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EPA/690/R-01/001F
Final
11-30-2001
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for
Benzo [k] fluoranthene
(CASRN 207-08-9)
Derivation of an Oral RfD
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268

-------
Acronyms and Abbreviations
bw	body weight
cc	cubic centimeters
CD	Caesarean Delivered
CERCLA	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
of 1980
CNS	central nervous system
cu.m	cubic meter
DWEL	Drinking Water Equivalent Level
FEL	frank-effect level
FIFRA	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
g	grams
GI	gastrointestinal
HEC	human equivalent concentration
Hgb	hemoglobin
i.m.	intramuscular
i.p.	intraperitoneal
IRIS	Integrated Risk Information System
IUR	inhalation unit risk
i.v.	intravenous
kg	kilogram
L	liter
LEL	lowest-effect level
LOAEL	lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
LOAEL(ADJ)	LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration
LOAEL(HEC)	LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human
m	meter
MCL	maximum contaminant level
MCLG	maximum contaminant level goal
MF	modifying factor
mg	milligram
mg/kg	milligrams per kilogram
mg/L	milligrams per liter
MRL	minimal risk level
MTD	maximum tolerated dose
MTL	median threshold limit
1

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NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect level
NOAEL(ADJ)
NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration
NOAEL(HEC)
NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human
NOEL
no-observed-effect level
OSF
oral slope factor
p-IUR
provisional inhalation unit risk
p-OSF
provisional oral slope factor
p-RfC
provisional inhalation reference concentration
p-RfD
provisional oral reference dose
PBPK
physiologically based pharmacokinetic
PPb
parts per billion
ppm
parts per million
PPRTV
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Value
RBC
red blood cell(s)
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RDDR
Regional deposited dose ratio (for the indicated lung region)
REL
relative exposure level
RfC
inhalation reference concentration
RfD
oral reference dose
RGDR
Regional gas dose ratio (for the indicated lung region)
s.c.
subcutaneous
SCE
sister chromatid exchange
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
sq.cm.
square centimeters
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
UF
uncertainty factor

microgram
(.imol
micromoles
voc
volatile organic compound
11

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11-30-2001
PROVISIONAL PEER REVIEWED TOXICITY VALUES FOR
BENZO [k] FLUORANTHENE (CASRN 207-08-9)
Derivation of an Oral RfD
Background
On December 5, 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of
Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) revised its hierarchy of human
health toxicity values for Superfund risk assessments, establishing the following three tiers as the
new hierarchy:
1.	EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
2.	Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTV) used in EPA's Superfund
Program.
3.	Other (peer-reviewed) toxicity values, including:
~	Minimal Risk Levels produced by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR),
~	California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) values, and
~	EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Table (HEAST) values.
A PPRTV is defined as a toxicity value derived for use in the Superfund Program when
such a value is not available in EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). PPRTVs are
developed according to a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and are derived after a review of
the relevant scientific literature using the same methods, sources of data, and Agency guidance
for value derivation generally used by the EPA IRIS Program. All provisional toxicity values
receive internal review by two EPA scientists and external peer review by three independently
selected scientific experts. PPRTVs differ from IRIS values in that PPRTVs do not receive the
multi-program consensus review provided for IRIS values. This is because IRIS values are
generally intended to be used in all EPA programs, while PPRTVs are developed specifically for
the Superfund Program.
Because new information becomes available and scientific methods improve over time,
PPRTVs are reviewed on a five-year basis and updated into the active database. Once an IRIS
value for a specific chemical becomes available for Agency review, the analogous PPRTV for
that same chemical is retired. It should also be noted that some PPRTV manuscripts conclude
that a PPRTV cannot be derived based on inadequate data.
1

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11-30-2001
Disclaimers
Users of this document should first check to see if any IRIS values exist for the chemical
of concern before proceeding to use a PPRTV. If no IRIS value is available, staff in the regional
Superfund and RCRA program offices are advised to carefully review the information provided
in this document to ensure that the PPRTVs used are appropriate for the types of exposures and
circumstances at the Superfund site or RCRA facility in question. PPRTVs are periodically
updated; therefore, users should ensure that the values contained in the PPRTV are current at the
time of use.
It is important to remember that a provisional value alone tells very little about the
adverse effects of a chemical or the quality of evidence on which the value is based. Therefore,
users are strongly encouraged to read the entire PPRTV manuscript and understand the strengths
and limitations of the derived provisional values. PPRTVs are developed by the EPA Office of
Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health
Risk Technical Support Center for OSRTI. Other EPA programs or external parties who may
choose of their own initiative to use these PPRTVs are advised that Superfund resources will not
generally be used to respond to challenges of PPRTVs used in a context outside of the Superfund
Program.
Questions Regarding PPRTVs
Questions regarding the contents of the PPRTVs and their appropriate use (e.g., on
chemicals not covered, or whether chemicals have pending IRIS toxicity values) may be directed
to the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300), or OSRTI.
INTRODUCTION
An RfD for benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F) is not available on IRIS (U.S. EPA, 2001), in
the HEAST (U.S. EPA, 1997), or in the Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisory list
(U.S. EPA, 2000), and the chemical was never reviewed by the RfD/RfC Work Group (U.S.
EPA, 1995). A HEEP for Benzo[k]fluoranthene (U.S. EPA, 1987), a HEA for Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (U.S. EPA, 1984), a Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (U.S. EPA, 1991a), and a Multimedia Document for Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (U.S. EPA, 1992) did not derive an RfD for B[k]F. No other pertinent
EPA documents were located in the CARA lists (U.S. EPA, 1991b, 1994). The ATSDR (1995)
Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons declined to derive oral MRLs for
B[k]F due to lack of suitable data. The NTP (2001) Management Status Report, WHO (1997),
the IARC monograph series (IARC,1973, 1983, 1987), and Patty's Toxicology (Warshawsky,
2001) were searched for relevant information. Literature searches of the following databases
were conducted from 1989 to April 2001 for relevant studies: TOXLINE, MEDLINE, TSCATS,
2

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11-30-2001
GENETOX, HSDB, CANCERLIT, CCRIS, EMIC/EMICBACK, DART/ETICBACK, and
RTECS.
REVIEW OF THE PERTINENT LITERATURE
Human Studies
The most recent reviews (ATSDR, 1995; IARC, 1983, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1984, 1991a,
1992; WHO, 1997) found no available human data regarding the toxicity of B[k]F following oral
exposure. The literature search identified no new studies regarding the toxicity of B[k]F in
humans following oral exposure.
Animal Studies
The most recent reviews (ATSDR, 1995; IARC, 1983, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1984, 1991a,
1992; WHO, 1997) found no available animal data that could be used as the basis for derivation
of an RfD for B[k]F. B[k]F suppressed the antibody response in a dose-related manner in an
acute study in which male C57BL/6J mice (2/group) were administered B[k]F in corn oil as a
single oral gavage at 0.1, 1.0, 10 or 100 mg/kg (Silkworth et al., 1995). Twelve hours after
treatment, the mice were immunized i.v. with sheep erythrocytes. The splenic primary direct
(IgM) antibody response was evaluated 5 days after immunization using a plaque assay. At the
highest dose, B[k]F suppressed the immune response by approximately 94% of control.
However, this study is of inadequate duration for derivation of an RfD.
FEASIBILITY OF DERIVING A PROVISIONAL RfD FOR
BENZO [k] FLUORANTHENE
A provisional RfD for B[k]F cannot be derived because of the lack of human and
adequate animal oral data.
REFERENCES
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1995. Toxicological Profile for
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1973. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of the Chemical to Man. Certain Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds. Vol. 3, p. 45-68.
3

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11-30-2001
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1983. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic
Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data. Vol. 32,
p. 135.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Suppl. 7. p. 58.
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2001. Management Status Report. Examined April 9,
2001. Online, http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/main pages/NTP ALL STDY PG.html
Silkworth, J.B., T. Lipinskas and C.R. Stoner. 1995. Immunosuppressive potential of several
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found at a superfund site: New model used to evaluate
additive interactions between benzo[a]pyrene and TCDD. Toxicology. 105: 375-386.
U.S. EPA. 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).
Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,
Washington, DC. EPA/540/1-86/013.
U.S. EPA. 1987. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Benzo[k]fluoranthene. Prepared
by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington,
DC.
U.S. EPA. 1991a. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAH). Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Drinking Water, Washington,
DC.
U.S. EPA. 1991b. Chemical Assessments and Related Activities (CARA). Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. April 1991.
U.S. EPA. 1992. Multimedia Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Prepared by
the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office, Cincinnati, OH. August.
U.S. EPA. 1994. Chemical Assessments and Related Activities (CARA). Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. December 1994.
U.S. EPA. 1995. Monthly Status Report of RfD/RfC and CRAVE Work Groups (as of
09/01/95). Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Washington, DC.
4

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11-30-2001
U.S. EPA. 1997. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). FY-1997 Update.
Prepared by the Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington,
DC. July 1997. EPA-540-R-97-036. NTIS PB97-921199.
U.S. EPA. 2000. Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories. Summer 2000. Office of
Water, Washington, DC. Examined April 9, 2001. Online.
http://www.epa. gov/ ost/drinking/ standards/
U.S. EPA. 2001. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Office of Research and
Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. Examined
April 9, 2001. Online, http://www.epa.gov/iris/
Warshawsky, D. 2001. Polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Patty's
Toxicology, 5th ed., E. Bingham, B. Cohrssen and C.H. Powell, Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New
York. p. 303-382.
WHO (World Health Organization). 1997. Environmental Health Criteria. 202: Selected
Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. International Programme on Chemical
Safety, Geneva, Switzerland.
5

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11-30-2001
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for
Benzo [k] fluoranthene
(CASRN 207-08-9)
Derivation of an Oral Slope Factor
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268

-------
Acronyms and Abbreviations
bw	body weight
cc	cubic centimeters
CD	Caesarean Delivered
CERCLA	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
of 1980
CNS	central nervous system
cu.m	cubic meter
DWEL	Drinking Water Equivalent Level
FEL	frank-effect level
FIFRA	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
g	grams
GI	gastrointestinal
HEC	human equivalent concentration
Hgb	hemoglobin
i.m.	intramuscular
i.p.	intraperitoneal
IRIS	Integrated Risk Information System
IUR	inhalation unit risk
i.v.	intravenous
kg	kilogram
L	liter
LEL	lowest-effect level
LOAEL	lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
LOAEL(ADJ)	LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration
LOAEL(HEC)	LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human
m	meter
MCL	maximum contaminant level
MCLG	maximum contaminant level goal
MF	modifying factor
mg	milligram
mg/kg	milligrams per kilogram
mg/L	milligrams per liter
MRL	minimal risk level
MTD	maximum tolerated dose
MTL	median threshold limit
1

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NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect level
NOAEL(ADJ)
NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration
NOAEL(HEC)
NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human
NOEL
no-observed-effect level
OSF
oral slope factor
p-IUR
provisional inhalation unit risk
p-OSF
provisional oral slope factor
p-RfC
provisional inhalation reference concentration
p-RfD
provisional oral reference dose
PBPK
physiologically based pharmacokinetic
PPb
parts per billion
ppm
parts per million
PPRTV
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Value
RBC
red blood cell(s)
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RDDR
Regional deposited dose ratio (for the indicated lung region)
REL
relative exposure level
RfC
inhalation reference concentration
RfD
oral reference dose
RGDR
Regional gas dose ratio (for the indicated lung region)
s.c.
subcutaneous
SCE
sister chromatid exchange
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
sq.cm.
square centimeters
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
UF
uncertainty factor

microgram
(.imol
micromoles
voc
volatile organic compound
11

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11-30-2001
PROVISIONAL PEER REVIEWED TOXICITY VALUES FOR
BENZO [k] FLUORANTHENE (CASRN 207-08-9)
Derivation of an Oral Slope Factor
Background
On December 5, 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of
Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) revised its hierarchy of human
health toxicity values for Superfund risk assessments, establishing the following three tiers as the
new hierarchy:
1.	EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
2.	Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTV) used in EPA's Superfund
Program.
3.	Other (peer-reviewed) toxicity values, including:
~	Minimal Risk Levels produced by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR),
~	California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) values, and
~	EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Table (HEAST) values.
A PPRTV is defined as a toxicity value derived for use in the Superfund Program when
such a value is not available in EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). PPRTVs are
developed according to a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and are derived after a review of
the relevant scientific literature using the same methods, sources of data, and Agency guidance
for value derivation generally used by the EPA IRIS Program. All provisional toxicity values
receive internal review by two EPA scientists and external peer review by three independently
selected scientific experts. PPRTVs differ from IRIS values in that PPRTVs do not receive the
multi-program consensus review provided for IRIS values. This is because IRIS values are
generally intended to be used in all EPA programs, while PPRTVs are developed specifically for
the Superfund Program.
Because new information becomes available and scientific methods improve over time,
PPRTVs are reviewed on a five-year basis and updated into the active database. Once an IRIS
value for a specific chemical becomes available for Agency review, the analogous PPRTV for
that same chemical is retired. It should also be noted that some PPRTV manuscripts conclude
that a PPRTV cannot be derived based on inadequate data.
1

-------
11-30-2001
Disclaimers
Users of this document should first check to see if any IRIS values exist for the chemical
of concern before proceeding to use a PPRTV. If no IRIS value is available, staff in the regional
Superfund and RCRA program offices are advised to carefully review the information provided
in this document to ensure that the PPRTVs used are appropriate for the types of exposures and
circumstances at the Superfund site or RCRA facility in question. PPRTVs are periodically
updated; therefore, users should ensure that the values contained in the PPRTV are current at the
time of use.
It is important to remember that a provisional value alone tells very little about the
adverse effects of a chemical or the quality of evidence on which the value is based. Therefore,
users are strongly encouraged to read the entire PPRTV manuscript and understand the strengths
and limitations of the derived provisional values. PPRTVs are developed by the EPA Office of
Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health
Risk Technical Support Center for OSRTI. Other EPA programs or external parties who may
choose of their own initiative to use these PPRTVs are advised that Superfund resources will not
generally be used to respond to challenges of PPRTVs used in a context outside of the Superfund
Program.
Questions Regarding PPRTVs
Questions regarding the contents of the PPRTVs and their appropriate use (e.g., on
chemicals not covered, or whether chemicals have pending IRIS toxicity values) may be directed
to the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300), or OSRTI.
INTRODUCTION
A carcinogenicity assessment for benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F) is available on IRIS (U.S.
EPA, 2001). This assessment, verified 02/07/1990, was based on a Carcinogen Assessment of
Coke Oven Emissions (U.S. EPA, 1984a), a HEEP for Benzo[k]fluoranthene (U.S. EPA, 1987),
and a Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (U.S.
EPA, 1991a). B[k]F was assigned to weight-of-evidence Group B2, probable human carcinogen,
based on increased incidences of epidermoid carcinomas in a lung implantation study in rats
(Deutsch-Wenzel et al., 1983) and skin tumors in dermal application studies in mice (Amin et al.,
1985; LaVoie et al., 1982; Van Duuren et al., 1966). Supporting data from genotoxicity tests
included positive results for mutations in bacteria (Hermann et al., 1980; LaVoie et al., 1980). It
was noted that B[k]F is a component of mixtures that are known to produce cancer in humans,
although there are no human data that specifically link B[k]F with human cancers. However, due
to the lack of adequate oral data for B[k]F, an oral slope factor was not included on IRIS (U.S.
EPA, 2001).
2

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11-30-2001
U.S. EPA (1991a) explored the use of a relative potency factor approach to derive slope
factors for B[k]F and other PAHs from the existing slope factor for benzo[a]pyrene. However,
the CRAVE Work Group decided not to include relative potency information for PAHs on IRIS
because the methodology was not sufficiently developed, the underlying database had not been
sufficiently reviewed, and surrounding issues (e.g., route-to-route extrapolation) had not received
sufficient peer review (U.S. EPA, 1994a). The HEAST (U.S. EPA, 1997) reports the availability
of the weight-of-evidence assessment on IRIS, but contains no additional information. The
Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories list (U.S. EPA, 2000) includes the cancer group
B2 designation for B[k]F, but does not include additional cancer risk information. A Health
Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (U.S. EPA, 1984b) was located, but
no relevant documents specific to B[k]F were found in the CARA lists (U.S. EPA, 1991b,
1994b).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1973, 1983, 1987) evaluated
B[k]F for carcinogenicity and placed the chemical in Group 2B (possible human carcinogen),
finding that there is sufficient evidence that B[k]F is carcinogenic to experimental animals and
that the chemical was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of an exogenous
metabolic system. CalEPA derived an oral slope factor for B[k]F, but it is based on a relative
potency factor approach (CalEPA, 1999). ACGIH (2000) has not assessed the carcinogenicity of
B[k]F. The NTP (2001) Management Status Report, Patty's Toxicology (Warshawsky, 2001),
WHO (1997), the ATSDR (1995) Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
and a Multimedia Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (U.S. EPA, 1992) were
searched for relevant information. Literature searches of the following databases were conducted
from 1989 to April 2001 for relevant studies: TOXLINE, MEDLINE, TSCATS, GENETOX,
HSDB, CANCERLIT, CCRIS, EMIC/EMICBACK, DART/ETICBACK, and RTECS.
REVIEW OF THE PERTINENT LITERATURE
Human Studies
The most recent reviews (ATSDR, 1995; IARC, 1983, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1984b, 1987,
1991a, 1992; WHO, 1997) found no available human data regarding the carcinogenic potential of
B[k]F. The literature search identified no new studies regarding carcinogenicity of B[k]F in
humans.
Animal Studies
The most recent reviews (ATSDR, 1995; IARC, 1983, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1984b, 1987,
1991a, 1992; WHO, 1997) found no available animal oral data regarding the carcinogenic
potential of B[k]F. The literature search identified no new studies regarding carcinogenicity of
B[k]F in animals.
3

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11-30-2001
Other Studies
The literature search identified the following relevant data for carcinogenicity of B[k]F
not included on IRIS. No statistically significant increase in sister chromatid exchange or
micronucleus induction was observed in mice orally gavaged with B[k]F suspended in sunflower
oil (100 mg/kg), whereas the number of SCEs/metaphase (but not micronucleus induction) was
statistically significantly increased in animals given a single intraperitoneal injection of B[k]F
(100 mg/kg) (Bryant et al., 1993). B[k]F formed DNA adducts in vitro in rat hepatocytes
(Topinka et al., 1998). B[k]F suspended in corn oil, administered to male C57BL/6J mice as a
single oral gavage at 0.1, 1.0, 10 or 100 mg/kg, suppressed the antibody response to sheep
erythrocyte immunization in a dose-related manner; at the highest dose, suppression was
approximately 94% of control response (Silkworth et al., 1995).
FEASIBILITY OF DERIVING A PROVISIONAL ORAL SLOPE FACTOR FOR
BENZO [k] FLUORANTHENE
A provisional oral slope factor for B[k]F cannot be derived because human and animal
oral cancer data are lacking.
REFERENCES
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 2000. TLVs® and
BEIs®: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents, Biological
Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH.
Amin, S., N. Hussain, G. Balanikas, K. Huie and S.S. Hecht. 1985. Mutagenicity and tumor
initiating activity of methylated benzo[k]fluoranthenes. Cancer Lett. 26: 343-347.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1995. Toxicological Profile for
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
Bryant, M.F., P. Kwanyuen, G.L. Erexson and A.D. Kligerman. 1993. Analyses of cytogenetic
damage in mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes after either intraperitoneal or gavage exposure to
five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 21: 9. [Abstract]
CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program
Risk Assessment Guidelines. Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available
Cancer Potency Factors. April 1999. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Online, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/cancer guide/hsca2.html
4

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11-30-2001
Deutsch-Wenzel, R., H. Brune, G. Grimmer et al. 1983. Experimental studies in rat lungs on the
carcinogenicity and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
71: 539-544. (Cited in ATSDR, 1995)
Hermann, M., J.P. Durand, J.M. Charpentier et al. 1980. Correlations of mutagenic activity with
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of various mineral oils. In: Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons: Chemical Analysis and Biological Fate, M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, Ed. Battelle
Press, Columbus, OH. p. 899-916. (Cited in WHO, 1997)
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1973. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of the Chemical to Man. Certain Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds. Vol. 3, p. 69.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1983. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic
Compounds. Parti. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data. Vol.32,
p. 147.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Suppl. 7. p. 58.
LaVoie, E.J., L. Tulley, V. Bedenko and D. Hoffmann. 1980. Mutagenicity, tumor initiating
activity, and metabolism of tricyclic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Biological Effects, A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis, Ed.
Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. p. 1041-1057. (Cited in WHO, 1997)
LaVoie, E.J., S. Amin., S.S. Hecht et al. 1982. Tumor initiating activity of dihydrodiols of
benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene. Carcinogenesis. 3:
49-52. (Cited in WHO, 1997)
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2001. Management Status Report. Examined April 9,
2001. Online, http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/main pages/NTP ALL STDY PG.html
Silkworth, J.B., T. Lipinskas and C.R. Stoner. 1995. Immunosuppressive potential of several
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found at a superfund site: New model used to evaluate
additive interactions between benzo[a]pyrene and TCDD. Toxicology. 105: 375-386.
Topinka, J., L.R. Schwarz, F. Kiefer et al. 1998. DNA adduct formation in mammalian cell
cultures by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH in coke oven emission
extract. Mutat. Res. 419: 91-105.
5

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11-30-2001
U.S. EPA. 1984a. Carcinogen Assessment of Coke Oven Emissions. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1984b. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).
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