For specific notes and caveats that may explain each facility's water use, refer to the full
data set provided in Appendix D.
11 In some instances, expected water and energy use increased. For these sites, site-specific factors should be considered (notes and caveats are
discussed with the full data set in Appendix D). In addition, some of the PRSVs flowed well above their expected flow rates, as discussed further in
Section 2.2. A combination of these factors may explain some of the negative savings results.
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table 10. Estimated Savings From Replacing Category 1 Pre-Rinse Spray Valves9
10
Annual Water Use (gallons)
Annual Savings11
Replacing Category 1 PRSV With
Category 2 PRSV
Replacing Category 1 PRSV With
Category 3 PRSV
Category 1
(tested flow
rate of 1.25
to 1.6 gpm)
Category 2
(tested flow
rate of 1.0
to 1.25
gpm)
Category 3
(tested flow
rate less
than 1.0
gpm)
Water
(gallons)
Electric
(kWh)
Natural
Gas (Mcf)
Water
(gallons)
Electric
(kWh)
Natural
Gas (Mcf)
Restaurants
Farmers & Fishers
110,000
72,000-
100,000
61,000
11,000-
40,000
910-16,000
4.5-5.5
51,000
10,000
50
Mario's a
30,000
26,000
12,000
4,300 b
- 750 b
-3.7 b
18,000
1,200
6.0
Jimmy's
43,000
43,000
21,000
I
00
CD
O"
790b
3.9 b
22,000
1,400
6.8
The Fireplace a
29,000-
30,000
30,000
24,000
-780-100 b
420-520 b
2.1-2.6 b
5,100-6,000
1,600-
1,700
7.7-8.3
Founding Farmers a
69,000-
71,000
84,000
99,000
-15,000-
-13,000
-580-470 b
-2.9-2.3 b
¦ I
ro co
00 o
o o
o o
o o
cr 1
-1,400-
-390 b
-7.1-
-1.9 b
a - Even taking into account the variability of flowing water pressure in the field, the operating flow rates for PRSVs E, G, and B were much higher
than expected based on their tested flow rates. The operating flow rate for PRSV K was much lower than expected. As a result, these PRSVs
actually flowed outside of their original designated flow rate category. Because they flowed outside of their flow rate category but are used here
within that original category, negative water and energy savings may be observed when comparing these PRSVs with those in other categories,
b - Energy use was calculated based on the actual temperature change required to heat the cold water to the operating temperature at a facility;
the operating temperature was often different for each PRSV. Because the temperature differential was not always consistent among the PRSVs
tested at each facility, in some cases water was saved, but energy was not, and in other cases, energy was saved, while water was not.
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EPA
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Table 11. Estimated Savings from Replacing Non-EPAct-Complaint Pre-Rinse Spray Valves12'13
Annual Water Use (gallons)14
Annual Savings
Replacing Non-EPAct PRSV With
Category 2 PRSV
Replacing Non-EPAct PRSV With
Category 3 PRSV
Non-EPAct-
Compliant
(less than
1.6 gpm)
Category 2
(tested flow
rate of 1.0
to 1.25
gpm)
Category 3
(tested flow
rate less
than 1.0
gpm)
Water
(gallons)
Electric
(kWh)
Natural
Gas (Mcf)
Water (gal)
Electric
(kWh)
Natural
Gas (Mcf)
BC Stuart
13,000
6,100
4,800
6,400
280
1.4
7,700
680
3.4
BC McElroy
77,000
29,000
23,000
49,000
7,800
39
55,000
9,000
45
Mario's
53,000
26,000
12,000
27,000
3,000
15
41,000
5,000
25
Jimmy's
90,000
43,000
21,000
47,000
3,500
17
70,000
4,100
20
BB&N
35,000
17,000-
18,000
20,000
17,000-
18,000
2,500-
4,000
12-20
14,000
3,500
17
12 Due to equipment malfunctions and other site conditions, some facilities were not able to test a PRSV in each of the flow rate categories. For
facilities where multiple PRSVs from the same category were installed, a range of water use and savings is given.
13 Only five facilities had non-EPAct-compliant PRSVs as baseline PRSVs.
14 As the table shows, water use varied widely by facility. For specific notes and caveats that may explain each facility's water use, refer to the full
data set provided in Appendix D.
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
8 Conclusions and Next Steps
EPA conducted this field study to better understand and characterize the performance and user
satisfaction associated with high-efficiency PRSVs in order to ensure that these products, if they
were to earn a WaterSense label, will be able to deliver water and energy savings.
Specifically, EPA evaluated whether water savings from high-efficiency PRSVs are offset by
users requiring more time to remove food waste from dishes. In addition, EPA evaluated
whether the ASTM F2324 performance test could be applied to indicate relative use time of
PRSVs in the field or to indicate user satisfaction.
After analyzing the data, EPA was able to evaluate the issues outlined in Section 3 and draw
the following conclusions. EPA's conclusions only apply to the PRSVs evaluated during the
study and are not necessarily applicable to all PRSVs on the market.
Water Savings and Use Time
Conceptually, high-efficiency PRSVs are expected to use fewer gallons of water per minute,
which should result in less water use. However, an outstanding question that EPA sought to
answer was whether the expected savings from the lower flow rates are completely offset by an
increase in the amount of time users must spend to rinse the dishes.
EPA found that high-efficiency PRSVs used less total water than the standard models tested. In
addition, the time the PRSV models were used remained relatively constant, regardless of the
flow rate of the PRSVs tested. The findings indicated that, in general, high-efficiency PRSVs
saved water and did not require additional use time, thus not completely offsetting expected
water savings.
Cleanability Time
EPA also sought to determine whether the ASTM F2324 cleanability test method accurately
reflects use time in the field and whether it is a viable test for PRSV performance.
As PRSV cleanability times increased, the amount of time the PRSVs were used remained
relatively constant, indicating that cleanability time was not related to the PRSVs' actual use
time in the field. From this data, EPA concluded that, for the PRSVs tested, cleanability time
does not accurately depict whether a user will spend more time using a PRSV.
Although the ASTM F2324 test method was originally developed to differentiate products that
use a flow restrictor to reduce flow rate without regard to performance, some groups are using it
as a method to further differentiate product performance, and have specified maximum
cleanability thresholds ranging from 21 to 30 seconds per plate, as discussed in Section 1. For
the PRSVs evaluated in this study, which had cleanability times less than 26 seconds per plate,
EPA has determined that the ASTM F2324 test method does not provide further performance
differentiation. This was evident as users did not indicate a clear preference for specific PRSVs
based upon their cleanability times.
EPA wants to be clear that it cannot draw any conclusions from this study about the relationship
between cleanability times and use time in the field for PRSVs that have cleanability times
34
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
greater than 26 seconds per plate. Therefore, EPA cannot determine if the cleanability time
requirements greater than or equal to 26 seconds per plate, as established by some groups,
differentiate performance among PRSVs and reflect actual use time in the field. Consistent with
its original intent, ASTM F2324 may be effective in differentiating products that use a flow
restrictor to reduce flow rate without regard to performance, if these products generally have
cleanability times greater than or equal to 26 seconds per plate.
User Satisfaction
In addition to understanding the water use and use time associated with high-efficiency PRSVs
and the viability of the ASTM F2324 cleanability test method to differentiate PRSV performance,
EPA evaluated user feedback to determine what factors influence user satisfaction. EPA sought
to understand whether users were less satisfied with high-efficiency PRSVs, PRSVs that require
users to spend more time rinsing dishes, or PRSVs that had higher cleanability times.
There was no relationship between user satisfaction and use time for the EPAct 2005-compliant
PRSVs tested in this study, likely because the time PRSVs were in use remained relatively
constant among the EPAct 2005-compliant PRSVs at each facility. The PRSVs that were used
for more time than average were not rated less satisfactory more frequently than those that
were used for less time. Nor were the PRSVs that were used for less time rated more
satisfactory more frequently than those used for more time.
Among the PRSVs tested, EPA found no relationship between user satisfaction and cleanability
times, indicating that cleanability time is not an indicator of performance for the PRSVs tested.
Cleanability time does not further differentiate PRSV performance below the threshold of the
products tested (26 seconds per plate).
In general, users were less satisfied with the performance of PRSVs with operating flow rates
lower than 1.0 gpm. Although the data led EPA to this conclusion in this study, flow rate may not
be the sole performance indicator for this product category.
User satisfaction findings related to spray pattern and product design were user-specific. Since
several users indicated pressure (i.e., spray force) as a reason for dissatisfaction, pressure may
be a factor that EPA should consider for differentiating PRSV performance. Currently, there is
no laboratory test method for measuring PRSV spray force.
Summary
Collectively, the study results indicate that high-efficiency PRSVs use less water and energy.
EPA found that the ASTM F2324 cleanability test did not indicate which of the PRSVs tested the
users preferred, nor was it an indicator of actual use time in the field. EPA also found that users
were less satisfied with PRSVs that flowed at less than 1.0 gpm. However, EPA concluded that
use time did not have a perceivable impact on user satisfaction in this study, which may be
because use time remained relatively constant among the PRSVs tested and users could not
perceive a difference in the amount of time they used each PRSV. Since several users indicated
pressure (i.e., spray force) as a reason for dissatisfaction, pressure may be a factor that EPA
should consider for differentiating PRSV performance.
35
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Because PRSVs have demonstrated significant water and energy savings potential, EPA will
continue working with stakeholder groups to identify and develop requirements that high-
efficiency PRSVs must meet in order to provide the expected performance. In addition, EPA will
evaluate other issues that became apparent throughout the study, such as addressing PRSV
life cycle testing and determining why some PRSVs may have operating flow rates far different
than their flow rates tested using the ASTM F2324 test method. EPA's ultimate goal is to create
a specification that ensures long-term water and energy savings and acceptable performance.
36
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6
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Appendix A:
EPA Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Research Study Scope
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
EPA Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Research Study Scope
Purpose of research on pre-rinse spray valves:
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) restricts pre-rinse spray valve sales in the United
States to those with flow rates of 1.6 gallons per minute (gpm) or lower, as tested by the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2324-03 standard test method for pre-
rinse spray valves. ASTM F2324-03 also includes a test protocol designed to assess a pre-rinse
spray valve's ability to remove food waste from plates that is measured in —leanability," or in the
time in seconds per plate cleaned. EPAct 2005 does not specify a necessary performance level
based on the cleanability portion of the test protocol.
In recent years, manufacturers have begun to meet demands for more efficient products and
have introduced ultra-high-efficiency pre-rinse spray valve models to the market with rated flow
rates of 1.0 gpm or less. These spray valves have demonstrated ASTM-tested cleanability times
equal to or better than standard models. However, minimal research has been done, particularly
with these ultra-high-efficiency spray valves, to evaluate actual field usage times, water and
energy savings, and customer satisfaction.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) would like to determine if high-efficiency and
ultra-high-efficiency pre-rinse spray valves perform as well as or better than their conventional
counterparts (those with flow rates at or around the EPAct 2005 requirement of 1.6 gpm) in the
field, as performance is critical for EPA to ensure the long-term water and energy savings
associated with these products. Particularly, EPA is interested in determining whether users
spend more time removing food waste from dishes using high-efficiency and/or ultra-high-
efficiency pre-rinse spray valves than conventional valves, and, if so, whether the usage time
increases to the point that it negates water and energy savings and impacts user satisfaction.
Questions to be answered through independent, third-party research:
To assist in the development of a performance specification for pre-rinse spray valves, EPA
seeks data that answers the following questions:
1. How do water usage and time usage vary among pre-rinse spray valves currently
on the market?
2. Do usage times in the field correlate to cleanability times achieved using the
ASTM F2324-03 test method?
3. How do flow rate, actual field usage time, and ASTM-tested cleanability time
correlate to user satisfaction?
EPA is seeking independent data to answer the above questions. Below is an outline of the
ideal research study scope.
Scope:
Goal:
• For at least three weeks each, install at least one model of applicable (see next bullet)
pre-rinse spray valves from each flow rate category listed below in a minimum of
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10 facilities, for a total of three spray valves per facility. The pre-rinse spray valves for
each facility should be made by different manufacturers whenever possible.
— Category 1: pre-rinse spray valves with a rated flow rate > 1.25 to 1.6 gpm;
— Category 2: pre-rinse spray valves with a rated flow rate > 1.0 to <1.25 gpm; and
— Category 3: pre-rinse spray valves with a rated flow rate <1.0 gpm.
• Applicable pre-rinse spray valves must have posted ASTM F2324-03 test results from
the Food Service Technology Center. A list of applicable pre-rinse spray valve models
can be found at www.fishnick.com/equipment/spravvalves.
Facilities:
• Target facilities that have an existing pre-rinse spray valve with a rated flow rate of <1.6
gpm.15
• Target facilities that use commercial pre-rinse spray valves for use with commercial
dishwashing and ware washing equipment.16
• Target facilities that have a commercial dishwasher.17
• Target facilities that serve on china dishware, not plasticware.18
• Track facilities contacted to keep record of the number of facilities that did not qualify
because they did not meet any of the above-mentioned criteria. Track facilities that
decline to participate and document the reasoning.
Equipment Needed for Study:
• Graduated pail/container (one per person collecting data);
• Stop watch or watch with a second hand (one per person collecting data);
• Pressure gauge and adaptor (one set per person collecting data);
• Usage counters/flow totalizers or inline meter (one per facility for single water supply
line; two per facility for separate hot and cold water supply lines);
• Pre-rinse spray valves (enough to have one new pre-rinse spray valve installed at each
facility during each installation period; pre-rinse spray valves should not be interchanged
among facilities as scaling or use may impact test results in later installation periods);
• Wrench (one per person collecting data);
• Teflon tape (one roll per person collecting data);
• Thermometer (one per person collecting data);
• Tape measure (one per person collecting data); and
• Digital camera (one per person collecting data).
15 When recruiting participants for this field study, note that participating facilities should have EPAct-
compliant PRSVs already installed in the facility. EPA is not interested in studying flow rate, usage time,
and user satisfaction comparisons with PRSVs that can no longer be sold in the U.S. For accurate
comparison of models currently available on the market, EPA would like to limit facility selection to only
those facilities already using PRSVs flowing at 1.6 gpm or lower.
16 EPA is interested in looking at PRSVs that meet the EPAct 2005 definition for commercial PRSVs.
These PRSVs typically use hot water only and reduced flow rate should result in energy savings.
17 PRSVs are intended to be used for pre-cleaning dishes prior to entering a commercial dishwasher, not
for cleaning or sanitizing dishes. Targeted facilities should have a commercial dishwasher in place.
18 Targeting facilities that use china will make data more comparable to the ASTM test method, which
uses china dishes.
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Photo Documentation:
• Take digital photographs and/or video clips during the installation periods to document
field conditions, pre-rinse spray valve use, and dish cleaning operations, where such
documentation will assist in data analysis.
Baseline Measurements at Participating Facilities:
• Identify the make and model of the existing pre-rinse spray valve that receives the most
use and/or that is used for the purposes of pre-cleaning the dishes prior to the
commercial dishwasher. Use this pre-rinse unit for the purpose of the study.
• The original valve should be monitored during the pre-installation period for at least three
weeks, and the following measurements should be taken:
— Using a stop watch or a watch with a second hand and graduated pail, measure and
record the baseline flow rate of the existing pre-rinse spray valve at the beginning of
the pre-installation period.
— Using a pressure gauge, measure and record the static and flowing water pressure
at least once during the pre-installation period. Water pressure should be measured
in-line prior to the spray hose (at the inlet to the spray hose) and after the spray hose
but before the pre-rinse spray valve.
— Using the usage counter/flow totalizer or inline meter, measure and record the total
gallons used and/or the total time spent using the existing pre-rinse spray valve
during the pre-installation period.
— Using a thermometer, measure and record the hot- and cold-water temperature from
a separate faucet (not using the pre-rinse spray valve) at the facility as many times
as is feasible during the pre-installation period. If multiple temperature
measurements are taken, average the temperatures to calculate the representative
water temperature for the pre-installation period.
— Using a thermometer, measure and record the outlet water temperature (with the
mixing valves adjusted as per normal operation) from the existing pre-rinse spray
valve as many times as is feasible during the pre-installation period. If multiple
temperature measurements are taken, average the temperatures to calculate the
representative water temperature for the pre-installation period.
• Provide a description and photo documentation of the entire pre-rinse unit, including
measurements of the inside hose diameter and hose length, description of hot water and
cold water supply lines (combined, separate, etc.), and descriptions of any other
important parameters.
• Document and photograph the make, model, and type of dishwasher(s) present in the
facility (e.g., under counter, stationary single tank door, single tank conveyor, multiple
tank conveyor, high or low temperature unit).
• At the end of the pre-installation period, spray valve operators should be interviewed
briefly to assess user satisfaction, answering at least the following questions:
— Are you satisfied with the current pre-rinse spray valve?
— What do you like about the valve?
— What do you dislike about the valve?
— What type of food/residue is particularly hard to clean from plates?
— What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g. mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
— Do you typically clean dishes separately or in a rack? If different for different dishes,
please explain.
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— How completely do you pre-rinse the dishes? Is your dishwasher effective in
removing waste missed by the spray valve?
— Ask operator to demonstrate dish cleaning method. Observe the spray pattern,
distance spray valve is held from plate, angle at which spray valve is held, and hand
motion while cleaning the dish. Collect photo or video documentation, if possible.
— Note whether the spray valve has an — atays on" clamp. If so, ask the spray valve
operator how frequently they use the clamp.
• Facility managers should provide the following business information for the pre-
installation testing period:
— Typical hours of facility operation;
— General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime;
— Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per week);
— Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events);
— If their water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means;
— If their pre-rinse spray valves use hot water, cold water, or both;
— If there is a mixing valve on their faucet that feeds their pre-rinse spray valve; and
— How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced.
New Installation for Each Participating Facility:
• The three pre-rinse spray valves (one from each flow rate category) should be installed
for at least three weeks each (hereafter referred to as the installation period). The test
should be a blind test—the user should not know the flow rate of the valve being
installed. The order of installation should be done at random (i.e., flow rate should not
ramp up or ramp down during the study; pre-rinse spray valve selection per week should
be randomly generated). See example schedule matrix below.
Flow Rate Category
Pre-Rinse Spray Valve
> 1.25 to 1.6 gpm
Model A
> 1.0 to <1.25 gpm
Model B
< 1.0 gpm
Model C
Week
Valve Installed
1 -3
Existing Valve
4-6
Model B
7-9
Model C
10-12
Model A
• All new pre-rinse spray valves should be installed on the existing pre-rinse units at each
facility (the only variable will be the spray valve, not the entire spray unit; spray units
may vary by location), and the following measurements should be taken:
— Using a stop watch or a watch with a second hand and graduated pail, measure and
record the flow rate of each pre-rinse spray valve at the beginning of each installation
period.
— Using a pressure gauge, measure and record the static and flowing water pressure
at least once during each installation period. Water pressure should be measured in-
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line prior to the spray hose (at the inlet to the spray hose) and after the spray hose
but before the pre-rinse spray valve.
— Using the usage counter/flow totalizer or inline water meter, measure and record the
total gallons used and/or the total time spent using each pre-rinse spray valve during
each installation period.
— Using a thermometer, measure and record the hot- and cold-water temperatures
from a separate faucet (not using the pre-rinse spray valve) at the facility as many
times as is feasible during each installation period. If multiple temperature
measurements are taken, average the temperatures to calculate the representative
water temperature for that installation period.
— Using a thermometer, measure and record the outlet water temperature (with the
mixing valves adjusted as per normal operation) from each pre-rinse spray valve as
many times as is feasible during each installation period. If multiple temperature
measurements are taken, average the temperatures to calculate the representative
water temperature for that installation period.
• At the end of each installation period, spray valve operators should be interviewed briefly
to assess user satisfaction, answering at least the following questions:
— Were you satisfied with the pre-rinse spray valve?
— What did you like about the valve?
— What did you dislike about the valve?
— What type of food/residue was particularly hard to clean from plates using this pre-
rinse spray valve?
— Did you have to adjust the water temperature at all while using the valve? If so, did
you adjust it to make the water hotter or colder? Why?
— What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g. mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
— Do you typically clean dishes separately or in a rack? If different for different dishes,
please explain.
— How completely do you pre-rinse the dishes? Is your dishwasher effective in
removing waste missed by the spray valve?
— Ask operator to demonstrate dish cleaning method. Observe the spray pattern,
distance spray valve is held from plate, angle at which spray valve is held, and hand
motion while cleaning the dish. Collect photo or video documentation, if possible.
— Note whether the spray valve has an —la/ays on" clamp. If so, ask the spray valve
operator how frequently they used the clamp.
• Facility managers should provide the following business information for each installation
period:
— Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per week)
— Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
— Any changes in the type of food served
• At the end the study, request the most recent water quality report from the facility's water
utility.
Data to provide to EPA:
• Background information regarding the facility and installation conditions at each site,
including:
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— Inside hose diameter and hose length;
— Hot water and cold water spigot descriptions (combined, separate, etc.);
— Dishwasher make, model, and type, including a photograph;
— Hot and cold water temperature (averages, if applicable) (from a separate faucet);
— Pre-rinse spray valve outlet temperature (average, if applicable);
— One photograph of the pre-rinse spray unit set up from each facility;
— Existing pre-rinse spray valve make and model; and
— Existing pre-rinse spray valve measured flow rate, static and flowing water pressure,
and total baseline water and/or time usage recorded during the pre-installation
period.
• Make, model, and measured flow rate of each pre-rinse spray valve being tested and
static and flowing water pressure, outlet water temperature (average, if applicable), and
total water and/or time usage recorded for each tested pre-rinse spray valve during each
installation period.
• Hot and cold water temperature (averages, if applicable) (from a separate faucet)
collected during each installation period.
• A description of the random pre-rinse spray valve installation order for each facility
(schedule matrix would suffice).
• Responses to the survey of spray valve operators (one for the existing spray valve and
one for each tested model) and responses to the survey questions from each facility
manager (for baseline and each separate installation period).
• Additional photographs or videos, if applicable.
• The most recent water quality report from the facility's water utility.
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Appendix B:
Weekly Site Visit Measurements Form
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study
Weekly Site Visit Measurements
Facility/Site Name:
Week #:
Valve Being Monitored:
Date of Visit:
Visit Time:
Date Logger ID:
Water Meter ID:
Equipment Needed:
• Graduated pail/container (to measure flow rate, assess any issues with collecting flow
rate, and to measure water temperature);
• Stop watch or watch with a second hand (to measure flow rate);
• Pressure gauge and adaptor (to measure water pressure)
• Thermometer (to measure water temperature);
• Wrench (to remove and re-install pre-rinse spray valves);
• Teflon tape (to help re-install pre-rinse spray valves);
• Towel (to keep things dry and help with pre-rinse spray valve removal);
• WD-40 (in case pre-rinse spray valve is difficult to remove);
• Digital camera (to photograph the pre-rinse spray unit and dishwashing operations); and
• In-line water meter and data logger (to monitor water use) (already installed).
1.0 Review of Previous Visit
Water meter reading from beginning of weeks collection:
Are there any noticeable differences from the previous site visit? Are there any changes that
have since disqualified the facility from participating in the study?:
Do the water meter and data logger appear to be functioning correctly?
Does the site contact have any questions or concerns?
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2.0 Water Meter Reading (when turning data logger off to download data) and Data
Download
Turn data logger off.
Water meter reading when data logger is turned off to download data:
Date and exact time of reading:
Download data, export report, and clear the data for the next one-week period.
3.0 Data Logger Maximum Flow Rate (at Operating Temperature)
Wthout adjusting water temperature using the faucet spigots, hook the data logger up to the
computer and the sensor. View the real-time data display in 10-second average intervals and
depress the pre-rinse spray valve fully for one minute. Record the maximum flow rate that the
data logger recognizes at the operating temperature (located at the top left of real-time screen).
Maximum flow rate from data logger at operating temperature:
4.0 Monitored Pre-Rinse Spray Valve Information
Manufacturer:
Model:
Rated flow rate (including pressure tested at), if applicable:
5.0 Operating Temperature, Flow Rate, and Pressure
Allow the pre-rinse spray valve to flow for 30 seconds to flush out water stored in the hose that
may have adjusted to room temperature.
Wthout adjusting water temperature using the faucet spigots, collect the operating temperature.
Operating Temperature
Trial
Measured Temperature of Normal Operation (°F)
1
2
3
Notes about operating temperature:
Wthout adjusting water temperature using the faucet spigots, collect the operating flow rate.
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Operating Flow Rate
Trial
Measured Flow Rate in
milliliters/second(s)
Measured Flow Rate in gallons/ minute
(mL/seconds * (1 gallon/ 3,785.41178
ml_) * (60 seconds/minute) =
gallons/minute)
1
2
3
Notes about operating flow rate:
Still without adjusting water temperature using the faucet spigots, if possible, turn off the hot and
cold water shut-off valves below the sink, and install the pressure adaptor and pressure gauge.
Collect static and flowing water pressure by turning the shut-off valves under the sink back on
(not adjusting the faucet spigots). If shut-off valves are not available, mark this section not
applicable and note it.
Operating Static and Flowing Water Pressure
Trial
Static Pressure (psi)
Flowing Pressure (psi)
Additional Water-using
Equipment On During Trial
1
2
3
Notes about water pressure:
Turn the below-sink shut-off valves off to remove the pressure adaptor and pressure gauge.
Turn the shut-off valves back on to allow water to flow for the cold and hot water temperature
measurements.
6.0 Hot and Cold Water Temperature
Opening the cold water spigot completely (closing the hot water), then opening the hot water
spigot completely (closing the cold water), collect hot and cold water temperature. Allow cold or
hot water to flow through the hose for 30 seconds before taking measurements for temperature
to adjust.
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Hot and Cold Water Temperature
Trial
Measured Temperature of Cold Water (°F)
Measured Temperature of Hot Water (°F)
1
2
3
Notes about cold and hot water temperature:
7.0 Maximum Flow Rate and Water Pressure
Opening the hot and cold water spigots completely, collect the maximum flow rate.
Maximum Flow Rate
Trial
Measured Flow Rate in
milliliters/second(s)
Measured Flow Rate in gallons/ minute
(mL/seconds* (1 gallon/ 3,785.41178 ml_)*
(60 seconds/minute) = gallons/minute)
1
2
3
Notes about maximum flow rate:
Turn the hot and cold water spigots (or the below-sink shut-off valves) off completely to install
the pressure adaptor and pressure gauge. Open the below-sink shut-off valves (if turned off)
and the hot and cold water spigots completely, and collect static and flowing water pressure.
Maximum Static and Flowing Water Pressure
Trial
Static Pressure (psi)
Flowing Pressure (psi)
Additional Water-using
Equipment On During Trial
1
2
3
Notes about maximum water pressure:
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8.0 Return Water Temperature to Operating
Return the water temperature to the facility's operating temperature (measured above) by
adjusting the spigots how they were upon arriving and confirming with a temperature
measurement (coming as close to the average operating temperature measured above as
possible).
9.0 Conduct User Satisfaction Survey then Install New Pre-Rinse Spray Valve (if
applicable)
If this is a pre-rinse spray valve change week, conduct the user satisfaction survey. Then, install
the new pre-rinse spray valve.
10.0 Water Meter Reading (when turning data logger back on to record data)
Turn data logger on.
Water meter reading when data logger is turned back on to record data:
Date and exact time of reading:
11.0 Other Issues Noted
List any issues that may affect quality of data collected. This can include technical complications
or issues obtaining survey results from staff.
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Appendix C:
User Satisfaction Survey
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Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study
User Satisfaction Survey
Facility/Site Name:
Week #:
Valve Being Monitored:
Date of Visit:
Name of Operator:
Questions Asked During Every Survey
1. On a scale from 1 to 3 (1 for unsatisfied, 2 somewhat satisfied, and 3 for completely
satisfied), how satisfied are you with the dish sprayer? If unsatisfied, explain.
2. On a scale from 1 to 3 (1 for unsatisfied, 2 somewhat satisfied, and 3 for completely
satisfied), how satisfied are you with the dish sprayer's pressure? If unsatisfied, was it
too strong, too weak, produced excessive backsplash, produced misting, other?
3. On a scale from 1 to 3 (1 for unsatisfied, 2 somewhat satisfied, and 3 for completely
satisfied), how satisfied were you with the dish sprayer's ability to clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast, other?
4. On a scale from 1 to 3 (1 for satisfied, 2 for somewhat satisfied, 3 for unsatisfied), how
satisfied were you with the dish sprayer's spray pattern? If unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-uniform coverage, required modified use pattern, other?
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5. Did you have to adjust the water temperature when using this pre-rinse spray valve? If
so, did you make it hotter or colder? Why?
6. If you were making the purchasing decision, would you buy this dish sprayer?
7. What do you like about the dish sprayer?
8. What do you dislike about the dish sprayer?
9. What type of food/residue is particularly hard to clean from plates with this dish sprayer?
10. Do you ever use something to hold this dish sprayer in the on position so it is constantly
spraying (rather than manually holding it on)? If so, what do you use to hold it on and
how often do you do this?
11. Can you demonstrate your dish cleaning method? We would like to observe you
cleaning the dishes as you normally would and collect a photo or video (not including
your face, but showing how you are cleaning the dishes). Is this okay?
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Questions Asked Only During Baseline (first) Survey
12. What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g. mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
13. Do you typically clean dishes separately or in a rack? If different for different dishes,
please explain.
14. How completely do you rinse the dishes? Is your dishwasher effective in removing waste
missed by the spray valve?
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Appendix D:
Data, User Satisfaction Survey Responses, and Facility Operations
Survey Responses
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Table D-1. Harvard University Mather House Data
Harvard University Mather House
PRSV
K
A
F
N
PRSV
Existing
1st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
4th New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
1
3
1
3
Spray pattern
Fan
Fan
Shower
Fan
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 11-13
Total days used (days)
20.90
20.92
20.94
19.82
Total customer count
13,774
14,221
12,793
13,825
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
607.3
256.9
1077.4
314.6
Water used per day (gallons per day)
29.1
12.3
51.4
15.9
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
661.4
509.0
957.8
629.1
Time used per day (minutes per day)
31.6
24.3
45.7
31.7
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
NC
41
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
NC
38
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
50
50
NC
44
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
41
46
NC
40
Operating water temperature (°F)
104.2
120.5
127.0
119.0
Cold water temperature (°F)
54.2
61.7
59.6
74.3
Hot water temperature (°F)
118.5
124.3
129.5
125.7
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
NC
NC
1.13
0.51
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
0.97
0.56
1.27
0.58
Cleanability
17
21
21
21
USER SATISFACTION
Overall user satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = completely satisfied)
3
3
3
2
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the user selected to keep.
NOTES:
Harvard Mather House is an undergraduate residence hall on the Harvard University campus. It serves all
meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and sometimes snacks) and offers a very diverse cuisine.
Valve M was originally slated as the third valve. After the first week of testing (week 10), the spray head
fell off and completely fell apart. After replacing Valve M with Valve N, a full three week's worth of data
was collected (weeks 11-13).
Harvard Mather's garbage disposal system runs recirculated water through a trough where the PRSV
user can dump food. Oftentimes, the PRSV user used the running flow to rinse the dishes rather than
using the PRSV. The PRSV at this site was rarely used, so time usage and water usage may be low for a
facility of this size.
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Table D-2. Harvard University Mather House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Mather House
User Information
One user was interviewed at Harvard Mather House. He speaks Haitian Creole as his first
language, French as his second language, and some English as his third. The user was
interviewed verbally in French.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
4th New Valve
PRSV
K
A
F
N
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the spray valve?
If unsatisfied, explain.
3
3
3
1 (I am not satisfied
with it. It is too slow.)
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
pressure? If unsatisfied, was it too strong,
too weak, produced excessive backsplash,
produced misting, other?
3
3
3
2 (The pressure is too
slow.)
How satisfied are you with the dish
sprayer's ability to clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast, other?
3
2
3
2 (It would be okay if
the pressure was
better.)
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
spray pattern? If unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-uniform coverage,
required modified use pattern, other?
NA
NA
3
3
Do you have to adjust the water
temperature when using this spray valve? If
so, did you make it hotter or colder? Why?
NA
NA
I always use a little hot
water and a little cold,
but more hot.
I use a mix of hot and
cold.
If you were making the purchasing decision,
would you buy this spray valve?
NA
NA
Yes, it's good; perfect.
I don't know.
What do you like about this spray valve?
It has normal pressure.
I don't always use the
spray valve (only with
food that sticks).
It's not too strong. The
water doesn't come out
too quickly.
It's not too fast but not
too slow.
I like how it feels.
What do you dislike about this spray valve?
Nothing.
Nothing.
Nothing. It's perfect.
I do not like the
pressure.
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Table D-2. Harvard University Mather House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Mather House
User Information
One user was interviewed at Harvard Mather House. He speaks Haitian Creole as his first
language, French as his second language, and some English as his third. The user was
interviewed verbally in French.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
4th New Valve
PRSV
K
A
F
N
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What type of food/residue is particularly
hard to clean from plates with this spray
valve?
Sticky rice, eggs, food
left on a plate that has
been sitting for awhile,
sticky foods.
Food left overnight on
plates is very hard to
clean. Eggs in the
microwave sticks to
plates.
Trays/food from
overnight, and eggs on
a plate that went
through the microwave.
Food that is left
overnight.
Do you ever use something to hold the
spray valve in the on position so it is
constantly spraying (rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what do you use to hold
it on and how often do you do this?
No, I just use it
manually.
No, I don't need the
clamp. Sometimes I
use the adjacent
hose/sprayer (on a reel
with a higher flow rate)
to fill up the sink and I
would like a clamp for
it. (NOTE: this wash
down sprayer was not
part of our study.)
No.
No.
What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g.,
mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
Plates, bowls,
silverware, trays.
Plates, glasses, bowls,
trays.
Plates, glasses, trays,
some pots and pans.
NA
Do you typically clean dishes separately or
in a rack? If different for different dishes,
please explain.
Rack.
Rack.
Rack.
NA
How completely do you rinse the dishes? Is
your dishwasher effective in removing waste
missed by the spray valve?
Mostly clean.
The dishwasher is
good.
NA
NA
Additional Comments
None.
None.
None.
None.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-2. Harvard University Mather House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Mather House
User Information
One user was interviewed at Harvard Mather House. He speaks Haitian Creole as his first
language, French as his second language, and some English as his third. The user was
interviewed verbally in French.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
4th New Valve
PRSV
K
A
F
N
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
ERG Notes
The user seemed to be using the garbage disposal (which had a trough
with recirculated running water to rinse food down the drain) to clean
plates rather than the spray valve. He turned off the garbage disposal
when it was not in use. Another user just pushed the plates through the
dishwasher without spraying them down.
The user chose to keep
this spray valve even
though he gave it the
worst satisfaction
scores. The user
seemed to be using the
garbage disposal
(which had a trough
with recirculated
running water to rinse
food down the drain) to
clean plates rather than
the spray valve. He
turned off the garbage
disposal when it was
not in use. Another
user just pushed the
plates through the
dishwasher without
spraying them down.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-3. Harvard University Mather House Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
7:30am-10am, 12pm-2:15pm, 5pm-7:15pm
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Various cuisine for breakfast, lunch, and dinner
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
During the baseline monitoring period, the facility had a festive
meal that may have resulted in an increase in customer count,
and a long weekend occurred that may have resulted in a
decrease in customer count. During the first new valve
monitoring period, President's Day weekend may have caused
decreased customer count and a parent's weekend may have
caused increased customer counts.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Steam
Whether pre-rinse spray valves use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the pre-rinse spray valve
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
The spray valves last approximately two years
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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WaterSense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-4. Harvard University Currier House Data
Harvard University Currier House
PRSV
K
L
D
J
PRSV
Existing
1 st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
1
2
1
3
Spray pattern
Fan
Fan
Shower
Jet
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-12
Total days used (days)
20.90
20.92
20.93
21.48
Total customer count
14,954
14,172
13,173
15,379
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
250.6
230.0
247.7
153.7
Water used per day (gallons per day)
12.0
11.0
11.8
7.2
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
238.3
240.2
233.0
227.6
Time used per day (minutes per day)
11.4
11.5
11.1
10.6
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
54
51
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
49
48
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
52
55
55
51
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
48
50
51
49
Operating water temperature (°F)
99.0
93.2
120.1
110.3
Cold water temperature (°F)
58.5
58.2
58.2
68.4
Hot water temperature (°F)
121.3
121.6
120.9
115.8
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
NC
NC
1.06
0.55
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
1.08
1.00
1.08
0.66
Cleanability
17
23
21
21
USER SATISFACTION
User 1 's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
3
1
1
User 2's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
3
2
2
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the users selected to keep.
NOTES:
Harvard Currier House is an undergraduate residence hall on the Harvard University campus. It serves all
meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and sometimes snacks) and offers a very diverse cuisine.
Harvard Currier has a garbage disposal system that runs recirculated water through a trough where the
user can dump food. Oftentimes, users use the running flow to rinse the dishes rather than using the
PRSV. In addition, this site had a second PRSV on a hose that kitchen staff draped over the garbage
disposal and used to clean dishes sometimes. Both the PRSV on the unit before the dishwasher (the one
metered and monitored for the study) and PRSV on the hose draped over the garbage disposal were
D-6
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&
EPA
WaterSense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
replaced with the new PRSVs monitored, so the users could accurately evaluate their satisfaction. The
PRSV on the unit before the dishwasher at this site was rarely used, so time usage and water usage may
be low for a facility of this size.
D-7
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are
you with the spray
valve? If unsatisfied,
explain.
3
3 (I use the
spray valve to
clean the
dishes and to
clean up around
the dish room.)
3 (I am very
satisfied.)
3
1 (This
spray valve
tends to
break easy.
One is
already
leaking. Too
much water
comes out
and it sprays
right back at
you.)
1 (It sprays
out too much
water.)
1 (It comes
out different.
Weaker. It
seems like it
is spitting
out water. It
is not a solid
stream.)
1 (It doesn't
seem as
good as the
others.)
How satisfied are
you with the spray
valve's pressure? If
unsatisfied, was it
too strong, too weak,
produced excessive
backsplash,
produced misting,
other?
3
3
3
3
1 (It
produces
backsplash.
In the past
when I've
tried this
valve it has
been known
to use more
water.)
3 (The
pressure is
good. I like
Valve L
better than
Valve D.)
1 (It is too
weak.)
2 (It is a
little weak
but it didn't
produce
excessive
backsplash
or misting.)
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are
you with the dish
sprayer's ability to
clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it
too slow, too fast,
other?
3
3
3
3
1 (The water
comes out
too fast.)
3 (Very
good.)
1 (It is too
slow. It felt
like it took
longer to
clean the
dishes.)
3
How satisfied are
you with the spray
valve's spray
pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it
too wide, too
focused, non-uniform
coverage, required
modified use pattern,
other?
NA
NA
NA
NA
1 (It comes
out weird.
Each hole
leads to
water
coming out
in a criss-
cross
pattern.)
1 (I like when
it shoots out
in a stream.
This one is a
fan.)
1 (It is non-
uniform. It
spits and is
not a solid
stream.)
2 (It's a little
too straight.
I want a
little fan.)
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you have to
adjust the water
temperature when
using this spray
valve? If so, did you
make it hotter or
colder? Why?
NA
NA
NA
NA
No.
No.
No.
No. I leave
it the way it
is. I never
touch it
from the
way it was.
Other users
may adjust
it, but not
me.
If you were making
the purchasing
decision, would you
buy this spray valve?
NA
NA
NA
NA
No.
Never.
No.
No.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you like
about this spray
valve?
The wide spray
pattern.
It has a good
spray. It is
convenient.
I like the way
the water
comes out of
the nozzle,
the wide
spray and the
rubber
dishguard
bumper.
I think it
works well,
has good
pressure,
cleans the
dishes well,
doesn't
splash, has
a good
spray
pattern. The
spray itself
is excellent
and the way
it cleans is
excellent.
There was
no
backsplash.
Nothing.
The pressure
is good.
The color.
The water
pressure is
okay.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you dislike
about this spray
valve?
Nothing.
Nothing.
I would like
an always-on
clamp.
Nothing.
The spray
back.
When I move
it around to
clean the
dishes, it
sprays all
over me.
I don't like
the way the
water comes
out. It
seems like it
takes longer
for it to
come out.
I don't like
the straight
spray. I like
more of a
fan, but not
one that
causes
backsplash.
I want one
that sprays
downward
but fans out
a little.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What type of
food/residue is
particularly hard to
clean from plates
with this spray
valve?
I let plates soak in
hot water if they
need to. Eggs,
food left on a plate
longer than 3
days, melted
cheese, and
chicken are hard
to remove.
Cheese and
chili.
Food that is
two or three
days old.
Students
leave plates
upstairs in
their room
and bring it
back later.
Eggs over
easy and
hardened
food.
Lasagna.
None really.
Some nights
the food is
more gooey
but it all
comes off.
Mac and
cheese and
mashed
potatoes.
Stuff that is
taken to the
students'
rooms and
left to dry.
Ketchup
and peanut
butter
harden. I
have to
soak these
dishes to
loosen
them.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you ever use
something to hold
the spray valve in
the on position so it
is constantly
spraying (rather than
manually holding it
on)? If so, what do
you use to hold it on
and how often do
you do this?
I use the always-
on clamp. If I hold
the spray valve on
all the time it
makes my hands
sore.
No, I only use
my hand.
I like to use
the always-
on clamp.
I only use
my hand to
manually
work the
spray valve.
Yes, every
so often but
not all the
time.
Everyday,
but not all
the time.
Once in a
good while. I
use the
always-on
clamp more
on the spray
valve on the
hose (NOTE:
This one was
not metered).
Yes, every
so often I
use the
always-on
clamp.
Sometimes
I use the
always-on
clamp to
add hot
water to the
garbage
disposal
trough.
What type of dishes
do you wash daily
(e.g., mostly plates,
pots and pans,
utensils)?
Plates, utensils,
cups, not many
pots and pans,
food containers.
NA
Everything
except pots,
sometimes
wash certain
types of
pans.
NA
China
dishes,
utensils,
glasses,
mugs, trays;
sometimes
special
types of pots
and pans.
Plates,
bowls, cups,
glasses,
dessert
plates, trays,
silver
platters.
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you typically
clean dishes
separately or in a
rack? If different for
different dishes,
please explain.
I spray the dishes
off separately and
then put them in a
rack to go through
the dishwasher.
Separately.
Separately. I
find it more
effective to
not use the
rack.
Separately.
Rack (for
dishwasher).
I don't use
the spray
valve on the
unit a lot. I
use the spray
valve on the
hose. I clean
the dishes
separately.
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How completely do
you rinse the
dishes? Is your
dishwasher effective
in removing waste
missed by the spray
valve?
I remove big
chunks of food but
leave minor
residue.
Sometimes I
completely clean
the dishes, but I try
not to so I can let
the machine do
what it is
supposed to do.
The dishwasher is
effective.
Sometimes
utensils have to go
through twice.
Sometimes dishes
have to go through
twice if the dish
room is really
busy.
I clean the
dishes until they
are almost
clean/clean.
The dishwasher
is used to
sterilize the
dishes only.
The
dishwasher is
effective
because it is
really hot
(-200
degrees F).
I rinse the
dishes
completely
so there is
no food left
on the plate.
The dishes
have to be
clean before
they go into
the machine
or it would
break the
dishwasher.
Yes.
I do not clean
the dishes
completely.
The
dishwasher
gets
everything.
Once in a
while I'll have
to run a dish
through the
dishwasher
twice.
NA
NA
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Additional
Comments
I use the spray
valve on the hose
more often than
the one on the
unit. I use the
garbage disposal
water to clear off
dishes the most.
This spray
valve has spray
back/misting.
I like Valve L
better than
Valve K. The
spray pattern
for the Valve
K is the same
as that for
Valve L, but
Valve L has a
rubber
dishguard
bumper
which is good
in case it is
dropped.
(NOTE: He
chose to
keep this
spray valve.)
I use the
spray valve
to clean the
sink. I rinse
the dishes
in the
running
water from
the garbage
disposal
first and this
rinses them
adequately
for the most
part.
(NOTE: He
chose to
keep this
spray
valve.)
I don't like
the spray
pattern. It is
too powerful
and it seems
like it wastes
water.
Valve D has
too much
backsplash
and sprays
on you. I
don't like it.
I don't use
the spray
valve on the
unit much
except to
clean the
dish room.
This spray
valve is too
weak.
I use the
spray valve
on the unit
to clean up.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-5. Harvard University Currier House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Harvard University Currier House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Harvard Currier House. User 1 worked the morning/day shift (~7—3 p.m.) and User 2
worked the night shift (~3—9 p.m.). Both users were native English speakers. The survey was administered to them
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
L
D
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
ERG Notes
This site has two spray valves: one on a unit before the dishwasher (which was equipped with a meter and a data logger)
and another on a hose that hung over the garbage disposal dish trough (which was not metered or monitored). The users
seemed to be using the garbage disposal (which had a trough with recirculated running water to rinse food down the drain)
to clean plates rather than either spray valve.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-6. Harvard University Currier House Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
7:30 a.m.-10 a.m., 12 p.m.-2:30 p.m., 5 p.m.-7:30 p.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Various cuisine for breakfast, lunch, and dinner
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
None
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Steam
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the pre-rinse spray valve
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
Once per year
Any changes in the type of food served
None
D
CD
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-7. Boston College McElroy Commons Data
Boston College McElroy Commons
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
PRSV
Existing
1st New
Valve
2na New
Valve
3rd New Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
N/A
1
2
3
Spray pattern
Shower
Shower
Jet
Jet
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-12
Total days used (days)
21.11
20.94
20.92
21.00
Total customer count
106,270
101,201
102,111
110,258
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
6537.8
3220.4
2388.5
1909.0
Water used per day (gallons per day)
309.7
153.8
114.2
90.9
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
1724.3
2090.3
1938.3
2350.4
Time used per day (minutes per day)
81.7
99.8
92.7
111.9
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
71
66
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
67
64
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
69
72
71
66
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
39
64
68
64
Operating water temperature (°F)
117.6
117.7
116.2
116.0
Cold water temperature (°F)
NC
NC
56.8
60.5
Hot water temperature (°F)
117.6
117.7
117.7
116.0
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
NC
NC
1.25
0.81
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
3.66
1.53
1.27
0.82
Cleanability
N/A
21
22
21
USER SATISFACTION
User 1 's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
2
2
1
User 2's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
1
3
2
1
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the users selected to keep.
NOTES:
Boston College McElroy Commons is a large dining facility on Boston College's main campus. It serves
breakfast, lunch, dinner, and late night food, has thousands of customers a day, and offers a very diverse
cuisine.
This site had two PRSVs that were used side-by-side for the same purpose. It was a duplicate set up.
ERG chose to monitor one of the two PRSVs with a data logger. Both PRSVs were replaced with the new
PRSVs monitored, so the users could accurately evaluate their satisfaction.
D-20
-------
6
EPA
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
When selecting the PRSV to keep, several users discussed the question. They decided that they liked
both Valve D and Valve C and decided to keep one on each of their two units.
D-21
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are
you with the spray
valve? If unsatisfied,
explain.
3
1 (I would like
the spray area
to be more
precise. This
one sprays out
too much.)
2
3 (This one
was similar
to the last
spray valve
and they
were both
good.)
2
1
1 (There is no
pressure. This
has the best
design. The
spray angle
and pattern
are good.)
1 (It has no
power or
pressure.)
How satisfied are
you with the spray
valve's pressure? If
unsatisfied, was it
too strong, too weak,
produced excessive
backsplash,
produced misting,
other?
2 (Streams
are skinnier
and misty,
not as much
water.)
1
3
3
2 (It seems
there may be
too much
pressure. It
misted
everywhere.
I can get
soaked.)
3 (It's good,
but I get
soaked.)
1 (Too weak.)
1 (I have to
get right on
the plate or
scrub to get
the food off.
The
pressure is
too weak.)
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are
you with the dish
sprayer's ability to
clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it
too slow, too fast,
other?
3
2
2
3
3
3
1 (Too slow, it
took longer to
clean the
plates.)
1 (It took too
long to clean
the plates. I
like the
design, the
always-on
clamp,
because it
gives my
wrist a rest.)
How satisfied are
you with the spray
valve's spray
pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it
too wide, too
focused, non-
uniform coverage,
required modified
use pattern, other?
NA
NA
NA
NA
1 (Too
narrow.)
1 (There is
only one
spout.)
3
3 (I am able
to direct the
spray right
where I want
it to go
because it is
a straight
spray
pattern. I
don't like the
fan spray.)
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you have to
adjust the water
temperature when
using this spray
valve? If so, did you
make it hotter or
colder? Why?
NA
NA
NA
NA
No.
No.
No. I always
use all hot
water.
No.
If you were making
the purchasing
decision, would you
buy this spray valve?
NA
NA
NA
NA
No.
No.
No.
Yes,
because I
liked the
design of the
spray valve.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you like
about this spray
valve?
It gives off a
lot of water
and has
good
pressure.
The spray
spreads over a
large area.
The pressure is
good.
I liked that
the spray
pattern
seemed to
converge on
one spot. I
do not like
the fan spray
models. I like
to be able to
direct the
spray at one
spot. I am
very satisfied
with the
spray pattern
of this spray
valve.
The
pressure
was too
much but
that would
be the only
good thing.
The design
is nice.
I like the spray
pattern, the
handle with
the always-on
clamp, and
how it is
small. I like
the design.
I like the
design, the
always-on
clamp, and
the spray
pattern.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you dislike
about this spray
valve?
Nothing.
It's hard to
clean one
small area, for
example, the
corner of a
pan.
I felt like I had to
move the spray
valve closer to the
plate to get the
spray streams to
converge to a point
to be able to clean
the dishes. If I held
it too far away the
sprays crossed. I
felt I had to hold
the spray valve at
exactly the right
angle/height. The
amount of water
that sprayed out
was too little and
caused misting and
backsplash. I felt
that it took longer
to clean larger
items (like bins)
than normal.
Nothing.
It was hard
to depress
the spray
valve. I felt
like I got a
workout.
The handle
is hard to
depress
and
-installed
backwards.
I do not like
the
pressure—
that is the
main thing. It
felt like it took
longer to
clean the
plates.
There is no
pressure or
power.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What type of
food/residue is
particularly hard to
clean from plates
with this spray
valve?
Sticky rice,
mac and
cheese.
Dried oatmeal
or cereal. I let
the dish soak
if there is
residue on it.
NA
Nothing was
harder to
clean than
normal.
Cereal or
oatmeal is
hard to
remove, as I
said before.
Dry cereal
and dry
sauces are
hard to
remove. The
same foods
were difficult
to remove
with this
spray valve
than the
others.
Cereal gets
stuck, or
sauce,
depending
on how
long it's
been
sitting.
Same as
usual. It took
longer to
clean easy
things.
With this
sprayer,
everything.
Do you ever use
something to hold
the spray valve in
the on position so it
is constantly
spraying (rather than
manually holding it
on)? If so, what do
you use to hold it on
and how often do
you do this?
No, just
manually.
No, just
manually.
No, just hand.
No, just
hand.
No.
I do not
use
clamps.
I used the
always-on
clamp once in
awhile while
using this
valve.
Yes, I
always use
the always-
on clamp
when I am
using the
spray valve.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What type of dishes
do you wash daily
(e.g., mostly plates,
pots and pans,
utensils)?
Everything.
Everything.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Do you typically
clean dishes
separately or in a
rack? If different for
different dishes,
please explain.
Separately.
Separately.
NA
Separately.
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How completely do
you rinse the
dishes? Is your
dishwasher effective
in removing waste
missed by the spray
valve?
Pretty clean.
The dishes
are clean
not
sanitized.
The
dishwasher
works well.
All of the food
is cleared off
before the
plate goes to
the
dishwasher. I
use my hand
to run over the
plate or dish to
make sure it's
smooth before
I send it to the
dishwasher.
Same as before.
Very
completely. I
rub my hand
over the
plate and
clean it if I
feel
something
left on the
plate. The
dishwasher
is good
unless it's
stuck or
broken and
someone
didn't fix it.
NA
NA
NA
NA
Additional
Comments
None.
None.
None.
I wear
gloves
because the
water is hot.
None.
None.
If I had to pick
a spray valve
to keep, I
would pick
Valve D.
If I had to
pick a spray
valve to
keep, I
would pick
this one.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-8. Boston College McElroy Commons User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College McElroy Commons
User Information
Two users were interviewed at BC McElroy. Both worked the night shift (~3-9 p.m.). Both users were native English
speakers. The survey was administered verbally and the users provided responses verbally.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z1
D
C
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Responses
Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
ERG Notes
This site has two spray
valves set up side-by-side. A
data logger was only
installed on one unit, though
both were metered. At the
end of week 2, one of the
baseline spray valves was
dropped during the pressure
measurements and the
handle broke. It was
replaced with the next spray
valve to be tested (Valve
D).This premature change
out may have skewed user
satisfaction responses.
Several users stood around and
discussed which spray valve to
keep. They decided to keep Valve
D on one unit and Valve C for the
other.
Several users stood
around and discussed
which spray valve to
keep. They said that this
spray valve has too much
pressure, caused misting,
and got them wet.
However, they decided to
keep Valve C on one unit
and Valve D for the other.
Several users stood around
and discussed the spray
valves to pick which one
they wanted to keep. They
said that this spray valve had
too little pressure.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-9. Boston College McElroy Commons Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Monday-Thursday: 7:30 a.m.-12 a.m., Friday-Saturday: 7:30
a.m.-2 a.m., Sunday: 8 a.m.-12 a.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Various cuisine for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and late night
snacks
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
None
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Steam
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
6-8 months
Any changes in the type of food served
None
D
O)
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-10. Boston College Stuart Hall Data
Boston College Stuart Hall
PRSV
Z2
I
K
M
PRSV
Existing
1st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
N/A
2
1
2
Spray pattern
Shower
Fan
Fan
Fan
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-
11, 13
Total days used (days)
20.95
20.92
20.87
20.69
Total customer count
45,862
45,593
46,832
45,694
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
1051.2
510.6
820.2
401.1
Water used per day (gallons per day)
50.2
24.4
39.3
19.4
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
279.7
444.5
680.0
395.7
Time used per day (minutes per day)
13.4
21.2
32.6
19.1
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
78
69
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
57
51
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
75
77
78
71
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
39
71
72
64
Operating water temperature (°F)
92.9
112.3
118.3
105.1
Cold water temperature (°F)
58.9
59.3
70.3
68.5
Hot water temperature (°F)
124.7
119.5
123.8
119.8
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
NC
NC
1.18
1.10
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
4.05
1.29
1.35
1.20
Cleanability
N/A
22
17
20
USER SATISFACTION
Overall user satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = completely satisfied)
2
3
3
3
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the user selected to keep.
NOTES:
Boston College Stuart Hall is a residential dining hall on Boston College's law school campus. The dining
hall is open for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and late night snacks. It offers a very diverse cuisine.
After week 12, the data logger malfunctioned and would not allow the weekly data download. A new data
logger was installed to capture a thirteenth week of data to ensure that a full three-week period was
captured.
D-32
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-11. Boston College Stuart Hall User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College Stuart Hall
User Information
One user was interviewed at BC Stuart Hall. She worked the morning shift (~7 a.m.-3 p.m.) Monday
through Friday. Her first language is Spanish, but she speaks some English. To take the user satisfaction
surveys, she read the survey question translated into Spanish and responded verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z2
I
K
M
Overall Satisfaction Score Based
on All Responses
2
3
3
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the spray
valve? If unsatisfied, explain.
1
3
3
3
How satisfied are you with the spray
valve's pressure? If unsatisfied, was it
too strong, too weak, produced
excessive backsplash, produced
misting, other?
3
3
3
3
How satisfied are you with the dish
sprayer's ability to clean the dishes?
If unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast,
other?
2
3
3
3
How satisfied are you with the spray
valve's spray pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it too wide, too
focused, non-uniform coverage,
required modified use pattern, other?
NA
NA
3
3
Do you have to adjust the water
temperature when using this spray
valve? If so, did you make it hotter or
colder? Why?
NA
NA
No, kept it the same.
No.
If you were making the purchasing
decision, would you buy this spray
valve?
NA
NA
Yes.
Yes.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-11. Boston College Stuart Hall User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College Stuart Hall
User Information
One user was interviewed at BC Stuart Hall. She worked the morning shift (~7 a.m.-3 p.m.) Monday
through Friday. Her first language is Spanish, but she speaks some English. To take the user satisfaction
surveys, she read the survey question translated into Spanish and responded verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z2
I
K
M
Overall Satisfaction Score Based
on All Responses
2
3
3
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you like about this spray
valve?
It is strong. I like it. It is
good to clean dishes.
It is okay. It's good. I like
it.
The spray is good. There
is no problem.
Everything is okay.
What do you dislike about this spray
valve?
It splashes on me. It is
too high.
Nothing. There is no
problem with it.
No problem.
Nothing.
What type of food/residue is
particularly hard to clean from plates
with this spray valve?
Eggs because they are
sticky.
Eggs because they are
sticky.
Eggs because they are
sticky.
Eggs.
Do you ever use something to hold
the spray valve in the on position so it
is constantly spraying (rather than
manually holding it on)? If so, what do
you use to hold it on and how often
do you do this?
No, only use hand to
manually operate the
spray valve.
No, only use hand to
manually operate the
spray valve.
No, only use hand to
manually operate the
spray valve.
No, only use hand to
manually operate the
spray valve.
What type of dishes do you wash
daily (e.g., mostly plates, pots and
pans, utensils)?
Everything.
NA
NA
NA
Do you typically clean dishes
separately or in a rack? If different for
different dishes, please explain.
Hold the plates in a stack
together and flip through
them as the water is
spraying. Do not use a
rack.
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-11. Boston College Stuart Hall User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College Stuart Hall
User Information
One user was interviewed at BC Stuart Hall. She worked the morning shift (~7 a.m.-3 p.m.) Monday
through Friday. Her first language is Spanish, but she speaks some English. To take the user satisfaction
surveys, she read the survey question translated into Spanish and responded verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z2
I
K
M
Overall Satisfaction Score Based
on All Responses
2
3
3
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How completely do you rinse the
dishes? Is your dishwasher effective
in removing waste missed by the
spray valve?
The dishwasher gets the
plates very clean.
Sometimes I have to
scrape food off with a foil
rag.
If the food is sticky, I use
a brillo pad. Sometimes I
have to wash dishes two
times in the dishwasher.
NA
NA
Additional Comments
None.
This one was better than
the last one, though it is
too strong and has too
much backsplash.
None.
The straight jet spray is
too strong. I like the
dishguard bumper
because it blocks the
overspray. I like this
spray valve best
because it is easy to use
and not heavy. (NOTE:
She chose to keep this
spray valve.)
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-11. Boston College Stuart Hall User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Boston College Stuart Hall
User Information
One user was interviewed at BC Stuart Hall. She worked the morning shift (~7 a.m.-3 p.m.) Monday
through Friday. Her first language is Spanish, but she speaks some English. To take the user satisfaction
surveys, she read the survey question translated into Spanish and responded verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z2
I
K
M
Overall Satisfaction Score Based
on All Responses
2
3
3
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
ERG Notes
When the meter was
installed, it raised the
height of the spray hose.
The user was short and it
was difficult for her to
reach the hose at its new
height. The hose was
replaced with a longer
hose sometime between
week 3 and 5 so it would
hang at a more optimal
height. This may have
affected her satisfaction
with this valve.
None.
None.
None.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-12. Boston College Stuart Hall Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Monday-Friday: 7:15 a.m.-12 a.m., Saturday-Sunday: 9 a.m-
12 a.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Various cuisine for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and late night
snacks
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
During the baseline monitoring period, the customer throughput
was slightly lower due to two law school ski trips. Customer
throughput may have been slightly lower during the 3rd new
valve monitoring period due to the school's exam schedule.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Oil
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
Not sure
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-13. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School Data
Buckingham Brown & Nichols School
PRSV
Z5
B
E
C
PRSV
Existing
1 st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
N/A
2
3
2
Spray pattern
Shower
Fan
Fan
Jet
Week
Weeks 1-2
Weeks 3-4
Weeks 5-6
Weeks 7-8
Total days used (days)
11.75
11.94
11.96
11.93
Total customer count
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
2409.4
1257.9
1432.7
1165.8
Water used per day (gallons per day)
205.1
105.3
119.8
97.7
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
735.0
813.7
927.2
767.0
Time used per day (minutes per day)
62.6
68.1
77.6
64.3
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
72
67
68
67
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
25
51
52
55
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
71
71
68
65
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
28
55
50
55
Operating water temperature (°F)
128.9
136.1
109.8
116.4
Cold water temperature (°F)
68.1
69.3
69.0
77.0
Hot water temperature (°F)
141.9
134.4
138.7
132.4
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
3.21
1.57
1.54
1.29
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
3.48
1.63
1.62
1.30
Cleanability
N/A
24
25
22
USER SATISFACTION
Overall user satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = completely satisfied)
2
1
1
3
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the user selected to keep.
NOTES:
BB&N is a private day school that serves breakfast, lunch, and snacks to students throughout the day.
Throughput is consistent. The facility does not count customers because meals are included in students'
tuition, so they are not charged for their meals.
Each two week period captures 12 school days. Weekends and holidays are excluded from this data set.
When installed, Valve C was spraying water out of the ring around the spray nozzle (between the spray
faceplate and the dishguard bumper). During the second week, the leaking Valve C model was replaced
with the Valve C model that was used at Boston College McElroy Commons. It worked with no leaks.
D-38
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-14. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School User Satisfaction Survey Results - Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Tested
During Study
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
User Information
One user was interviewed at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, the sole dish washer and user of the
PRSV. He works from 7 a.m.-2:30 p.m. His primary language is English. The survey was administered to him
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z5
B
E
C
Overall Satisfaction Score
Based on All Responses
2
1
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the
spray valve? If unsatisfied,
explain.
1 (Terrible. Not enough
pressure.)
1
0 (Terrible. Worse
pressure than the last one.
Pressure is key to my job.)
3
How satisfied are you with the
spray valve's pressure? If
unsatisfied, was it too strong,
too weak, produced excessive
backsplash, produced misting,
other?
1
1 (It's very weak. I want a
jet spray. This one is more
of a showerhead. I want a
direct, powerful spray. I
have to work at cleaning
the dishes.)
0 (Too weak, extremely
weak.)
3
How satisfied are you with the
dish sprayer's ability to clean
the dishes? If unsatisfied, was it
too slow, too fast, other?
1.5 (Not great. Pressure
isn't great.)
1 (Too slow.)
0 (Too slow. Dishes are
dirty when they come out
of the dishwasher and I
have to re-rinse a lot with
this spray valve. I feel like I
am using more water
because it takes me
longer. I am not able to do
my job.)
3
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-14. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School User Satisfaction Survey Results - Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Tested
During Study
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
User Information
One user was interviewed at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, the sole dish washer and user of the
PRSV. He works from 7 a.m.-2:30 p.m. His primary language is English. The survey was administered to him
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z5
B
E
C
Overall Satisfaction Score
Based on All Responses
2
1
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the
spray valve's spray pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it too wide,
too focused, non-uniform
coverage, required modified
use pattern, other?
2 (Too wide.)
1 (If there was more
pressure, the spray pattern
would be fine. It is a bit too
wide. It should be a jet
stream. It is hard to spray
into the dishwasher to
clean it off.)
1.5 (The spray pattern
doesn't matter to me if
there is pressure. A direct
spray would be better, but
spray pattern is not that
important. It's hard to get
stuff that is stuck on and
hard to clean far places.)
3
Do you have to adjust the water
temperature when using this
spray valve? If so, did you
make it hotter or colder? Why?
I try not to, but it can get
too hot and I can get
burned.
No, I keep it hot anyway
because it cleans easier
and it's more sanitary.
No, I'm not sure.
Sometimes I mess with it.
No.
If you were making the
purchasing decision, would you
buy this spray valve?
No, absolutely not.
No.
No.
Yes.
What do you like about this
spray valve?
No.
Nothing.
Nothing. The spray pattern
is fine but the ideal is a
straight spray like a
showerhead with the
massage setting.
Everything—it's the best by
far.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-14. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School User Satisfaction Survey Results - Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Tested
During Study
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
User Information
One user was interviewed at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, the sole dish washer and user of the
PRSV. He works from 7 a.m.-2:30 p.m. His primary language is English. The survey was administered to him
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z5
B
E
C
Overall Satisfaction Score
Based on All Responses
2
1
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you dislike about this
spray valve?
NA
The pressure, the spray
pattern because it's too
wide (but it would be better
if it had better pressure),
the splash back when filling
a bucket. I feel I can't do
my job as well.
I don't like the pressure
and the ability to clean. I
don't like everything.
It's too heavy and hard to
squeeze.
What type of food/residue is
particularly hard to clean from
plates with this spray valve?
Baked on stuff, mac and
cheese, baked ziti, have
to scrub and scrub.
Mac and cheese, baked on
something, I have to scrub
plates that are one or two
days old.
Everything.
Nothing.
Do you ever use something to
hold the spray valve in the on
position so it is constantly
spraying (rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what do
you use to hold it on and how
often do you do this?
No.
No, I don't use the always-
on clamp.
Never. It's not smart and
it's a waste of water.
Once in awhile I use it to fill
up a bucket.
What type of dishes do you
wash daily (e.g. mostly plates,
pots and pans, utensils)?
Pots, pans, dishes,
utensils bowls, glasses.
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-14. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School User Satisfaction Survey Results - Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Tested
During Study
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
User Information
One user was interviewed at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, the sole dish washer and user of the
PRSV. He works from 7 a.m.-2:30 p.m. His primary language is English. The survey was administered to him
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z5
B
E
C
Overall Satisfaction Score
Based on All Responses
2
1
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you typically clean dishes
separately or in a rack? If
difference for different dishes,
please explain.
Put in rack, spray down
and put through
dishwasher.
NA
NA
NA
How completely do you rinse
the dishes? Is your dishwasher
effective in removing waste
missed by the spray valve?
Yes, sometimes you
have to put them back
through the dishwasher.
The dishwasher is very
hot. I don't have time to
completely rinse the
plates.
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-14. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School User Satisfaction Survey Results - Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Tested
During Study
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
User Information
One user was interviewed at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, the sole dish washer and user of the
PRSV. He works from 7 a.m.-2:30 p.m. His primary language is English. The survey was administered to him
verbally in English.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z5
B
E
C
Overall Satisfaction Score
Based on All Responses
2
1
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Additional Comments
This spray valve is old
and clogged.
I feel it takes me longer to
clean the dishes with this
spray valve. I don't care
about or mind overspray
because I will get wet
regardless. I want a narrow
spray and/or a lot more
power. This spray valve
gets heavy. In terms of
design, the spray head is
too narrow and it's hard to
rest it. I have to use this
one more. I use circle
motions continuously to
clean off plates (more than
usual). I have to scrub
more with this spray valve.
It's not the worst but it's not
great and I wouldn't buy it.
This spray valve is heavier
and harder to squeeze. I
like Valve B better than
Valve E. I was very
unhappy with this spray
valve.
I think I used less water
because it was quick to
clean the plates. It was very
easy to clean the dishes.
ERG Notes
None.
None.
None.
None.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-15. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School User Satisfaction Survey Responses - Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Tested
Briefly on Last Day of Study
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School19
PRSV Category - PRSV
How satisfied
are you?
How satisfied
are you with
the pressure?
How satisfied
are you with
the ability to
clean the
dishes?
How satisfied
are you with
the dish
sprayer's
pattern?
Would
you
purcha
se?
What do you like/dislike?
3-A
1
1
1
1
No.
No pressure. Nothing is
good.
3-J
1
1
1
2
No.
No pressure. The spray
pattern is okay.
3- H
2
2
2
2
Yes.
The pattern is good. The
pressure is okay, but not
great.
2- I
2
2
2
2
Yes.
The pattern is okay. The
pressure is okay, not bad.
2 - G
2
2
2
2
Yes.
It's pretty good. It has decent
pressure. It can clean and
reach very far away. It would
work. I like the distance it
goes.
1 - K
1
1
1
1.5
No.
No pressure. The spray
pattern is okay.
1- D
3
3
3
3
Yes,
absolut
ely.
I like everything. The spray
pattern is good. I like the
direct spray better but the
shower spray pattern is
good.
19 The operator at Buckingham Browne & Nichols was particularly interested in the study and wanted to evaluate additional PRSV models. On the
last day of the study, he evaluated several additional models for one to two minutes each and answered the questions provided in this table.
Though this data was collected and is provided here, it was not used in the overall user satisfaction average for each PRSV model because this
operator did not evaluate each model for an entire three-week period.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-16. Buckingham Browne & Nichols School Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
7-9 a.m., 10:30 a.m.-1:15 p.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Various cuisine for continental breakfast and lunch
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
None
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Natural Gas
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
Not answered
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-17. Farmers & Fishers Data
Farmers & Fishers
PRSV
X
G
F
J
PRSV
Existing
1 st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
2
2
1
3
Spray pattern
Fan
Fan
Shower
Straight
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-
12
Total days used (days)
20.93
20.62
20.83
20.50
Total customer count
8,021
9,038
10,743
11,424
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
4167.8
5821.0
6492.0
3458.1
Water used per day (gallons per day)
199.2
282.3
311.6
168.7
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
3818.6
4215.1
4189.3
4144.3
Time used per day (minutes per day)
182.5
204.4
201.1
202.2
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
62
62
NC
63
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
55
55
NC
61
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
NC
62
NC
63
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
56
NC
60
Operating water temperature (°F)
126.1
129.2
127.0
122.2
Cold water temperature (°F)
49.7
74.7
74.6
86.7
Hot water temperature (°F)
131.4
140.9
128.0
123.8
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
1.17
1.41
1.54
0.79
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
NC
1.39
1.55
0.80
Cleanability
N/A
23
21
21
USER SATISFACTION
Overall user satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = completely satisfied)
2
3
3
1
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the user selected to keep.
NOTES:
Farmers & Fishers is a restaurant located in downtown Washington, D.C., that serves breakfast, lunch,
and dinner seven days a week. It is a Green Living Consulting Certified Green Business, serving
American fare sourced from sustainable agriculture.
The last installed valve, originally Valve H, was experiencing leaking at the handle. The valve was
removed after one week of use and was replaced with Valve J, which was kept in for the final two weeks
of monitoring. Because of this, Valve J was monitored for only two weeks. A third week has been proxied
in from the averaged results of weeks 11 and 12 for the purposes of comparing between three-week time
periods.
D-46
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-18. Farmers & Fishers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Farmers & Fishers
User Information
Two users at Farmers & Fishers were interviewed: one for the baseline monitoring and the 3rd new
valve, the other for the 1st and 2nd new valves. Both are native Spanish speakers. The survey was
administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
X
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
2
3
3
1
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 2
User 1
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the spray valve?
If unsatisfied, explain.
1
3
2
1
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
pressure? If unsatisfied, was it too strong,
too weak, produced excessive backsplash,
produced misting, other?
1 (The valve sprays too
slowly; the water
pressure is too low.)
3
3
2 (A little weak.)
How satisfied are you with the dish
sprayer's ability to clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast, other?
3
3
3
2
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
spray pattern? If unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-uniform coverage,
required modified use pattern, other?
3
3
2
3
Do you have to adjust the water
temperature when using this spray valve? If
so, did you make it hotter or colder? Why?
No.
Yes, sometimes the
water is very cold and I
have to adjust the
temperature to make it
hotter.
No.
Sometimes.
If you were making the purchasing decision,
would you buy this spray valve?
No.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-18. Farmers & Fishers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Farmers & Fishers
User Information
Two users at Farmers & Fishers were interviewed: one for the baseline monitoring and the 3rd new
valve, the other for the 1st and 2nd new valves. Both are native Spanish speakers. The survey was
administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
X
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
2
3
3
1
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 2
User 1
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you like about this spray valve?
Water is sufficiently hot
when it comes out of
the spray valve and
cleans the plates pretty
well.
Everything.
I like the force of the
water.
I like that the trigger
can be locked into
place.
What do you dislike about this spray valve?
There is not enough
pressure.
Nothing.
Nothing.
It is difficult to fully
engage and hold down
the handle.
What type of food/residue is particularly
hard to clean from plates with this spray
valve?
Desserts.
Eggs.
Eggs.
Cheese and chocolate.
Do you ever use something to hold the
spray valve in the on position so it is
constantly spraying (rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what do you use to hold
it on and how often do you do this?
No; manually hold the
spray valve.
I only wash dishes by
hand.
I only wash dishes by
hand.
NA
What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g.
mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
A little bit of everything.
NA
NA
NA
Do you typically clean dishes separately or
in a rack? If difference for different dishes,
please explain.
I wash dishes both
separately and all
together in the rack.
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-18. Farmers & Fishers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Farmers & Fishers
User Information
Two users at Farmers & Fishers were interviewed: one for the baseline monitoring and the 3rd new
valve, the other for the 1st and 2nd new valves. Both are native Spanish speakers. The survey was
administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
X
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
2
3
3
1
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 2
User 1
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How completely do you rinse the dishes? Is
your dishwasher effective in removing waste
missed by the spray valve?
The plates have to be
well-rinsed before they
go into the dishwasher.
NA
NA
NA
Additional Comments
None.
None.
None.
None.
ERG Notes
This spray valve was
leaking slightly from the
face of the valve.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-19. Farmers & Fishers Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Monday-Thursday: 11:30 a.m.-10 p.m., Friday-Saturday:
11:30 a.m.-11 p.m., Sunday: 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Facility typically
opens three hours prior to beginning of service and stays open
an hour after service.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
American fare sourced from sustainable agriculture for lunch
and dinner
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
It closes occasionally for private events.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Electric
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
Installed when the restaurant opened in June 2009. Not yet
replaced.
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-20. Founding Farmers Data
Founding Farmers
PRSV
K
F
E
L
PRSV
Existing
1 st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
1
1
3
2
Spray pattern
Fan
Shower
Fan
Fan
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-
12
Total days used (days)
17.78
17.63
17.85
17.93
Total customer count
17,301
16,653
18,384
17,901
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
3520.7
3383.1
4898.8
4200.3
Water used per day (gallons per day)
198.0
191.9
274.5
234.3
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
3195.7
2771.7
3157.5
4030.8
Time used per day (minutes per day)
179.7
157.2
176.9
224.9
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
58
NC
58
59
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
42
NC
44
51
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
NC
61
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
NC
NC
55
Operating water temperature (°F)
119.2
106.1
112.8
109.8
Cold water temperature (°F)
93.1
99.3
98.0
93.9
Hot water temperature (°F)
119.8
99.4
122.0
114.0
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
1.10
1.19
1.62
1.07
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
1.21
1.19
1.72
1.09
Cleanability
17
21
25
23
USER SATISFACTION
Overall user satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = completely satisfied)
3
3
3
2
NC - Not collected.
Orange highlight indicates that the PRSV malfunctioned during study.
NOTES:
Founding Farmers is a restaurant located in downtown Washington, D.C., that serves breakfast, lunch,
and dinner seven days a week. It is a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Gold
certified restaurant and a Certified Green Restaurant, serving American fare sourced from sustainable
agriculture.
Shut-off valves at the facility did not work so no pressure readings could be taken for most of the study.
A leak occurred in Valve E in the final week of monitoring. This leak has been accounted for in the data
analysis. ERG determined the average flow rate of the leak and subtracted it from the affected data set.
D-51
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6
EPA
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
The dishguard bumper fell off of Valve L during the monitoring period. The valve could still perform and
the entire data set was collected.
D-52
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-21. Founding Farmers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Founding Farmers
User Information
Three different users were interviewed at Founding Farmers. All are native Spanish speakers. The
survey was administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
F
E
L
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the spray valve?
If unsatisfied, explain.
3
3
3
2
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
pressure? If unsatisfied, was it too strong,
too weak, produced excessive backsplash,
produced misting, other?
3
3
3
2
How satisfied are you with the dish
sprayer's ability to clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast, other?
3
2 (The water pressure
was a bit low.)
3
3
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
spray pattern? If unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-uniform coverage,
required modified use pattern, other?
3
3 (I prefer the spray
formation on this spray
valve to the previous
one.)
3
2
Do you have to adjust the water
temperature when using this spray valve? If
so, did you make it hotter or colder? Why?
No, I don't have to
change the water
temperature. I just keep
it at the normal
temperature.
No.
No.
No.
If you were making the purchasing decision,
would you buy this spray valve?
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-21. Founding Farmers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Founding Farmers
User Information
Three different users were interviewed at Founding Farmers. All are native Spanish speakers. The
survey was administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
F
E
L
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you like about this spray valve?
It works well even
though we are working
almost the entire day.
I like the grip of the
spray valve. The
handle is oriented
differently than the
previous spray valve
and is easier to use
and more comfortable.
Works well.
Comfortable handle.
What do you dislike about this spray valve?
No, it's good.
None.
None.
Nothing.
What type of food/residue is particularly
hard to clean from plates with this spray
valve?
It's all about the same.
In order to clean the
plate well, you simply
have to maintain the
right pressure.
It doesn't make a
difference. What really
matters is how long the
food has been sitting
on the dishes.
No.
Eggs.
Do you ever use something to hold the
spray valve in the on position so it is
constantly spraying (rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what do you use to hold
it on and how often do you do this?
This latch is only used
to maintain the spray
valve open. But we
can't do that because in
this case we're only
allowed to do it by end.
No.
No.
No.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-21. Founding Farmers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Founding Farmers
User Information
Three different users were interviewed at Founding Farmers. All are native Spanish speakers. The
survey was administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
F
E
L
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g.
mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
Mostly plates and prep
dishware (mixing
bowls, large plastic
containers, etc.).
Silverware gets
washed elsewhere.
NA
NA
NA
Do you typically clean dishes separately or
in a rack? If difference for different dishes,
please explain.
We use racks.
NA
NA
NA
How completely do you rinse the dishes? Is
your dishwasher effective in removing waste
missed by the spray valve?
I wash them pretty
completely. The water
in the dishwasher has
to be changed often to
prevent food residue
buildup.
NA
NA
NA
Additional Comments
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-21. Founding Farmers User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Founding Farmers
User Information
Three different users were interviewed at Founding Farmers. All are native Spanish speakers. The
survey was administered to them verbally in Spanish.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
K
F
E
L
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
2
Responses Provided By
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
ERG Notes
This spray valve broke
during the last week of
its monitoring and had
a significant leak. A
new spray valve (same
model) was brought in
to conduct the user
satisfaction survey, but
it was done at the end
of the study rather than
after week 9. The late
survey may have
impacted the user
satisfaction results.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-22. Founding Farmers Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Monday: 8 a.m.-10 p.m., Tuesday-Thursday: 8 a.m.-11 p.m., Friday: 8 a.m.-12 p.m.,
Saturday: 9 a.m.-12 a.m., Sunday: 9 a.m.-10 p.m. Facility typically opens three hours
prior to service and stays open an hour after service.
General type of food the facility serves for each
mealtime
American fare sourced from sustainable agriculture for breakfast, lunch, and dinner
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes
washed (per day, per week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special
events)
It closes occasionally for private events.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or
other means
Natural Gas
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how
frequently they are replaced
Installed when the restaurant opened in September 2008. Not yet replaced.
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-23. Jimmy's Steer House Data
Jimmy's Steer House
PRSV
Z3
D
A
I
PRSV
Existing
1 st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 =
low)
N/A
1
3
2
Spray pattern
Shower
Shower
Fan
Fan
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-
12
Total days used (days)
20.93
20.76
20.90
20.94
Total customer count
16,136
16,584
15,779
16,065
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
5253.6
2489.2
1210.0
2515.2
Water used per day (gallons per day)
251.0
119.9
57.9
120.1
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
2036.0
1953.1
1866.3
2353.6
Time used per day (minutes per day)
97.3
94.1
89.3
112.4
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
67
68
62
65
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
39
53
57
55
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
67
69
62
64
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
43
55
56
55
Operating water temperature (°F)
74.8
82.6
86.6
83.7
Cold water temperature (°F)
52.4
58.7
61.4
66.7
Hot water temperature (°F)
154.4
149.3
135.4
136.1
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
2.62
1.35
0.65
1.14
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
2.66
1.40
0.67
1.15
Cleanability
N/A
21
21
22
USER SATISFACTION
User 1 's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
3
1
2
User 2's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
3
NC
3
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the users selected to keep.
NOTES:
Jimmy's Steer House is a steak house in the Boston area that is open for lunch and dinner seven days a
week.
A water ban was in effect in Boston during the second new valve's monitoring period. Residents in the
area were not supposed to drink any of the water without boiling it during this time.
D-58
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-24. Jimmy's Steer House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Jimmy's Steer House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Jimmy's Steer House. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. User 1 speaks Haitian
Creole as a first language, French as a second, and some English as a third. User 2 speaks Portuguese. The study
was verbally conducted with User 1 in French. User 2 took the survey in written form in Portuguese.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z3
D
A
I
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
NA
2
3
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you
with the spray valve? If
unsatisfied, explain.
2
3
3
3
1
NA
2
3
How satisfied are you
with the spray valve's
pressure? If unsatisfied,
was it too strong, too
weak, produced
excessive backsplash,
produced misting, other?
3
3
3
3
1
NA
2
3
How satisfied are you
with the dish sprayer's
ability to clean the
dishes? If unsatisfied,
was it too slow, too fast,
other?
3
3
3 (It has
good
pressure.)
3
1
NA
1 (Slow.)
3
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-24. Jimmy's Steer House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Jimmy's Steer House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Jimmy's Steer House. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. User 1 speaks Haitian
Creole as a first language, French as a second, and some English as a third. User 2 speaks Portuguese. The study
was verbally conducted with User 1 in French. User 2 took the survey in written form in Portuguese.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z3
D
A
I
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
NA
2
3
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you
with the spray valve's
spray pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-
uniform coverage,
required modified use
pattern, other?
2
3
3 (It's good.)
3
2
NA
2
3
Do you have to adjust
the water temperature
when using this spray
valve? If so, did you
make it hotter or colder?
Why?
It works
better with
hot water. I
don't use
cold as
much.
No.
Same as
before.
No.
No.
NA
No.
No.
If you were making the
purchasing decision,
would you buy this spray
valve?
NA
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
NA
Maybe, it's
okay.
Yes.
What do you like about
this spray valve?
It sprays
well.
Okay, no
problem.
Good
pressure.
Everything.
No good,no
pressure.
NA
It's
good/okay.
It's good.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-24. Jimmy's Steer House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Jimmy's Steer House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Jimmy's Steer House. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. User 1 speaks Haitian
Creole as a first language, French as a second, and some English as a third. User 2 speaks Portuguese. The study
was verbally conducted with User 1 in French. User 2 took the survey in written form in Portuguese.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z3
D
A
I
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
NA
2
3
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you dislike
about this spray valve?
Nothing, it's
okay.
I like it.
Nothing, it's
good.
Nothing.
No pressure.
NA
Nothing.
Nothing.
What type of
food/residue is
particularly hard to clean
from plates with this
spray valve?
Everything is
fine when the
water is hot.
Cheese.
Everything is
cleaned off,
nothing.
NA
Nothing.
NA
Cheese.
Nothing.
Do you ever use
something to hold the
spray valve in the on
position so it is
constantly spraying
(rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what
do you use to hold it on
and how often do you do
this?
No, but
others keep it
on all the
time. The
handle is
broken.
Yes.
No.
No, just my
hands.
No.
NA
No.
No.
What type of dishes do
you wash daily (e.g.
mostly plates, pots and
pans, utensils)?
Pots, plates,
cups, pans.
Yes.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-24. Jimmy's Steer House User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Jimmy's Steer House
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Jimmy's Steer House. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. User 1 speaks Haitian
Creole as a first language, French as a second, and some English as a third. User 2 speaks Portuguese. The study
was verbally conducted with User 1 in French. User 2 took the survey in written form in Portuguese.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z3
D
A
I
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
1
NA
2
3
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you typically clean
dishes separately or in a
rack? If difference for
different dishes, please
explain.
I use a rack
for the
machine. I
rinse the
dishes then
put them in a
rack for the
machine. I
wash cups in
a rack.
No.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
How completely do you
rinse the dishes? Is your
dishwasher effective in
removing waste missed
by the spray valve?
The
dishwasher
rinses the
dishes pretty
well; it is very
hot. Nothing
is left on the
plates.
Yes.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Additional Comments
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
ERG Notes
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-25. Jimmy's Steer House Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Monday-Thursday: 11:15 a.m.-9:30 p.m., Friday-Saturday:
11:15 a.m.-10 p.m., Sunday: 12 p.m.-9 p.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Steakhouse cuisine for lunch and dinner
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
During the baseline monitoring period, the restaurant was slow
during the Easter holiday; the customer count was probably
down 500 from normal. A water ban was in effect in Boston
during the second new valve monitoring period.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Natural Gas
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
3-6 months
Any changes in the type of food served
None
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-26. Mario's Italian Restaurant Data
Mario's Italian Restaurant
PRSV
Z4
G
F
J
PRSV
Existing
1 st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
4th New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
1
2
1
3
Spray pattern
Shower
Fan
Shower
Jet
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 12-
14
Total days used (days)
20.89
20.89
20.97
20.79
Total customer count
4,615
4,789
5,263
4,915
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
3082.5
1497.5
1755.3
685.7
Water used per day (gallons per day)
147.5
71.7
83.7
33.0
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
762.3
904.3
1000.5
1033.1
Time used per day (minutes per day)
36.5
43.3
47.7
49.7
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
NC
91
82
88
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
NC
73
68
83
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
91
91
82
88
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
48
79
71
84
Operating water temperature (°F)
84.6
85.9
76.1
69.0
Cold water temperature (°F)
49.2
56.6
60.2
66.3
Hot water temperature (°F)
107.3
106.0
102.8
103.3
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
4.31
1.75
1.88
0.78
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
4.37
1.78
1.90
0.77
Cleanability
NA
23
21
21
USER SATISFACTION
User 1 's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
3
3
2
User 2's overall user satisfaction (1 =
unsatisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 =
completely satisfied)
3
3
3
2
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the users selected to keep.
NOTES:
Mario's Italian Restaurant is an Italian restaurant in the Boston area that serves lunch and dinner seven
days a week.
A water ban was in effect in Boston during the second new valve's monitoring period. Residents in the
area were not supposed to drink any of the water without boiling it during this time.
D-64
-------
6
EPA
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Valve N was installed as the third valve, but during the second week's visit, water was spraying out of the
ring around the spray nozzle (between the spray face plate and the dishguard bumper). During the
second week, Valve J was installed and a new three-week test period was initiated.
D-65
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-27. Mario's Italian Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Mario's Italian Restaurant
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Mario's Italian Restaurant. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. Both were native
Spanish speakers. User 1 also spoke fairly good English. The users took the survey in Spanish in written form, and
User 1 would sometimes provide verbal feedback on the spray valves in addition to the written survey.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z4
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you
with the spray valve? If
unsatisfied, explain.
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
How satisfied are you
with the spray valve's
pressure? If unsatisfied,
was it too strong, too
weak, produced
excessive backsplash,
produced misting, other?
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
How satisfied are you
with the dish sprayer's
ability to clean the
dishes? If unsatisfied,
was it too slow, too fast,
other?
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-27. Mario's Italian Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Mario's Italian Restaurant
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Mario's Italian Restaurant. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. Both were native
Spanish speakers. User 1 also spoke fairly good English. The users took the survey in Spanish in written form, and
User 1 would sometimes provide verbal feedback on the spray valves in addition to the written survey.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z4
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you
with the spray valve's
spray pattern? If
unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-
uniform coverage,
required modified use
pattern, other?
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Do you have to adjust
the water temperature
when using this spray
valve? If so, did you
make it hotter or colder?
Why?
No.
No.
No.
NA
No.
No.
No.
No.
If you were making the
purchasing decision,
would you buy this spray
valve?
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
No.
What do you like about
this spray valve?
Everything is
okay.
Everything.
Everything.
Everything.
Everything.
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-27. Mario's Italian Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Mario's Italian Restaurant
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Mario's Italian Restaurant. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. Both were native
Spanish speakers. User 1 also spoke fairly good English. The users took the survey in Spanish in written form, and
User 1 would sometimes provide verbal feedback on the spray valves in addition to the written survey.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z4
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What do you dislike
about this spray valve?
It's okay.
Nothing.
Nothing.
Nothing.
Nothing.
Nothing.
It is too
weak.
It is very
weak.
What type of
food/residue is
particularly hard to clean
from plates with this
spray valve?
Melted
cheese, dry
sauce.
Nothing.
Cheese.
Cheese.
None.
Cheese.
Cheese.
Cheese.
Do you ever use
something to hold the
spray valve in the on
position so it is
constantly spraying
(rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what
do you use to hold it on
and how often do you do
this?
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
What type of dishes do
you wash daily (e.g.
mostly plates, pots and
pans, utensils)?
Plates.
Plates.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-27. Mario's Italian Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Mario's Italian Restaurant
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Mario's Italian Restaurant. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. Both were native
Spanish speakers. User 1 also spoke fairly good English. The users took the survey in Spanish in written form, and
User 1 would sometimes provide verbal feedback on the spray valves in addition to the written survey.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z4
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Do you typically clean
dishes separately or in a
rack? If difference for
different dishes, please
explain.
Yes.
In a rack.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
How completely do you
rinse the dishes? Is your
dishwasher effective in
removing waste missed
by the spray valve?
Yes.
Yes.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-27. Mario's Italian Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
Mario's Italian Restaurant
User Information
Two users were interviewed at Mario's Italian Restaurant. Both worked the morning/afternoon shift. Both were native
Spanish speakers. User 1 also spoke fairly good English. The users took the survey in Spanish in written form, and
User 1 would sometimes provide verbal feedback on the spray valves in addition to the written survey.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
Z4
G
F
J
Overall Satisfaction
Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Responses Provided
By
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
Additional Comments
None.
None.
There is a lot
of water in
the outer
spray
streams and
only a little
water in the
middle of the
stream. It is
not uniform.
The inside
spray is
misty while
the outside is
forceful/straig
ht.
None.
I like the
pressure. I
can take all
of the food
off of the
plate very
nicely.
None.
None.
None.
ERG Notes
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-28. Mario's Italian Restaurant Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Monday-Thursday: 11:15 a.m.-9:30 p.m., Friday-Saturday:
11:15 a.m.-10 p.m., Sunday: 12 p.m.-9 p.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
Italian cuisine for lunch and dinner
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
During the first new valve monitoring period, the restaurant
closed one day for Easter. A water ban was in effect in Boston
during the second new valve monitoring period, and the
restaurant was forced to close for one night, losing 200
customers.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Natural Gas
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
Replaced the hose twice in seven years and the PRSV once in
seven years
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-29. The Fireplace Restaurant Data
The Fireplace Restaurant
PRSV
D
K
H
B
PRSV
Existing
1st New
Valve
2nd New
Valve
3rd New
Valve
Flow rate category (1 = high, 2 = mid, 3 = low)
1
1
3
2
Spray pattern
Shower
Fan
Jet
Fan
Week
Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-6
Weeks 7-9
Weeks 10-
12
Total days used (days)
20.88
20.95
20.90
20.94
Total customer count
3,700
3,550
3,692
3,698
WATER USED
Total water used (gallons)
1676.7
1733.2
1380.8
1726.5
Water used per day (gallons per day)
80.3
82.7
66.1
82.5
TIME USED
Total time used (minutes)
1580.2
1579.7
1693.8
1217.8
Time used per day (minutes per day)
75.7
75.4
81.0
58.2
DATA MEASURED WEEKLY
Operating static water pressure (psi)
73
71
68
66
Operating flowing water pressure (psi)
59
52
54
43
Maximum static water pressure (psi)
76
73
73
71
Maximum flowing water pressure (psi)
63
61
64
55
Operating water temperature (°F)
113.4
123.2
113.0
121.9
Cold water temperature (°F)
51.6
61.9
62.0
66.8
Hot water temperature (°F)
119.2
122.6
199.3
126.1
Operating measured flow rate (gpm)
1.04
1.09
0.86
1.46
Maximum measured flow rate (gpm)
1.19
1.33
0.96
1.74
Cleanability
21
17
20
24
USER SATISFACTION
Overall user satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = completely satisfied)
3
3
1
3
NC - Not collected.
Blue highlight designates the PRSV the user selected to keep.
Orange highlight indicates that the PRSV malfunctioned during study.
NOTES:
The Fireplace Restaurant is a Certified Green Restaurant that serves American cuisine and is open for
lunch and dinner Monday-Friday and for brunch and dinner on Saturday and Sunday.
Valve H began leaking slightly only when the PRSV was depressed sometime during the last week of the
data collection for this valve. Water was squirting from the point where the spray handle meets the
depression point that allows the valve to open. The user had rigged a plastic glove onto the PRSV to
prevent it from spraying him. The leak was not apparent in the data so it was not adjusted.
D-72
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-30. The Fireplace Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
The Fireplace Restaurant
User Information
One user was interviewed at The Fireplace Restaurant. He works the lunch shift. He is a native
Spanish speaker and does not speak any English. He took the surveys in written form in Spanish.
On the last day, a native Spanish speaker interviewed the user in Spanish on his thoughts on the
PRSVs and asked him which valve he wanted to keep.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
D
K
H
B
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
How satisfied are you with the spray valve?
If unsatisfied, explain.
3
3
1
3
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
pressure? If unsatisfied, was it too strong,
too weak, produced excessive backsplash,
produced misting, other?
3
3
3
3
How satisfied are you with the dish
sprayer's ability to clean the dishes? If
unsatisfied, was it too slow, too fast, other?
3
3
3
3
How satisfied are you with the spray valve's
spray pattern? If unsatisfactory, was it too
wide, too focused, non-uniform coverage,
required modified use pattern, other?
3
3
3
Do you have to adjust the water
temperature when using this spray valve? If
so, did you make it hotter or colder? Why?
No.
Yes, to cool something.
Yes, to cool something.
Just to cool something.
If you were making the purchasing decision,
would you buy this spray valve?
Yes.
No.
No.
NA
What do you like about this spray valve?
It's strong.
The way it is.
It's strong.
It is good.
What do you dislike about this spray valve?
Nothing.
It's strong.
The spray is very
straight.
It is good.
-------
Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-30. The Fireplace Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
The Fireplace Restaurant
User Information
One user was interviewed at The Fireplace Restaurant. He works the lunch shift. He is a native
Spanish speaker and does not speak any English. He took the surveys in written form in Spanish.
On the last day, a native Spanish speaker interviewed the user in Spanish on his thoughts on the
PRSVs and asked him which valve he wanted to keep.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
D
K
H
B
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
What type of food/residue is particularly
hard to clean from plates with this spray
valve?
Eggs.
Eggs.
Eggs with cheese.
Eggs with cheese.
Do you ever use something to hold the
spray valve in the on position so it is
constantly spraying (rather than manually
holding it on)? If so, what do you use to hold
it on and how often do you do this?
NA
No.
Nothing.
No.
What type of dishes do you wash daily (e.g.
mostly plates, pots and pans, utensils)?
Plates.
NA
NA
NA
Do you typically clean dishes separately or
in a rack? If difference for different dishes,
please explain.
Yes.
NA
NA
NA
How completely do you rinse the dishes? Is
your dishwasher effective in removing waste
missed by the spray valve?
Yes.
NA
NA
NA
Additional Comments
This spray valve is
okay. I felt the same
about Valve D and
Valve K.
This spray valve is
okay. I felt the same
about Valve D and
Valve K.
This spray valve is my
least favorite. It has a
small spray pattern. It
can knock glasses out
of my hand.
I'd like to keep this
spray valve. I like it
because it has the best
spray with a wide
breadth. It has good
pressure. It was my
favorite by far.
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-30. The Fireplace Restaurant User Satisfaction Survey Responses
The Fireplace Restaurant
User Information
One user was interviewed at The Fireplace Restaurant. He works the lunch shift. He is a native
Spanish speaker and does not speak any English. He took the surveys in written form in Spanish.
On the last day, a native Spanish speaker interviewed the user in Spanish on his thoughts on the
PRSVs and asked him which valve he wanted to keep.
PRSV
Existing
1st New Valve
2nd New Valve
3rd New Valve
PRSV
D
K
H
B
Overall Satisfaction Score Based on All
Responses
3
3
1
3
KEY: 1 - unsatisfied, 2 - somewhat satisfied, 3 - completely satisfied
ERG Notes
None.
None.
None.
None.
D
Ui
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Water Sense
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves Field Study Report
Table D-31. The Fireplace Restaurant Facility Operations Survey Responses
Questions
Responses
Typical hours of facility operation
Sunday-Wednesday: 11 a.m.-10 p.m., Thursday-Saturday: 11
a.m.-11 p.m.
General type of food the facility serves for each mealtime
American cuisine for lunch and dinner Monday-Friday and
brunch and dinner Saturday-Sunday
Number of customers served and/or volume of dishes washed (per day, per
week)
Provided in data tables above
Any information about atypical business (i.e., special events)
A water ban was in effect in Boston during the second new
valve monitoring period, but the spray valve was still used
because the dishwasher provided water hot enough to sanitize
the dishes.
Whether water is heated by electricity, natural gas, or other means
Natural Gas
Whether PRSVs use hot water, cold water, or both
Both
Whether a mixing valve on the faucet feeds the PRSV
No
How long the spray valves usually last and/or how frequently they are replaced
Existing spray valve was installed in 2005
Any changes in the type of food served
None
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