A FPA "nvi—,sa, Protection ^\xSmartWay
LI »* Agency U.S. Environmental protection Agency''
2021 SmartWay
Truck Carrier
Partner Tool:
Truck "ool Technical
Documentation
U.S. Version 2.0.20 (Data Year 2020)
EPA-420-B-21-002 I January 2021 ! SmartWay Transport Partnership ! epa.gov/smartway
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PDA Environmental Protection ^^\XSmartWay
* mAgency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
2021 SmartWay
Truck Carrier Partner Tool:
Truck Tool Technical
Documentation
U.S. Version 2.0.20
(Data Year 2020)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-420-B-21-002
January 2021
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Table of Contents
1.0 OVERVIEW 7
2.0 DATA INPUTS AND SOURCES 8
2.1 CO2 Factors 8
2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors 10
2.3 Alternative Fuels 18
2.4 PM Control Effectiveness 20
3.0 EMISSION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION 21
3.1 CO2 Emissions 21
3.2 NOx, PM and BC Emissions 22
3.3 Activity Calculations 26
3.4 Data Validation 31
4.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS 65
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Appendices
Appendix A: MOVES2014b NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2020 Calendar Year A-1
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr B-1
Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors C-1
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology D-1
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List of Tables
Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type* 9
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon) 11
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles 12
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES201 Oa basis) 24
Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle Class/Body-Type/SmartWay Category
(2011 Partner Data) 28
Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery Fleets 30
Table 7. Basic Range and Logical Checks 31
Table 8. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages 34
Table 9. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges 36
Table 10. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis 37
Table 11. Outlier Definition 38
Table 12. Values Flagged as Outliers 38
Table 13. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria 43
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 48
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 49
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 50
Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 51
Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year 52
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 53
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 54
Table 21. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 55
Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 56
Table 23. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon 57
Table 24. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis) 58
Table 25. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles 59
Table 26. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges 62
Table 27. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons) 63
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode 13
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin 16
Figure 3. Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin 17
Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers 36
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 42
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 43
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Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation methods, and
assumptions used within the SmartWay Truck Tool, version 2.0.20. The SmartWay Truck Tool utilizes the most
up-to-date emission factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate emissions and
associated performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate actual pollutant
emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions performance over time. Shippers
can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report using these Tools to develop more advanced emissions
inventories associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based performance metrics
for carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and black carbon (BC)
including:1
V- Grams per mile
V- Grams per average payload ton-mile
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, loaded miles, and revenue
miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-type level, or
on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing detailed
segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-out
with low payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to similar fleets on a
simple gram per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out. Similarly,
fleets that operate in primarily urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have fundamentally
different emission rates and constraints than fleets operating at highway speeds. By collecting detailed
information on fleet operations (TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class (2b through 8b) and
body type (dry van, reefer, flatbeds, etc.), individual fleets can compare their performance to other, similar
fleets, which can help them to better manage their emissions performance.
1 At this time the Truck Tool does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles
traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.
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KM Data Inputs and Sources
The SmartWay Truck Tool user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity data needed for
emissions performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The Tool calculates emissions by
multiplying fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables within
the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. CO2 factors are expressed in
grams of CO2 per gallon of fuel.2-3 N0X, PM, and BC factors are expressed in grams of pollutant per mile
traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In general, CO2 factors are
independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet. N0X, PM and BC factors, however,
vary depending upon a number of parameters, including:
V- Truck class
^ Engine model year/emission certification standard
V- Vehicle speed
V- Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits, including diesel
oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel particulate filters ("PM traps" or
flow-through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and
idle emission factors, and control effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the effectiveness for BC.4
2.1 C02 FACTORS
EPA populated the SmartWay Truck Tool with CO2 factors that are based on fuel consumption. These factors
and their sources and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (ChU) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are not included in the current Truck Tool.
3 The Truck Tool also estimates emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions (CO2, NOx and PM) are determined based on
the kWhrs used for charging.
4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions, and differences between PM and BC control
effectiveness.
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Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type*
g/gal
Source5
Gasoline
8,887
(0
Diesel
10,180
00
Biodiesel (B100)
9,460
(iii)
Ethanol (E100)
5,764
(iv)
CNG
7,030
(v)
LNG
4,394
(vi)
LPG
5,790
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol, diesel/biodiesel) by
applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each blend component. The Tool then adds
the emissions from each blend component together to determine total CO2 emissions. Therefore, emission
factors for specific blend ratios are not needed for CO2.6
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE)
(on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG consumption is
expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the CNG fuel estimates to GGE.
For CNG:
^ Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ 1 DGE = 1.112 GGE7
¦ Note: 1 GGE = 125,000 BTU and 1 DGE = 139,000 BTU, so 1 DGE = 1.112 GGE (139,000/125,000).
V- Cubic Feet (cuft) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The
gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel
(indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr 2004/iulqtr/pdf/40cfr600.113-93.pdf. Accessed 11-29-20.
iii) Tables IV.A. 3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si public record report.cfm?l_ab=OTAQ&dirEntrvld =73882. Accessed 11-29-20.
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, September 15, 2009). Full source documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the
Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/subpartmmproductdefinitions.pdf. Accessed 11-29-20.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of Availability of Expert Peer Review Record
supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2 005-0161-0925.1 (Spreadsheet
"Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http: //www, afd c. energ v. go v/afd c/fue Is/p rope rt ies. htm I. Accessed 11-29-20), and 0.059 g/Btu (from CNG
calculation, source v).
vii) Table C-1 in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source documentation is available in Table
A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2007 available at https://www, epa.gov/ghgemissi0ns/inventorv-us-
green ho use-gas-em iss ions-and-sinks-1990-2007. Accessed 11-29-20.
6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based on national averages: 19 gallons of
gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum.
7 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwestenergvsolutions.net/cng-resources/energy-volume-weight. Accessed 11-29-20.
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¦ 123.57 cuft = 1 GGE8
For LNG, users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon equivalent
(GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG consumption is expressed in
GGE, DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the LNG fuel estimates to physical gallons.
For LNG:
V- Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ 1 DGE = 1.7 Gallons LNG9
^ Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ 1 GGE = 1.5 Gallons LNG10
V- Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon
¦ 3.49 lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons11
2.2 NOx, PM AND BC FACTORS
The SmartWay Truck Tool contains NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and BC12 emission factor outputs for on-road operation from
EPA's MOVES2014b model for diesel and E1013 for all heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national default
temperature and fuel conditions, for model years 1989 through 2021, for the 2020 calendar year (see Appendix
A for a full list of factors). The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban or highway),
and average speed range, as discussed below.
Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed separately by
model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES2014b does not currently provide short
duration idle factors in terms of grams per hour, so MOVES2014b was run using the Project Level scale with a
single link and with an average speed of zero. Runs were performed for typical winter and summer conditions,
taking the average of outputs from those runs to obtain g/hr factors.
MOVES2014b does provide emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul diesel trucks. These factors are
applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class 8b trucks within the Truck
Tool.14 Short-duration factors are applied across the board for the remaining truck class types.
8 Alternative Fuels Data Center. Gasoline and Diesel Gallon Equivalency Methodology, http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/fuels/equivalencv methodology, html.
Accessed 112-29-2020.
9 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwesteneravsolutions.net/cng-resources/enerav-volume-weiaht Accessed 11-29-2020.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Black carbon factors are assumed to equal the elemental carbon gram per mile factors output by the MOVES model.
13 All gasoline consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of E10. Pure gasoline (EO) emission factors are no longer used in the
Truck Tool. References to "gasoline" in the Tool and the associated documentation refer to E10.
14 NOx factors for long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at least for late model engines), since engine operation temperatures and
loads at idle are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission controls such as selective catalytic reduction and exhaust gas recirculation.
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Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to assumed engine
auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust15) emissions are assumed unchanged relative to
their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are assumed to have no idle emissions
of either kind.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Version 2.0.20 of the Truck Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with transportation
refrigeration (reefer) units. The MOVES2014b emissions model was used to develop emission rates for these
units for the 2020 calendar year, following these steps:
V- A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline and diesel fueled
equipment;
^ The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted from the output
files - 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);
V- Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were converted to grams per
year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an average day value, multiplying by the number
of days in each month, and summing over month. This resulted in annual grams of emissions (of NOx, PM10,
and PM2.5) and grams of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC), for each fuel
type;
V- BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values of 2,819 g/gal and
3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.
V- Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the annual grams of
emissions of NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 by the annual gallons of fuel consumed for gasoline and diesel.
Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM2.5 reefer emissions, applying
conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (0.349 for diesel
engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).16
Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Truck Tool.
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
NOx
PMio
PM2.5
BC
Diesel
49.928
1.477
1.433
0.500
Gasoline
17.642
0.996
0.916
0.112
15 While there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA has not performed emission testing to assess
this effect. Therefore, hybrid NOx and PM/BC exhaust emission rates are assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the current Truck Tool.
16 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines: Methods for Estimating Black Carbon
Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group, Inc. Final Report, May 2015.
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The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from MOVES2014b for
use in the Truck Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for E10 and diesel fuel types for all
MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy-duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The MOVES
source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school buses, refuse trucks and motor homes
represent only a small fraction of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
Source Type Name
31
Passenger Truck
32
Light Commercial Truck
43
School Bus
51
Refuse Truck
52
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
53
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
54
Motor Home
61
Combination Short-haul Truck
62
Combination Long-haul Truck
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types. These factors were
apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph, 25-50
mph, and 50+ mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted to a vehicle class
basis. In this way, the Truck Tool can select appropriate emission factors for use by:
^ weight class
V- model year
V- road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
V- speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of time a given
type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50
mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29, and
30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its vehicle specific
power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to each range
of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:
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Equation 1
AiEr + A2E2" + A3E3" + AiEi + AbEb
Where:
E~
A1-3
uncorrected17 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and emissions
contribution by speed bin
the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and Ab represent the
activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and Eb represent the
emissions associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source type and model
year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red line presents the fraction of
vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present average HC emissions
for each operating mode.
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
V
cn
0.0027
0.0026
0.0025
0-0024
0-0023
0.0022
CD 0.0021
^ 0.0020
0.0019
0.0018
(j) 0.0017
5- 0.0016
.9 0.0015
[Jj 0.0014
•— 0.0013
E 0.0012
L*-1 0.0011
50 mph
1 \
1 \
1 \
1 1
1 \
i \
1 \
/ 1
/ \
O \
o
o
400 L_
cu
Q_
o
_v
300
"_c
V
>
1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27
VSP Bin
PLOT2 hc_n
PIjOT 000 hcmean
29 30 33 35 37
U
CD
in
For our purposes, An from Equation 1 is obtained by retaining the "opmodefraction2" table from the
"MOVESExecution" database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution Generator (OMDG) during a
1 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
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MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source type, roadway type, average speed bin, and
pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are normalized using average speed distributions from the
"avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode fractions in each speed bin constitutes
An.
En" is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table. This table contains
emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide variety of sourcebinlDs. For this
analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebinlDs corresponding to the source type, fuel type, and
calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions obtained here
were then converted to a source type basis (from their current sourcebinIDbasis); this was done by retaining
the "sourcebindistribution" table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by the Source Bin
Distribution Generator (SBDG) during each MOVES run, and weighting the activity fractions for each source type
and model year combination in this table with the data from the "emissionratebyage" table described above.
Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is generated, by source type and model year, for each operating
mode (corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En" for each speed range represents the average
emissions of the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted average emissions can be
calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, Er , as follows in Equation 2:
Equation 2
, _ filial + ^12^12 + ^13^13 + ^14^14 + Rl5T15 + ^16^16
1 v16 R
Liii nn
Where:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is merely an
example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated an appropriate En" for
each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation 1 can be used, along with the appropriate
activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of itself, this emission factor has little
value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with the modeled emission factor for a particular
source type and model year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in Equation 3:
Equation 3
E
z = Tr
Where:
E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type and
model year
E" = The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated using
operating mode distributions and emission factors from the "emissionratebyage" table
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This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component, , as shown
in Equation 4:
Equation 4
En = ZEn
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission factor for a given
source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + AiEi + AbEb
In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This will allow the
Truck Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a user-provided
speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default operating mode percentages may also be used, as
calculated above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Truck Tool by weight class, fuel type, and
model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source type. Therefore a post-processing
Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based on internal
MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by pollutantID, byjoining the
"movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar year, source type, fuel type and model year. The
sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodelyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES "sizeweightfraction"
table byjoining on the sourcetypemodelyearlD. The "sizeweightfraction" table contains, for a given
combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightclasslD. Given
the weightclasslD, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range of vehicle weights is
determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle
classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, "M6VehType", which is
derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For each calendar year,
sourcetypemodelyearlD and pollutantID, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and
activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac, respectively.
Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by yearlD, pollutantID, fueltypelD,
and vehicle class (e.g., FIDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity independent of the MOVES source
type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at g/mi
emission factors presented in Appendix A.
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Modeling Gasoline Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel formulations on
a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults are
characterized by varying market shares of and E10and El5.18
In order to isolate Gasoline emission factors, the new Fuels Wizard included in MOVES2014b was used to alter
the ethanol percentage of fuels nationwide to zero.
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes were evaluated for four road types - urban arterial,
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were
generated for diesel long-haul combination trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using
national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc.). The results of the analysis are shown
for NOx and PM2.5 below.
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
1.8
16
1.4
1.2
I 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
¦ IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 507Q
¦ 2550
~ 0025
Urban Art
Urban Frny Rural Art
Road type
Rural Fn
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Figure 3. Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
I 0.01
o>
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
Urban Art
Urban Fmy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frwy
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural freeways are all
heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.19 In addition, actual emission levels are relatively
insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to have a significant
bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation for Truck Tool application
was to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types), and then
weight urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations in order to aggregate emission
lookup tables within the SmartWay Tool to reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types. In
addition, under this approach users can choose default speed distributions for these selections or specify the
percent of operation by major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the relative insensitivity to speed
for the "other" category, specifying speed distributions would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
V- Specify % Highway/Rural ("other") operation fraction
^ Specify % urban operation distribution by speed bin, or select "default speed distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see the Truck Tool
User Guides for details).
19 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected the 50+ mph category as the most
representative of their non-urban operations.
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2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES2014b for certain alternative fuels, including E85,
natural gas, and LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to
estimate NOx and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.
N0X and PM emission factors for biodiesel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive
Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed
regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to conventional
diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:
Equation 6
% change in emissions = {exp[a x (vol% biodiesel)] -1} x 100%
Where:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM and BC20
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the percentage of the
biofuel component,21 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel
emission factors in Appendix A. (See Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note
that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel
consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption data
inputs as well.)
MOVES2014b now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biodiesel, including options for modeling 5
and 20 percent biodiesel (B5 and B20). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are consistent with EPA's 2002
study findings, MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on 2007+ model year diesel trucks because the
literature does not show consistent or significant biodiesel effects on theses engines.22,23 Accordingly, the
Truck Tool only applies adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior to 2007.
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the SmartWay Truck Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates for E10 and E85
since, unlike biodiesel where the biofuel fraction can vary significantly, ethanol is generally blended with
gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM factors
for E10 were output directly from MOVES2014b. Given the lack of heavy-duty E85 test data, adjustment factors
for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels and
20 BC emission rates as a function of biodiesel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed identical to the PM relationship.
21 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing B100~equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level - see the Truck Tool User Guides for
details regarding biodiesel use inputs.
22 McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact of Biodiesel on Modern Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID: FT011. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, CO. May 9, 2011. http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/impact-biodiesel-modern-diesel-engine-emissions. Accessed 11-29-2020.
23 CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
in California Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation Study. Final Report Prepared for CARB. October 2011.
https://www.arb.ca.gov/fueIs/diesel/altdieseI/20111013 CARB%20Fina l%20Biod iese l%20Report.pdf. Accessed 11-29-2020.
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Advanced Vehicles Data Center.24 These estimates come from a technical paper published in the Journal of Air
& Waste Management.25 Relative to conventional gas vehicles, the authors of this paper estimate that vehicles
running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54% (based on 73 vehicle tests), and an average PM
reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These adjustment factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline
engine emission factors in Appendix A to develop emission factors for E85.
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the National
Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas vehicles.26 For this
assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition, it was also assumed LPG
vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions.27 To be conservative, the smallest emission
reduction estimates were selected from the natural gas vehicle field test data (86% for PM and 17% for NOx)
relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are applied to the diesel emission factors in
Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for these fuels.
Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older trucks (with
minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to recent vehicle
emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences by model year in the emission rates of gaseous
fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West Virginia University28 using Class 8 trucks found that a model year
2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel, 95% LNG) high-pressure direct injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and 48% less NOx
and PM, respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both vehicles
operated on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that a MY 2011
natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56% less NOx and PM compared
to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also on the UDDS.
Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in the WVU study,
resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies these new reduction values to
comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model year gaseous fuel trucks. For model years prior to
2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx and 86% for PM are retained.
Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation mix profiles
from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the ratio of elemental
carbon (EC) and PM2.5 emission factors from MOVES2014a for CNG transit buses, for calendar year 2018. The
ratio EC to PM2.5 varies by model year group (0.0925 for pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112 for 2002+ model
24 See http://www.afdc.enerqv.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions e85.html. Accessed 11-92-2020.
25 See http://www.afdc.enerqy.gov/afdc/pdfs/technical paper feb09.pdf. Accessed 11 -29-2020.
26 See http: //www, co natu ra Iqascoa I it io n. com/c lea n. html. Accessed 11-16-18.
27 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicles were actually slightly lower than for natural gas vehicles -
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions propane, html Accessed 11-29-2020. However, based on engineering judgment it was assumed that LPG
PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable CNG vehicles.
28 Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. In-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Retrofit Technology for Control of On-Road Heavy-
Duty Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air Quality Management District. September 2013. https://lazerinitiative.org/resources/in-use-emissions-testing-
and-demonstration-of-retrofit-technologv-for-control-of-on-road-heavv-dutv-engines-2/. Accessed 11-29-2020.
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years), so these different factors are applied for the different engine age groups as appropriate in order to
determine BC levels for these fuel types.
2.4 PM CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS
The Truck Tool applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A
diesel truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device. The
factors were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions; see
details):
V- Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
V- Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
^ Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
References from EPA's Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF effectiveness
estimates above (20 - 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs).29,30 Note that an independent estimate of CCV
effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify CCVs when packaged with DOCs.
The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission estimates. The Tool
also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a case, the
reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating emissions were 1.0
g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
However, the Truck Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.
At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal for PM and BC.
and B for any pre-2007
following adjustment
Section 3.2 below for
29 EPA 2010a, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information. See
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/420f10Q31.pdf. Accessed 11 -29-2020.
30 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/420f10029.pdf, Accessed 11 -29-2020.
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Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate activity data
(provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner level for CO2, NOx, PM, and
BC as described below.
3.1 C02 EMISSIONS
CO2 is calculated within the Truck Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon of fuel, (with
the exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general equation for
calculating CO2 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
Equation 8
Eco2 = ((F - B) xEFf) + (B X EFb))
Where:
Eco2 = grams CO2 per year
F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFf = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFb = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported kWhrs used
for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Truck Tool, with the reefer fuel type
assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. Flowever, reefer units associated with gaseous fuels (LPG,
CNG, and LNG) and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common type of reefer
engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported for gaseous fuels and electric trucks is included in the total
CO2 calculation using the diesel fuel factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocator
The Truck Carrier Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Fuel Used for Engine Power (including biofuel) by truck
class in order to estimate CO2 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. Flowever, if the
user does not have this information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the Truck Tool's Fuel
Allocator can be used to apportion fuel use across truck classes.
In the Fuel Allocator, the user enters total fuel consumption and truck class MPG estimates. The allocator then
calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class MPG. If the total fuel calculated
matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a "Match". Flowever, instead of writing the
exact calculated value seen in the Fuel Allocator to the Activity screen, the Tool adjusts the class fuel amounts
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(and therefore MPG) so the sum matches the Total Fuel entered exactly, and then writes these values on the
Activity screen. That means, the MPG entered into the Fuel Allocator, and the calculated fuel used seen on the
Fuel Allocator, are not necessarily equal to the MPG and the fuel used that is written to the Activity Screen.
If the user re-opens the Fuel Allocator at this point, the Allocator brings in the MPGs listed on the Activity
Screen, NOT the MPGs the user input into the calculator the first time (although it doesn't overwrite the saved
MPGs entered on the worksheet, if the user presses Cancel). For remaining calculations in the Tool, the values
shown on the Activity Screen are used. The Allocator values the user entered are saved for the XML file, but
aren't used for further calculations. Separately in the XML, the MPG and fuel totals that were put onto the
Activity Screen are also written.
3.2 NOx, PM AND BC EMISSIONS
Unlike CO2 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx, PM and BC emission rates also vary substantially
depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and
operation mode (running or idle). For this reason, EPA developed lookup tables in the Truck Tool with emission
factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx, PM and BC emission
rates expressed in grams per mile were combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total miles) in
order to estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation 9
Enox = I [(Mc x ((GPMh x HDC) + (GPMui x UDC1) + (GPMu2 x UDC2) + (GPMus x UDC3) + (GPMu4 x UDC4))) x Tcy/
Tct) + (GPHsdi xHsdi x Tcy) + (GPHldi xHldi x Tcy)]
Where:
Enox = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
X = summation across model years
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HDC = Highway drive cycle %(% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPM111/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 =0-25 mph; 2 =
25 - 50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1, 2, 3, 4))
Tcy = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
Tct = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPHsdi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration Idling31
Hsdi = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
GPHldi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling
31 The idle calculation for Class 8a and lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and long duration idling, and all idle hours are multiplied by the short
duration idle factor for these trucks. Hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idling emissions, while battery-electric trucks have no idling
emissions of any kind.
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Hldi = Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx, utilizing PM
emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown
below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)
Equation 10
Epm = I [(((Mc x ((GPMh x HDC) + (GPMui x UDCi) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMus x UDC3) + (GPMu4 x UDC4))) x Tcy /
Tct) + (GPHsdi xHsdi x Tcy) + (GPH ldi xHldi x Tcy)) x (1 - ((0.25 x Tdoc / Tct) + (0.05 x Tccv / Tct) + (0.9 x Tdpf /
Tct)))]
Where:
Epm
= grams PM per year for a given truck class
Tdoc
= Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Tccv
= Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
Tdpf
= Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.25
= Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
0.05
= Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
0.9
= Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle fractions apply
across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the method assumes that estimated idle hours apply
equally to all model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with different road
types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Truck Tool user must provide an estimate of
the percent of total miles associated with highway/rural driving for each truck class. The user may also provide
percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access, surface roads in well-
traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (0 - 25 / 25 - 50 / 50+ mph). This information may be
obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution data is not available, the
user may select to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The default speed distributions
for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle class and model year. However, the
variation over model years is very slight (typically with a range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest speed
category), the percentages were averaged over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle type
combination for use within the Truck Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each truck class, for
both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Truck Tool utilizes the diesel default speed distributions for
LPG, LNG, and CNG.
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Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
Operation (MOVES2010a basis)32
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
Diesels \
HDDV2b
0 - 25
35%
25 - 50
38%
50+
13%
Deceleration
15%
HDDV3
0 - 25
41%
25 - 50
36%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV4
0 - 25
42%
25 - 50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV5
0 - 25
42%
25 - 50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV6
0 - 25
42%
25 - 50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV7
0 - 25
42%
25 - 50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV8a
0 - 25
44%
25 - 50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
9%
HDDV8b
0 - 25
45%
25 - 50
34%
50+
12%
Deceleration
8%
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
| Gasoline
HDGV2b
0 - 25
43%
25 - 50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
HDGV3
0 - 25
45%
25 - 50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
11%
HDGV4
0 - 25
45%
25 - 50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
HDGV5
0 - 25
46%
25 - 50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
HDGV6
0 - 25
46%
25 - 50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
HDGV7
0 - 25
45%
25 - 50
32%
50+
10%
Deceleration
14%
HDGV8a
0 - 25
45%
25 - 50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
HDGV8b
0 - 25
43%
25 - 50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
Class totals may not sum to 100% due to rounding error.
32 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for Highway/Rural driving, the values in the above
table are automatically renormalized, so as to make the sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
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As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation is associated
with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other operation due to their unique emission rate
patterns.33 However, it is assumed that most Truck Tool users will not know their fleet's deceleration fraction.
As such, the Truck Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a deceleration fraction based on
MOVES model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed distributions, the Truck Tool will adjust
the urban values from Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles specified for Highway/Rural operation as
well. The following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a specific set
of road type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC emission calculations follow the same procedure.
User specifies 1 Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
40% highway/rural
30% 0-25 mph
20% 25-50 mph
10% 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM2.5
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):
0-25: 0.0272 g/mi
25-50: 0.0463 g/mi
50+: 0.0233 g/mi
deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must to account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 30% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default deceleration
fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% + 12%) = 27.3%
25-50: 20% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 18.2%
50+: 10% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 9.1%
deceleration: remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% -18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding emission
factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams
50+ urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams
Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM2.5 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle
class combinations and converted to short tons.)
33 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission factors associated with idle in MOVES outputs are
expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, in order to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed for use in the Truck Tool,
MOVES outputs associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories were renormalized to equal
100%.
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As discussed in Section 2.3, the Truck Tool assumes that B100-equivalent biodiesel volumes are distributed
proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of
biodiesel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that B10 (100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by
each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for B10 using Equation 6 and
applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Truck Tool are expressed in terms
of PM2.5. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PM10 / PM2.5 for a given fuel type, as summarized below:
^ Gasoline - 1.1304
% Diesel - 1.087
% CNG-1.1304
These factors are applied directly to the PM2.5 emission factors to obtain mass emission and performance
metrics for PM10 within the Truck Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and LPG have PM ratios equivalent
to the CNG value. The ratio for biodiesel was assumed to equal that for diesel.
3.3 ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS
The Truck Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption, miles traveled,
payload, road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance assessment
(see Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of these activity
parameters, the Truck Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload determination, in the
absence of fleet-specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use of defaults.)
The data sources and assumptions used to develop these default values are discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending upon commodity
type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and Package carriers, exact data entries were used from
the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to obtain payload distributions for the 2017 Tool.34 This data was categorized
by fuel type, truck class, body-type, and SmartWay Category. Body-type refers to the categories presented in
the Truck Tool payload calculator (e.g., Step Van, Beverage, Combination Flatbed, etc.). SmartWay Category is
based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload Dry Van, Dray, Mixed, etc.). 1,850 unique records were
identified using this categorization of the 2011 Partner data.
This data was then reviewed and four outliers were identified and removed from the data set.35 Next, the data
was grouped by truck class and body type and examined for notable differences in payload values across
SmartWay Categories. However, with the exception of certain Class 8 trucks, no truck class/body-type/ranking
category combination had greater than 20 observations. Therefore, it was concluded that there was not an
34 An evaluation of carrier payload data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool's default ranges rather than providing exact values.
Accordingly, the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool.
35 Three Class 2bs were removed due to high payloads (16, 13, and 5 tons). A Class 8b truck was removed due to incongruous text explanation ("none used").
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adequately large data set available for establishing category-specific payload distributions for Truck Classes 2b-
7. In these cases, payload data were aggregated across all SmartWay Categories for each truck class/body-type
combination.
The larger population of Class 8 trucks in the 2011 data set allowed for a differentiation of payload
distributions across SmartWay Categories. Considering both available sample size and average payloads, the
following unique truck class/body-type/SmartWay Category groupings were established.
V- Class 8a Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate LTL (9.9 tons average) and non-LTL (12.4 tons average)
categories. No differentiation across categories for other body-types.
V-- Class 8b Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate Heavy-bulk (24.1 tons), LTL/Moving/Package (15.0 tons),
Tanker (24 tons), and all other categories (18.5 tons).
^ Class 8b Specialty body-types: differentiate Auto Carriers (16.2 tons), Heavy/Mixed (30.3 tons), Flatbed
(21.6 tons), and all other categories (25.6 tons).
V- Class 8b Dry Van Double body-types: differentiate TL/Reefer/Mixed (27.7 tons) and all other categories
(19.4 tons)
V- Class 8b Other body-types: differentiate Heavy/Flatbed/Mixed (27.4 tons) and all other categories (21.5
tons).
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values
by truck class/body-type/and-or SmartWay Category.36 Note that the average values and standard deviations
presented below are not weighted by fleet size.
36 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.
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Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle
Class/Body-Type/SmartWay Category (2011 Partner Data)
Body Type by Class
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Class 2b
Flatbed
1.19
0.69
Step Van
1.14
0.48
Walk-In Van
1.05
0.48
Conventional Van
0.77
0.41
Other
0.58
0.49
Class 3
Step Van
1.65
0.53
Walk-In Van
1.64
0.57
Conventional Van
1.50
0.83
Other
1.08
0.90
Class 4
Flatbed
2.68
1.53
Step Van
2.24
1.19
Walk-In Van
1.70
0.80
Conventional Van
2.27
0.90
Other
1.16
0.76
Class 5
Walk-In Van
1.99
1.08
Conventional Van
3.39
0.99
Other
2.91
1.19
Class 6
Flatbed
4.67
1.71
Reefer
4.84
1.80
Walk-In Van
4.01
1.68
Single-Axle Van
3.78
1.19
Other
4.17
1.48
Class 7
Beverage
6.10
2.22
Flatbed
7.05
0.85
Reefer
6.03
1.27
Tanker
7.45
0.92
Single-Axle Van
5.53
1.83
Other - straight truck
8.30
4.63
Combination Flatbed
5.22
0.41
Combination Reefer
3.58
1.01
Dry Van - Single
5.44
2.57
Other - combo
5.90
1.15
Class 8a
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Body Type by Class
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Flatbed
10.04
5.88
Tanker
12.12
5.43
Single-Axle Van
8.09
3.80
Other - straight truck
9.76
4.08
Beverage
12.30
4.40
Combination Flatbed
12.51
1.41
Dry Van - Single (other than LTL)
12.42
4.66
Other - combo
12.68
4.56
Class 8b
Dry Van - Single (Heavy-Bulk)
24.1
2.98
Dry Van - Single (Tanker)
24.06
2.96
Dry Van - Single (other bins)
18.46
3.97
Dry Van - Double (Mixed-TL-Reefer)
27.74
13.33
Dry Van - Double (Other bins)
19.39
3.82
Dry Van - Triple
27.10
3.20
Combination Reefer
20.10
2.82
Combination Flatbed
22.50
4.23
Combination Tanker
24.90
2.89
Chassis
21.80
5.28
Specialty (Other bins)
25.62
2.72
Other (Other bins)
21.50
8.41
Specialty (Auto bin)*
18.20
5.29
Specialty (Heavy-bulk bin)*
29.20
7.15
Specialty (Moving bin)*
14.60
2.70
Specialty (Flatbed bin)
21.56
2.58
Other (Heavy-Flatbed-Mixed bins)
27.41
6.36
* Calculated using 2014 calendar year data, for new body type additions to the payload calculator.
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Truck Tool payload
calculator. For most vehicle class/body-type/SmartWay Category combinations,37 seven default ranges are
offered for Partner selection:
^ Range 1: from 0 tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
^ Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation);
V- Ranges 3-5: evenly split in three sections, from (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation) to (Average
payload + 1 x standard deviation);
37 In a few instances, the calculated lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases the lower bound value for Range 2 was set to zero and
the Payload Calculator indicates Range 1 as "N/A".
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Range 6: from (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation);
and,
V- Range 7: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 3 x standard deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the payload calculator determines the midpoint of the range in order to
estimate class level average payloads. The midpoint payload values for each body type are weighted by one of
the four allocation methods specified by the user in the payload calculator: # miles, # trips, % operation, and #
vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used as the class level average payload, which in turn is used
directly in determining grams per ton-mile performance metrics for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload calculator are validated using the
same data described above (see Section 3.4).
LTL and Package Fleet Payloads
For most payload validations in the Tool, ranges are calculated by class and by body type as described above.
LTL and package delivery payload validation ranges were updated using data from the 2015 tools, and are
calculated on a simple truck class basis, as there was not enough LTL and Package Delivery Partner information
to break payload out by body type. Therefore, each body type in a class is validated using the same range, as
shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery
Fleets
Truck
Class
Avg
Payload
# Obs
Standard
Dev
R1 Min
R2 Min
R3 Min
R4 Min
R5 Min
R6 Min
R7 Min
2B
0.93
86
0.172
>0
0.30
0.761
0.875
0.990
1.104
1.190
3
1.52
61
0.269
>0
1.10
1.250
1.430
1.609
1.789
1.924
4
2.04
33
0.379
>0
1.50
1.666
1.918
2.171
2.423
2.613
5
2.62
21
0.475
>0
1.60
2.146
2.462
2.779
3.095
3.333
6
3.45
102
0.561
>0
2.70
2.892
3.266
3.640
4.015
4.296
7
5.31
84
0.754
>0
4.00
4.560
5.063
5.566
6.069
6.446
8A
9.64
67
2.357
>0
6.50
7.287
8.859
10.431
12.002
13.181
8B
15.28
144
2.903
>0
10.70
12.381
14.316
16.252
18.187
19.639
The lower payload ranges (for "R1" and "R2") were set so as to identify less than 20% of the observed
LTL/package fleets during validation. The middle R3-R5 ranges extend from one standard deviation less than
the average payload to one standard deviation greater than the average. The upper payload values for "R6"
range from the payload average plus one standard deviation to the average plus 1.5 standard deviations. The
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range for "R7" extends above the "R6" maximum value. The maximum R7 range values are taken directly from
the original R7 maximum values described above by class and by body type.38
3.4 DATA VALIDATION
The SmartWay Truck Tool has a number of standard logical, range and value checks that must be passed before
Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm the presence of required data
(e.g., total miles for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g., revenue miles
less than or equal to total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners will not be able to
finalize their fleet files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also note that there is an implicit
validation check on all numeric fields because the system will not accept any non-numeric characters
(including minus signs) within these fields.
Table 7. Basic Range and Logical Checks
Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Fleet Description
User must include a Partner Name.
Fleet Description
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one
character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.
Fleet Description
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
Fleet Description
If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.
Fleet Description
User must select a Fleet Type.
Fleet Description
User must indicate operational control over at least 95% of the fleet. (If Partner does not
have at least 95% operational control, Truck Tool may not be used for the fleet.)
Fleet Description
The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
If a value for the Special Hauler body type is entered, a description must be provided.
Fleet Description
Warnings are issued for any of the following Operation Type/Body Type combinations.
NOTE: This validation will only be invoked if there is a single selection made for either
Operation or Body Type - otherwise combinations can't be determined with certainty.
LTL/Chassis; LTL/Moving; LTL/Heavy; LTL/Specialized; Dray/Flatbed; Dray/Moving;
Dray/Utility; Package/Flatbed; Package/Chassis; Package/Heavy; Package/Auto;
Package/Moving; Package/Utility; Package/Specialized.
General Information
User must designate the operations split between U.S. and Canadian operations.
General Information
User must select at least one fuel type.
General Information
User must indicate what percent of the company's total freight volume they broker-out.
If no freight volume is brokered-out, a zero can be entered.
Activity Information
All fields are required, so no field can be left blank. (If appropriate, a zero can be placed
in certain fields.)
38 For two body types under Class 7 trucks (Combination Flatbed and Combination Reefer), the original Range 7 max value is less than the new Range 6 max
value. (R7 max is 6.45 and 6.61 respectively, while the new R6 max value for all class 7 body types is 6.914). Therefore, for just these two body types within
Class 7, instead of using the original Range 7 max, we use the Range 7 max that would be calculated from the new table values. This is calculated as Avg + 2.5
x standard deviation, based on the table above (7.896 in this case). [Note it is Avg + 2.5 x standard deviation instead of Avg + 3 x standard deviation because of
the 1.5 sigma rule for Range 6. Therefore, the Range 7 max value is simply 1 standard deviation larger than the Range 6 max.]
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Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Activity Information
For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the value must
be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty Miles and idle
hours).
Activity Information
For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values, (warning)
Activity Information
For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.
Activity Information
Revenue Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for percent of total miles
for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.
Activity Information
Empty Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class
(based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Distance per truck that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck
class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
On the Biofuel Blend Worksheet, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the amount
entered for Total Fuel on the Activity Information screen.
Activity Information
For Idle Flours, the value cannot exceed 8,760 per year per truck.
Activity Information
For Idle Flours, values significantly outside the expected range for daily short duration
idle hours, daily long duration idle hours, and average number of days on the road must
be explained.
Activity Information
MPG must be greater than zero.
Activity Information
MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based on a
lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than 50% of the total fuel volume used
for reefer truck engine power.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel as a percent of fuel used for reefer truck engine power that is significantly
outside the expected range (based on lookup table) must be explained.
Model Year & Class
Total truck count for each fleet cannot be zero.
Model Year & Class
Total truck counts for each selected truck class (those with a check mark) cannot be
zero.
PM Reduction
The number of trucks using any particular PM reduction strategy cannot be greater than
the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
PM Reduction
The sum of the trucks using either DOC or Particulate Matter Traps cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
PM Reduction
If user indicates that the company uses PM reduction equipment, there must be at least
one truck included on the PM Reduction sub-tab.
Payload Calculator
User must provide a preferred allocation method for the information entered.
Payload Calculator
The sum of the total miles or total trucks entered in the calculator must equal the
number entered on the Activity Information screen.
Payload Calculator
The calculated average cannot be equal to zero.
Payload Calculator
For percentages, the total must equal 100%.
Payload Calculator
For each body type for which some information has been entered, all of the visible field
must be completed (including the explanation field if shown).
Payload Calculator
Zero is not a valid value for any payload (absolute minimum payload = 0.001 tons).
Payload Calculator
Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the truck class must be
explained.
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Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Payload Calculator
Ensure consistency between body-type selections in the Fleet Description section with
those from the Payload Calculator. For example, if 100% is specified for Dry Van under
Fleet Description, only Dry Vans (single, double, triple) may be selected within the
calculator. See Table 9.
Payload Calculator
If "# of Vehicles in this class" is selected, the number of body-types selected cannot
exceed the number of vehicles specified.
Data Sources
Data sources for Total Miles Driven, Gallons of Fuel Used, Average Payload, and Other
Data must be specified.
As noted in Table 7, a warning is issued if an inconsistency is identified between body-types specified within
the Fleet Description Section and those within the payload calculator. Warning conditions (associated with
100% body-type entries under Fleet Description) are presented in Table 8 below. Warnings are also issued if a
body type is specified in the Fleet Description section that does not appear in the payload calculator.
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Table 8. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages
Acceptable selections
Body Type (100%)
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
Dry Van
all
except
flatbed
all
all
except
flatbed
all
walk-in,
single
axle van
beverage,
single axle van,
dry van single
single axle van,
beverage, dry van
single
dry van (single,
double, triple)
Refrigerated
other
other
other
other
reefer,
other
reefer,
beverage,
combination
reefer, other
beverage, other
combination
reefer, dry van
double, dry van
triple
Flatbed
flatbed
other
flatbed
other
flatbed
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
combination
flatbed
Tanker
other
other
other
other
other
tanker
Tanker
combination
tanker
Chassis
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
chassis
Heavy-Bulk
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
heavy-bulk
Auto Carrier
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
auto carrier
Moving
all
except
flatbed
all
all
except
flatbed
all
all
except
reefer,
flatbed
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
moving, dry van
single, dry van
double, dry van
triple, other
Specialty Hauler
other
other
other
other
other
other
Other
Specialty, other
Utility
all
all
all
all
all
except
reefer
single axle van,
combination
flatbed, other
single axle van,
combination
flatbed, other
dry van single,
combination
flatbed, other
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Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall quality of the
performance metrics calculated by the Truck Tool. Validation checks serve three purposes to this end. First,
unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the user's attention before finalizing inputs. For
example, a user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units (e.g.
reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable
industry averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly correct such errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical conditions, resulting in
extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely exceed industry-
average payload values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to
provide additional information regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Truck Tool
comment fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to exceed certain
physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per year,
even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year and highway
speed limits. Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Truck Tool, and users
are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the Truck Tool validation ranges for all parameters but payload, which is discussed
above. Validation flags are of three types:
V- "Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably lower/higher than the
expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up such entries, but this is not mandatory.
^ "Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from the expected
value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is accurate. Once entered, the
value will change from "Red" to "Yellow" on the data entry screen.
^ "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in order to be accepted
by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
1,008 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2019 calendar year were evaluated to determine the
distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption. Four of these observations
were dropped from the analysis data set, having greater than 50% of their total fuel consumption attributed to
reefer fuel.39 As shown in Figure 4 below, the distribution for the remaining reefer fleets was highly skewed
toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption). For this reason, the Tool does not generate
Range 1 or Range 2 warnings at the low end of the distribution. Range 4 and Range 5 warnings were set to flag
upper end reefer fuel consumption percentages as shown in Table 9.
39 EPA suspects these reefer trucks are primarily used for storage rather than transportation. An additional validation rule has been adopted to flag such entries
as errors.
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Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers
120
Table 9. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges
Min
Max
% of Obs
Range 1
N/A
N/A
N/A
Range 2
N/A
N/A
N/A
Range 3
>0
19%
92.7%
Range 4
19%
26%
5.6%
Range 5
26%
50%
1.7%
The mean of the distribution shown in Figure 4 (11%) can be used as the default percentage reefer fuel
consumption if the partner lacks data for this parameter.
The percentages discussed above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity screen (engine
fuel plus reefer fuel) to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges and default values for a given fleet. If the
percentage designated as "Reefer" in the Body Types section of the Truck Tool is less than 100%, then the
validation ranges and default value are scaled downward by the reported percentage.
Data Processing
Except as noted, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional analysis performed on
the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data.40 Fleet level data was grouped by truck class and bin
category. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was aggregated to the next "higher" level until
at least 20 fleets were included. This process resulted in 29 groupings, as shown in Table 10. Note these
40 Miles per gallon distributions were updated based on 2019 partner data to reflect recent changes in fleet fuel efficiency.
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groupings are mutually exclusive - e.g. "Class 6_Mixed" (Group 6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the
exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8, 10, and 11).
Table 10. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
Name
# Fleets
1
2B_Expedited
35
2
2B Mixed
96
3
2B_Package
34
4
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
5
3_Mixed
85
6
4_Mixed
71
7
5 Mixed
59
8
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
9
6 Mixed
124
10
6_Packaqe
25
11
6_TL/Dry Van
51
12
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
13
7_Mixed
144
14
7_TL/Dry Van
44
15
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
16
8A_Mixed
106
17
8A_Refriqerated
21
18
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
19
8B_AutoCarrier
36
20
8B_Dray
109
21
8B_Expedited
26
22
8B_Flatbed
159
23
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
24
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
25
8B_Mixed
470
26
8B_Refrigerated
574
27
8B_Specialized
60
28
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
29
8B_Tanker
84
A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the following parameters.
^ Miles per vehicle
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V- Miles per gallon
^ Revenue Miles (as a percent of total miles)
V- Empty Miles (as a percent of total miles)
The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1) the data set for
2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.
^ Percent Biofuel
V- Percent Miles Traveled, Urban
V-- Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
V- Average Idle Hours per Year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each parameter/group combination,
based on the criteria presented in Table 11.
Table 11. Outlier Definition
Metric
Unreasonably Low
Unreasonably High
Miles per Vehicle
Mean - 3*Std dev
Mean + 3*std dev
MPG
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Percent Revenue Miles
<40
100
Percent Empty Miles
0
>60
Percent Biofuel
0
>20
Percent Urban Operation
0
100
Percent Highway Operation
0
100
Average Idle Hours
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data set in order to
develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized distributions. The dropped values are shown
below in Table 12.
Table 12. Values Flagged as Outliers
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Expedited
412,514
53,503
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,118,423
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
2,575,025
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,155,575
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Package
16,598,790
1,573,156
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Package
18,812,438
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_TL/Dry Van
9,561,432
297,320
gallons per year
3_Mixed
7,488,083
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,000,532
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
10,025,500
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,895,410
566,721
gallons per year
4_Mixed
32,131,244
1,287,415
gallons per year
4_Mixed
23,340,749
1,287,415
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,886,948
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
8,195,008
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,391,967
526,173
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
3,981,088
229,194
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
2,229,735
229,194
gallons per year
6_Mixed
971,878
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
434,514
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
655,144
64,977
gallons per year
6_Package
42,086,822
5,063,945
gallons per year
6_TL/Dry Van
4,063,283
202,354
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,027,074
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,991,399
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,241,644
251,393
gallons per year
7_Mixed
6,172,258
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,374,633
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
5,989,442
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,559,828
273,971
gallons per year
7_TL/Dry Van
4,950,320
262,592
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
36,116,464
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
53,625,048
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_Mixed
57,351,694
986,765
gallons per year
8A_Refrigerated
5,643,067
443,374
gallons per year
8A_TL/Dry Van
70,846,629
2,760,796
gallons per year
8B_AutoCarrier
25,533,283
3,748,093
gallons per year
8B_Dray
14,150,069
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
34,766,125
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
13,354,331
1,604,817
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_Expedited
1,424,076
218,990
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
36,752,966
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
34,640,701
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,704,415
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,023,256
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Heavy/Bulk
9,404,277
1,037,619
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
92,200,872
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
124,000,000
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
89,849,912
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
66,558,332
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
37,456,768
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
59,418,064
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
48,225,936
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
180,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
119,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
33,225,674
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
42,919,799
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
28,773,217
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
37,152,519
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
20,502,480
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
53,869,408
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
18,295,369
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
18,899,380
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
31,452,760
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
67,708,438
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Specialized
109,000,000
3,815,822
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
39,566,042
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
86,776,622
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
41,147,713
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
40,502,655
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
102,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
47,825,507
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
131,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
55,482,608
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
72,226,731
3,015,269
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
182,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
61,329,730
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
99,023,569
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_Tanker
63,833,642
2,691,859
annual miles/vehicle
2B_Mixed
116,299
28,854
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
85,788
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
81,697
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
4_Mixed
87,149
23,285
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
93,600
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
77,510
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
6_Mixed
343,740
34,199
annual miles/vehicle
6_Package
103,854
24,362
annual miles/vehicle
6_TL/Dry Van
116,000
36,656
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
135,356
35,442
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
117,865
35,442
annual miles/vehicle
7_TL/Dry Van
166,021
37,351
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
5,000
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
7,500
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_LTL/Dry Van
271,366
69,987
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
203,275
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
175,555
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
215,350
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
211,217
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
248,360
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
221,995
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
225,974
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
262,511
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refr
gerated
208,809
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Specialized
189,507
73,838
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
195,768
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
193,195
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
189,257
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
250,391
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
194,704
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
191,012
90,012
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
215,143
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Tanker
148,721
79,629
% Empty Miles
3_Mixed
90.19
13.39
% Empty Miles
8B_Specialized
99.38
30.34
% Empty Miles
2B_Mixed
0.02
82.54
% Empty Miles
8B_TL/Dry Van
35.17
87.37
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard deviation of the
distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each metric. Each fleet was treated
equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms
presenting the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are available electronically from
SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and Mixed), the data
for miles per vehicle and miles per gallon appear normally distributed. Examples for Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel
fleets are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
Miles Per Vehicle
Any Outlyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=28 TruckClass_BinCategory=8B_TL/DryVan Number in Group=912
Q)
_Q
£
Z3
. 11111111
¦ I I
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
Bin Value
/proj1/EPA_TruckToolVal/Update2016/val3.sas 14DEC16 12:41
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 42
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
N= 929
Avg = 6.36
stdev= 0.79
Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete levels. For example, %
Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and conversely, % Empty Miles were seldom greater
than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also displayed a discrete maximum value with no fleets using blends higher
than 20% biodiesel.41
Based on this assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each fleet group/metric combination as
shown in Table 13.
Table 13. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria
Low Yellow High Yellow High Red
Class Category Count Variable Low Red
2B_Expedited
35
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Package
34
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
3_Mixed
85
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5,000
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
4_Mixed
71
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
5_Mixed
59
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Mixed
124
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Package
25
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
41 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biodiesel blend > 20%, with no red warning.
Smart Way Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 43
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_Mixed
144
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5,000
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Mixed
106
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Dray
109
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
26
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Miles Per Vehicle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
2B
72
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
3
45
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
4
38
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
5
38
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
6
214
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
7
234
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8A
234
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
40
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
8B_Dray
107
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
18
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
166
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
76
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8 B_M i xed/Mov i n g
452
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
492
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
41
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 44
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8B_Tanker
80
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
10.0%
90.0%
95.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
3_Mixed
85
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
4_Mixed
71
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
5_Mixed
59
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Mixed
124
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Package
25
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_Mixed
144
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Dray
109
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Package
34
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
3_Mixed
85
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 45
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
5_Mixed
59
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Mixed
124
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Package
25
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1,5StD
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1,5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
50.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Package
34
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
3_Mixed
85
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Mixed
124
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Package
25
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high end, yellow flag
criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0 times the
standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these criteria result in
roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow for partner attention. For
several variables with a clearly skewed distribution yellow cutoffs were set to include approximately 15% of
observations, and red cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5% of observations. Selecting cutoffs at
these levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors without unduly burdening the large majority
of Truck Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text explanations.
Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max values. For
example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to 100% of total miles. In these
instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.
Tables 14-18 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination, given the
decision criteria presented in Table 13. Tables 19-22 present the number of observations that would be flagged
with yellow and red warnings for these combinations. The complete set of histograms associated with the
distributional analysis of the 2016 data is available upon request from SmartWay.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 47
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute
Max
2B-Expedited
>0
9,698
16,183
63,029
90,800
500,000
2B-Mixed
>0
2,046
7,741
53,432
71,391
500,000
2B-PD
>0
5,247
11,565
47,936
65,500
500,000
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
6,799
18,007
52,984
58,368
500,000
3-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
45,712
53,814
500,000
4-Mixed
>0
1,402
6,556
40,071
51,362
500,000
5-Mixed
>0
306
3,470
40,000
49,485
500,000
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
9,631
11,696
49,080
60,950
500,000
6-Mixed
>0
2,036
10,931
51,916
67,014
500,000
6-Moving
>0
3,000
8,000
68,107
79,506
500,000
6-PD
>0
5,921
9,073
65,000
72,065
500,000
6-TL/Dry van
>0
8,632
14,133
56,713
68,836
500,000
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
12,488
15,654
54,122
72,666
500,000
7-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
67,560
78,694
500,000
7-TL/Dry van
>0
2,326
10,312
57,249
79,650
500,000
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
10,558
15,625
68,215
88,352
500,000
8A-Mixed
>0
6,271
13,039
85,890
102,000
500,000
8A-Reefer
>0
15,505
26,162
70,000
79,308
500,000
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
10,069
13,877
97,567
128,406
500,000
8B-Auto
>0
43,112
51,769
103,710
112,367
500,000
8B-Dray
>0
6,985
18,413
86,984
98,413
500,000
8B-Expedited
>0
23,226
27,112
92,857
140,232
500,000
8B-Flatbed
>0
36,935
47,495
110,856
121,416
500,000
8B-Heavy
>0
44,171
48,663
101,118
108,168
500,000
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
13,983
27,504
108,634
122,156
500,000
8B-Mixed
>0
12,029
27,477
120,168
135,616
500,000
8B-Reefer
>0
36,939
52,743
147,566
163,370
500,000
8B-Special
>0
20,765
39,854
105,338
117,433
500,000
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
29,853
44,672
133,586
148,405
500,000
8B-Tanker
>0
36,503
47,076
110,517
121,090
500,000
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon42
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B
>0
5.38
7.58
20.75
22.95
37.5
3
>0
3.52
6.41
13.52
14.37
28.5
4
>0
6.45
7.10
12.22
13.20
24.4
5
>0
4.42
5.69
12.40
15.10
21.4
6
>0
5.41
6.21
10.98
11.77
16.8
7
>0
4.74
5.57
10.58
11.41
15.8
8A
>0
3.94
4.66
8.97
9.69
12.2
8B-Auto
>0
4.27
4.61
5.51
6.20
9.3
8B-Dray
>0
4.88
5.14
6.70
6.96
10.5
8B-Expedited
>0
5.76
5.82
7.14
7.20
10.2
8B-Flatbed
>0
4.38
4.75
6.97
7.34
10.8
8B-Heavy
>0
2.95
3.77
5.91
5.95
9.9
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.52
5.79
7.41
7.68
11.8
8B-Mixed/Moving
>0
4.78
5.18
7.55
7.94
11.8
8B-Reefer
>0
5.09
5.57
8.42
8.89
11.9
8B-Specialized
>0
3.04
3.75
6.21
6.66
10.1
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
5.02
5.39
7.61
7.98
12.4
8B-Tanker
>0
3.74
4.34
6.75
7.10
10.8
42 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52
for LNG vehicles - see "Non-Diesel MPG" section below for details.
Smart Way Technical Documentation | Section 3.0
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
53
61
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
66
72
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
59
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
61
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
55
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Movinq
N/A
55
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-PD
N/A
75
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
56
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
64
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
57
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
64
70
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
67
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
59
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
43
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
46
54
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
57
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
62
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
34
43
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
62
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
72
76
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
40
49
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
48
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 50
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2 B-Expedited
N/A
1
5
38
44
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
41
48
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
1
5
31
37
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
33
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
1
5
28
34
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
1
5
30
35
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
40
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
36
44
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
1
5
38
45
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
1
5
40
50
N/A
6-PD
N/A
1
5
15
31
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
35
47
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
32
35
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
44
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
33
39
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
1
5
30
36
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
1
5
36
47
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
1
5
35
41
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
31
36
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
5
15
40
49
N/A
8 B-Dray
N/A
5
7
40
50
N/A
8 B-Expedited
N/A
5
6
33
37
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
5
7
27
37
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
1
5
56
64
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
29
34
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
34
40
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
1
5
25
29
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
1
5
49
50
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
32
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
20
36
50
50
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 51
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year
Class Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Average Service Days/Year
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
96
171
320
—
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
142
200
315
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
157
213
325
--
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
135
193
309
--
Average Hours Long Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
—
1.00
1.73
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
—
1.00
24.00
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
—
1.00
4.11
6.10
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
—
1.00
2.53
4.18
Average Hours Short Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.87
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.42
1.99
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
0
2.36
3.60
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
--
0
2.63
4.15
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
6,001
1
3
40,870
3
1
95,938
2B_Mixed
96
720
4
9
27,933
9
4
76,590
2B_Package
34
4,144
1
3
30,012
3
1
70,685
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
505
2
3
31,821
3
2
59,203
3_Mixed
85
581
0
6
21,406
6
4
76,320
4_Mixed
71
117
3
6
22,373
6
3
53,172
5_Mixed
59
83
2
5
16,525
5
2
54,486
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
1,429
2
5
29,919
5
2
70,391
6_Mixed
124
53
6
11
31,682
11
6
79,858
6_Package
25
814
1
1
21,050
1
1
90,196
6_TL/Dry Van
51
3,179
2
4
35,069
4
2
93,498
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5,701
3
5
34,379
5
3
87,534
7_Mixed
144
100
0
10
34,158
7
6
106,615
7_TL/Dry Van
44
1,693
2
3
34,359
3
2
109,287
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
3,458
2
5
45,351
5
2
108,183
8A_Mixed
106
155
5
9
47,086
9
5
124,901
8A_Refrigerated
21
1,738
1
1
45,741
1
1
79,469
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
7,460
3
5
59,438
5
3
155,136
8B_AutoCarrier
36
47,525
0
2
77,740
1
1
120,671
8B_Dray
109
3,165
1
9
52,699
4
4
102,164
8B_Expedited
26
22,697
1
1
63,362
1
1
150,415
8B_Flatbed
159
15,680
3
5
79,175
8
2
130,597
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
40,305
1
1
73,132
1
1
116,004
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
14,096
0
5
68,069
3
3
146,016
8B_Mixed
470
3,658
7
20
73,822
22
11
151,353
8B_Refrigerated
574
9,171
20
20
100,155
22
10
203,947
8B_Specialized
60
4,568
2
5
71,877
5
2
178,303
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2,072
27
33
89,129
39
19
176,478
8B_Tanker
84
28,055
4
3
78,796
0
3
136,449
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 53
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
10.00
1
3
14.47
3
1
25.00
2B_Mixed
96
2.00
4
9
12.93
9
4
22.91
2B_Package
34
3.51
1
3
11.68
3
1
20.74
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.50
2
3
10.68
3
2
19.50
3_Mixed
85
1.07
2
3
9.82
6
1
18.99
4_Mixed
71
1.34
3
6
8.98
6
3
16.27
5_Mixed
59
0.96
3
1
7.77
2
1
14.25
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.68
2
5
8.01
5
2
11.17
6_Mixed
124
4.02
1
6
7.93
2
2
12.06
6_Package
25
0.91
1
1
7.39
1
1
11.37
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.76
1
0
7.86
0
0
10.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5.48
0
2
7.82
2
2
10.50
7_Mixed
144
3.69
4
4
7.55
3
4
11.25
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.60
2
3
7.76
3
2
9.76
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
4.25
1
0
6.31
1
1
8.13
8A_Mixed
106
3.38
3
3
6.57
5
3
8.97
8A_Refrigerated
21
5.19
1
2
6.38
2
1
8.34
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.84
1
1
6.43
0
1
8.69
8B_AutoCarrier
36
4.29
1
3
4.96
3
1
6.22
8B_Dray
109
3.35
5
2
5.83
3
0
7.00
8B_Expedited
26
4.79
1
1
6.04
1
1
6.80
8B_Flatbed
159
3.10
5
4
5.80
6
2
7.20
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
4.11
1
1
5.32
1
1
6.63
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.08
5
3
6.27
1
1
7.87
8B_Mixed
470
3.18
17
11
5.94
17
6
7.88
8B_Refrigerated
574
1.11
12
15
5.96
19
15
7.96
8B_Specialized
60
0.50
3
6
5.07
6
3
6.72
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.30
26
21
6.18
36
16
8.26
8B_Tanker
84
2.66
2
4
5.95
4
0
7.21
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 54
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^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table 21. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
54.2
0
3
80.9
0
0
100
2B_Mixed
96
50.0
3
9
83.4
0
0
100
2B_Package
34
60.1
3
1
88.6
0
0
100
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
63.3
1
2
89.7
0
0
100
3_Mixed
85
57.0
3
7
89.7
0
0
100
4_Mixed
71
65.0
3
9
90.4
0
0
100
5_Mixed
59
50.0
2
5
88.5
0
0
100
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
50.0
3
4
88.4
0
0
100
6_Mixed
124
47.0
8
2
84.4
0
0
100
6_Package
25
64.0
2
0
94.2
0
0
100
6_TL/Dry Van
51
45.2
3
1
87.3
0
0
100
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
65.0
0
10
89.2
0
0
100
7_Mixed
144
50.0
6
2
84.4
0
0
100
7_TL/Dry Van
44
41.1
2
2
89.5
0
0
100
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
55.0
5
2
90.5
0
0
100
8A_Mixed
106
46.1
5
4
82.3
0
0
100
8A_Refrigerated
21
60.0
0
2
85.0
0
0
100
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
49.1
3
3
91.3
0
0
100
8B_AutoCarrier
36
50.0
0
0
71.8
0
0
100
8B_Dray
109
49.5
0
7
79.2
0
0
100
8B_Expedited
26
56.2
1
2
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Flatbed
159
50.0
6
5
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
46.0
0
0
70.9
0
0
100
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
55.0
4
5
89.0
0
0
100
8B_Mixed
470
50.0
18
30
85.4
0
0
100
8B_Refrigerated
574
50.0
25
25
88.4
0
0
100
8B_Specialized
60
49.4
0
0
74.6
0
0
100
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
50.0
49
34
87.4
0
0
100
8B_Tanker
84
44.9
4
2
61.9
1
1
100
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Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
2.96
0
0
20.65
3
1
45.75
2B_Mixed
96
0.00
0
0
18.10
8
3
50.00
2B_Package
34
0.00
0
0
12.26
1
4
39.91
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
0.00
0
3
14.00
0
2
39.60
3_Mixed
85
0.00
0
0
12.47
7
4
42.23
4_Mixed
71
0.00
0
0
12.55
6
3
40.00
5_Mixed
59
0.00
0
0
16.01
5
2
50.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.00
0
0
14.99
3
2
50.00
6_Mixed
124
0.00
0
0
16.57
2
9
52.99
6_Package
25
0.00
0
0
6.27
1
1
35.98
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.00
0
0
17.42
4
2
54.76
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13.09
5
3
40.00
7_Mixed
144
0.00
0
0
17.54
13
7
50.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
0.00
0
0
15.42
4
1
45.00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
0.00
0
0
11.35
5
2
45.00
8A_Mixed
106
0.00
0
0
19.51
9
5
53.91
8A_Refrigerated
21
0.00
0
0
14.93
2
0
40.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13.44
3
2
50.94
8B_AutoCarrier
36
0.00
0
3
29.68
3
1
50.00
8B_Dray
109
0.00
3
10
25.36
10
5
50.45
8B_Expedited
26
5.00
1
1
18.12
1
1
43.83
8B_Flatbed
159
0.00
3
15
18.12
15
7
50.00
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
0.00
0
0
31.51
0
0
50.81
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
0.00
0
0
12.65
4
6
50.00
8B_Mixed
470
0.00
0
0
16.49
28
22
50.00
8B_Refrigerated
574
0.00
0
0
12.91
20
25
50.00
8B_Specialized
60
0.00
0
4
29.17
4
2
50.61
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
0.00
0
0
13.71
39
51
50.00
8B_Tanker
84
3.00
4
7
43.51
0
9
55.12
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Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for absolute errors
are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect units and typos. For this reason
we have defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate "safety" interval between the highest values observed
in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute errors and their associated
justifications are discussed below for each metric.
Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck highway speed
limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.43 Excluding engine down-time associated
with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be
-500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value of 228,151 miles per year
(for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is set as the absolute maximum for
all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset are presented in Table 23.
Table 23. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
2B
72
2.37
24.48
3
45
0.68
16.90
4
38
5.75
15.60
5
38
1.83
16.93
6
214
2.35
14.59
7
234
2.45
12.23
8A
234
0.84
10.98
8B_AutoCarrier
48
4.27
6.38
8B_Dray
107
3.95
7.33
8B_Expedited
18
5.76
7.30
8B_Flatbed
166
3.15
7.99
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
2.95
6.15
8B_LTL/Dry Van
75
5.10
7.69
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
1.42
8.40
8B_Refrigerated
492
4.85
10.46
8B_Specialized
41
3.00
7.17
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
2.10
8.76
8B_Tanker
80
1.49
7.36
43 While DOT regulations limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
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[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from other inputs
(total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute limits on MPG (as well as red and yellow
warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (<1.0 mpg) and for this reason the
absolute lower bound is set to 0.001 for miles per gallon. To establish absolute upper bounds for miles per
gallon estimates the results from the PERE modeling analysis previously developed for the 2010 Truck Tool
were used. Background on the PERE modeling exercise is provided in Appendix D.
Absolute maximum miles per gallon estimates were developed for conventional diesel trucks using the PERE
model, and are shown in Table 24 by truck class.
Table 24. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis)
Class
Maximum MPG
2b
25.0
3
23.3
4
20.2
5
18.7
6
18.0
7
14.5
8a
11.2
8b
11.2
Note that the maximum MPG estimates obtained from the PERE model are substantially higher than almost all
of the maximum value observed for diesel trucks in the 2018 Truck Tool data.
Non-Diesel MPG
The 2018 data submissions from SmartWay Truck partners did not include enough information on non-diesel
trucks in order to develop a robust distribution of mpg values specific to non-diesels for validation purposes.
Accordingly, engineeringjudgment was used to adjust the diesel mpg values for other fuel types, accounting
for general, relative vehicle and/or fuel efficiency differences. First, a ratio was developed for adjusting diesel
mpg values to comparable gasoline mpg values, based upon simulated modeling performed by Argonne National
Laboratory.44 The Argonne data for gas and diesel trucks was based on PSAT simulations of a typical pickup in
the Class 2b or Class 3 range. The fuel consumption was reported for the same truck equipped with
both gasoline and diesel engines over the various EPA emissions and fuel economy driving cycles. Using this
data, a combined fuel economy was calculated using the method from EPA's pre-2008 combined 2-cycle fuel
44 Delorme, A. et. a I., Impact of Advanced Technologies on Medium-Duty Trucks Fuel Efficiency, Argonne National Laboratory, 2010-01-1929.
https://www.autonomie. net/docs/6%20-%20Papers/Heavv%20dutv/impact of advancedtechnoloaies.pdf. Accessed 11 -29-2020.
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economy using the FTP and Highway cycles as given in 40 CFR Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic
average of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55% and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered model results
showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric
comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg values shown in Table
28 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG vehicle
fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for CNG
vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing the gasoline
values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for LNG),45
thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 25 presents the corresponding upper bound
MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 25. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
Gasoline/CNG
LPG
LNG
2b
19.9
18.5
16.4
3
18.5
17.3
15.3
4
16.0
15.0
13.3
5
14.9
13.9
12.3
6
14.3
13.3
11.8
7
11.5
10.7
9.5
8a
8.9
8.3
7.4
8b
8.9
8.3
7.4
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used in order to establish estimates of the fuel
economy benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of the modeling are presented
in Appendix D.
However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle. Specifically the
expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative fraction of highway versus urban
driving. Therefore the MPG ranges used for validation of hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the following
steps.
Step 1 - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the Highway/Urban split
45 See https: //afdc. energy, a ov/fuels/eq uiva lenc v methodo log v. htm I. Accessed 11-29-2020.
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Gallons/Mile - Urban
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
2B_Mixed
0.2641
0.1813
0.0942
0.0636
0.0576
3_Mixed
0.2340
0.1857
0.1147
0.0830
0.0760
4 Mixed
0.2090
0.1763
0.1213
0.0925
0.0861
5 Mixed
0.2599
0.2127
0.1392
0.1026
0.0943
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1951
0.1765
0.1390
0.1147
0.1080
6_Mixed
0.2200
0.1972
0.1467
0.1179
0.1111
6_Movinq
0.1906
0.1783
0.1514
0.1301
0.1242
6_Package_Diesel
0.1788
0.1628
0.1254
0.1029
0.0965
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2350
0.2056
0.1495
0.1175
0.1097
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1968
0.1806
0.1450
0.1211
0.1148
11
7 Mixed
0.2506
0.2169
0.1545
0.1200
0.1117
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2131
0.1915
0.1467
0.1202
0.1130
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2184
0.2104
0.1837
0.1653
0.1607
14
8A_Mixed
0.2747
0.2519
0.1950
0.1591
0.1492
15
8A_Refriqerated_Diesel
0.2502
0.2402
0.2036
0.1793
0.1716
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2477
0.2337
0.1966
0.1697
0.1630
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2980
0.2781
0.2407
0.2158
0.2052
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.2434
0.2338
0.2056
0.1835
0.1780
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2912
0.2727
0.2248
0.1942
0.1857
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.3768
0.3371
0.2562
0.2033
0.1912
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2383
0.2250
0.2025
0.1814
0.1761
22
8B_Mixed
0.2597
0.2493
0.2149
0.1889
0.1807
23
8B_Refriqerated_Diesel
0.2656
0.2500
0.2236
0.1992
0.1931
24
8B_Special ized_Diesel
0.3389
0.2995
0.2342
0.1894
0.1789
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2534
0.2436
0.2147
0.1891
0.1836
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.2596
0.2492
0.2149
0.1888
0.1806
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Gallons/Mile - Highway
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.1759
0.1208
0.0627
0.0424
0.0383
2
3_Mixed
0.1594
0.1265
0.0781
0.0565
0.0518
3
4 Mixed
0.1482
0.1250
0.0860
0.0656
0.0611
4
5 Mixed
0.1805
0.1477
0.0967
0.0713
0.0655
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1470
0.1330
0.1047
0.0864
0.0813
6
6_Mixed
0.1657
0.1486
0.1105
0.0889
0.0837
7
6_Movinq
0.1436
0.1343
0.1141
0.0980
0.0936
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1347
0.1226
0.0944
0.0775
0.0727
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1770
0.1549
0.1127
0.0885
0.0826
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1513
0.1389
0.1115
0.0931
0.0883
11
7 Mixed
0.1928
0.1668
0.1188
0.0923
0.0859
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1640
0.1473
0.1128
0.0924
0.0869
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1558
0.1501
0.1310
0.1179
0.1147
14
8A_Mixed
0.1960
0.1796
0.1391
0.1135
0.1065
15
8A_Refriqerated_Diesel
0.1785
0.1714
0.1452
0.1279
0.1224
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1767
0.1667
0.1402
0.1210
0.1163
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2126
0.1984
0.1717
0.1539
0.1464
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.1736
0.1668
0.1467
0.1309
0.1270
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2078
0.1945
0.1604
0.1385
0.1325
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.2688
0.2405
0.1828
0.1450
0.1364
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1700
0.1605
0.1445
0.1294
0.1256
22
8B_Mixed
0.1853
0.1779
0.1533
0.1347
0.1289
23
8B_Refriqerated_Diesel
0.1894
0.1783
0.1595
0.1421
0.1378
24
8B_Special ized_Diesel
0.2418
0.2137
0.1670
0.1351
0.1276
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1807
0.1738
0.1532
0.1349
0.1310
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.1852
0.1778
0.1533
0.1347
0.1288
Example:
Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway.
The Low Red Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
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Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example:
0.2112 gal/mi = 4.74 MPG
Step 3: Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation
Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources and engineering
judgment. The average value for Class 2b, Class 6, and Class 8b trucks was assumed to equal the mi/kWhr
value estimates for light commercial, single unit long-haul, and combination long-haul truck categories
respectively in the 2019 AFLEET model.46 Estimates for Class 3-5, 7 and 8a trucks were estimated from these
values, scaling by the relative values used in the prior version of the Truck Tool. Once average mi/kWhr
estimates were derived, "red" and "yellow" validation ranges were established based on simple multiplicative
factors applied to the averages - Low red from 0 to 0.5 x average; low yellow from 0.5 x average to 0.75 x
average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to 10 x average
(absolute max). The prior and updated mi/kWhr estimates are presented by truck class in Table 26.
Table 26. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges
Truck Class
Prior Avg
Updated Avg
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Max
2a
3.01
1.14
0.57
0.86
1.43
1.72
11.44
3
2.22
0.94
0.47
0.70
1.17
1.41
9.38
4
1.43
0.73
0.37
0.55
0.92
1.10
7.32
5
1.22
0.68
0.34
0.51
0.85
1.01
6.76
6
1.00
0.62
0.31
0.47
0.78
0.93
6.20
7
0.75
0.48
0.24
0.36
0.60
0.72
4.81
8a
0.50
0.34
0.17
0.26
0.43
0.51
3.41
8b
0.40
0.29
0.14
0.21
0.36
0.43
2.85
Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute upper (or lower)
bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
46 Argonne National Laboratory, Welcome to AFLEET. https://afleet-web.es.anl.gov/home/. Accessed 11-30-2020.
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Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to 0 in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or upper) bound was
set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Percent Biodiesel
While the maximum observed blend level for biodiesel was 20 percent, B100 use is possible. Therefore no
absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset (prior to cleaning) are presented in Table 27.47
Table 27. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons)
Group #
Name
Min
Mean
Max
1
2B_Mixed
0.1
1.0
1.948
2
3_Mixed
0.1
1.7
3.0
3
4_Mixed
0.5
2.4
4.0
4
5_Mixed
1.3
3.1
5.3
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.9
4.6
6.3
6
6_Mixed
0.9
4.5
6.5
7
6_Movinq
2.5
3.6
4.9
8
6_Packaqe_Diesel
2.0
4.2
6.0
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.9
4.1
6.9
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
1.8
6.0
8.7
11
7_Mixed
1.1
6.0
20.0
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
4.5
6.4
12.7
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6.0
10.6
15.0
14
8A_Mixed
1.9
11.3
24.0
15
8A_Refriqerated_Diesel
6.3
13.3
21.0
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
3.8
11.4
20.0
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
9.3
19.6
24.5
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
15.0
20.5
24.5
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
14.8
23.2
33.3
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
20.0
27.6
40.0
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7.8
18.2
27.9
47 As noted above, the 2016 dataset did not have an adequate number of exact payload estimates to allow for a robust distributional analysis. Accordingly, the
2011 payload analysis results are retained in the current Truck Tool.
48 Three extreme outliers for Class 2b trucks were dropped for the purposes of establishing maximum upper bounds: 16.0, 13.0 and 5.0 tons.
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Group #
Name
Min
Mean
Max
22
8B_Mixed
7.5
20.3
33.1
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
13.2
20.9
27.5
24
8B_Special ized_Diesel
7.3
24.4
37.0
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
6.5
18.9
50.0
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
17.5
24.6
34.6
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most common source of
data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being entered in pounds instead of short
tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to prevent using a reasonable
upper bound ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting metric or long tons instead of short
tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult, due to the small difference in units (roughly
10 percent difference). Finally, note that standard payload limitations can be waived by obtaining permits for
heavy loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation.49 Accordingly, the absolute upper bound payload levels
were set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table 26.
The absolute lower-bound payload value was set at 0.001 tons, to allow for light package and specialty
deliveries.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently ranging from 0
to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.
Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year
Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours less than or
equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since extended idling is defined
as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are issued for extended idle hour per day
entries less than an hour.
49 One Smart Way Truck Partner indicated unusually high payloads for their Class 2b truck fleet, but noted they only use their trucks in terminal operations.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 64
-------
^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Kill Performance Metrics
The Truck Tool allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using a number of different metrics, at
different levels of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:
^ Grams per mile
V- Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
The Internal Metrics report within the Truck Tool presents the results of 30 calculations (2 x 5 x 3 = 30), which
represent the following two calculations for each of the five pollutants (CO2, NOx, PM10 PM2.5 and BC) and for
each of three different mileage types (total, loaded, and revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent
fields in the user interface:
g/mile: £ E / M
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven
g/avg payload ton-mile: £ E / (M x AP)
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven,
AP = Average Payload
For each of the two calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of the metrics is
automatically aggregated across model years (for NOx and PM) for all reporting purposes. Additional
aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and at the company level, as specified by
the user.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 4.0 65
-------
^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Appendix A: MOVES2014b NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi)
2020 Calendar Year
Highway
Deceleration
DIESEL
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
10.714
0.25833
0.3879
1.323
0.01760
0.0310
17.791
0.32724
0.6700
21.918
0.36776
0.7197
11.523
0.31684
0.6096
12.136
0.28448
0.4378
1.456
0.01176
0.0245
21.009
0.39276
0.8163
27.018
0.41984
0.8642
12.997
0.32288
0.6666
20.386
0.54563
0.6886
1.355
0.01029
0.0187
24.308
0.53993
0.8616
35.567
0.96188
1.4270
24.914
0.63174
0.9563
12.852
0.27998
0.4183
1.469
0.01538
0.0302
20.488
0.37169
0.7935
26.139
0.37596
0.7790
13.497
0.31986
0.6611
17.011
0.43890
0.5858
1.407
0.01105
0.0217
22.780
0.47156
0.8411
31.635
0.71122
1.1654
19.411
0.48868
0.8221
20.566
0.54688
0.6885
1.360
0.01043
0.0191
24.270
0.53631
0.8629
35.584
0.94897
1.4101
24.920
0.62571
0.9515
25.100
0.69735
0.8339
1.273
0.00902
0.0134
26.704
0.64964
0.8954
42.396
1.39471
1.8745
34.277
0.87645
1.1851
26.627
0.75138
0.8863
1.232
0.00842
0.0112
27.681
0.69126
0.9075
44.900
1.57330
2.0569
37.858
0.97619
1.2775
10.714
0.25833
0.3879
1.323
0.01760
0.0310
17.791
0.32724
0.6700
21.918
0.36776
0.7197
11.523
0.31684
0.6096
12.136
0.28448
0.4378
1.456
0.01176
0.0245
21.009
0.39276
0.8163
27.018
0.41984
0.8642
12.997
0.32288
0.6666
20.386
0.54563
0.6886
1.355
0.01029
0.0187
24.308
0.53993
0.8616
35.567
0.96188
1.4270
24.914
0.63174
0.9563
12.852
0.27998
0.4183
1.469
0.01538
0.0302
20.488
0.37169
0.7935
26.139
0.37596
0.7790
13.497
0.31986
0.6611
17.011
0.43890
0.5858
1.407
0.01105
0.0217
22.780
0.47156
0.8411
31.635
0.71122
1.1654
19.411
0.48868
0.8221
20.566
0.54688
0.6885
1.360
0.01043
0.0191
24.270
0.53631
0.8629
35.584
0.94897
1.4101
24.920
0.62571
0.9515
25.100
0.69735
0.8339
1.273
0.00902
0.0134
26.704
0.64964
0.8954
42.396
1.39471
1.8745
34.277
0.87645
1.1851
26.627
0.75138
0.8863
1.232
0.00842
0.0112
27.681
0.69126
0.9075
44.900
1.57330
2.0569
37.858
0.97619
1.2775
HDV2b
9.5407
0.22922
0.3375
1.192
0.01791
0.0301
14.996
0.26763
0.5342
18.192
0.31541
0.5959
10.383
0.29040
0.5363
HDV3
11.943
0.28173
0.4324
1.391
0.01144
0.0234
20.416
0.38158
0.7842
26.086
0.41034
0.8389
12.776
0.31774
0.6504
HDV4
12.122
0.28785
0.4433
1.456
0.01172
0.0241
21.045
0.39498
0.8135
27.055
0.42622
0.8765
12.999
0.32784
0.6748
HDV5
13.203
0.28653
0.4328
1.461
0.01217
0.0260
21.255
0.38800
0.8261
27.545
0.38746
0.8156
13.896
0.31466
0.6662
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-1
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1992
HDV6
16.484
0.41965
0.5683
1.413
0.01111
0.0217
22.589
0.46442
0.8377
31.177
0.67194
1.1310
18.703
0.46923
0.8075
1992
HDV7
18.440
0.47105
0.6146
1.398
0.01103
0.0213
23.250
0.48846
0.8508
32.927
0.75703
1.2113
21.202
0.52068
0.8567
1992
HDV8a
24.713
0.68377
0.8204
1.289
0.00925
0.0142
26.433
0.63796
0.8940
41.759
1.34525
1.8234
33.338
0.84977
1.1615
1992
HDV8b
26.689
0.74795
0.8821
1.234
0.00849
0.0113
27.709
0.69238
0.9117
45.007
1.56032
2.0443
37.995
0.97234
1.2755
1993
HDV2b
11.020
0.26736
0.4041
1.396
0.01685
0.0303
18.615
0.34321
0.7033
22.980
0.38392
0.7598
11.755
0.32408
0.6328
1993
HDV3
11.862
0.28168
0.4325
1.435
0.01270
0.0255
20.468
0.38105
0.7890
26.037
0.41158
0.8409
12.663
0.32301
0.6598
1993
HDV4
13.586
0.33380
0.4866
1.441
0.01153
0.0236
21.522
0.41541
0.8205
28.257
0.50587
0.9548
14.769
0.37293
0.7156
1993
HDV5
12.472
0.28674
0.4385
1.457
0.01190
0.0250
21.077
0.39020
0.8178
27.161
0.40992
0.8487
13.284
0.32149
0.6691
1993
HDV6
15.805
0.39650
0.5446
1.423
0.01136
0.0229
22.257
0.44511
0.8333
30.250
0.61345
1.0617
17.541
0.43572
0.7752
1993
HDV7
16.892
0.43556
0.5829
1.412
0.01112
0.0219
22.656
0.46646
0.8382
31.492
0.69996
1.1535
19.174
0.48293
0.8186
1993
HDV8a
24.590
0.68444
0.8215
1.294
0.00927
0.0144
26.330
0.63473
0.8906
41.612
1.34922
1.8259
33.093
0.84886
1.1591
1993
HDV8b
26.720
0.75359
0.8880
1.235
0.00846
0.0113
27.718
0.69317
0.9099
45.055
1.57854
2.0616
38.056
0.98002
1.2814
1994
HDV2b
10.853
0.30937
0.4797
1.157
0.01534
0.0321
17.647
0.47979
1.0233
21.916
0.45284
0.9582
11.580
0.31711
0.6722
1994
HDV3
11.721
0.34889
0.5368
1.377
0.01891
0.0394
19.621
0.54574
1.1593
24.813
0.54475
1.1421
12.521
0.37323
0.7859
1994
HDV4
12.153
0.36142
0.5633
1.457
0.01960
0.0423
21.062
0.57053
1.2318
27.105
0.57024
1.2301
13.043
0.38934
0.8404
1994
HDV5
13.034
0.38636
0.5928
1.459
0.02023
0.0440
21.224
0.59455
1.2928
27.621
0.58421
1.2516
13.862
0.42349
0.9165
1994
HDV6
15.423
0.44818
0.6364
1.434
0.01920
0.0403
22.054
0.60972
1.2308
29.958
0.75584
1.4109
16.986
0.46859
0.9159
1994
HDV7
18.732
0.53506
0.7012
1.394
0.01778
0.0351
23.392
0.63784
1.1557
33.589
1.02553
1.6603
21.957
0.54778
0.9401
1994
HDV8a
25.156
0.70471
0.8323
1.286
0.01430
0.0219
26.630
0.71723
1.0144
42.614
1.68351
2.2730
34.386
0.75847
1.0440
1994
HDV8b
26.660
0.74479
0.8633
1.238
0.01306
0.0177
27.674
0.73521
0.9708
44.953
1.87727
2.4466
37.900
0.81761
1.0714
1995
HDV2b
10.199
0.31975
0.4801
1.318
0.02029
0.0385
16.377
0.52311
1.0606
19.879
0.50369
0.9979
10.986
0.36059
0.7157
1995
HDV3
12.278
0.36555
0.5666
1.448
0.01977
0.0423
20.880
0.57977
1.2463
26.951
0.57944
1.2344
13.206
0.39671
0.8488
1995
HDV4
13.102
0.38746
0.5835
1.442
0.01965
0.0416
21.173
0.58752
1.2337
27.581
0.63110
1.2819
14.194
0.41447
0.8580
1995
HDV5
14.568
0.42599
0.6220
1.442
0.01968
0.0420
21.789
0.61001
1.2673
29.057
0.69149
1.3532
15.810
0.45362
0.9216
1995
HDV6
16.088
0.46489
0.6473
1.422
0.01876
0.0387
22.388
0.61722
1.2091
30.802
0.82392
1.4744
18.100
0.48270
0.9078
1995
HDV7
18.203
0.52068
0.6905
1.400
0.01803
0.0359
23.191
0.63692
1.1736
33.063
0.98648
1.6259
21.198
0.53570
0.9357
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-2
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1995
HDV8a
25.050
0.70221
0.8296
1.292
0.01443
0.0224
26.549
0.71077
1.0115
42.440
1.68278
2.2676
34.120
0.75275
1.0377
1995
HDV8b
26.638
0.74432
0.8619
1.242
0.01309
0.0179
27.645
0.72834
0.9619
44.909
1.88656
2.4498
37.823
0.81395
1.0642
1996
HDV2b
10.424
0.33240
0.4996
1.325
0.02066
0.0397
17.190
0.53327
1.0867
20.686
0.52818
1.0550
11.125
0.37104
0.7418
1996
HDV3
12.353
0.36750
0.5663
1.458
0.01956
0.0418
21.081
0.56977
1.2192
27.064
0.58688
1.2426
13.313
0.39348
0.8379
1996
HDV4
14.489
0.42263
0.6109
1.440
0.01890
0.0396
21.964
0.59054
1.1956
29.085
0.71967
1.3714
15.990
0.43916
0.8659
1996
HDV5
15.792
0.45862
0.6470
1.435
0.01944
0.0408
22.178
0.61630
1.2452
29.825
0.76064
1.4141
17.268
0.48017
0.9405
1996
HDV6
17.281
0.49752
0.6708
1.419
0.01827
0.0370
22.889
0.61708
1.1692
31.808
0.91754
1.5557
19.718
0.50685
0.9129
1996
HDV7
19.843
0.56360
0.7225
1.385
0.01726
0.0331
23.950
0.64727
1.1288
34.805
1.12221
1.7501
23.832
0.57721
0.9522
1996
HDV8a
25.383
0.71150
0.8364
1.291
0.01415
0.0214
26.847
0.71304
0.9980
42.795
1.72599
2.3061
34.920
0.76388
1.0401
1996
HDV8b
26.821
0.74989
0.8670
1.243
0.01299
0.0174
27.869
0.73453
0.9632
45.038
1.90758
2.4718
38.330
0.82347
1.0722
1997
HDV2b
8.9760
0.29674
0.4414
1.198
0.01946
0.0361
14.332
0.49283
0.9813
16.732
0.46536
0.9033
9.5320
0.33926
0.6594
1997
HDV3
13.209
0.39125
0.5837
1.425
0.01960
0.0410
20.979
0.58828
1.2259
27.125
0.64252
1.2800
14.318
0.41777
0.8536
1997
HDV4
12.215
0.36372
0.5690
1.463
0.01988
0.0430
21.175
0.58746
1.2714
27.083
0.57250
1.2391
13.149
0.39772
0.8608
1997
HDV5
13.624
0.40215
0.6084
1.460
0.02034
0.0442
21.515
0.61022
1.3152
27.949
0.61377
1.2832
14.532
0.44038
0.9404
1997
HDV6
14.496
0.42302
0.6152
1.444
0.01932
0.0408
21.915
0.60438
1.2403
29.094
0.71558
1.3715
15.954
0.44622
0.8908
1997
HDV7
16.255
0.46936
0.6504
1.429
0.01878
0.0387
22.492
0.61668
1.2093
30.851
0.84366
1.4894
18.323
0.48541
0.9092
1997
HDV8a
24.346
0.68342
0.8129
1.313
0.01483
0.0242
26.254
0.68970
1.0127
41.070
1.61835
2.1972
32.547
0.71981
1.0105
1997
HDV8b
26.505
0.74055
0.8570
1.254
0.01315
0.0183
27.660
0.71554
0.9486
44.467
1.88663
2.4406
37.524
0.80347
1.0496
1998
HDV2b
7.1680
0.14777
0.2189
1.039
0.01827
0.0313
10.186
0.15179
0.2848
11.794
0.20084
0.3674
8.1994
0.22110
0.3952
1998
HDV3
11.359
0.19596
0.3211
1.688
0.01985
0.0406
18.173
0.22826
0.4692
22.926
0.32502
0.6676
13.778
0.27950
0.5737
1998
HDV4
11.490
0.19754
0.3243
1.720
0.01994
0.0410
18.434
0.23083
0.4753
23.386
0.33038
0.6802
13.998
0.28192
0.5807
1998
HDV5
11.883
0.19699
0.3227
1.722
0.02068
0.0430
18.507
0.22211
0.4607
23.505
0.31282
0.6485
14.331
0.28847
0.5995
1998
HDV6
11.751
0.20060
0.3266
1.721
0.02009
0.0414
18.475
0.23041
0.4729
23.571
0.33320
0.6800
14.295
0.28616
0.5874
1998
HDV7
13.669
0.23619
0.3570
1.698
0.01970
0.0400
19.057
0.25538
0.4899
25.028
0.40327
0.7511
16.706
0.31570
0.6115
1998
HDV8a
22.591
0.42374
0.5198
1.538
0.01444
0.0234
22.675
0.45126
0.6470
35.133
0.96121
1.3519
32.706
0.51254
0.7394
1998
HDV8b
24.783
0.47083
0.5614
1.456
0.01241
0.0173
24.029
0.51551
0.6978
38.288
1.14305
1.5426
38.048
0.58093
0.7873
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-3
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1999
HDV2b
5.2393
0.15885
0.2341
0.927
0.02223
0.0376
7.8235
0.16324
0.3048
8.7036
0.21455
0.3899
6.6671
0.25553
0.4531
1999
HDV3
7.0375
0.19028
0.3148
0.930
0.02098
0.0431
11.431
0.21782
0.4521
12.503
0.30081
0.6229
8.9385
0.28421
0.5882
1999
HDV4
7.1179
0.19157
0.3184
0.928
0.02083
0.0434
11.605
0.22035
0.4591
12.729
0.30579
0.6367
9.0655
0.28546
0.5953
1999
HDV5
7.2235
0.19411
0.3205
0.929
0.02079
0.0433
11.640
0.22187
0.4603
12.845
0.31178
0.6433
9.1917
0.28741
0.5966
1999
HDV6
7.5085
0.20078
0.3258
0.922
0.02098
0.0437
11.647
0.22316
0.4580
12.939
0.31780
0.6450
9.4666
0.29514
0.6081
1999
HDV7
8.4876
0.22458
0.3463
0.927
0.02044
0.0420
12.178
0.24202
0.4742
13.989
0.37406
0.7085
10.650
0.31242
0.6166
1999
HDV8a
16.770
0.43100
0.5263
0.942
0.01447
0.0234
18.321
0.45897
0.6520
24.889
0.98702
1.3761
23.923
0.52340
0.7502
1999
HDV8b
18.615
0.47894
0.5693
0.930
0.01223
0.0169
20.288
0.52529
0.7068
27.954
1.17212
1.5731
27.936
0.59007
0.7952
2000
HDV2b
5.6349
0.16036
0.2475
0.874
0.02016
0.0358
8.5350
0.17012
0.3310
9.2726
0.22168
0.4224
7.0131
0.24568
0.4579
2000
HDV3
7.0863
0.19098
0.3162
0.927
0.02077
0.0428
11.515
0.21929
0.4552
12.624
0.30401
0.6304
9.0048
0.28394
0.5883
2000
HDV4
7.2508
0.19465
0.3209
0.930
0.02075
0.0431
11.672
0.22277
0.4614
12.905
0.31387
0.6470
9.2265
0.2876
0.5955
2000
HDV5
7.3904
0.19792
0.3236
0.931
0.02070
0.0429
11.717
0.22473
0.4629
13.058
0.32158
0.6556
9.3951
0.29021
0.5972
2000
HDV6
7.4225
0.19859
0.3238
0.924
0.02095
0.0436
11.627
0.22225
0.4581
12.918
0.31528
0.6441
9.3818
0.29305
0.6049
2000
HDV7
9.4972
0.25027
0.3690
0.928
0.01987
0.0403
12.849
0.26474
0.4940
14.995
0.43183
0.7727
11.865
0.33134
0.6268
2000
HDV8a
16.023
0.41211
0.5099
0.933
0.01518
0.0256
17.687
0.43480
0.6324
23.564
0.91274
1.2953
22.365
0.49846
0.7334
2000
HDV8b
18.603
0.47908
0.5696
0.931
0.01229
0.0171
20.271
0.52493
0.7068
27.906
1.17092
1.5715
27.879
0.58955
0.7952
2001
HDV2b
4.3573
0.14868
0.2017
0.924
0.02343
0.0375
6.3407
0.14557
0.2520
7.4040
0.19424
0.3279
5.7547
0.25352
0.4194
2001
HDV3
7.0949
0.19224
0.3156
0.934
0.02105
0.0428
11.430
0.21914
0.4520
12.541
0.30558
0.6267
8.9921
0.28545
0.5857
2001
HDV4
7.1452
0.19220
0.3189
0.930
0.02075
0.0432
11.650
0.22146
0.4606
12.793
0.30840
0.6412
9.0994
0.28523
0.5937
2001
HDV5
7.2426
0.19458
0.3209
0.931
0.02071
0.0430
11.683
0.22289
0.4618
12.900
0.31402
0.6475
9.2158
0.28704
0.5949
2001
HDV6
8.4679
0.22489
0.3468
0.922
0.02058
0.0424
12.163
0.24113
0.4727
13.793
0.36641
0.6978
10.525
0.31234
0.6194
2001
HDV7
8.3064
0.22027
0.3427
0.925
0.02051
0.0422
12.115
0.23905
0.4719
13.770
0.36252
0.6962
10.406
0.30867
0.6143
2001
HDV8a
17.266
0.44383
0.5379
0.935
0.01390
0.0218
18.845
0.47583
0.6659
25.610
1.03155
1.4229
24.922
0.54010
0.7613
2001
HDV8b
18.553
0.47653
0.5668
0.927
0.01229
0.0170
20.218
0.52253
0.7039
27.870
1.16421
1.5645
27.844
0.58816
0.7934
2002
HDV2b
4.2422
0.14697
0.1984
0.905
0.02340
0.0375
6.1522
0.14273
0.2465
7.2059
0.18987
0.3187
5.6411
0.25473
0.4210
2002
HDV3
6.7539
0.18452
0.3054
0.903
0.02188
0.0444
10.750
0.20664
0.4289
11.735
0.27682
0.5711
8.5565
0.28715
0.5912
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-4
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2002
HDV4
6.9152
0.18671
0.3131
0.904
0.02173
0.0456
11.136
0.21176
0.4444
12.226
0.28513
0.5983
8.8299
0.29037
0.6094
2002
HDV5
6.9152
0.18671
0.3131
0.904
0.02173
0.0456
11.136
0.21176
0.4444
12.226
0.28513
0.5983
8.8299
0.29037
0.6094
2002
HDV6
7.1550
0.19206
0.3171
0.899
0.02193
0.0461
11.099
0.21081
0.4402
12.283
0.28758
0.5969
9.0470
0.29713
0.6215
2002
HDV7
9.1056
0.24068
0.3599
0.903
0.02087
0.0429
12.281
0.25096
0.4750
14.183
0.39419
0.7156
11.305
0.33105
0.6389
2002
HDV8a
16.243
0.41734
0.5139
0.927
0.01530
0.0257
17.710
0.43908
0.6328
23.854
0.92990
1.3077
22.850
0.50913
0.7443
2002
HDV8b
18.459
0.47309
0.5632
0.921
0.01246
0.0173
20.079
0.51797
0.6987
27.715
1.15157
1.5489
27.711
0.58638
0.7926
2003
HDV2b
3.2514
0.12592
0.1714
0.423
0.01962
0.0315
4.2244
0.12251
0.2129
5.7631
0.16228
0.2742
4.6060
0.21531
0.3574
2003
HDV3
5.2617
0.16744
0.2764
1.288
0.01935
0.0392
9.2785
0.18831
0.3900
9.4566
0.25443
0.5239
7.1968
0.25675
0.5276
2003
HDV4
5.4072
0.16989
0.2840
1.414
0.01937
0.0405
9.7150
0.19359
0.4051
9.8746
0.26329
0.5509
7.4626
0.26088
0.5459
2003
HDV5
5.4072
0.16989
0.2840
1.414
0.01937
0.0405
9.7150
0.19359
0.4051
9.8746
0.26329
0.5509
7.4626
0.26088
0.5459
2003
HDV6
5.5465
0.17497
0.2878
1.410
0.01955
0.0409
9.7633
0.19308
0.4016
9.9806
0.26641
0.5502
7.6112
0.26719
0.5567
2003
HDV7
6.2110
0.22496
0.3318
1.391
0.01849
0.0378
10.169
0.23443
0.4372
10.662
0.37662
0.6724
8.3183
0.30287
0.5762
2003
HDV8a
8.4157
0.38568
0.4723
1.305
0.01344
0.0222
11.887
0.40793
0.5822
13.945
0.87227
1.2180
11.692
0.46913
0.6777
2003
HDV8b
9.0490
0.4315
0.5129
1.243
0.01113
0.0154
12.599
0.47316
0.6364
15.059
1.05530
1.4160
12.942
0.53375
0.7191
2004
HDV2b
3.0413
0.12613
0.1719
0.411
0.01974
0.0318
4.1000
0.12270
0.2137
5.4045
0.16216
0.2743
4.2760
0.21648
0.3604
2004
HDV3
5.2595
0.16615
0.2752
1.285
0.01955
0.0398
9.2719
0.18618
0.3866
9.4235
0.24936
0.5149
7.1974
0.25777
0.5313
2004
HDV4
5.4200
0.16854
0.2825
1.411
0.01958
0.0410
9.7116
0.19123
0.4011
9.8736
0.25769
0.5405
7.4955
0.26187
0.5494
2004
HDV5
5.4200
0.16854
0.2825
1.411
0.01958
0.0410
9.7116
0.19123
0.4011
9.8736
0.25769
0.5405
7.4955
0.26187
0.5494
2004
HDV6
5.5480
0.17333
0.2862
1.407
0.01972
0.0414
9.7575
0.19107
0.3985
9.9725
0.26127
0.5414
7.6287
0.26751
0.5587
2004
HDV7
6.1505
0.21804
0.3255
1.390
0.01877
0.0385
10.123
0.22785
0.4301
10.586
0.35906
0.6500
8.2665
0.29917
0.5757
2004
HDV8a
8.3511
0.37641
0.4636
1.306
0.01382
0.0232
11.812
0.39614
0.5710
13.810
0.83875
1.1799
11.576
0.45979
0.6720
2004
HDV8b
9.0430
0.42626
0.5076
1.240
0.01130
0.0157
12.581
0.4666
0.6298
15.032
1.03626
1.3948
12.932
0.52895
0.7154
2005
HDV2b
2.7896
0.13001
0.1678
0.359
0.02151
0.0337
3.5573
0.12380
0.2052
5.2326
0.16754
0.2720
4.1083
0.23003
0.3686
2005
HDV3
5.1245
0.16718
0.2729
1.210
0.01957
0.0387
8.9725
0.18706
0.3836
9.1415
0.25324
0.5147
6.9543
0.25569
0.5169
2005
HDV4
5.3979
0.17090
0.2850
1.417
0.01919
0.0400
9.7176
0.19537
0.4080
9.8755
0.26757
0.5587
7.4386
0.25998
0.5429
2005
HDV5
5.3979
0.17090
0.2850
1.417
0.01919
0.0400
9.7176
0.19537
0.4080
9.8755
0.26757
0.5587
7.4386
0.25998
0.5429
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-5
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2005
HDV6
5.5287
0.17634
0.2892
1.413
0.01931
0.0403
9.7658
0.19604
0.4061
9.9844
0.27330
0.5617
7.5817
0.26608
0.5520
2005
HDV7
6.2753
0.23091
0.3372
1.391
0.01818
0.0369
10.221
0.24109
0.4442
10.750
0.39393
0.6944
8.3874
0.30628
0.5753
2005
HDV8a
8.4708
0.38800
0.4740
1.302
0.01326
0.0216
11.939
0.41174
0.5852
14.051
0.88331
1.2308
11.802
0.47294
0.6792
2005
HDV8b
9.0572
0.42998
0.5113
1.241
0.01115
0.0153
12.604
0.47152
0.6346
15.071
1.05057
1.4108
12.962
0.53280
0.7181
2006
HDV2b
2.9035
0.13908
0.1784
0.378
0.02328
0.0364
3.7248
0.13237
0.2184
5.5063
0.17986
0.2907
4.3076
0.24781
0.3956
2006
HDV3
5.1466
0.16771
0.2738
1.218
0.01998
0.0394
9.0094
0.18745
0.3845
9.2011
0.25353
0.5152
7.0047
0.25876
0.5228
2006
HDV4
5.4027
0.17039
0.2845
1.416
0.01928
0.0403
9.7164
0.19446
0.4065
9.8752
0.26536
0.5547
7.4511
0.26046
0.5445
2006
HDV5
5.4027
0.17039
0.2845
1.416
0.01928
0.0403
9.7164
0.19446
0.4065
9.8752
0.26536
0.5547
7.4511
0.26046
0.5445
2006
HDV6
5.5191
0.17573
0.2887
1.413
0.01935
0.0404
9.7618
0.19586
0.4058
9.9765
0.27237
0.5600
7.5775
0.26592
0.5519
2006
HDV7
6.2067
0.22603
0.3329
1.392
0.01832
0.0373
10.179
0.2371
0.4406
10.677
0.38286
0.6815
8.3154
0.30285
0.5735
2006
HDV8a
8.4054
0.38408
0.4707
1.306
0.01345
0.0222
11.877
0.40629
0.5808
13.931
0.86758
1.2134
11.675
0.46741
0.6760
2006
HDV8b
9.0439
0.43006
0.5115
1.242
0.01116
0.0154
12.592
0.47139
0.6347
15.047
1.05009
1.4105
12.931
0.53221
0.7178
2007
HDV2b
1.5916
0.00101
0.0105
0.624
0.00049
0.0051
2.4499
0.00126
0.0133
2.9291
0.00161
0.0170
2.1551
0.00165
0.0173
2007
HDV3
2.9589
0.00095
0.0106
0.589
0.00023
0.0025
5.1967
0.00154
0.0171
5.2818
0.00181
0.0201
4.0801
0.00146
0.0162
2007
HDV4
3.0714
0.00094
0.0105
0.585
0.00019
0.0020
5.4723
0.00157
0.0175
5.5923
0.00183
0.0204
4.3128
0.00143
0.0160
2007
HDV5
3.0714
0.00094
0.0105
0.585
0.00019
0.0020
5.4723
0.00157
0.0175
5.5923
0.00183
0.0204
4.3128
0.00143
0.0160
2007
HDV6
3.1485
0.00096
0.0107
0.587
0.00019
0.0020
5.4927
0.00157
0.0176
5.6588
0.00185
0.0207
4.3735
0.00145
0.0162
2007
HDV7
3.8691
0.00116
0.0129
0.537
0.00018
0.0020
6.1841
0.00177
0.0198
6.5767
0.00230
0.0257
5.1131
0.00158
0.0177
2007
HDV8a
5.7522
0.00166
0.0186
0.330
0.00016
0.0017
8.5217
0.00244
0.0272
10.050
0.00398
0.0445
7.8814
0.00208
0.0232
2007
HDV8b
6.2239
0.0018
0.0201
0.249
0.00014
0.0016
9.3303
0.00267
0.0298
11.071
0.00449
0.0502
8.7327
0.00224
0.0250
2008
HDV2b
1.4665
0.00102
0.0105
0.658
0.00052
0.0055
2.2325
0.00125
0.0133
2.8346
0.00159
0.0168
2.0511
0.00168
0.0178
2008
HDV3
2.7142
0.00091
0.0101
0.646
0.00026
0.0028
4.7187
0.00144
0.0160
4.7894
0.00162
0.0179
3.7181
0.00148
0.0164
2008
HDV4
2.8751
0.00090
0.0100
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.0905
0.00147
0.0164
5.1923
0.00162
0.0181
4.0308
0.00145
0.0162
2008
HDV5
2.8751
0.00090
0.0100
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.0905
0.00147
0.0164
5.1923
0.00162
0.0181
4.0308
0.00145
0.0162
2008
HDV6
2.9230
0.00091
0.0102
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.1111
0.00147
0.0165
5.2354
0.00164
0.0183
4.0707
0.00146
0.0163
2008
HDV7
3.2851
0.00101
0.0112
0.620
0.00019
0.0020
5.4500
0.00157
0.0175
5.6769
0.00185
0.0207
4.4245
0.00151
0.0169
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-6
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2008
HDV8a
5.1836
0.00151
0.0169
0.428
0.00017
0.0018
7.6210
0.00218
0.0244
8.7943
0.00336
0.0375
6.9050
0.00192
0.0215
2008
HDV8b
6.1025
0.00176
0.0196
0.274
0.00015
0.0016
9.1047
0.00260
0.0291
10.769
0.00433
0.0484
8.5125
0.00219
0.0245
2009
HDV2b
1.3740
0.00100
0.0100
0.516
0.00043
0.0043
2.0617
0.00115
0.0118
2.4637
0.00158
0.0162
1.8326
0.00157
0.0161
2009
HDV3
2.9584
0.00096
0.0106
0.557
0.00023
0.0024
5.1836
0.00154
0.0171
5.2331
0.00184
0.0204
4.0483
0.00145
0.0160
2009
HDV4
3.1234
0.00095
0.0107
0.569
0.00019
0.0020
5.5733
0.00159
0.0178
5.6981
0.00188
0.0210
4.3875
0.00143
0.0160
2009
HDV5
3.1234
0.00095
0.0107
0.569
0.00019
0.0020
5.5733
0.00159
0.0178
5.6981
0.00188
0.0210
4.3875
0.00143
0.0160
2009
HDV6
3.1996
0.00097
0.0109
0.576
0.00019
0.0020
5.5687
0.00159
0.0178
5.7418
0.00189
0.0212
4.4344
0.00145
0.0162
2009
HDV7
3.9294
0.00117
0.0131
0.524
0.00018
0.0020
6.2777
0.00179
0.0200
6.6810
0.00236
0.0263
5.1869
0.00159
0.0177
2009
HDV8a
5.8086
0.00168
0.0188
0.317
0.00016
0.0017
8.6281
0.00247
0.0276
10.181
0.00405
0.0453
7.9661
0.0021
0.0234
2009
HDV8b
6.2604
0.00181
0.0202
0.241
0.00014
0.0016
9.4032
0.00269
0.0301
11.155
0.00454
0.0508
8.7800
0.00225
0.0252
2010
HDV2b
0.5493
0.00091
0.0089
0.217
0.00036
0.0035
0.7408
0.00098
0.0099
0.9887
0.00143
0.0143
0.7515
0.00141
0.0141
2010
HDV3
0.8805
0.00088
0.0096
0.238
0.00021
0.0022
1.5481
0.00138
0.0153
1.5745
0.00165
0.0182
1.1835
0.00133
0.0146
2010
HDV4
0.9238
0.00087
0.0097
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.6735
0.00145
0.0162
1.6994
0.00169
0.0189
1.2665
0.00132
0.0147
2010
HDV5
0.9238
0.00087
0.0097
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.6735
0.00145
0.0162
1.6994
0.00169
0.0189
1.2665
0.00132
0.0147
2010
HDV6
0.9519
0.00088
0.0099
0.244
0.00017
0.0019
1.6835
0.00144
0.0161
1.7217
0.00169
0.0189
1.2978
0.00134
0.0149
2010
HDV7
1.0830
0.00106
0.0118
0.241
0.00017
0.0018
1.7673
0.00162
0.0181
1.8575
0.00209
0.0233
1.4389
0.00145
0.0162
2010
HDV8a
1.4869
0.00156
0.0175
0.228
0.00015
0.0016
2.0962
0.00228
0.0255
2.4653
0.00372
0.0416
2.0649
0.00195
0.0218
2010
HDV8b
1.5955
0.00170
0.0190
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.2224
0.00253
0.0283
2.6552
0.00426
0.0476
2.2795
0.00212
0.0237
2011
HDV2b
0.6105
0.00091
0.0092
0.276
0.00044
0.0045
0.8800
0.00108
0.0113
1.1777
0.00142
0.0148
0.8619
0.00147
0.0153
2011
HDV3
0.8855
0.00085
0.0094
0.248
0.00023
0.0024
1.5533
0.00135
0.0150
1.5953
0.00157
0.0173
1.2043
0.00134
0.0148
2011
HDV4
0.9219
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6583
0.00139
0.0156
1.6851
0.00159
0.0178
1.2707
0.00131
0.0147
2011
HDV5
0.9219
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6583
0.00139
0.0156
1.6851
0.00159
0.0178
1.2707
0.00131
0.0147
2011
HDV6
0.9431
0.00086
0.0096
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6680
0.00140
0.0156
1.7043
0.00161
0.0180
1.2938
0.00133
0.0148
2011
HDV7
1.0495
0.00100
0.0111
0.239
0.00017
0.0018
1.7356
0.00154
0.0172
1.8130
0.00192
0.0215
1.4063
0.00141
0.0158
2011
HDV8a
1.4555
0.00151
0.0169
0.228
0.00015
0.0016
2.0601
0.00219
0.0245
2.4029
0.00350
0.0392
2.0071
0.00189
0.0211
2011
HDV8b
1.5911
0.00168
0.0188
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.2157
0.00250
0.0279
2.6438
0.00419
0.0468
2.2702
0.00210
0.0234
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-7
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2012
HDV2b
0.6102
0.00086
0.0089
0.273
0.00042
0.0043
0.8958
0.00105
0.0112
1.1782
0.00137
0.0145
0.8637
0.00141
0.0149
2012
HDV3
0.8900
0.00085
0.0094
0.247
0.00022
0.0023
1.5701
0.00135
0.0151
1.6074
0.00156
0.0174
1.2130
0.00133
0.0147
2012
HDV4
0.9205
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6573
0.00139
0.0156
1.6830
0.00159
0.0178
1.2686
0.00131
0.0147
2012
HDV5
0.9205
0.00084
0.0094
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6573
0.00139
0.0156
1.6830
0.00159
0.0178
1.2686
0.00131
0.0147
2012
HDV6
0.9413
0.00086
0.0096
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.6673
0.00140
0.0157
1.7027
0.00162
0.0181
1.2911
0.00133
0.0148
2012
HDV7
1.0082
0.00095
0.0106
0.240
0.00017
0.0018
1.7097
0.00149
0.0166
1.7695
0.00181
0.0202
1.3605
0.00138
0.0154
2012
HDV8a
1.3978
0.00142
0.0159
0.231
0.00015
0.0017
2.0011
0.00207
0.0231
2.3124
0.00323
0.0361
1.9092
0.00180
0.0201
2012
HDV8b
1.5740
0.00164
0.0184
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.1957
0.00244
0.0273
2.6085
0.00405
0.0452
2.2338
0.00205
0.0229
2013
HDV2b
0.6002
0.00085
0.0087
0.271
0.00041
0.0043
0.8815
0.00103
0.0110
1.1658
0.00135
0.0143
0.8538
0.00139
0.0147
2013
HDV3
0.8259
0.00078
0.0086
0.230
0.00020
0.0022
1.4570
0.00125
0.0139
1.4963
0.00144
0.0160
1.1295
0.00123
0.0136
2013
HDV4
0.8494
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5282
0.00127
0.0142
1.5520
0.00145
0.0162
1.1714
0.00120
0.0134
2013
HDV5
0.8494
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5282
0.00127
0.0142
1.5520
0.00145
0.0162
1.1714
0.00120
0.0134
2013
HDV6
0.8662
0.00078
0.0088
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5356
0.00128
0.0143
1.5676
0.00147
0.0165
1.1895
0.00121
0.0136
2013
HDV7
0.9195
0.00085
0.0095
0.220
0.00016
0.0017
1.5676
0.00135
0.0151
1.6200
0.00163
0.0182
1.2449
0.00125
0.0140
2013
HDV8a
1.2467
0.00126
0.0140
0.210
0.00014
0.0015
1.7956
0.00183
0.0204
2.0692
0.00283
0.0317
1.7044
0.00160
0.0179
2013
HDV8b
1.4029
0.00145
0.0162
0.196
0.00012
0.0013
1.9587
0.00215
0.0241
2.3254
0.00357
0.0399
1.9904
0.00181
0.0203
2014
HDV2b
0.5890
0.00082
0.0086
0.267
0.00040
0.0042
0.8782
0.00102
0.0109
1.1526
0.00133
0.0141
0.8450
0.00136
0.0145
2014
HDV3
0.8224
0.00078
0.0086
0.229
0.00020
0.0021
1.4560
0.00124
0.0138
1.4932
0.00144
0.0159
1.1274
0.00122
0.0135
2014
HDV4
0.8454
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5234
0.00127
0.0142
1.5471
0.00145
0.0162
1.1677
0.00120
0.0134
2014
HDV5
0.8454
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5234
0.00127
0.0142
1.5471
0.00145
0.0162
1.1677
0.00120
0.0134
2014
HDV6
0.8610
0.00078
0.0087
0.221
0.00016
0.0017
1.5296
0.00128
0.0143
1.5614
0.00147
0.0164
1.1846
0.00121
0.0135
2014
HDV7
0.9068
0.00084
0.0094
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5572
0.00134
0.0150
1.6085
0.00161
0.0181
1.2354
0.00125
0.0139
2014
HDV8a
1.1982
0.00122
0.0136
0.206
0.00014
0.0015
1.7563
0.00179
0.0200
2.0227
0.00278
0.0310
1.6646
0.00157
0.0175
2014
HDV8b
1.3269
0.00139
0.0156
0.190
0.00012
0.0013
1.8929
0.00209
0.0234
2.2468
0.00347
0.0388
1.9226
0.00176
0.0197
2015
HDV2b
0.5915
0.00082
0.0086
0.266
0.00040
0.0042
0.8838
0.00102
0.0109
1.1550
0.00133
0.0141
0.8471
0.00136
0.0145
2015
HDV3
0.8235
0.00077
0.0086
0.228
0.00020
0.0021
1.4590
0.00124
0.0139
1.4956
0.00144
0.0160
1.1292
0.00122
0.0135
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-8
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2015
HDV4
0.8454
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5234
0.00127
0.0142
1.5471
0.00145
0.0162
1.1676
0.00120
0.0134
2015
HDV5
0.8454
0.00077
0.0086
0.222
0.00016
0.0017
1.5234
0.00127
0.0142
1.5471
0.00145
0.0162
1.1676
0.00120
0.0134
2015
HDV6
0.8608
0.00078
0.0087
0.221
0.00016
0.0017
1.5296
0.00128
0.0143
1.5613
0.00147
0.0165
1.1844
0.00121
0.0135
2015
HDV7
0.9068
0.00084
0.0094
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5573
0.00134
0.0150
1.6087
0.00162
0.0181
1.2355
0.00125
0.0139
2015
HDV8a
1.1983
0.00122
0.0136
0.206
0.00014
0.0015
1.7565
0.00179
0.0200
2.0227
0.00278
0.0310
1.6647
0.00157
0.0175
2015
HDV8b
1.3269
0.00139
0.0156
0.190
0.00012
0.0013
1.8929
0.00209
0.0234
2.2467
0.00347
0.0388
1.9226
0.00176
0.0197
2016
HDV2b
0.5788
0.00080
0.0084
0.262
0.00039
0.0041
0.8743
0.00100
0.0107
1.1399
0.00130
0.0139
0.8363
0.00133
0.0142
2016
HDV3
0.8116
0.00076
0.0085
0.225
0.00019
0.0021
1.4396
0.00123
0.0137
1.4753
0.00142
0.0157
1.1139
0.00120
0.0133
2016
HDV4
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5249
0.00143
0.0160
1.1509
0.00118
0.0132
2016
HDV5
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5249
0.00143
0.0160
1.1509
0.00118
0.0132
2016
HDV6
0.8480
0.00077
0.0086
0.218
0.00015
0.0017
1.5074
0.00126
0.0141
1.5386
0.00145
0.0162
1.1669
0.00119
0.0133
2016
HDV7
0.8938
0.00083
0.0093
0.216
0.00015
0.0017
1.5354
0.00132
0.0148
1.5859
0.00159
0.0178
1.2177
0.00123
0.0138
2016
HDV8a
1.1867
0.00121
0.0135
0.204
0.00014
0.0015
1.7385
0.00177
0.0198
2.0021
0.00275
0.0307
1.6473
0.00155
0.0174
2016
HDV8b
1.3179
0.00138
0.0155
0.188
0.00012
0.0013
1.8799
0.00208
0.0233
2.2311
0.00345
0.0385
1.9092
0.00175
0.0196
2017
HDV2b
0.5694
0.00080
0.0084
0.262
0.00039
0.0041
0.8743
0.00100
0.0108
1.1274
0.00130
0.0139
0.8194
0.00133
0.0142
2017
HDV3
0.8112
0.00076
0.0085
0.225
0.00019
0.0020
1.4410
0.00123
0.0137
1.4748
0.00142
0.0157
1.1127
0.00120
0.0133
2017
HDV4
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5248
0.00143
0.0160
1.1508
0.00118
0.0132
2017
HDV5
0.8331
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.5015
0.00125
0.0140
1.5248
0.00143
0.0160
1.1508
0.00118
0.0132
2017
HDV6
0.8478
0.00077
0.0086
0.218
0.00015
0.0017
1.5073
0.00126
0.0141
1.5385
0.00145
0.0162
1.1668
0.00119
0.0133
2017
HDV7
0.8934
0.00083
0.0093
0.216
0.00015
0.0017
1.5353
0.00132
0.0148
1.5855
0.00159
0.0178
1.2173
0.00123
0.0138
2017
HDV8a
1.1860
0.00121
0.0135
0.204
0.00014
0.0015
1.7379
0.00177
0.0198
2.0008
0.00275
0.0307
1.6461
0.00155
0.0174
2017
HDV8b
1.3177
0.00138
0.0155
0.188
0.00012
0.0013
1.8797
0.00208
0.0233
2.2306
0.00345
0.0385
1.9086
0.00175
0.0196
2018
HDV2b
0.2853
0.00048
0.0051
0.121
0.00024
0.0025
0.4414
0.00061
0.0066
0.5427
0.00078
0.0083
0.3986
0.00080
0.0085
2018
HDV3
0.4866
0.00048
0.0054
0.131
0.00012
0.0013
0.8681
0.00078
0.0087
0.8796
0.00090
0.0100
0.6627
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV4
0.5039
0.00048
0.0054
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.9115
0.00080
0.0090
0.9254
0.00091
0.0102
0.6953
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV5
0.5039
0.00048
0.0054
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.9115
0.00080
0.0090
0.9254
0.00091
0.0102
0.6953
0.00076
0.0085
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-9
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
DIESEL
Highway
Urban
:
Jeceleration
O 25 mph
25 50 mph
I
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2018
HDV6
0.5165
0.00049
0.0055
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.9184
0.00081
0.0090
0.9381
0.00093
0.0104
0.7088
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV7
0.5600
0.00054
0.0061
0.133
0.00010
0.0010
0.9514
0.00086
0.0096
0.9849
0.00104
0.0116
0.7556
0.00080
0.0089
2018
HDV8a
0.8288
0.00083
0.0093
0.136
0.00009
0.0010
1.1899
0.00122
0.0136
1.3793
0.00190
0.0212
1.1390
0.00106
0.0119
2018
HDV8b
0.9477
0.00097
0.0108
0.134
0.00008
0.0009
1.3471
0.00145
0.0163
1.6003
0.00241
0.0270
1.3705
0.00122
0.0137
2019
HDV2b
0.2616
0.00047
0.0050
0.109
0.00024
0.0025
0.4045
0.00061
0.0065
0.4915
0.00076
0.0082
0.3625
0.00078
0.0084
2019
HDV3
0.4722
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00012
0.0013
0.8428
0.00078
0.0087
0.8518
0.00090
0.0100
0.6414
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV4
0.4905
0.00048
0.0054
0.129
0.00010
0.0011
0.8881
0.00080
0.0090
0.9015
0.00091
0.0102
0.6764
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV5
0.4905
0.00048
0.0054
0.129
0.00010
0.0011
0.8881
0.00080
0.0090
0.9015
0.00091
0.0102
0.6764
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV6
0.5036
0.00049
0.0055
0.129
0.00010
0.0011
0.8956
0.00081
0.0090
0.9148
0.00093
0.0104
0.6904
0.00076
0.0085
2019
HDV7
0.5495
0.00054
0.0061
0.130
0.00010
0.0010
0.9310
0.00086
0.0096
0.9644
0.00104
0.0117
0.7398
0.00080
0.0089
2019
HDV8a
0.8270
0.00084
0.0093
0.135
0.00009
0.0010
1.1835
0.00122
0.0136
1.3738
0.00191
0.0213
1.1355
0.00106
0.0119
2019
HDV8b
0.9477
0.00097
0.0108
0.134
0.00008
0.0009
1.3466
0.00146
0.0163
1.6002
0.00241
0.0270
1.3707
0.00122
0.0137
2020
HDV2b
0.2381
0.00046
0.0049
0.096
0.00024
0.0025
0.3679
0.00060
0.0065
0.4404
0.00074
0.0079
0.3265
0.00077
0.0083
2020
HDV3
0.4579
0.00048
0.0054
0.121
0.00012
0.0013
0.8176
0.00078
0.0087
0.8240
0.00089
0.0100
0.6202
0.00076
0.0084
2020
HDV4
0.4772
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8646
0.00080
0.0090
0.8776
0.00091
0.0102
0.6575
0.00076
0.0085
2020
HDV5
0.4772
0.00048
0.0054
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8646
0.00080
0.0090
0.8776
0.00091
0.0102
0.6575
0.00076
0.0085
2020
HDV6
0.4907
0.00049
0.0055
0.126
0.00010
0.0011
0.8727
0.00081
0.0090
0.8915
0.00093
0.0104
0.6720
0.00076
0.0085
2020
HDV7
0.5389
0.00054
0.0061
0.127
0.00010
0.0010
0.9105
0.00086
0.0096
0.9439
0.00105
0.0117
0.7237
0.00080
0.0089
2020
HDV8a
0.8250
0.00084
0.0094
0.133
0.00009
0.0010
1.1769
0.00122
0.0137
1.3679
0.00191
0.0214
1.1315
0.00107
0.0119
2020
HDV8b
0.9476
0.00097
0.0108
0.133
0.00008
0.0009
1.3459
0.00146
0.0163
1.5999
0.00242
0.0270
1.3707
0.00123
0.0137
2021
HDV2b
0.2156
0.00044
0.0048
0.084
0.00023
0.0025
0.3328
0.00059
0.0064
0.3922
0.00071
0.0077
0.2927
0.00075
0.0081
2021
HDV3
0.4444
0.00048
0.0054
0.117
0.00012
0.0013
0.7938
0.00078
0.0087
0.7976
0.00089
0.0099
0.6002
0.00076
0.0084
2021
HDV4
0.4649
0.00048
0.0054
0.123
0.00010
0.0011
0.8430
0.00080
0.0090
0.8556
0.00091
0.0102
0.6401
0.00076
0.0085
2021
HDV5
0.4649
0.00048
0.0054
0.123
0.00010
0.0011
0.8430
0.00080
0.0090
0.8556
0.00091
0.0102
0.6401
0.00076
0.0085
2021
HDV6
0.4788
0.00049
0.0055
0.123
0.00010
0.0011
0.8515
0.00081
0.0090
0.8699
0.00093
0.0104
0.6549
0.00076
0.0085
2021
HDV7
0.5288
0.00055
0.0061
0.124
0.00010
0.0010
0.8914
0.00086
0.0096
0.9245
0.00105
0.0117
0.7085
0.00080
0.0089
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-10
-------
^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
DIESEL
Urban
Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2021
HDV8a
0.8224
0.00084
0.0094
0.132
0.00009
0.0010
1.1701
0.00123
0.0137
1.3614
0.00192
0.0215
1.1268
0.00107
0.0119
2021
HDV8b
0.9474
0.00097
0.0108
0.133
0.00008
0.0009
1.3451
0.00146
0.0163
1.5994
0.00242
0.0271
1.3704
0.00123
0.0137
2022
HDV2b
0.2156
0.00044
0.0048
0.084
0.00023
0.0025
0.3328
0.00059
0.0064
0.3922
0.00071
0.0077
0.2927
0.00075
0.0081
2022
HDV3
0.4444
0.00048
0.0054
0.117
0.00012
0.0013
0.7938
0.00078
0.0087
0.7976
0.00089
0.0099
0.6002
0.00076
0.0084
2022
HDV4
0.4649
0.00048
0.0054
0.123
0.00010
0.0011
0.8430
0.00080
0.0090
0.8556
0.00091
0.0102
0.6401
0.00076
0.0085
2022
HDV5
0.4649
0.00048
0.0054
0.123
0.00010
0.0011
0.8430
0.00080
0.0090
0.8556
0.00091
0.0102
0.6401
0.00076
0.0085
2022
HDV6
0.4788
0.00049
0.0055
0.123
0.00010
0.0011
0.8515
0.00081
0.0090
0.8699
0.00093
0.0104
0.6549
0.00076
0.0085
2022
HDV7
0.5288
0.00055
0.0061
0.124
0.00010
0.0010
0.8914
0.00086
0.0096
0.9245
0.00105
0.0117
0.7085
0.00080
0.0089
2022
HDV8a
0.8224
0.00084
0.0094
0.132
0.00009
0.0010
1.1701
0.00123
0.0137
1.3614
0.00192
0.0215
1.1268
0.00107
0.0119
2022
HDV8b
0.9474
0.00097
0.0108
0.133
0.00008
0.0009
1.3451
0.00146
0.0163
1.5994
0.00242
0.0271
1.3704
0.00123
0.0137
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-11
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
Pre 1991
HDV2b
4.8270
0.00832
0.0568
0.142
0.00057
0.0039
4.6848
0.01089
0.0743
8.0065
0.00462
0.0315
6.8087
0.00435
0.0296
Pre 1991
HDV3
5.7544
0.01474
0.1006
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4833
0.01623
0.1107
9.1494
0.00518
0.0353
7.3830
0.00441
0.0301
Pre 1991
HDV4
5.8345
0.01498
0.1022
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5035
0.01628
0.1111
9.2184
0.00548
0.0374
7.4501
0.00457
0.0312
Pre 1991
HDV5
5.6351
0.01445
0.0986
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5055
0.01633
0.1114
9.0934
0.00510
0.0348
7.2920
0.00428
0.0292
Pre 1991
HDV6
5.4553
0.01402
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5736
0.01661
0.1134
9.0219
0.00518
0.0353
7.1378
0.00412
0.0281
Pre 1991
HDV7
5.4553
0.01402
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5736
0.01661
0.1134
9.0219
0.00518
0.0353
7.1378
0.00412
0.0281
Pre 1991
HDV8a
5.7576
0.01502
0.1025
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.7632
0.01719
0.1173
9.4243
0.00727
0.0496
7.4636
0.00503
0.0343
Pre 1991
HDV8b
5.7576
0.01502
0.1025
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.7632
0.01719
0.1173
9.4243
0.00727
0.0496
7.4636
0.00503
0.0343
1991
HDV2b
4.8270
0.00832
0.0568
0.142
0.00057
0.0039
4.6848
0.01089
0.0743
8.0065
0.00462
0.0315
6.8087
0.00435
0.0296
1991
HDV3
5.7544
0.01474
0.1006
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4833
0.01623
0.1107
9.1494
0.00518
0.0353
7.3830
0.00441
0.0301
1991
HDV4
5.8345
0.01498
0.1022
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5035
0.01628
0.1111
9.2184
0.00548
0.0374
7.4501
0.00457
0.0312
1991
HDV5
5.6351
0.01445
0.0986
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5055
0.01633
0.1114
9.0934
0.00510
0.0348
7.2920
0.00428
0.0292
1991
HDV6
5.4553
0.01402
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5736
0.01661
0.1134
9.0219
0.00518
0.0353
7.1378
0.00412
0.0281
1991
HDV7
5.4553
0.01402
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5736
0.01661
0.1134
9.0219
0.00518
0.0353
7.1378
0.00412
0.0281
1991
HDV8a
5.7576
0.01502
0.1025
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.7632
0.01719
0.1173
9.4243
0.00727
0.0496
7.4636
0.00503
0.0343
1991
HDV8b
5.7576
0.01502
0.1025
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.7632
0.01719
0.1173
9.4243
0.00727
0.0496
7.4636
0.00503
0.0343
1992
HDV2b
4.8833
0.00863
0.0588
0.139
0.00056
0.0038
4.7966
0.01113
0.0760
8.0890
0.00459
0.0313
6.8590
0.00427
0.0292
1992
HDV3
5.8104
0.01491
0.1017
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4927
0.01625
0.1109
9.1931
0.00535
0.0365
7.4284
0.00451
0.0308
1992
HDV4
5.9418
0.01531
0.1045
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5332
0.01636
0.1116
9.3122
0.00591
0.0403
7.5391
0.00478
0.0326
1992
HDV5
5.6628
0.01451
0.0990
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4976
0.01630
0.1112
9.1051
0.00509
0.0347
7.3131
0.00431
0.0294
1992
HDV6
5.4568
0.01403
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5764
0.01662
0.1134
9.0269
0.00518
0.0353
7.1391
0.00412
0.0281
1992
HDV7
5.4568
0.01403
0.0957
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.5764
0.01662
0.1134
9.0269
0.00518
0.0353
7.1391
0.00412
0.0281
1992
HDV8a
6.0508
0.01599
0.1091
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.9617
0.01779
0.1214
9.8355
0.00939
0.0640
7.7946
0.00596
0.0407
1992
HDV8b
6.0508
0.01599
0.1091
0.136
0.00062
0.0042
6.9617
0.01779
0.1214
9.8355
0.00939
0.0640
7.7946
0.00596
0.0407
1993
HDV2b
4.9683
0.00971
0.0662
0.137
0.00057
0.0038
5.0797
0.01198
0.0817
8.1477
0.00454
0.0310
6.8961
0.00411
0.0281
1993
HDV3
5.6602
0.01455
0.0993
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4391
0.01613
0.1101
9.0258
0.00505
0.0344
7.3126
0.00428
0.0292
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-12
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1993
HDV4
5.7658
0.01480
0.1010
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4527
0.01614
0.1101
9.1150
0.00518
0.0353
7.3923
0.00441
0.0301
1993
HDV5
5.6624
0.01454
0.0992
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4351
0.01612
0.1100
9.0245
0.00500
0.0341
7.3127
0.00427
0.0291
1993
HDV6
5.3720
0.01392
0.0950
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4271
0.01623
0.1107
8.7611
0.00496
0.0338
7.0670
0.00394
0.0269
1993
HDV7
5.3720
0.01392
0.0950
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.4271
0.01623
0.1107
8.7611
0.00496
0.0338
7.0670
0.00394
0.0269
1993
HDV8a
5.4701
0.01424
0.0971
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4880
0.01641
0.1120
8.8915
0.00561
0.0383
7.1701
0.00423
0.0288
1993
HDV8b
5.4701
0.01424
0.0971
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.4880
0.01641
0.1120
8.8915
0.00561
0.0383
7.1701
0.00423
0.0288
1994
HDV2b
4.7143
0.01014
0.0692
0.111
0.00031
0.0021
4.5531
0.00227
0.0154
7.6386
0.00706
0.0482
6.7764
0.01790
0.1221
1994
HDV3
5.6210
0.01697
0.1158
0.135
0.00038
0.0025
6.4191
0.00322
0.0220
9.0144
0.01225
0.0836
7.2433
0.02731
0.1864
1994
HDV4
5.8554
0.01833
0.1251
0.135
0.00038
0.0025
6.4637
0.00324
0.0221
9.2050
0.01277
0.0871
7.4383
0.02869
0.1958
1994
HDV5
5.6819
0.01736
0.1184
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.3547
0.00313
0.0214
8.9901
0.01211
0.0826
7.2727
0.02759
0.1882
1994
HDV6
5.3630
0.01543
0.1053
0.135
0.00037
0.0025
6.4605
0.00332
0.0226
8.8640
0.01194
0.0815
7.0188
0.02565
0.1750
1994
HDV7
5.3630
0.01543
0.1053
0.135
0.00037
0.0025
6.4605
0.00332
0.0226
8.8640
0.01194
0.0815
7.0188
0.02565
0.1750
1994
HDV8a
9.2534
0.03741
0.2553
0.123
0.00033
0.0023
10.694
0.00737
0.0502
16.097
0.03383
0.2308
12.949
0.06555
0.4473
1994
HDV8b
9.2534
0.03741
0.2553
0.123
0.00033
0.0023
10.694
0.00737
0.0502
16.097
0.03383
0.2308
12.949
0.06555
0.4473
1995
HDV2b
4.7140
0.01011
0.0689
0.116
0.00034
0.0023
4.6047
0.00320
0.0218
7.6279
0.00443
0.0302
6.7365
0.00540
0.0369
1995
HDV3
5.5089
0.01634
0.1115
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.4041
0.00451
0.0308
8.9213
0.00410
0.0280
7.1474
0.00528
0.0360
1995
HDV4
5.6726
0.01682
0.1148
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.3954
0.00449
0.0306
9.0231
0.00438
0.0299
7.2787
0.00557
0.0380
1995
HDV5
5.5887
0.01654
0.1129
0.135
0.00039
0.0026
6.3765
0.00447
0.0305
8.9508
0.00403
0.0275
7.2075
0.00536
0.0366
1995
HDV6
5.3561
0.01593
0.1087
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.4483
0.00458
0.0312
8.8424
0.00412
0.0281
7.0129
0.00505
0.0345
1995
HDV7
5.3561
0.01593
0.1087
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.4483
0.00458
0.0312
8.8424
0.00412
0.0281
7.0129
0.00505
0.0345
1995
HDV8a
9.2534
0.03095
0.2112
0.123
0.00036
0.0024
10.694
0.00818
0.0558
16.097
0.04854
0.3313
12.949
0.02565
0.1750
1995
HDV8b
9.2534
0.03095
0.2112
0.123
0.00036
0.0024
10.694
0.00818
0.0558
16.097
0.04854
0.3313
12.949
0.02565
0.1750
1996
HDV2b
3.5270
0.00885
0.0604
0.099
0.00043
0.0029
3.4401
0.00255
0.0174
5.1974
0.00672
0.0459
5.0014
0.00291
0.0198
1996
HDV3
5.5901
0.0162
0.1105
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.3991
0.00366
0.0250
8.9769
0.00605
0.0413
7.2116
0.00276
0.0188
1996
HDV4
5.7167
0.01651
0.1127
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.3920
0.00367
0.0250
9.0492
0.00636
0.0434
7.3096
0.00287
0.0196
1996
HDV5
5.6673
0.01638
0.1118
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.3614
0.00365
0.0249
8.9886
0.00588
0.0401
7.2630
0.00279
0.0190
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-13
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1996
HDV6
5.3694
0.01565
0.1068
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.4717
0.00368
0.0251
8.8840
0.00604
0.0412
7.0242
0.00261
0.0178
1996
HDV7
5.3694
0.01565
0.1068
0.135
0.00046
0.0031
6.4717
0.00368
0.0251
8.8840
0.00604
0.0412
7.0242
0.00261
0.0178
1996
HDV8a
9.2534
0.02547
0.1738
0.123
0.00042
0.0028
10.694
0.00609
0.0416
16.097
0.06136
0.4187
12.949
0.01220
0.0832
1996
HDV8b
9.2534
0.02547
0.1738
0.123
0.00042
0.0028
10.694
0.00609
0.0416
16.097
0.06136
0.4187
12.949
0.01220
0.0832
1997
HDV2b
3.2924
0.00712
0.0486
0.106
0.00020
0.0013
3.0882
0.00181
0.0123
4.8652
0.00546
0.0372
4.5122
0.00731
0.0498
1997
HDV3
5.4964
0.01228
0.0837
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.4354
0.00247
0.0168
8.9478
0.00503
0.0343
7.1385
0.00848
0.0578
1997
HDV4
5.6981
0.01292
0.0882
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.3805
0.00245
0.0167
9.0266
0.00497
0.0339
7.2919
0.00893
0.0609
1997
HDV5
5.6009
0.01259
0.0859
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.3840
0.00245
0.0167
8.9697
0.00482
0.0328
7.2165
0.0087
0.0593
1997
HDV6
5.3709
0.01187
0.0810
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.4743
0.00248
0.0169
8.8886
0.00507
0.0345
7.0254
0.00814
0.0555
1997
HDV7
5.3709
0.01187
0.0810
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.4743
0.00248
0.0169
8.8886
0.00507
0.0345
7.0254
0.00814
0.0555
1997
HDV8a
9.2535
0.02655
0.1811
0.123
0.00019
0.0013
10.694
0.00520
0.0355
16.097
0.04479
0.3057
12.949
0.02848
0.1943
1997
HDV8b
9.2535
0.02655
0.1811
0.123
0.00019
0.0013
10.694
0.00520
0.0355
16.097
0.04479
0.3057
12.949
0.02848
0.1943
1998
HDV2b
2.4447
0.00589
0.0402
0.117
0.00025
0.0017
1.7766
0.00196
0.0133
3.6797
0.00496
0.0338
3.9945
0.00535
0.0365
1998
HDV3
4.1691
0.01517
0.1035
0.258
0.00030
0.0020
4.0058
0.00380
0.0259
6.1410
0.00830
0.0566
6.4996
0.01155
0.0788
1998
HDV4
4.4189
0.01662
0.1134
0.255
0.00030
0.0020
4.1254
0.00408
0.0278
6.5632
0.01121
0.0765
6.7277
0.01266
0.0864
1998
HDV5
3.8504
0.01345
0.0918
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.7760
0.00335
0.0228
5.5121
0.00381
0.0260
6.2082
0.01011
0.0690
1998
HDV6
3.8161
0.01315
0.0897
0.263
0.00030
0.0021
3.8258
0.00339
0.0231
5.5113
0.00393
0.0268
6.1688
0.00993
0.0677
1998
HDV7
3.8161
0.01315
0.0897
0.263
0.00030
0.0021
3.8258
0.00339
0.0231
5.5113
0.00393
0.0268
6.1688
0.00993
0.0677
1998
HDV8a
5.3507
0.02158
0.1472
0.226
0.00025
0.0017
5.6535
0.00701
0.0479
9.7495
0.03400
0.2320
8.2019
0.01994
0.1360
1998
HDV8b
5.3507
0.02158
0.1472
0.226
0.00025
0.0017
5.6535
0.00701
0.0479
9.7495
0.03400
0.2320
8.2019
0.01994
0.1360
1999
HDV2b
2.6278
0.00826
0.0564
0.138
0.00008
0.0005
2.0219
0.00111
0.0075
3.8700
0.00435
0.0296
4.2326
0.00282
0.0192
1999
HDV3
3.8484
0.01761
0.1201
0.263
0.00009
0.0006
3.8132
0.00183
0.0125
5.5462
0.00238
0.0162
6.2090
0.00347
0.0237
1999
HDV4
3.9317
0.01816
0.1239
0.262
0.00009
0.0006
3.8408
0.00187
0.0127
5.6787
0.00356
0.0243
6.2848
0.00381
0.0260
1999
HDV5
3.8373
0.01774
0.1210
0.263
0.00009
0.0006
3.7642
0.00181
0.0123
5.4871
0.00169
0.0115
6.2022
0.00347
0.0237
1999
HDV6
3.8379
0.01774
0.1211
0.263
0.00009
0.0006
3.7636
0.00181
0.0123
5.4873
0.00169
0.0115
6.2027
0.00348
0.0237
1999
HDV7
3.8057
0.01734
0.1183
0.263
0.00009
0.0006
3.7952
0.00181
0.0123
5.4729
0.00172
0.0117
6.1692
0.00329
0.0225
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-14
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1999
HDV8a
3.9784
0.01824
0.1245
0.261
0.00009
0.0006
3.9169
0.00192
0.0131
5.8192
0.00502
0.0342
6.3316
0.00398
0.0271
1999
HDV8b
3.9784
0.01824
0.1245
0.261
0.00009
0.0006
3.9169
0.00192
0.0131
5.8192
0.00502
0.0342
6.3316
0.00398
0.0271
2000
HDV2b
2.5785
0.00699
0.0477
0.139
0.00008
0.0005
1.9532
0.00083
0.0056
3.8319
0.00405
0.0276
4.1812
0.00368
0.0251
2000
HDV3
3.8061
0.01431
0.0976
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7739
0.00108
0.0074
5.4563
0.00169
0.0115
6.1758
0.00402
0.0274
2000
HDV4
3.8232
0.01444
0.0985
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7618
0.00108
0.0073
5.4682
0.00168
0.0115
6.1927
0.00407
0.0278
2000
HDV5
3.8302
0.01450
0.0989
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7554
0.00108
0.0073
5.4714
0.00166
0.0113
6.1994
0.00409
0.0279
2000
HDV6
3.8308
0.01450
0.0989
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7550
0.00108
0.0073
5.4718
0.00166
0.0113
6.2000
0.00409
0.0279
2000
HDV7
3.8000
0.01426
0.0973
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7784
0.00108
0.0074
5.4517
0.00169
0.0115
6.1695
0.00400
0.0273
2000
HDV8a
3.8016
0.01427
0.0974
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7795
0.00108
0.0074
5.4548
0.00171
0.0117
6.1709
0.00401
0.0274
2000
HDV8b
3.8016
0.01427
0.0974
0.264
0.00009
0.0006
3.7795
0.00108
0.0074
5.4548
0.00171
0.0117
6.1709
0.00401
0.0274
2001
HDV2b
1.0912
0.00538
0.0367
0.059
0.00003
0.0002
0.7199
0.00081
0.0055
1.5855
0.00428
0.0292
1.7364
0.00353
0.0241
2001
HDV3
1.7612
0.01775
0.1211
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7539
0.00075
0.0051
2.5369
0.00194
0.0132
2.8459
0.01188
0.0810
2001
HDV4
1.7723
0.01792
0.1222
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7409
0.00075
0.0051
2.5395
0.00192
0.0131
2.8580
0.01188
0.0810
2001
HDV5
1.7747
0.01798
0.1226
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7346
0.00074
0.0051
2.5368
0.00185
0.0126
2.8608
0.01188
0.0810
2001
HDV6
1.7750
0.01798
0.1227
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7343
0.00074
0.0051
2.5368
0.00185
0.0126
2.8611
0.01188
0.0810
2001
HDV7
1.7564
0.01768
0.1206
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7597
0.00076
0.0051
2.5353
0.00193
0.0132
2.8403
0.01188
0.0811
2001
HDV8a
1.7598
0.01770
0.1207
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7620
0.00076
0.0052
2.5419
0.00206
0.0140
2.8434
0.01188
0.0811
2001
HDV8b
1.7598
0.01770
0.1207
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.7620
0.00076
0.0052
2.5419
0.00206
0.0140
2.8434
0.01188
0.0811
2002
HDV2b
1.0129
0.00257
0.0175
0.050
0.00012
0.0008
0.6778
0.00131
0.0089
1.4498
0.00270
0.0184
1.5924
0.00222
0.0151
2002
HDV3
1.7616
0.00627
0.0427
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7595
0.00212
0.0144
2.5419
0.00221
0.0151
2.8446
0.00336
0.0229
2002
HDV4
1.7706
0.00635
0.0433
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7469
0.00210
0.0143
2.5424
0.00220
0.0150
2.8549
0.00339
0.0231
2002
HDV5
1.7731
0.00637
0.0434
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7409
0.00209
0.0143
2.5402
0.00218
0.0149
2.8580
0.00340
0.0232
2002
HDV6
1.7734
0.00637
0.0435
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7405
0.00209
0.0143
2.5402
0.00218
0.0149
2.8583
0.00340
0.0232
2002
HDV7
1.7581
0.00624
0.0425
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7646
0.00212
0.0145
2.5415
0.00222
0.0151
2.8402
0.00334
0.0228
2002
HDV8a
1.7600
0.00625
0.0426
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7659
0.00213
0.0145
2.5453
0.00225
0.0153
2.8421
0.00335
0.0228
2002
HDV8b
1.7600
0.00625
0.0426
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7659
0.00213
0.0145
2.5453
0.00225
0.0153
2.8421
0.00335
0.0228
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-15
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2003
HDV2b
1.0463
0.00305
0.0208
0.053
0.00006
0.0004
0.6962
0.00081
0.0055
1.5209
0.00297
0.0202
1.6594
0.00212
0.0145
2003
HDV3
1.7616
0.00888
0.0606
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7596
0.00140
0.0095
2.5420
0.00129
0.0088
2.8446
0.00403
0.0275
2003
HDV4
1.7706
0.00900
0.0614
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7472
0.00138
0.0094
2.5427
0.00128
0.0087
2.8549
0.00409
0.0279
2003
HDV5
1.7729
0.00905
0.0617
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7412
0.00138
0.0094
2.5402
0.00124
0.0084
2.8578
0.00410
0.0280
2003
HDV6
1.7732
0.00905
0.0617
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7408
0.00138
0.0094
2.5402
0.00124
0.0084
2.8581
0.00410
0.0280
2003
HDV7
1.7581
0.00883
0.0602
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7646
0.00140
0.0095
2.5415
0.00129
0.0088
2.8402
0.00401
0.0274
2003
HDV8a
1.7603
0.00885
0.0603
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7661
0.00140
0.0096
2.5458
0.00134
0.0091
2.8423
0.00402
0.0274
2003
HDV8b
1.7603
0.00885
0.0603
0.121
0.00007
0.0005
1.7661
0.00140
0.0096
2.5458
0.00134
0.0091
2.8423
0.00402
0.0274
2004
HDV2b
0.6911
0.00180
0.0123
0.039
0.00012
0.0008
0.4943
0.00090
0.0061
0.9469
0.00202
0.0137
1.0465
0.00203
0.0139
2004
HDV3
1.7612
0.00468
0.0319
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7603
0.00186
0.0127
2.5421
0.00165
0.0112
2.8441
0.00435
0.0297
2004
HDV4
1.7694
0.00476
0.0324
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7492
0.00186
0.0127
2.5430
0.00164
0.0112
2.8535
0.00441
0.0301
2004
HDV5
1.7715
0.00478
0.0326
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7433
0.00186
0.0127
2.5404
0.00162
0.0111
2.8562
0.00443
0.0302
2004
HDV6
1.7717
0.00479
0.0326
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7429
0.00186
0.0127
2.5403
0.00162
0.0110
2.8565
0.00443
0.0302
2004
HDV7
1.7581
0.00465
0.0317
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7646
0.00186
0.0127
2.5415
0.00165
0.0112
2.8402
0.00433
0.0295
2004
HDV8a
1.7604
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7661
0.00187
0.0127
2.5459
0.00167
0.0114
2.8423
0.00434
0.0296
2004
HDV8b
1.7604
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7661
0.00187
0.0127
2.5459
0.00167
0.0114
2.8423
0.00434
0.0296
2005
HDV2b
0.4735
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00012
0.0008
0.3042
0.00080
0.0055
0.6657
0.00203
0.0139
0.7387
0.00186
0.0126
2005
HDV3
1.7617
0.00468
0.0319
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7596
0.00186
0.0127
2.5421
0.00165
0.0112
2.8447
0.00436
0.0297
2005
HDV4
1.7709
0.00477
0.0325
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7472
0.00186
0.0127
2.5431
0.00164
0.0112
2.8552
0.00442
0.0302
2005
HDV5
1.7731
0.00480
0.0327
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7409
0.00186
0.0127
2.5402
0.00162
0.0110
2.8580
0.00444
0.0303
2005
HDV6
1.7734
0.00480
0.0327
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7406
0.00186
0.0127
2.5402
0.00162
0.0110
2.8583
0.00445
0.0303
2005
HDV7
1.7581
0.00465
0.0317
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7646
0.00186
0.0127
2.5415
0.00165
0.0112
2.8402
0.00433
0.0295
2005
HDV8a
1.7607
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7663
0.00187
0.0127
2.5465
0.00167
0.0114
2.8426
0.00434
0.0296
2005
HDV8b
1.7607
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7663
0.00187
0.0127
2.5465
0.00167
0.0114
2.8426
0.00434
0.0296
2006
HDV2b
0.4581
0.00157
0.0107
0.030
0.00012
0.0008
0.3030
0.00083
0.0057
0.6105
0.00204
0.0139
0.6935
0.00191
0.0130
2006
HDV3
1.7605
0.00467
0.0319
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7615
0.00186
0.0127
2.5421
0.00165
0.0112
2.8432
0.00435
0.0296
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-16
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2006
HDV4
1.7672
0.00473
0.0323
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7526
0.00186
0.0127
2.5433
0.00165
0.0112
2.8510
0.0044
0.0300
2006
HDV5
1.7688
0.00476
0.0324
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7473
0.00186
0.0127
2.5406
0.00163
0.0111
2.8532
0.00441
0.0301
2006
HDV6
1.7690
0.00476
0.0324
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7470
0.00186
0.0127
2.5406
0.00163
0.0111
2.8534
0.00441
0.0301
2006
HDV7
1.7581
0.00465
0.0317
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7646
0.00186
0.0127
2.5415
0.00165
0.0112
2.8402
0.00433
0.0295
2006
HDV8a
1.7603
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7661
0.00187
0.0127
2.5457
0.00167
0.0114
2.8423
0.00434
0.0296
2006
HDV8b
1.7603
0.00466
0.0318
0.121
0.00014
0.0009
1.7661
0.00187
0.0127
2.5457
0.00167
0.0114
2.8423
0.00434
0.0296
2007
HDV2b
0.3671
0.00114
0.0077
0.021
0.00009
0.0006
0.2344
0.00061
0.0041
0.4715
0.00153
0.0104
0.5482
0.00141
0.0096
2007
HDV3
1.7608
0.00354
0.0241
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7609
0.00141
0.0096
2.5420
0.00125
0.0085
2.8435
0.00329
0.0224
2007
HDV4
1.7681
0.00359
0.0245
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7509
0.00141
0.0096
2.5427
0.00124
0.0085
2.8520
0.00333
0.0227
2007
HDV5
1.7701
0.00361
0.0246
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7454
0.00141
0.0096
2.5405
0.00123
0.0084
2.8546
0.00335
0.0228
2007
HDV6
1.7703
0.00361
0.0246
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7451
0.00141
0.0096
2.5404
0.00123
0.0084
2.8549
0.00335
0.0228
2007
HDV7
1.7581
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7646
0.00141
0.0096
2.5415
0.00125
0.0085
2.8402
0.00328
0.0223
2007
HDV8a
1.7600
0.00353
0.0240
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7659
0.00141
0.0096
2.5451
0.00126
0.0086
2.8420
0.00328
0.0224
2007
HDV8b
1.7600
0.00353
0.0240
0.121
0.00010
0.0007
1.7659
0.00141
0.0096
2.5451
0.00126
0.0086
2.8420
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV2b
0.2485
0.00117
0.0080
0.013
0.00009
0.0006
0.1317
0.00062
0.0042
0.3327
0.00154
0.0105
0.3944
0.00143
0.0097
2008
HDV3
0.5279
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5287
0.00141
0.0096
0.7626
0.00125
0.0085
0.8527
0.00329
0.0224
2008
HDV4
0.5295
0.00357
0.0243
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5267
0.00141
0.0096
0.7629
0.00125
0.0085
0.8545
0.00332
0.0226
2008
HDV5
0.5298
0.00358
0.0244
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5254
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00123
0.0084
0.8550
0.00333
0.0227
2008
HDV6
0.5299
0.00358
0.0244
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5253
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00123
0.0084
0.8551
0.00333
0.0227
2008
HDV7
0.5274
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5293
0.00141
0.0096
0.7624
0.00125
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2008
HDV8a
0.5280
0.00353
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5297
0.00141
0.0096
0.7635
0.00126
0.0086
0.8526
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV8b
0.5280
0.00353
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5297
0.00141
0.0096
0.7635
0.00126
0.0086
0.8526
0.00328
0.0224
2009
HDV2b
0.2061
0.00116
0.0079
0.005
0.00009
0.0006
0.0957
0.00062
0.0042
0.2473
0.00152
0.0103
0.3141
0.00141
0.0096
2009
HDV3
0.5280
0.00354
0.0241
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5285
0.00141
0.0096
0.7625
0.00125
0.0085
0.8528
0.00329
0.0224
2009
HDV4
0.5298
0.00358
0.0244
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5259
0.00141
0.0096
0.7627
0.00124
0.0085
0.8549
0.00332
0.0226
2009
HDV5
0.5304
0.0036
0.0245
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5245
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00123
0.0084
0.8557
0.00334
0.0227
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-17
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2009
HDV6
0.5304
0.00360
0.0245
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5244
0.00141
0.0096
0.7621
0.00123
0.0084
0.8557
0.00334
0.0227
2009
HDV7
0.5274
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5293
0.00141
0.0096
0.7624
0.00125
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2009
HDV8a
0.5278
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5296
0.00141
0.0096
0.7632
0.00126
0.0086
0.8524
0.00328
0.0224
2009
HDV8b
0.5278
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5296
0.00141
0.0096
0.7632
0.00126
0.0086
0.8524
0.00328
0.0224
2010
HDV2b
0.1931
0.00113
0.0077
0.004
0.00009
0.0006
0.0845
0.00060
0.0041
0.2266
0.00151
0.0103
0.2934
0.00139
0.0095
2010
HDV3
0.5280
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5285
0.00141
0.0096
0.7625
0.00125
0.0085
0.8528
0.00329
0.0224
2010
HDV4
0.5297
0.00358
0.0244
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5260
0.00141
0.0096
0.7626
0.00124
0.0085
0.8548
0.00332
0.0226
2010
HDV5
0.5303
0.00359
0.0245
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5246
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00123
0.0084
0.8556
0.00333
0.0227
2010
HDV6
0.5304
0.0036
0.0245
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5245
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00123
0.0084
0.8556
0.00334
0.0227
2010
HDV7
0.5274
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5293
0.00141
0.0096
0.7624
0.00125
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2010
HDV8a
0.5277
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5296
0.00141
0.0096
0.7631
0.00126
0.0085
0.8524
0.00328
0.0224
2010
HDV8b
0.5277
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5296
0.00141
0.0096
0.7631
0.00126
0.0085
0.8524
0.00328
0.0224
2011
HDV2b
0.2122
0.00122
0.0083
0.005
0.00009
0.0006
0.1030
0.00064
0.0043
0.2512
0.00153
0.0104
0.3209
0.00146
0.0099
2011
HDV3
0.5278
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5288
0.00141
0.0096
0.7625
0.00125
0.0085
0.8526
0.00328
0.0224
2011
HDV4
0.5292
0.00356
0.0243
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5270
0.00141
0.0096
0.7628
0.00125
0.0085
0.8542
0.00331
0.0226
2011
HDV5
0.5295
0.00357
0.0244
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5258
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00124
0.0084
0.8547
0.00332
0.0226
2011
HDV6
0.5296
0.00358
0.0244
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5257
0.00141
0.0096
0.7622
0.00124
0.0084
0.8548
0.00332
0.0226
2011
HDV7
0.5274
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5293
0.00141
0.0096
0.7624
0.00125
0.0085
0.8520
0.00328
0.0223
2011
HDV8a
0.5278
0.00353
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5296
0.00141
0.0096
0.7632
0.00126
0.0086
0.8524
0.00328
0.0224
2011
HDV8b
0.5278
0.00353
0.0240
0.036
0.00010
0.0007
0.5296
0.00141
0.0096
0.7632
0.00126
0.0086
0.8524
0.00328
0.0224
2012
HDV2b
0.1997
0.00106
0.0072
0.005
0.00007
0.0005
0.1059
0.00054
0.0037
0.2325
0.00126
0.0086
0.2958
0.00123
0.0084
2012
HDV3
0.5277
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5290
0.00116
0.0079
0.7625
0.00103
0.0070
0.8524
0.00270
0.0184
2012
HDV4
0.5288
0.00292
0.0199
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5277
0.00116
0.0079
0.7629
0.00103
0.0070
0.8537
0.00272
0.0185
2012
HDV5
0.5290
0.00293
0.0200
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5267
0.00116
0.0079
0.7623
0.00102
0.0069
0.8540
0.00272
0.0186
2012
HDV6
0.5290
0.00293
0.0200
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5266
0.00116
0.0079
0.7623
0.00102
0.0069
0.8541
0.00272
0.0186
2012
HDV7
0.5274
0.00290
0.0197
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5293
0.00116
0.0079
0.7624
0.00102
0.0070
0.8520
0.0027
0.0184
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-18
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2012
HDV8a
0.5278
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5296
0.00116
0.0079
0.7633
0.00103
0.0070
0.8524
0.00270
0.0184
2012
HDV8b
0.5278
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5296
0.00116
0.0079
0.7633
0.00103
0.0070
0.8524
0.00270
0.0184
2013
HDV2b
0.1972
0.00105
0.0071
0.005
0.00007
0.0005
0.1035
0.00054
0.0036
0.2291
0.00125
0.0085
0.2920
0.00122
0.0083
2013
HDV3
0.5277
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5290
0.00116
0.0079
0.7625
0.00103
0.0070
0.8524
0.00270
0.0184
2013
HDV4
0.5287
0.00292
0.0199
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5278
0.00116
0.0079
0.7629
0.00103
0.0070
0.8536
0.00272
0.0185
2013
HDV5
0.5289
0.00293
0.0200
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5269
0.00116
0.0079
0.7623
0.00102
0.0069
0.8539
0.00272
0.0185
2013
HDV6
0.5289
0.00293
0.0200
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5268
0.00116
0.0079
0.7623
0.00102
0.0069
0.8539
0.00272
0.0185
2013
HDV7
0.5274
0.00290
0.0197
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5293
0.00116
0.0079
0.7624
0.00102
0.0070
0.8520
0.0027
0.0184
2013
HDV8a
0.5278
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5296
0.00116
0.0079
0.7632
0.00103
0.0070
0.8524
0.00270
0.0184
2013
HDV8b
0.5278
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00008
0.0006
0.5296
0.00116
0.0079
0.7632
0.00103
0.0070
0.8524
0.00270
0.0184
2014
HDV2b
0.1737
0.00095
0.0065
0.004
0.00006
0.0004
0.0978
0.00048
0.0033
0.1980
0.00112
0.0076
0.2514
0.00110
0.0075
2014
HDV3
0.5268
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5283
0.00103
0.0070
0.7615
0.00091
0.0062
0.8512
0.00241
0.0164
2014
HDV4
0.5277
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5271
0.00103
0.0070
0.7617
0.00092
0.0062
0.8522
0.00242
0.0165
2014
HDV5
0.5279
0.00261
0.0178
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5261
0.00103
0.0070
0.7610
0.00091
0.0062
0.8523
0.00242
0.0165
2014
HDV6
0.5279
0.00261
0.0178
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5261
0.00103
0.0070
0.7610
0.00091
0.0062
0.8524
0.00242
0.0165
2014
HDV7
0.5265
0.00258
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5286
0.00103
0.0070
0.7614
0.00091
0.0062
0.8509
0.00240
0.0164
2014
HDV8a
0.5270
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5289
0.00104
0.0070
0.7622
0.00092
0.0063
0.8513
0.00241
0.0164
2014
HDV8b
0.5270
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5289
0.00104
0.0070
0.7622
0.00092
0.0063
0.8513
0.00241
0.0164
2015
HDV2b
0.1753
0.00096
0.0065
0.004
0.00006
0.0004
0.0995
0.00048
0.0033
0.1995
0.00112
0.0076
0.2533
0.00110
0.0075
2015
HDV3
0.5268
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5283
0.00103
0.0070
0.7615
0.00091
0.0062
0.8512
0.00241
0.0164
2015
HDV4
0.5277
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5272
0.00103
0.0070
0.7617
0.00092
0.0062
0.8521
0.00242
0.0165
2015
HDV5
0.5278
0.00261
0.0178
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5263
0.00103
0.0070
0.7610
0.00091
0.0062
0.8522
0.00242
0.0165
2015
HDV6
0.5278
0.00261
0.0178
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5262
0.00103
0.0070
0.7610
0.00091
0.0062
0.8523
0.00242
0.0165
2015
HDV7
0.5265
0.00258
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5286
0.00103
0.0070
0.7614
0.00091
0.0062
0.8509
0.00240
0.0164
2015
HDV8a
0.5270
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5289
0.00104
0.0070
0.7622
0.00092
0.0063
0.8513
0.00241
0.0164
2015
HDV8b
0.5270
0.00259
0.0176
0.036
0.00007
0.0005
0.5289
0.00104
0.0070
0.7622
0.00092
0.0063
0.8513
0.00241
0.0164
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-19
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2016
HDV2b
0.1403
0.00086
0.0059
0.003
0.00006
0.0004
0.0807
0.00043
0.0029
0.1602
0.00100
0.0068
0.2032
0.00099
0.0067
2016
HDV3
0.4190
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4247
0.00092
0.0063
0.6122
0.00082
0.0056
0.6843
0.00215
0.0147
2016
HDV4
0.4198
0.00233
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4239
0.00092
0.0063
0.6124
0.00082
0.0056
0.6850
0.00216
0.0147
2016
HDV5
0.4200
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4232
0.00092
0.0063
0.6118
0.00081
0.0055
0.6851
0.00216
0.0148
2016
HDV6
0.4200
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4231
0.00092
0.0063
0.6118
0.00081
0.0055
0.6851
0.00217
0.0148
2016
HDV7
0.4187
0.00231
0.0157
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4250
0.00092
0.0063
0.6121
0.00082
0.0056
0.6840
0.00215
0.0146
2016
HDV8a
0.4191
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4252
0.00093
0.0063
0.6128
0.00082
0.0056
0.6844
0.00215
0.0147
2016
HDV8b
0.4191
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4252
0.00093
0.0063
0.6128
0.00082
0.0056
0.6844
0.00215
0.0147
2017
HDV2b
0.1713
0.00087
0.0059
0.004
0.00006
0.0004
0.0929
0.00044
0.0030
0.2013
0.00100
0.0068
0.2552
0.00099
0.0067
2017
HDV3
0.4190
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4247
0.00092
0.0063
0.6122
0.00082
0.0056
0.6843
0.00215
0.0147
2017
HDV4
0.4198
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4240
0.00092
0.0063
0.6124
0.00082
0.0056
0.6850
0.00216
0.0147
2017
HDV5
0.4199
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4233
0.00092
0.0063
0.6118
0.00081
0.0055
0.6850
0.00216
0.0147
2017
HDV6
0.4199
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4232
0.00092
0.0063
0.6118
0.00081
0.0055
0.6850
0.00216
0.0147
2017
HDV7
0.4187
0.00231
0.0157
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4250
0.00092
0.0063
0.6121
0.00082
0.0056
0.6840
0.00215
0.0146
2017
HDV8a
0.4191
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4252
0.00093
0.0063
0.6128
0.00082
0.0056
0.6844
0.00215
0.0147
2017
HDV8b
0.4191
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0004
0.4252
0.00093
0.0063
0.6128
0.00082
0.0056
0.6844
0.00215
0.0147
2018
HDV2b
0.0986
0.00053
0.0036
0.002
0.00003
0.0002
0.0606
0.00026
0.0018
0.1054
0.00059
0.0040
0.1363
0.00060
0.0041
2018
HDV3
0.3500
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3527
0.00059
0.0040
0.5084
0.00052
0.0035
0.5685
0.00137
0.0093
2018
HDV4
0.3517
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3534
0.00059
0.0040
0.5105
0.00052
0.0035
0.5713
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV5
0.3526
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3538
0.00059
0.0040
0.5114
0.00052
0.0035
0.5728
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV6
0.3527
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3538
0.00059
0.0040
0.5115
0.00052
0.0035
0.5729
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV7
0.3495
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3525
0.00059
0.0040
0.5078
0.00052
0.0035
0.5677
0.00137
0.0093
2018
HDV8a
0.3495
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3526
0.00059
0.0040
0.5080
0.00052
0.0036
0.5677
0.00137
0.0093
2018
HDV8b
0.3495
0.00147
0.0100
0.024
0.00004
0.0003
0.3526
0.00059
0.0040
0.5080
0.00052
0.0036
0.5677
0.00137
0.0093
2019
HDV2b
0.0909
0.00050
0.0034
0.002
0.00003
0.0002
0.0556
0.00025
0.0017
0.0960
0.00055
0.0037
0.1249
0.00056
0.0038
2019
HDV3
0.3317
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00004
0.0003
0.3336
0.00059
0.0040
0.4809
0.00052
0.0035
0.5378
0.00137
0.0093
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-20
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Highway
Deceleration
GASOLINE
0 25 mph
Urban
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Vehicle
Model Yr
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2019
HDV4
0.3336
0.00148
0.0101
0.023
0.00004
0.0003
0.3347
0.00059
0.0040
0.4834
0.00052
0.0035
0.5411
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV5
0.3348
0.00148
0.0101
0.023
0.00004
0.0003
0.3353
0.00059
0.0040
0.4848
0.00052
0.0035
0.5431
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV6
0.3349
0.00148
0.0101
0.023
0.00004
0.0003
0.3354
0.00059
0.0040
0.4849
0.00052
0.0035
0.5432
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV7
0.3311
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00004
0.0003
0.3333
0.00059
0.0040
0.4801
0.00052
0.0035
0.5368
0.00137
0.0093
2019
HDV8a
0.3311
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00004
0.0003
0.3333
0.00059
0.0040
0.4802
0.00052
0.0036
0.5367
0.00137
0.0093
2019
HDV8b
0.3311
0.00147
0.0100
0.022
0.00004
0.0003
0.3333
0.00059
0.0040
0.4802
0.00052
0.0036
0.5367
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV2b
0.0827
0.00046
0.0031
0.002
0.00002
0.0002
0.0504
0.00022
0.0015
0.0861
0.00048
0.0032
0.1129
0.00050
0.0034
2020
HDV3
0.3134
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3145
0.00059
0.0040
0.4533
0.00052
0.0035
0.5071
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV4
0.3156
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3160
0.00059
0.0040
0.4564
0.00052
0.0035
0.5110
0.00138
0.0094
2020
HDV5
0.3169
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3169
0.00059
0.0040
0.4581
0.00052
0.0035
0.5133
0.00138
0.0094
2020
HDV6
0.3170
0.00148
0.0101
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3169
0.00059
0.0040
0.4583
0.00052
0.0035
0.5135
0.00138
0.0094
2020
HDV7
0.3128
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3141
0.00059
0.0040
0.4524
0.00052
0.0035
0.5060
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV8a
0.3126
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3140
0.00059
0.0040
0.4524
0.00052
0.0036
0.5058
0.00137
0.0093
2020
HDV8b
0.3126
0.00147
0.0100
0.021
0.00004
0.0003
0.3140
0.00059
0.0040
0.4524
0.00052
0.0036
0.5058
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV2b
0.0748
0.00042
0.0028
0.001
0.00002
0.0001
0.0454
0.00020
0.0013
0.0764
0.00041
0.0028
0.1012
0.00044
0.0030
2021
HDV3
0.2965
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2969
0.00059
0.0040
0.4279
0.00052
0.0035
0.4788
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV4
0.2989
0.00148
0.0101
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2987
0.00059
0.0040
0.4314
0.00052
0.0035
0.4831
0.00138
0.0094
2021
HDV5
0.3005
0.00148
0.0101
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2998
0.00059
0.0040
0.4335
0.00052
0.0035
0.4859
0.00138
0.0094
2021
HDV6
0.3006
0.00148
0.0101
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2999
0.00059
0.0040
0.4337
0.00052
0.0035
0.4861
0.00138
0.0094
2021
HDV7
0.2958
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2963
0.00059
0.0040
0.4269
0.00052
0.0035
0.4775
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV8a
0.2956
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2962
0.00059
0.0040
0.4267
0.00052
0.0036
0.4772
0.00137
0.0093
2021
HDV8b
0.2956
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2962
0.00059
0.0040
0.4267
0.00052
0.0036
0.4772
0.00137
0.0093
2022
HDV2b
0.0748
0.00042
0.0028
0.001
0.00002
0.0001
0.0454
0.00020
0.0013
0.0764
0.00041
0.0028
0.1012
0.00044
0.0030
2022
HDV3
0.2965
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2969
0.00059
0.0040
0.4279
0.00052
0.0035
0.4788
0.00137
0.0093
2022
HDV4
0.2989
0.00148
0.0101
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2987
0.00059
0.0040
0.4314
0.00052
0.0035
0.4831
0.00138
0.0094
2022
HDV5
0.3005
0.00148
0.0101
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2998
0.00059
0.0040
0.4335
0.00052
0.0035
0.4859
0.00138
0.0094
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-21
-------
^VSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
GASOLINE
Highway
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2022
HDV6
0.3006
0.00148
0.0101
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2999
0.00059
0.0040
0.4337
0.00052
0.0035
0.4861
0.00138
0.0094
2022
HDV7
0.2958
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2963
0.00059
0.0040
0.4269
0.00052
0.0035
0.4775
0.00137
0.0093
2022
HDV8a
0.2956
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2962
0.00059
0.0040
0.4267
0.00052
0.0036
0.4772
0.00137
0.0093
2022
HDV8b
0.2956
0.00147
0.0100
0.020
0.00004
0.0003
0.2962
0.00059
0.0040
0.4267
0.00052
0.0036
0.4772
0.00137
0.0093
Note - MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore gasoline 8bs are set equal to 8as.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-22
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES2014b, 2019 Calendar Year, ULSD)
Table B-1. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
1990
12.92726
7.274804
7.27478
7.27477
7.27478
NOx
Gasoline
1991
12.92726
7.274804
7.27478
7.27477
7.27478
NOx
Gasoline
1992
13.2205
7.274779
7.274758
7.274772
7.274782
NOx
Gasoline
1993
13.41114
7.274784
7.274771
7.274771
7.274762
NOx
Gasoline
1994
13.27161
7.156092
7.156034
7.156071
7.156044
NOx
Gasoline
1995
13.5168
7.156035
7.156048
7.15604
7.156059
NOx
Gasoline
1996
13.68704
7.156056
7.156049
7.156075
7.156079
NOx
Gasoline
1997
13.85722
7.156059
7.156055
7.156052
7.156067
NOx
Gasoline
1998
29.02486
14.82833
14.8283
14.82833
14.82833
NOx
Gasoline
1999
29.02474
14.82838
14.82837
14.82832
14.82833
NOx
Gasoline
2000
29.02489
14.82827
14.82829
14.82831
14.82832
NOx
Gasoline
2001
17.14999
6.8954
6.895417
6.895414
6.895404
NOx
Gasoline
2002
17.14994
6.895416
6.895402
6.895381
6.895413
NOx
Gasoline
2003
17.14998
6.895371
6.89541
6.895416
6.895413
NOx
Gasoline
2004
17.23979
6.895411
6.895392
6.895425
6.895413
NOx
Gasoline
2005
17.23982
6.895381
6.895395
6.895403
6.895407
NOx
Gasoline
2006
17.23977
6.895376
6.895435
6.895407
6.895417
NOx
Gasoline
2007
17.23981
6.895448
6.895403
6.895407
6.895393
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-1
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
2008
8.746104
2.068621
2.068627
2.068623
2.06862
NOx
Gasoline
2009
0.255073
2.068622
2.068621
2.068624
2.068617
NOx
Gasoline
2010
0.255072
2.06862
2.068619
2.068625
2.068624
NOx
Gasoline
2011
0.255072
2.06862
2.068621
2.06862
2.068622
NOx
Gasoline
2012
0.220072
2.068623
2.068622
2.068625
2.06862
NOx
Gasoline
2013
0.220072
2.068623
2.06862
2.068621
2.068621
NOx
Gasoline
2014
0.176638
2.068621
2.068617
2.06863
2.068626
NOx
Gasoline
2015
0.176638
2.068623
2.06862
2.068623
2.068617
NOx
Gasoline
2016
0.138643
1.118552
1.11855
1.118548
1.118547
NOx
Gasoline
2017
0.243936
1.118547
1.118547
1.11855
1.118549
NOx
Gasoline
2018
0.082914
0.655377
1.118548
1.118556
1.118548
NOx
Gasoline
2019
0.067368
0.532494
1.118549
1.11855
1.118545
NOx
Gasoline
2020
0.051822
0.409611
1.118548
1.118544
1.118546
NOx
Gasoline
2021
0.037471
0.296181
1.11855
1.118546
1.118548
NOx
Gasoline
2022
0.037471
0.296181
1.11855
1.118546
1.118548
NOx
Diesel
1990
220.4358
139.7535
139.7533
139.753
139.7538
NOx
Diesel
1991
220.4358
139.7535
139.7533
139.753
139.7538
NOx
Diesel
1992
225.6123
139.7534
139.7535
139.7536
139.753
NOx
Diesel
1993
228.9769
139.7535
139.7533
139.7533
139.7535
NOx
Diesel
1994
230.4006
139.753
139.7537
139.7534
139.7534
NOx
Diesel
1995
234.8
139.7535
139.7529
139.7536
139.7534
NOx
Diesel
1996
237.8541
139.7529
139.7533
139.7542
139.7536
NOx
Diesel
1997
240.9077
139.7535
139.7533
139.7533
139.7529
NOx
Diesel
1998
194.8783
117.3488
117.3492
117.349
117.3489
NOx
Diesel
1999
194.8789
96.53466
96.53499
96.53498
154.804
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-2
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Diesel
2000
194.8784
96.53519
96.53474
96.53482
154.8042
NOx
Diesel
2001
194.8786
96.53452
96.53542
96.53523
154.8041
NOx
Diesel
2002
194.8784
96.53505
96.53503
96.53472
154.8038
NOx
Diesel
2003
44.29877
45.81106
45.81099
45.81104
56.9449
NOx
Diesel
2004
44.53385
45.8111
45.81113
45.81102
56.94479
NOx
Diesel
2005
44.53387
45.81099
45.81099
45.81103
56.94487
NOx
Diesel
2006
44.53388
45.81091
45.81094
45.81094
56.94491
NOx
Diesel
2007
41.18445
22.78015
22.78021
22.78014
53.19029
NOx
Diesel
2008
41.18437
22.78013
22.78016
22.78016
53.19037
NOx
Diesel
2009
41.61956
22.78023
22.78012
22.78013
53.19023
NOx
Diesel
2010
17.67254
7.211741
8.088111
8.08814
10.05388
NOx
Diesel
2011
17.67253
7.211763
8.088145
8.088143
10.05387
NOx
Diesel
2012
17.67253
7.211781
8.088145
8.088141
10.05389
NOx
Diesel
2013
17.67252
7.211769
7.211739
7.211754
8.964484
NOx
Diesel
2014
17.7649
7.211738
7.211731
7.211762
8.964494
NOx
Diesel
2015
17.76494
7.211759
7.211733
7.211741
8.96449
NOx
Diesel
2016
17.76492
7.21176
7.211749
6.76824
8.964499
NOx
Diesel
2017
17.76496
7.211757
7.211745
6.768251
8.964497
NOx
Diesel
2018
8.083527
3.189981
4.564302
4.777262
6.488624
NOx
Diesel
2019
7.159541
2.825361
4.564319
4.777257
6.488628
NOx
Diesel
2020
6.235605
2.460729
4.56432
4.777258
6.48863
NOx
Diesel
2021
5.382705
2.124166
4.564324
4.777266
6.488623
NOx
Diesel
2022
5.382705
2.124166
4.564324
4.777266
6.488623
PM10
Gasoline
1990
0.39005
0.39005
0.39005
0.390049
0.39005
PM10
Gasoline
1991
0.39005
0.39005
0.39005
0.390049
0.39005
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-3
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Gasoline
1992
0.390051
0.39005
0.39005
0.39005
0.39005
PM10
Gasoline
1993
0.39005
0.39005
0.39005
0.390049
0.390051
PM10
Gasoline
1994
0.127497
0.127497
0.127497
0.127497
0.127497
PM10
Gasoline
1995
0.151966
0.151966
0.151967
0.151966
0.151966
PM10
Gasoline
1996
0.353582
0.353582
0.353582
0.353582
0.353583
PM10
Gasoline
1997
0.371945
0.371944
0.371944
0.371943
0.371943
PM10
Gasoline
1998
0.222096
0.222096
0.222096
0.222097
0.222096
PM10
Gasoline
1999
0.107731
0.107732
0.107732
0.107732
0.107732
PM10
Gasoline
2000
0.047852
0.047851
0.047851
0.047851
0.047851
PM10
Gasoline
2001
0.044353
0.044353
0.044353
0.044353
0.044353
PM10
Gasoline
2002
0.142283
0.142284
0.142284
0.142283
0.142284
PM10
Gasoline
2003
0.084014
0.084013
0.084013
0.084014
0.084014
PM10
Gasoline
2004
0.079558
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
PM10
Gasoline
2005
0.079558
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
PM10
Gasoline
2006
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
0.079557
PM10
Gasoline
2007
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
PM10
Gasoline
2008
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
PM10
Gasoline
2009
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
PM10
Gasoline
2010
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
PM10
Gasoline
2011
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
0.060251
PM10
Gasoline
2012
0.049598
0.049598
0.049598
0.049598
0.049598
PM10
Gasoline
2013
0.049598
0.049598
0.049598
0.049598
0.049598
PM10
Gasoline
2014
0.044379
0.044379
0.044379
0.044379
0.044379
PM10
Gasoline
2015
0.044379
0.044379
0.044379
0.044379
0.044379
PM10
Gasoline
2016
0.039709
0.039709
0.039709
0.039709
0.039709
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-4
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Gasoline
2017
0.039709
0.039709
0.039709
0.039709
0.039709
PM10
Gasoline
2018
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
PM10
Gasoline
2019
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
PM10
Gasoline
2020
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
PM10
Gasoline
2021
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
PM10
Gasoline
2022
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
0.025343
PM10
Diesel
1990
3.80142
4.314075
4.314074
4.314054
4.290527
PM10
Diesel
1991
3.80142
4.314075
4.314074
4.314054
4.290527
PM10
Diesel
1992
3.801412
4.314074
4.314081
4.31408
4.290519
PM10
Diesel
1993
3.801402
4.314076
4.314081
4.31407
4.290516
PM10
Diesel
1994
7.981013
7.458908
7.458917
7.458902
6.559885
PM10
Diesel
1995
7.981034
7.458907
7.458902
7.458926
6.559874
PM10
Diesel
1996
7.981049
7.458894
7.458909
7.458939
6.559889
PM10
Diesel
1997
7.98104
7.458913
7.458905
7.458906
6.559882
PM10
Diesel
1998
7.506484
7.081586
7.081582
7.081564
6.273523
PM10
Diesel
1999
7.506494
7.081595
7.081595
7.081559
6.27353
PM10
Diesel
2000
7.506508
7.081608
7.081603
7.081602
6.273523
PM10
Diesel
2001
7.506488
7.081585
7.081603
7.081573
6.273532
PM10
Diesel
2002
7.506473
7.081624
7.081583
7.081584
6.273541
PM10
Diesel
2003
6.384851
6.384831
6.384803
6.384828
5.669618
PM10
Diesel
2004
6.384823
6.384827
6.384818
6.384816
5.669604
PM10
Diesel
2005
6.384825
6.384823
6.384813
6.384824
5.669607
PM10
Diesel
2006
6.384825
6.384802
6.384835
6.38482
5.669621
PM10
Diesel
2007
0.552165
0.228639
0.22864
0.22864
0.22864
PM10
Diesel
2008
0.552164
0.22864
0.22864
0.22864
0.22864
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-5
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Diesel
2009
0.552164
0.22864
0.22864
0.22864
0.22864
PM10
Diesel
2010
0.46106
0.190914
0.216065
0.216064
0.216065
PM10
Diesel
2011
0.46106
0.190914
0.216065
0.216065
0.216066
PM10
Diesel
2012
0.461059
0.190915
0.216065
0.216065
0.216065
PM10
Diesel
2013
0.461059
0.190914
0.190914
0.190914
0.190914
PM10
Diesel
2014
0.461058
0.190914
0.190914
0.190914
0.190914
PM10
Diesel
2015
0.461059
0.190915
0.190914
0.190914
0.190914
PM10
Diesel
2016
0.461057
0.190914
0.190914
0.178339
0.190914
PM10
Diesel
2017
0.461058
0.190914
0.190914
0.178339
0.190915
PM10
Diesel
2018
0.276084
0.114549
0.114549
0.120493
0.134097
PM10
Diesel
2019
0.276083
0.114549
0.114549
0.120493
0.134097
PM10
Diesel
2020
0.276083
0.114549
0.114549
0.120493
0.134097
PM10
Diesel
2021
0.276083
0.114549
0.114549
0.120493
0.134097
PM10
Diesel
2022
0.276083
0.114549
0.114549
0.120493
0.134097
PM2.5
Gasoline
1990
0.345044
0.345046
0.345046
0.345045
0.345046
PM2.5
Gasoline
1991
0.345044
0.345046
0.345046
0.345045
0.345046
PM2.5
Gasoline
1992
0.345045
0.345046
0.345046
0.345045
0.345047
PM2.5
Gasoline
1993
0.345045
0.345046
0.345045
0.345045
0.345046
PM2.5
Gasoline
1994
0.112786
0.112786
0.112786
0.112787
0.112787
PM2.5
Gasoline
1995
0.134433
0.134433
0.134432
0.134432
0.134432
PM2.5
Gasoline
1996
0.312786
0.312786
0.312785
0.312785
0.312786
PM2.5
Gasoline
1997
0.329029
0.329029
0.329029
0.329027
0.329028
PM2.5
Gasoline
1998
0.196471
0.196471
0.196471
0.19647
0.19647
PM2.5
Gasoline
1999
0.095301
0.095302
0.095302
0.095301
0.095301
PM2.5
Gasoline
2000
0.04233
0.04233
0.04233
0.04233
0.04233
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-6
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Gasoline
2001
0.039236
0.039236
0.039236
0.039236
0.039236
PM2.5
Gasoline
2002
0.125867
0.125867
0.125867
0.125867
0.125867
PM2.5
Gasoline
2003
0.07432
0.07432
0.07432
0.07432
0.07432
PM2.5
Gasoline
2004
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
PM2.5
Gasoline
2005
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
PM2.5
Gasoline
2006
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
0.070378
PM2.5
Gasoline
2007
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
PM2.5
Gasoline
2008
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
PM2.5
Gasoline
2009
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
PM2.5
Gasoline
2010
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
PM2.5
Gasoline
2011
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
0.053299
PM2.5
Gasoline
2012
0.043875
0.043875
0.043875
0.043875
0.043875
PM2.5
Gasoline
2013
0.043875
0.043875
0.043875
0.043875
0.043875
PM2.5
Gasoline
2014
0.039258
0.039258
0.039258
0.039258
0.039258
PM2.5
Gasoline
2015
0.039258
0.039258
0.039258
0.039258
0.039258
PM2.5
Gasoline
2016
0.035127
0.035128
0.035127
0.035127
0.035127
PM2.5
Gasoline
2017
0.035127
0.035127
0.035127
0.035127
0.035128
PM2.5
Gasoline
2018
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
PM2.5
Gasoline
2019
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
PM2.5
Gasoline
2020
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
PM2.5
Gasoline
2021
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
PM2.5
Gasoline
2022
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
0.022419
PM2.5
Diesel
1990
3.497286
3.968937
3.96893
3.968942
3.94728
PM2.5
Diesel
1991
3.497286
3.968937
3.96893
3.968942
3.94728
PM2.5
Diesel
1992
3.497292
3.968933
3.968921
3.96894
3.947262
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-7
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Diesel
1993
3.49728
3.968925
3.968947
3.968926
3.947264
PM2.5
Diesel
1994
7.342525
6.86217
6.86217
6.862166
6.035049
PM2.5
Diesel
1995
7.342527
6.862171
6.86217
6.862176
6.035041
PM2.5
Diesel
1996
7.342536
6.862164
6.862176
6.862199
6.035076
PM2.5
Diesel
1997
7.342533
6.862169
6.862172
6.862172
6.035033
PM2.5
Diesel
1998
6.905959
6.515029
6.515035
6.515051
5.771645
PM2.5
Diesel
1999
6.905954
6.515046
6.515048
6.515009
5.771623
PM2.5
Diesel
2000
6.905952
6.515067
6.515035
6.515056
5.771632
PM2.5
Diesel
2001
6.905939
6.515039
6.515053
6.515026
5.77162
PM2.5
Diesel
2002
6.90594
6.515063
6.51505
6.515059
5.771638
PM2.5
Diesel
2003
5.87404
5.874023
5.874019
5.874024
5.216024
PM2.5
Diesel
2004
5.87402
5.874009
5.874016
5.874006
5.216033
PM2.5
Diesel
2005
5.873999
5.874039
5.874012
5.874018
5.216019
PM2.5
Diesel
2006
5.87402
5.874001
5.874002
5.874003
5.216037
PM2.5
Diesel
2007
0.507991
0.210348
0.210349
0.210348
0.210348
PM2.5
Diesel
2008
0.50799
0.210348
0.210348
0.210348
0.210348
PM2.5
Diesel
2009
0.507993
0.210349
0.210348
0.210348
0.210349
PM2.5
Diesel
2010
0.424174
0.17564
0.198779
0.198779
0.198779
PM2.5
Diesel
2011
0.424173
0.175641
0.198779
0.198779
0.198779
PM2.5
Diesel
2012
0.424173
0.175641
0.198779
0.198779
0.198779
PM2.5
Diesel
2013
0.424173
0.175641
0.175641
0.17564
0.17564
PM2.5
Diesel
2014
0.424172
0.175641
0.17564
0.175641
0.17564
PM2.5
Diesel
2015
0.424172
0.17564
0.17564
0.17564
0.17564
PM2.5
Diesel
2016
0.424174
0.175641
0.175641
0.164071
0.175641
PM2.5
Diesel
2017
0.424172
0.175641
0.17564
0.164072
0.175641
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-8
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Diesel
2018
0.253996
0.105385
0.105385
0.110854
0.123369
PM2.5
Diesel
2019
0.253996
0.105385
0.105385
0.110854
0.123369
PM2.5
Diesel
2020
0.253996
0.105385
0.105385
0.110853
0.123369
PM2.5
Diesel
2021
0.253996
0.105385
0.105385
0.110854
0.123369
PM2.5
Diesel
2022
0.253996
0.105385
0.105385
0.110854
0.123369
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1990
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1991
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1992
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1993
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
0.050559
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1994
0.016526
0.016526
0.016526
0.016526
0.016526
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1995
0.019698
0.019698
0.019698
0.019698
0.019698
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1996
0.045832
0.045832
0.045832
0.045832
0.045832
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1997
0.048212
0.048212
0.048212
0.048212
0.048212
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1998
0.028789
0.028789
0.028789
0.028789
0.028788
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1999
0.013964
0.013964
0.013964
0.013964
0.013964
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2000
0.006203
0.006203
0.006203
0.006203
0.006203
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2001
0.005749
0.005749
0.005749
0.005749
0.005749
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2002
0.018442
0.018442
0.018442
0.018442
0.018442
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2003
0.010889
0.010889
0.010889
0.010889
0.010889
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2004
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2005
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2006
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
0.010325
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2007
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2008
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2009
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-9
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2010
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2011
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
0.00782
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2012
0.006437
0.006437
0.006437
0.006437
0.006437
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2013
0.006437
0.006437
0.006437
0.006437
0.006437
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2014
0.00576
0.00576
0.00576
0.00576
0.00576
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2015
0.00576
0.00576
0.00576
0.00576
0.00576
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2016
0.005154
0.005154
0.005154
0.005154
0.005154
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2017
0.005154
0.005154
0.005154
0.005154
0.005154
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2018
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2019
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2020
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2021
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2022
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
0.003289
Black Carbon
Diesel
1990
1.502434
1.705055
1.705045
1.705051
1.041053
Black Carbon
Diesel
1991
1.502434
1.705055
1.705045
1.705051
1.041053
Black Carbon
Diesel
1992
1.502444
1.705058
1.705052
1.705057
1.041051
Black Carbon
Diesel
1993
1.502433
1.705053
1.705054
1.705054
1.041051
Black Carbon
Diesel
1994
3.154339
2.947992
2.947993
2.947991
1.591689
Black Carbon
Diesel
1995
3.154347
2.947984
2.947998
2.947994
1.591686
Black Carbon
Diesel
1996
3.15435
2.947978
2.948
2.948006
1.59169
Black Carbon
Diesel
1997
3.154353
2.947996
2.947993
2.947995
1.591685
Black Carbon
Diesel
1998
2.966801
2.79886
2.798868
2.798863
1.522208
Black Carbon
Diesel
1999
2.966797
2.798865
2.798866
2.798864
1.522205
Black Carbon
Diesel
2000
2.966805
2.79887
2.798867
2.798868
1.522203
Black Carbon
Diesel
2001
2.966795
2.798863
2.798867
2.798869
1.522204
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-10
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <*
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Diesel
2002
2.966799
2.798875
2.798866
2.798868
1.522205
Black Carbon
Diesel
2003
2.523485
2.523479
2.523481
2.523482
1.375673
Black Carbon
Diesel
2004
2.523482
2.523482
2.52348
2.523484
1.37567
Black Carbon
Diesel
2005
2.523481
2.523484
2.523482
2.52348
1.375669
Black Carbon
Diesel
2006
2.523479
2.523477
2.523481
2.523479
1.375674
Black Carbon
Diesel
2007
0.045436
0.018814
0.018814
0.018814
0.018814
Black Carbon
Diesel
2008
0.045436
0.018814
0.018814
0.018814
0.018814
Black Carbon
Diesel
2009
0.045436
0.018814
0.018814
0.018814
0.018814
Black Carbon
Diesel
2010
0.037939
0.01571
0.017779
0.017779
0.017779
Black Carbon
Diesel
2011
0.037939
0.01571
0.017779
0.017779
0.017779
Black Carbon
Diesel
2012
0.037939
0.01571
0.017779
0.017779
0.017779
Black Carbon
Diesel
2013
0.037939
0.01571
0.01571
0.01571
0.01571
Black Carbon
Diesel
2014
0.037939
0.01571
0.01571
0.01571
0.01571
Black Carbon
Diesel
2015
0.037939
0.01571
0.01571
0.01571
0.01571
Black Carbon
Diesel
2016
0.037939
0.01571
0.01571
0.014675
0.01571
Black Carbon
Diesel
2017
0.037939
0.01571
0.01571
0.014675
0.01571
Black Carbon
Diesel
2018
0.022718
0.009426
0.009426
0.009915
0.011035
Black Carbon
Diesel
2019
0.022718
0.009426
0.009426
0.009915
0.011035
Black Carbon
Diesel
2020
0.022718
0.009426
0.009426
0.009915
0.011035
Black Carbon
Diesel
2021
0.022718
0.009426
0.009426
0.009915
0.011034
Black Carbon
Diesel
2022
0.022718
0.009426
0.009426
0.009915
0.011034
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-11
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Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)
Model Year
NOx
PMio
PM2.5
Black Carbon
1990
240.2429
5.012193
4.611216
1.07339
1991
240.2429
5.012193
4.611216
1.07339
1992
240.6355
5.0126
4.611584
1.071225
1993
233.7694
5.005548
4.605088
1.109056
1994
239.5414
7.696976
7.081178
1.659313
1995
239.1037
7.699779
7.083789
1.664235
1996
237.157
7.712336
7.095328
1.686137
1997
239.5059
7.697177
7.081382
1.659706
1998
237.4083
7.371036
6.781333
1.608737
1999
241.3615
7.348521
6.760617
1.56685
2000
241.988
7.344966
6.757341
1.560223
2001
239.2928
7.360294
6.771469
1.588777
2002
237.723
7.369255
6.779707
1.60542
2003
239.3402
6.650885
6.118792
1.43515
2004
237.0764
6.662218
6.12922
1.456722
2005
238.3276
6.655958
6.123462
1.4448
2006
239.0454
6.652365
6.12015
1.437956
2007
210.1205
0.418171
0.384716
0.03441
2008
208.6581
0.417737
0.384316
0.034374
2009
211.7047
0.418642
0.38515
0.034449
2010
211.2663
0.416767
0.383424
0.034295
2011
210.1316
0.41643
0.383115
0.034267
2012
210.1319
0.416429
0.383114
0.034267
2013
210.1323
0.412936
0.379899
0.033979
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-12
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Model Year
NOx
PMio
PM2.5
Black Carbon
2014
210.1332
0.412936
0.379899
0.033979
2015
210.1322
0.412935
0.379899
0.033979
2016
210.132
0.412934
0.379899
0.033979
2017
210.1325
0.412936
0.379899
0.033979
2018
210.1323
0.412934
0.379899
0.033979
2019
210.1328
0.412935
0.379899
0.033979
2020
210.1321
0.412934
0.379898
0.033979
2021
210.1326
0.412936
0.3799
0.033979
2022
210.1326
0.412936
0.3799
0.033979
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-13
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Appendix C: Derivation of National Average
g/kW-hr Emission Factors
FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 2019.
http: //greet. es. an I. gov/
1. Electric Generation Mix (eGRID U.S. Average 2018 Data (https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions-generation-
resource-integrated-database-egrid))
U.S. Mix
Residual oil
0.6%
Natural qas
35.1%
Coal
27.5%
Nuclear power
19.4%
Biomass
1.6%
Hydro
6.9%
Wind
6.5%
Solar
1.5%
Geothermal
0.4%
Other
0.3%
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 4.87%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
GREET Calculated Emission Factors
Bv Fuel Tvpe Plants (Stationary and Transportation
Oil Fired
NG Fired
Coal Fired
Biomass Fired
TOTAL based on US Mix
NOx
3.97
0.21
0.36
0.92
0.21
PM10
0.16
0.011
0.061
2.09
0.056
PM2.5
0.11
0.011
0.043
0.61
0.026
BC
0.0073
0.0015
0.0018
0.0015
0.0025
CO2
840
404
947
0
407
Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and "Other"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(1-electric transmission and distribution loss)
Total delivered based on US electric generation mix
NOx
0.22
PM10
0.059
PM2.5
0.028
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BC
0.0026
CO2
428
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C
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Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling
Methodology
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it is a physical model
that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered appropriate for the estimation of the fuel
economy effects of truck hybridization. The model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption for user-
defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified parameters, along
with some of its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a variety of vehicle and powertrain types. The
assumptions and data sources for the model inputs that were used are presented below. The defaults for some
parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery efficiency, were assumed to remain
unchanged when scaling from light-duty to heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from work already done with the
PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for that previous work were taken from
findings of internet searches for specifications of various trucks in new "as-delivered" condition, prior to the
addition of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight. To
establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling effort, the original estimate of minimum we ight
was averaged with the maximum possible weight for each truck class. This was done with the intent of
modeling an average or medium payload for each truck class. An important source of information was an EPA
draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and GianelIi50. This document contained
equations that could be used for estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information describing
the use of the model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle empty weights and
engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications where possible. For example, Ford
published a .pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications51 that contains base curb weights and
engine sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market. Another useful source of
manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual52. The T170-T370 range consists
of medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all of the
dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis. As such, it includes curb
weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight ratings that were instrumental in creating
many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7 fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple trucks in a
class were found, values were taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they seemed
noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in literature
did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE model. For hybrid
modeling, the engine size reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1 liter for the Class 2b and 3 trucks, up
to 4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid trucks currently available
50 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate Estimator
(PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February 2005.
51 FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from http://www.fordf150.net/specs/05sd specs.pdf Accessed 11-29-2020.
52 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from
https://www.kenworth.com/media/25008/kenworth medium duty bbm dec 2011 .pdf Accessed 11-29-2020.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically have very little engine downsizing from
hybridization, however larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found on manufacturers'
web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the different available transmissions. While it is
very likely that the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6 speed manual transmission, there
are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a modern Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so
the model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a representation of typical trucks in that class, and all trucks
were modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires shift speeds as an input to the model,
and examples of these were not found in literature or internet searches. ERG has previously logged on-road
data from Class 8 trucks with 10-speed manual transmissions, and this data was analyzed briefly to create an
estimate of typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using this speed/gear curve, two other curves were
created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed chart has a
very strong effect on the model's predicted fuel economy but using carefully scaled shift point curves hopefully
mitigated this source of error. The hybrid trucks were modeled with exactly the same transmissions as the
conventional trucks. The model did not readily include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics
when changing from conventional to hybrid powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept the same when
making this change with the intent of ensuring the resulting fuel economy effects were only due to
hybridization, not due to transmission effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The engine efficiency was
taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds were adjusted
together as well, to account for the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical
Class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not generally a part of
manufacturers' literature. The method of road load calculation used for this PERE modeling was based on the
coefficient of rolling resistance (Cr), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal area (Af) in
a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam and Gianelli (2005). Coefficients of
drag were based on values in literature, such as manufacturers' specifications for Class 2b and in a report
publication by Argonne National Laboratory53. Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the Class 2b and the smaller
medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier medium duty trucks were assumed to
have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be vocational trucks with less streamlined aerodynamics. Frontal area
was taken from manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam and Gianelli, the product of truck
height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of effective Af. Engineering judgment
was applied to the dimensions found in literature to ensure a representative increase in frontal area from the
smaller to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were estimated using the trends observed by both Nam
and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and
medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
53 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles through Modeling and Simulation.
Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-001, October 2009.
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The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. In order to get a representative range of fuel economy
benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
(HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can be thought of as
a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural driving with varying speeds but no
stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was still used as it was the best
representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given by truck class in
Table D-1.
Table D-1. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
Modeled Test
Weight, lbs
Conventional
Engine Disp., L
Hybrid Engine
Disp., L
Number of
Gears
Effective Gear Ratio,
RPM/mph
2b
7,875
6.0
5
6
35
3
10,000
6.0
5
6
35
4
12,250
6.4
5.4
6
33
5
14,500
6.7
5.7
6
33
6
19,500
6.7
5.7
8
33
7
24,000
8.3
6.3
10
31
8
52,500
13
9
10
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold for each different
vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount of power demand during acceleration
that is required to cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The user must adjust this value
such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately equal to the amount of energy charged
back into the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not done, the fuel economy will be misrepresented
due to the battery ending up with a different state of charge at the end of the cycle compared to the
beginning of the cycle.
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events charge the battery
back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at its minimum value. This meant that
the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the beginning, which has the
effect of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an extra calculation to the
model in order to account for the net change in battery power. This calculation used the various efficiencies of
the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up the change in battery charge over the cycle, and
add that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was needed for the trucks in Classes 2b
through 5.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-3
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oEPA
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20460
(734) 214-4333
www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-
climate-chanqe
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection agency»
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
2565 Plymouth Rd.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200
http: //www. epa. gov/
EPA 420 B 21 002 | January 2021 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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