United States
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EPA/690/R-11/016F
Final
3-25-2011
Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for
2-Bromopyridine
(CASRN 109-04-6)
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268

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AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
CHEMICAL MANAGER:
Harlal Choudhury, DVM, PhD, DABT
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY:
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
This document was externally peer-reviewed under contract to:
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
110 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421-3136
Questions regarding the contents of this document may be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of
Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health
Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300).
l

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS	iii
BACKGROUND	1
HISTORY	1
DISCLAIMERS	1
QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVS	2
INTRODUCTION	2
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA (CANCER AND NONCANCER)	3
DERIVATION 01 PROVISIONAL VALUES	3
CANCER WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR	3
MODE-OF -ACTION DISCUSSION	3
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COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
BMC
benchmark concentration
BMD
benchmark dose
BMCL
benchmark concentration lower bound 95% confidence interval
BMDL
benchmark dose lower bound 95% confidence interval
HEC
human equivalent concentration
HED
human equivalent dose
IUR
inhalation unit risk
LOAEL
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
LOAELadj
LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration
LOAELhec
LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human
NOAEL
no-ob served-adverse-effect level
NOAELadj
NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration
NOAELrec
NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human
NOEL
no-ob served-effect level
OSF
oral slope factor
p-IUR
provisional inhalation unit risk
p-OSF
provisional oral slope factor
p-RfC
provisional reference concentration (inhalation)
p-RfD
provisional reference dose (oral)
POD
point of departure
RfC
reference concentration (inhalation)
RfD
reference dose (oral)
UF
uncertainty factor
UFa
animal-to-human uncertainty factor
UFC
composite uncertainty factor
UFd
incomplete-to-complete database uncertainty factor
UFh
interhuman uncertainty factor
UFl
LOAEL-to-NOAEL uncertainty factor
UFS
subchronic-to-chronic uncertainty factor
WOE
weight of evidence
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PROVISIONAL PEER-REVIEWED TOXICITY VALUES FOR
2-BROMOPYRIDINE (CASRN 109-04-6)
BACKGROUND
HISTORY
On December 5, 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of
Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) revised its hierarchy of human
health toxicity values for Superfund risk assessments, establishing the following three tiers as the
new hierarchy:
1)	EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
2)	Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs) used in EPA's Superfund
Program
3)	Other (peer-reviewed) toxicity values, including
~	Minimal Risk Levels produced by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR);
~	California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) values; and
~	EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Table (HEAST) values.
A PPRTV is defined as a toxicity value derived for use in the Superfund Program when
such a value is not available in EPA's IRIS. PPRTVs are developed according to a Standard
Operating Procedure (SOP) and are derived after a review of the relevant scientific literature
using the same methods, sources of data, and Agency guidance for value derivation generally
used by the EPA IRIS Program. All provisional toxicity values receive internal review by a
panel of six EPA scientists and external peer review by three independently selected scientific
experts. PPRTVs differ from IRIS values in that PPRTVs do not receive the multiprogram
consensus review provided for IRIS values. This is because IRIS values are generally intended
to be used in all EPA programs, while PPRTVs are developed specifically for the Superfund
Program.
Because new information becomes available and scientific methods improve over time,
PPRTVs are reviewed on a 5-year basis and updated into the active database. Once an IRIS
value for a specific chemical becomes available for Agency review, the analogous PPRTV for
that same chemical is retired. It should also be noted that some PPRTV documents conclude that
a PPRTV cannot be derived based on inadequate data.
DISCLAIMERS
Users of this document should first check to see if any IRIS values exist for the chemical
of concern before proceeding to use a PPRTV. If no IRIS value is available, staff in the regional
Superfund and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) program offices are advised to
carefully review the information provided in this document to ensure that the PPRTVs used are
appropriate for the types of exposures and circumstances at the Superfund site or RCRA facility
in question. PPRTVs are periodically updated; therefore, users should ensure that the values
contained in the PPRTV are current at the time of use.
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It is important to remember that a provisional value alone tells very little about the
adverse effects of a chemical or the quality of evidence on which the value is based. Therefore,
users are strongly encouraged to read the entire PPRTV document and understand the strengths
and limitations of the derived provisional values. PPRTVs are developed by the EPA Office of
Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health
Risk Technical Support Center for OSRTI. Other EPA programs or external parties who may
choose of their own initiative to use these PPRTVs are advised that Superfund resources will not
generally be used to respond to challenges of PPRTVs used in a context outside of the Superfund
Program.
QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVS
Questions regarding the contents of the PPRTVs and their appropriate use (e.g., on
chemicals not covered, or whether chemicals have pending IRIS toxicity values) may be directed
to the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300), or OSRTI.
INTRODUCTION
2-Bromopyridine is a colorless, oily liquid used as an intermediate in synthetic organic,
pharmaceutical, and agricultural chemical manufacturing. It is a key intermediate in the
manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical
products. It is also used as a starting material in the production of the antihistamine drug
pheniramine and the antiarrhythmic drug diisopyramide. No Reference Dose (RfD), Reference
Concentration (RfC), or cancer assessment for 2-bromopyridine is included on the IRIS database
(U.S. EPA, 201 lb) or on the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories List (U.S. EPA,
2006). No RfD or RfC values were reported in the HEAST (U.S. EPA, 201 la), and the CARA
list (U.S. EPA, 1994) does not contain any assessments for 2-bromopyridine. The toxicity of
2-bromopyridine has not been reviewed by ATSDR (2008) or the World Health Organization
(WHO, 2010). CalEPA (2008, 2009) has not derived toxicity values for exposure to
2-bromopyridine. No occupational exposure limits for 2-bromopyridine have been derived by
the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, 2010), the National
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 2005), or the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA, 2010).
2-Bromopyridine has not been evaluated under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk
Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2010)
has not reviewed the carcinogenic potential of 2-bromopyridine. 2-Bromopyridine is not
included in the 11th Report on Carcinogens (NTP, 2005). CalEPA (2002a,b) has not prepared a
quantitative estimate of carcinogenic potential for 2-bromopyridine.
Literature searches were conducted on sources published from 1900 through
February 8, 2011 for studies relevant to the derivation of provisional toxicity values for
2-bromopyridine, CAS No. 109-04-6. Searches were conducted using EPA's Health and
Environmental Research Online (HERO) evergreen database of scientific literature. HERO
searches the following databases: AGRICOLA; American Chemical Society; BioOne; Cochrane
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Library; DOE: Energy Information Administration, Information Bridge, and Energy Citations
Database; EBSCO: Academic Search Complete; GeoRef Preview; GPO: Government Printing
Office; Informaworld; IngentaConnect; J-STAGE: Japan Science & Technology; JSTOR:
Mathematics & Statistics and Life Sciences; NSCEP/NEPIS (EPA publications available through
the National Service Center for Environmental Publications [NSCEP] and National
Environmental Publications Internet Site [NEPIS] database); PubMed: MEDLINE and
CANCERLIT databases; SAGE; Science Direct; Scirus; Scitopia; SpringerLink; TOXNET
(Toxicology Data Network): ANEUPL, CCRIS, ChemlDplus, CIS, CRISP, DART, EMIC,
EPIDEM, ETICBACK, FEDRIP, GENE-TOX, HAPAB, HEEP, HMTC, HSDB, IRIS, ITER,
LactMed, Multi-Database Search, NIOSH, NTIS, PESTAB, PPBIB, RISKLINE, TRI; and
TSCATS; Virtual Health Library; Web of Science (searches Current Content database among
others); World Health Organization; and Worldwide Science. No relevant publications or
documents were located during the HERO search. Acute toxicity (LD50) values for
2-bromopyridine were located in a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for 2-bromopyridine and
are presented in Table 1 (Fisher Scientific, 2007). The following databases outside of HERO
were searched for risk assessment values: ACGIH, ATSDR, CalEPA, EPA IRIS, EPA HEAST,
EPA HEEP, EPA OW, EPA TSCATS/TSCATS2, NIOSH, NTP, and OSHA.
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA
(CANCER AND NONCANCER)
The literature search revealed no human or animal studies, acute, short term, or chronic,
that are useful for developing toxicity values for 2-bromopyridine.
DERIVATION OF PROVISIONAL VALUES
Limitations in the available data preclude development of both cancer and noncancer
toxicity values.
CANCER WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR
Limitations in the data preclude development of a WOE descriptor.
MODE-OF-ACTION DISCUSSION
Limitations in the data preclude determination of a mode-of-action discussion.
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REFERENCES
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ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (2008) Toxicological profile
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CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2002a) Hot spots unit risk and cancer
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CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2002b) Technical support document
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