EPA/600/R-00/018
September 2000
Laboratory Evaluation of Nonstick Coatings To
Reduce Ink Adhesion to Printing Press
Components
Final Technical Report
Prepared by:
Dean R. Cornstubble, Mark A. Bahner, and Subba Nishtala
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
EPA Cooperative Agreement CR 824257
EPA Project Officer: Charles Darvin
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
NRMKL-RTP-189 (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) PB200
3-107708
nun
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-6G0/ R-00-018
5RE; mil
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Laboratory Evaluation of Nonstick Coatings to Reduce
Ink Adhesion to Printing Press Components
5. REPORT DATE
March 2000
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHOR(sj£)ean Cornstubble, Mark A. Bahner, and
Subba Nishtala
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P. 0. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CR 824257
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 1997-1999
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
16.supplementary notesAppCD project officer is Charles H. Darvin, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-7633.
i6. abstract The report gives results of a project to identify surface coatings or prepar-
ations that might reduce and/or eliminate the need for solvent cleaning of ink-feed-
system components of printing equipment. The study was designed to provide quali-
tative, but not quantitative, results. The ability to eliminate wiping and solvent cle-
aning of printing system ink pans can cut down on labor costs, wasted ink, and the
use of cleaning solvents. This goal might be enhanced by coating the printing ink pan
with a product with physical and chemical properties similar to those of polymeric
products such as polytetrafluoroethylene (better known as Teflon). In theory, the
free energy of the surface coating, or the excess energy of the atoms or molecules
on the surface, is reduced compared with that of the subsurface. Ink would then bead
up to be removed by various means, such as gravity or minimal wiping with a dry
(solvent-free) cloth. Components covered with polymeric coatings should also reduce
process down time and labor required to clean ink-delivery-station components as
well as reduce wasted ink and volatile solvent emissions from the use of cleaning
solvents. Water usage could also be decreased if printers using water-based ink did
not have to use as much water to clean each ink delivery station. All of the nonstick
coatings evaluated were found to reduce residual ink in the coated pan.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. descriptors
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Volatility
Inks
P rinting
Coatings
Cleaning
Solvents
Pollution Prevention
Stationary Sources
13 B 20M
14E, 11C
13 H
11K
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
66
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
Notice
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Office of Research and
Development's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division (APPCD), located in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, conducted this joint study and partially funded the laboratory
research described here under assistance agreement CR 824257 to Research Triangle Institute
(RTI). The research studies were conducted at the RTI facility. The report has been subjected to
the Agency's peer and administrative reviews and has been approved for publication as an EPA
document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the cooperation and support of Flint Ink Corporation in
Flint, Michigan, for donating printing inks used for this test. Also, the authors wish to
acknowledge the cooperation of TOEFCO Engineering, Inc., in Niles, Michigan, and the
Donwell Company, in Manchester, Connecticut, for supplying nonstick coatings for testing and
for applying the nonstick coatings to selected test pans. The EPA Project Officer for this project
is Charles Darvin, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
iii
-------
Abstract
The goal of this project was to identify surface coatings or preparations that might reduce
and/or eliminate the need for solvent cleaning of ink-feed-system components of printing
equipment. The study was designed to provide qualitative but not quantitative results.
The ability to eliminate wiping and solvent cleaning of printing system ink pans can cut
down on labor costs, wasted ink, and the use of cleaning solvents. This goal might be enhanced by
coating the printing ink pan with a coating having similar physical and chemical properties to those
of polymeric products such as polytetrafluoroethylene (better known by the trade name Teflon™).
In theory, the free energy of the surface coating, or the excess energy of the atoms or molecules on
the surface, is reduced compared with that of the subsurface. Ink would thus bead up to be removed
by various means, such as gravity or minimal wiping with a dry (solvent-free) cloth. Components
coated with polymeric coatings should also reduce process downtime and labor required to clean
ink-delivery-station components as well as reduce wasted ink and volatile solvent emissions from
the use of cleaning solvents. Water usage could also be decreased if printers using water-based ink
did not have to use as much water to clean each ink-delivery station.
Proof-of-concept laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the non-wetting
potential of various nonstick coatings applied to test surfaces and using printing inks common to the
flexographic and rotogravure printing process. An uncoated test surface was used as the control.
Each ink was deposited in each of the test pans. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine the
weight of ink remaining on each of the coated and uncoated surfaces after cleaning.
All of the nonstick coatings evaluated were found to reduce residual ink in the coated pan
relative to the uncoated pan after draining. The average reduction in retained ink on the surface was
approximately 17 percent by weight for all nonstick coatings and ink types. The highest performing
nonstick coating produced an average reduction of approximately 23 percent for all coating types,
with a maximum reduction (for soybean-oil-based ink) of approximately 34 percent.
iv
-------
Contents
Section Page
Notice ii
Acknowledgments iii
Abstract iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures vii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective 2
2 Background 3
2.1 Cleaning Practices in Printing Operations 3
2.2 Nonstick Coating Use in Printing Operations 3
3 Study Materials, Methods, and Procedures 4
3.1 Materials 4
3.1.1 Printing Inks 4
3.1.2 Substrates 4
3.1.3 Nonstick Coatings 5
3.1.4 Testing Equipment 5
3.2 Method 5
3.3 Procedures 7
3.3.1 Calibration of Sartorius 4200S Bench Balance 7
3.3.2 Gravimetric and Photographic Procedures 7
4 Results and Discussion 9
4.1 Test Results 9
4.2 Potential Solvent Emission Reductions 15
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 16
5.1 Conclusions 16
5.2 Recommendations 16
6 Data Quality 17
6.1 Quality Assurance Project Plan 17
6.2 Data Quality Indicator Goals 17
6.2.1 Precision 18
6.2.2 Accuracy 19
6.2.3 Completeness 19
6.2.4 Comparability 20
v
-------
6.2.5 Representativeness 20
6.3 Data Reduction and Validation 20
6.3.1 Gravimetric Data Reduction 20
6.3.2 Data Validation 21
7 References 23
Appendix A - Material Safety Data Sheets A-l
Appendix B - Balance Calibration Results B-l
Appendix C - Test Data C-l
vi
-------
Tables
1-1 Surface Free Energy of Some Polymers (Brady 1997) 2
3-1 Printing Inks Selected for Testing 4
3-2 Nonstick Coatings Evaluated in Phase II Testing 5
4-1 Performance of Custom Nonstick Coatings 9
4-2 Ink Saved By Use of Nonstick Coatings 10
6-1 Summary Results for Precision, Accuracy, and Completeness of Critical and Noncritical
Measurements 17
Figures
4-1 Uncoated test pan, after pouring (alcohol-based ink) 11
4-2 NSC D-coated test pan, after pouring (alcohol-based ink) 11
4-3 Uncoated test pan, after pouring and wiping (alcohol-based ink) 12
4-4 NSC D-coated test pan, after pouring and wiping (alcohol-based ink) 12
4-5 Average percentage of residual ink on the nonstick coated surface compared
to residual ink remaining on the uncoated steel 13
4-6 Average percentage ink saved for each type of ink solvent base for each coated surface as
compared to the uncoated steel 14
vii
-------
Section 1
Introduction
Nonstick polymeric coatings are commonly used in commercial and domestic
applications where there might be a buildup of dust, dirt, grease, ice, soot, scale, food, and other
foreign matter. Applications of these coatings include carburetor shafts, conveyor parts, float
elements, fuser rollers for copiers, motor windings, orifices, sleeves for bearings, solenoids, and
cooking utensils, among others. Nonstick coatings have the potential to reduce sliding friction,
ware, noise, heat buildup and hot spots. A typical nonstick coating material is
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), better known by the trade name Teflon™. In theory, the free
energy of the coated surface, or the excess energy of the atoms or molecules at the surface, is less
when compared with that of the substrate. The magnitude of that free energy represents the
surface's capability to interact with other materials such as inks and metals. Spreading of a
liquid, such as printing inks, over a solid surface is more likely where the free energy of the
surface is high. Organic polymers possess surface free energies of between 11 and 80 millijoules
per square meter (mJ/m2).1 Many commercial polymer coatings have surface energies at the
lower end of this range and have been studied in the search for a nonstick coating as shown in
Table 1-1. Polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene are readily available and
inexpensive, but they lack the molecular weights necessary for acceptable physical properties for
effective surface coatings. They also are insoluble in solvents and difficult to cast as films.
Unsubstituted hydrocarbons are easily oxidized which also causes their nonstick properties
rapidly deteriorate.
There are a few instances where nonstick coatings are used in the printing industry,
specifically for ink mixing vats and splash guards. However, there is little information about the
cleaning efficiency provided to these installations. The application of nonstick coatings to
printing system components and accessories is intended to reduce waste ink and reduce the use of
cleaning solvents. Printing ink beads up on the surface of the reservoir and removed by non-
solvent means such as gravity draining or by minimal wiping with a dry, solvent-free cloth. This
reduces and/or eliminates process down time and solvent emissions resulting from cleaning
activities.
This report describes proof-of-concept experiments to determine if nonstick coatings
applied to the test surfaces can reduce cleaning requirements and ink usage for flexographic and
rotogravure printing equipment.
1
-------
Table 1-1. Surface Free Energy of Some Polymers1
Polymer surface
Polymer energy, mj/m2
Polyethylene 34
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 31
Polypropylene 30
Polyvinyl fluoride 28
Polyethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene 27
Polyvinylidene fluoride 25
Polydimethylsiloxane 22
Polytetrafluoroethylene 19
Polytetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene 18
Poly 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl methyl siloxane 18
Polvethvlene-co-chlorotrifluoroethvlene 15
1.1 Objective
The objective of this project was to evaluate in the laboratory the proof-of-concept of the
effectiveness of selected nonstick coatings to reduce residual ink in steel test containers
simulating ink pans in printing operationss. This objective was achieved by (1) determining the
approximate reduction of ink remaining on each nonstick coated pan's surface and compared
toan uncoated surface: (2) evaluating the extent to which ink could be removed from the nonstick
coated surface during final cleaning.
2
-------
Section 2
Background
2.1 Cleaning Practices in Printing Operations
In flexographic and rotogravure printing, cleaning of the ink delivery stations on the
presses is a vital part of daily operations. Operators spend anywhere from 15 to 30 minutes per
printing station during press shutdowns (1) reclaiming ink from each ink delivery station,
(2) cleaning ink-feed-system components, (3) removing components to be cleaned elsewhere, and
(4) reinstalling components for the next printing job.2 It is apparent therefore that the printing
industry might benefit from any technique at the ink-delivery-station that facilitates cleaning
activities, and reduces ink loss, and reduces system down time.
In general, cleaning of ink delivery stations is a three-step process. In the first step, ink
delivery lines and the ink reservoir are drained of excess ink which is collected in an ink sump.
During the second step, if a color change is required, the ink delivery station is removed from the
printing press, disassembled, and manually cleaned. In some cases, larger components of these
stations are cleaned in automated cleaning equipment. Finally, after the ink sump is
disconnected from the ink delivery station, virgin solvent is circulated through the ink delivery
station. It is a common practice at many facilities to use virgin solvent a second time after the
initial cleaning, resulting in the potential for additional volatile emissions.
2.2 Nonstick Coating Use in Printing Operations
Nonstick coatings are used at a limited number of printing facilities on splash guards, ink
pans, and other printing ink delivery station components which require regular cleaning
(excluding delivery hoses and the circulation pump). Facility experience with the nonstick
coating was reported to be very positive. In fact, some have decided to coat all of their old
printing equipment with a nonstick coating, or buy new equipment pre-coated with a nonstick
coating. In facilities where nonstick coatings were not reported to be successful it may have been
due to the cleaning methods used and the method by which the coatings were applied to the
surfaces. Nonstick coatings for this application are typically applied in from one to three layers
to the substrate.
3
-------
Section 3
Study Materials, Methods, and Procedures
3.1 Materials
Materials used during the evaluation of nonstick coatings included selected printing inks,
coated metal containers, nonstick coatings, and testing equipment. Each is described below.
3.1.1 Printing Inks
Table 3-1 lists the inks used during the study to evaluate the nonwetting performance of
nonstick coatings and is based on solvents used in the formulation . They represent four major
types of inks used in the printing industry. Appendix A contains the material safety data sheets
for each printing ink used in the evaluation.
The ink candidates were chosen because of their common use in various flexographic and
rotogravure printing operations. For example, toluene-based inks are commonly used in
publication rotogravure; alcohol-based inks are frequently used in flexographic printing on film
substrates; soybean oil-based inks are commonly used in flexographic newspaper printing; and
water-based inks are increasingly used as pollution-prevention alternatives to existing solvent-
based inks in both rotogravure and flexographic printing. However, the water based inks will
still contain a small amount of solvent in their formulation.
Table 3-1. Printing Inks Selected for Testing
Ink solvent base
VOCa content, weight %
Application in printing
Alcohol
20-40
Film substrates (such as plastic packaging)
Soybean oil
0
Newspaper (flexographic) printing
Toluene
20-55
Publication rotogravure
Water
1-30
Flexosraohic and some rotogravure orintins
a. VOC, volatile organic compound.
3.1.2 Substrates
Two pan sizes were used to evaluate the nonstick coatings. The rectangular pans were
approximately 216 mm long, 114 mm wide, and 51 mm deep, and were purchased from
McMaster-Carr (Catalog # 4729T13). These pans were sent to two different vendors who each
coated equivalent pans with nonstick coatings using their company's standard application
4
-------
procedures and equipment.
3.1.3 Nonstick Coatings
The evaluated nonstick coatings were selected as a result of discussions with four
companies that custom-apply nonstick coatings. Two of the companies were selected to coat the
rectangular test pans with nonstick coatings. Each coating is described in Table 3-2.
Vendor A applied three nonstick coatings to test pans. All three of these product
designations are two-coat systems. NSC (nonstick coating) A and B are licensed by DuPont and
NSC C is licensed by Whitford Corporation. Vendor A recommended these particular coatings
because they are used in paint release and mold release applications. They have very low
coefficients of friction and are very resistant to chemical attack. Vendor B custom applied NSCs
D and E to the remaining test pans
Table 3-2. Nonstick Coatings Evaluated in Phase II Testing
Nonstick
Coating
coating
formulation base
Comments
NSC A
PFAa - 274
Custom-applied to test pans by vendor A
NSC B
FEPb- 275
Custom-applied to test pans by vendor A
NSC C
FEP-758
Custom-applied to test pans by vendor A
NSC D
FEP
Custom-applied to test pans by vendor B
NSC E
PFA
Custom-aoolied to test Dans bv vendor B
"Perfluoroalkoxy.
b Fluorinated ethylene propylene.
3.1.4 Testing Equipment
Gravimetric measurements were made using a top-loading, digital laboratory bench
balance. The balance was manufactured by and rented from Sartorius Corporation (Bohemia,
New York), Model 4200S, with a capacity of 4.2 kg, and a readability of ±0.01 g. A digital still-
frame camera, Kodak Model DC-40, and an RCA video camcorder were used to provide a
photographic record of test results.
3.2 Method
The evaluation was conducted using five custom-applied nonstick coatings. The coatings
were evaluated against an uncoated control pan by comparing the gravimetric results of residual
ink remaining on the surface after the pouring cycle. A photographic record was also made of
each test run. The testing included three test runs for each of the 4 types of ink and 5 nonstick
coatings. Therefore the total test matrix includes including the control pan was 72 runs.
5
-------
Using the following equations, the team determined the amount of residual ink on the test
surface as a percentage of the initial amount of ink in each test pan after the ink was poured and
after one swipe with a dry, clean cloth.
R-
W„ - W_
wh
\ b
w.
x 100
(1)
p)
/ \
w - wn
° p
Wl
w.
x 100
p)
(2)
Where
R =
residual ink as a percentage of the initial mass of ink in each test
pan after pouring, %
Re =
residual ink as a percentage of the initial mass of ink in each test
pan after cleaning with one swipe of a dry, clean cloth, %
Wa =
mass of pan plus ink after gravity draining the test pan of ink, g
WP =
initial mass of pan, g
wb =
mass of pan plus ink before testing, g
Wc =
mass of pan plus ink after one swipe with a dry, clean cloth, g.
The percentage of ink saved if a nonstick coating was applied to an ink reservoir pan was
determined using the following equation:
W,.
(Wa -
WX
(Wa -
Wp> J
x 100
(3)
Where
6
-------
Wis = ink saved if nonstick coating used, %
(Wa - Wp)m = mass of residual ink on nonstick coating, g
(Wa - Wp)rc = mass of residual ink on control, g.
3.3 Procedures
Experiments were conducted in a standard laboratory hood where humidity and
temperature conditions were relatively stable. Although not recorded, these conditions were
assumed to have little effect on the outcome of the data based on the stability of the testing
environment and the short duration of each test. Exposure times for each test is given in
Appendix C.
Gravimetric measurements to determine the values for W were made by weighing each
test pan before and after adding each ink, both the pan and residual ink after pouring, and both
the pan and residual ink after one swipe with a dry cleaning cloth. A Sartorius precision top-
loading bench balance, Model 4200S, was used to measure the weight of each test pan, test pan
and ink, and test pan and ink after pouring and wiping.
3.3.1 Calibration of Sartorius 4200S Bench Balance
The Sartorius balance was turned on at the start of each test day and turned off at the
completion of each test day. Calibration of the balance was checked at the beginning of each test
day. No other checks were made. Calibration checks were performed using eight calibration
masses in the range of weighing interest. These masses, respectively, were 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20,
50, and 100 g, each traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The
following steps were used in the procedure:
1. Turn on the balance and wait 30 minutes for equilibration.
2. Tare the balance to zero.
3. Place calibration mass onto the center of the balance and record the weight.
4. If the net value of the mass added in Step 3 is equal to the weight of the calibration
weight ±0.1 g, continue. If not, perform an internal calibration (option included in bench
model) and repeat steps 2 to 4.
5. Remove the calibration mass.
6. Tare the balance to zero.
For further information on balance calibrations, see Appendix B.
3.3.2 Gravimetric and Photographic Procedures
For each printing ink tested the following procedure was followed:
1. Weigh empty pan (this mass is Wp).
2. Weigh approximately 0.2 L of ink (this mass is W;).
3. Add the weight of ink to the pan.
7
-------
4. Re-weigh pan (this mass is Wb).
5. Place pan under hood, cover pan with lid, and record start time.
6. After 1 hour, remove pan from hood.
7. Record status of pan by photographing and videotaping.
8. Empty pan by turning upside down for 5 minutes.
9. Re-record status of pan by photographing and videotaping.
10. Re-weigh pan. This mass is Wa.
11. Wipe pan once, using a dry, clean cloth.
12. Re-record status of pan by photographing and videotaping.
13. Re-weigh pan. This mass is Wc.
8
-------
Section 4
Results and Discussion
4.1 Test Results
A summary of the testing results is presented in Table 4-1. Data in Table 4-1 are ranked
according to residual ink remaining in the pan. A rank of 1 indicates the coating with the lowest
percentage of residual ink remaining on the surface. A rank of 6 indicates the coating with the
greatest percentage of residual ink remaining of the surface of the nonstick coating.
As expected, all of the nonstick coatings resulted in a lower amount of residual ink
remaining on the pan surfaces compared to the uncoated control pans. Of the five nonstick
coatings tested, the NSC D ranked the best in terms of the least amount of residual ink
remaining on the pan surface.
Table 4-1. Performance of Custom Nonstick Coatings
Average Percent of Ink Residual for Each Type of Ink Solvent
Alcohol
Soybean oil
Toluene
Water
Average
Rank
Draining
Uncoated steel
5.34
32.65
4.18
7.37
12.39
6
NSC A
4.58
30.15
3.95
5.93
11.15
5
NSC B
4.22
26.69
3.93
6.96
10.45
4
NSC C
4.18
24.42
3.52
6.01
9.53
3
NSC D
4.12
22.29
3.72
5.49
8.91
1
NSC E
4.34
21.68
3.88
6.08
9.00
2
Draining & wiping
Uncoated steel
3.59
21.51
3.71
4.64
8.36
6
NSC A
3.40
19.07
3.56
3.73
7.44
5
NSC B
3.24
17.46
3.61
4.59
7.23
4
NSC C
3.20
16.53
3.21
3.99
6.73
3
NSC D
3.26
14.40
3.37
3.59
6.16
1
NSC E
3.35
15.02
3.52
4.00
6.47
2
Figures 4-1 through 4-4 provide a photographic record of the after pouring before wiping
and the after pouring with wiping categories for the alcohol-based ink on the uncoated and NSC
D coated test pans. Data in Table 4-1 were plotted in Figure 4-5 to provide a graphical
presentation of the percentage of residual ink remaining on the surface of each nonstick coating
with each printing ink used compared to the residual ink remaining on the surface of the
uncoated steel.
Table 4-2 shows the amount of ink saved (e.g., reduction in residual ink) for each of the
9
-------
nonstick coatings. The amount of ink saved is expressed as a percentage, relative to that
remaining in the uncoated pan. In Table 4-2 all nonstick coatings show reductions of residual ink
in the pans for all ink categories used in this study. Reductions in residual ink after draining
ranged from approximately 5 percent to approximately 23 percent, depending on the nonstick
coating and ink type. The average reduction in residual ink after draining, for all inks and all
nonstick coatings, was approximately 17 percent. NSC D showed an average reduction for all
inks of approximately 23 percent which was the largest reduction for any of the nonstick
coatings. NSC E produced the largest reduction in residual ink, approximately 34 percent, when
used with the soybean-oil-based ink. Data in Table 4-2 were plotted in Figure 4-6, to provide a
graphical presentation of the average percentage of ink saved for each type of ink solvent base for
each nonstick coating compared to the uncoated control surface.
After wiping each ink pan, the remaining ink was allowed to dry. It was observed that the
dry ink films were easier to remove from the nonstick coated surfaces than from the uncoated
pans. Dried ink could be removed from the nonstick coated pans by simply rubbing the surface.
However, considerable effort was required to remove the dried ink from the uncoated control test
pan surface.
Table 4-2. Ink Saved By Use of Nonstick Coatings
Ink Saved By Nonstick Coatings, %, for Each Type of Ink
Alcohol
Soybean oil
Toluene
Water
Average
Rank
Draining
Uncoated steel
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
NSC A
14.2
7.7
5.5
19.5
11.7
5
NSC B
21.0
18.3
6.0
5.6
12.7
4
NSC C
21.7
25.2
15.8
18.5
20.3
3
NSC D
22.8
31.7
11.0
25.5
22.8
1
_NSC_E
18.7
33.6
7.2
17.5
19.3
2
Average of all
19.7
23.3
9.1
17.3
17.4
-
Draining & Wiping
Uncoated steel
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
NSC A
5.3
11.3
4.0
19.6
10.1
5
NSC B
9.7
18.8
2.7
1.1
8.1
4
NSC C
10.9
23.2
13.5
14.0
15.4
3
NSC D
9.2
33.1
9.2
22.6
18.5
1
NSC E
6.7
30.2
5.1
13.8
14.0
2
Note that surfaces D and E represented the most efficient coated surfaces. Although not as
efficient as the draining only procedure the draining and wiping process still indicated a savings
of ink. The difference can be attributed probably to the ink losses on the rag in exchange for
reduced cleaning time.
10
-------
Figure 4-1. Uncoated test pan, after pouring (aicohol-based ink).
-------
Figure 4-3. Uncoated test pan, after pouring and wiping (alcohol-based ink).
Figure 4-4. NSC D-coated test pan, after pouring and wiping (alcohol-based ink)
-------
14
12.39
12
11.15
10.45
10
9:53
9.00
8.91
8.36
8
7.23
6.73
6.47
6.16
6
4
2
0
Uncoated steel
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSCD
NSCE
Coating Type
~ After draining H After draining & wiping
Figure 4-
5. Average percentage of residual ink on the nonstick coated surface compared to residual ink remaining on the uncoated
steel
13
-------
22.8
20.3
18.5
15.4
13.9
12.7
11.7
10.1
|
8.1
1
|
o
©
o
©
NSC D NSC C NSC E NSC B NSC A Uncoated steel
Coating Type
~ After draining ES3 After draining & wiping
Figure4-6. Average percentage of ink saved for each type of ink solvent base for each coated surface as compared
to the uncoated steel
14
-------
4.2 Potential Solvent Emission Reductions
When attempting to calculate the cleaning solvent emission reductions that can be
achieved with nonstick coatings, two boundary conditions are well established: (1) if there is
zero reduction in ink residuals, there will be zero reduction in cleaning solvent usage and (2) if
there is 100 percent reduction in ink residual (e.g., no ink residual), there will be 100 percent
reduction in cleaning solvent usage (e.g., no cleaning solvent necessary). If a linear relationship
between residual ink and solvent usage is assumed in the region between the two known
boundary conditions, the reduction in solvent usage will directly correspond to the reduction in
residual ink. For example, if a nonstick coating reduced the oink residual by 50 percent relative
to an uncoated pan, the amount of solvent used to clean an ink feed system would also be
reduced by 50 percent. Similarly, if the ink residual was reduced by 20 percent, the amount of
solvent used would also be 20 percent, and so on. Thus, based on these boundary conditions the
reduction of solvent emissions from printing processes may be assumed. For each percentage
point reduction in ink usage achieved a similar reduction in clean-up and ink solvent emissions
can be achieved.
15
-------
Section 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
The testing demonstrated that all of the nonstick coatings reduced the residual ink
remaining both after draining and draining and wiping when compared to uncoated pans. The
reductions in residual ink after draining averaged 17 percent for all nonstick coatings. The best-
performing coating produced an average reduction for all inks of 23 percent. NSC D produced a
high of approximately 34 percent savings for the soybean-oil-based ink.
Although not part of the formal test program, it was observed that it was significantly
easier to remove dried ink from nonstick coated pans than from uncoated pans. For the nonstick
coated pans, it was possible to simply rub the film of dried ink to free it from the surface. For the
uncoated pans, however, it was necessary to scrape paint from the surface.
Each nonstick coating reduced residual ink amounts remaining in the pan when
compared to the uncoated pans; however, the residuals left on the coated pans were still large
enough to require additional cleaning beyond simply wiping the surface with a dry cloth. Two
methods to accomplish this cleaning would be to use either liquid solvent or first allowing ink to
dry and then removing the ink film by rubbing with a dry cloth. If solvent is used, the amount of
solvent used would be reduced because of the reductions in residual ink described above. If ink
is allowed to dry and then is rubbed off, cleaning solvent usage could be virtually eliminated.
The soybean ink, which had the highest viscosity, produced, as expected, the highest
residual ink levels for the uncoated and nonstick coated surfaces.
Overall, the concept of using nonstick coatings on printing press surfaces appears to
promote air emission reductions and is a viable pollution prevention equipment design
alternative for printing operations where large portions of ink may dry on ink-delivery-system
surfaces.
5.2 Recommendations
Nonstick coatings appear most promising for printing applications in situations where ink
is allowed to completely dry on a surface. In this project, the ink after drying could be pulled
away from the nonstick surfaces but continued to adhere to the uncoated surfaces. Therefore,
future research in nonstick coatings for the printing industry should focus on situations where ink
drying is occurring, such as on accessory components of each individual ink delivery station.
This approach is potentially time consuming unless replacement parts are substituted while the
contaminated components are drying.
16
-------
Section 6
Data Quality
Quality assurance (QA) activities were required for this proof-of-concept laboratory
testing. QA activities were carried out following the guidelines and procedures detailed in the
QA Project Plan (QAPP) for Category IV QA plans. These included
• Preparation of a QAPP,
• Development of data quality indicator goals for resulting test data,
• Monitoring quality control procedures and results, and
• Internal review of data results.
6.1 Quality Assurance Project Plan
A final QAPP, Laboratory Evaluation of Nonstick Coatings for Application in Printing
Ink Delivery Stations, was prepared by RTI in September 1997 and approved by EPA prior to the
start of the proposed testing.
6.2 Data Quality Indicator Goals
The primary objectives of this project were to evaluate which nonstick coatings could
produce a beading effect of ink on its surface (e.g., absence of an ink film) and to determine the
qualitative reduction of ink left on the nonstick coating's surface. The critical measurements
were gravimetric data and photographic evidence. Noncritical measurements were exposure
time, temperature, and percent relative humidity (%RH). Data quality objectives for these
measurements are summarized in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1. Summary Results for Precision, Accuracy, and Completeness of Critical and
Noncritical Measurements
Measurements
Instrument
Precision
Accuracy
Completeness
Critical
Gravimetric
Sartorius bench balance
4200S
±0.1 g
±0.1 g
95%
Photographic record
Kodak digital camera & RCA
camcorder
NA
NA
100%
Noncritical
Exposure time
Digital stop watch
+1 min
±1 min
95%
Temperature
Not Performed
%RH
Not Performed
NA = Not applicable.
17
-------
Gravimetric test data required specific goals for accuracy, precision, and completeness.
Data quality goals for precision and accuracy for each test were based on the evaluation methods
used and the objectives of this project. Temperature and %RH measurements did have data
quality goals in the QAPP. However, these measurements were not performed during testing.
Although these measurements were not performed, testing was conducted in a standard
laboratory hood, thereby reducing temperature and %RH variability.
Each indicator goal and each qualitative goal for the gravimetric data results are discussed
below.
6.2.1 Precision
Precision for gravimetric data was determined by evaluating ink residuals from three
samples of each type of ink and each custom nonstick coating used during testing. Precision was
determined for the weights of the pans and inks, and the initial and final weights of each pan
containing ink. The weight of residual ink was calculated by subtracting the final weight of each
pan and dried ink, if present, from the initial weight of the pan and ink.
The, precision for gravimetric data was calculated from the percent relative standard
deviation (RSD), since there were three replicates for each nonstick coating evaluated. Percent
RSD was calculated from the following equation:
RSD =
(4)
where:
RSD
s
relative standard deviation, %
standard deviation, g
mean of replicate measurements, g.
Standard deviation is defined as follows:
(5)
where:
s
standard deviation, g
18
-------
^ = measured value of the zth replicate, g
y, = mean of replicate measurements, g
n = number of replicates.
The QAPP stated that all balance calibration checks would be within ±0.01 g and that
calibration would be repeated until this level was achieved. This, however, was not possible.
The ±0.01 g was based on the assumption that the amount of residual ink left in the pans would
be in the range of 2 to 5 g. The results of preliminary proof-of-concept testing showed
significantly higher amounts of ink remaining in the pans. Typical values were well over 10 g;
only 1 out of the first 10 tests had a residual of 5 g or less. Therefore, a precision of ±0.1 g did
not compromise the originally stated precision of ±0.01 g. See Appendix B, for balance
calibration checks.
All balance changes due to calibration mass additions were within ±0.1 g of the labeled
calibration mass values, with the exception of the 100 g calibration mass. The 100 g calibration
mass consistently resulted in a balance reading of 99.95 ±0.01 g. Although this reading appeared
to be "low" by 0.05 g, the calibration mass itself was believed to be low by 0.05 g. An
agreement within this level was thus deemed acceptable.
The overall average precision, therefore, for triplicate samples of residual ink was 0.1 %
RSD.
6.2.2 Accuracy
The accuracy of the balance was to be determined by calibration at the beginning and end
of the test program and by calibration checks at the start and end of each day. Although
calibration checks were performed at the beginning and end of the test program, individual
calibration checks at the start and end of each test day were not performed. End-of-day
calibration checks of the balance were only performed on the first day. See Appendix B for
balance calibration checks.
The qualitative goal for the accuracy of the photographic record was "sufficient to
differentiate between a beading and nonbeading condition." Photographs taken during testing
proved that there was an observable difference between these two conditions.
Measurements for exposure time were determined using a stopwatch and were recorded
to the nearest minute. See Appendix C.
6.2.3 Completeness
The numerical value for completeness is defined as the ratio of the number of
measurements judged valid to the total number of measurements planned and is expressed in
terms of percentage. Thus, completeness for all measurements was calculated as follows:
19
-------
c = 100x -
T
(6)
where:
C = percent completeness, %
V = number of measurements judged valid
T = total number of measurements planned.
For the photographic record, the results at the end of every test run were digitally
photographed and videotaped. The completeness goal for the photographic documentation was
100 percent. This means that a photographic record of the results was taken of every test run.
Completeness for all gravimetric measurements was 100 percent. Thus, all completeness goals
were met.
6.2.4 Comparability
Several factors in the testing ensured comparability among the various nonstick coatings.
One factor was that the same type of ink (alcohol-, soybean oil-, toluene, or water-based) was
used per one set of nonstick-coated test pans. Another factor was residence time, which was the
same for each ink in each nonstick-coated pan. Another factor was that the same procedure for
pouring and wiping ink from each test pan was performed. The coatings were applied by the
coating suppliers, allowing for direct comparison between the coatings (e.g., reduced variability
in coating application).
6.2.5 Representativeness
Representativeness refers to how accurately and precisely the data represent a
characteristic of interest. In the context of this project, inferences were limited to the specific
nonstick coatings evaluated in testing. With respect to representativeness, the major issue was
whether each type of nonstick coating represented the typical nonstick coating used in the
industry. Each of the nonstick coatings tested in this project is commercially available and is the
most well known and used nonstick coating. Thus, the probability of representativeness being
compromised was limited by obtaining nonstick coatings from the major vendors of nonstick
coatings.
The printing inks selected for use in this project represent the four major types of inks
used in the flexographic and rotogravure printing industry. They were supplied by Flint Ink, Inc.,
a major printing ink supplier to flexographic and rotogravure printing facilities.
6.3 Data Reduction and Validation
6.3.1 Gravimetric Data Reduction
20
-------
The amount of residual ink was determined as a percentage of the initial amount of ink in
each test pan after pouring out the ink and after one swipe with a dry, clean cloth using the
following equations:
w _ w
a P
W, - Wnl
b p)
x 100
(7)
R
Wp
WL
w_
P)
x 100
(8)
where:
R =
residual ink as a percentage of the initial mass of ink in each test
pan after pouring, %
Rc =
residual ink as a percentage of the initial mass of ink in each test
pan after cleaning with one swipe of a dry, clean cloth, %
Wa =
mass of pan plus ink after gravity draining the test pan of ink, g
WP =
initial mass of pan, g
Wb =
mass of pan plus ink before testing, g
Wc =
mass of pan plus ink after one swipe of a dry, clean cloth, g.
The percentage of ink saved when a nonstick coating was applied to an ink reservoir pan
was determined using the following equation:
W,m
(W* -
r,
x 100
(9)
where:
Wis = ink saved if nonstick coating used, %
(Wa - Wp)m = mass of residual ink on nonstick coating, g
(Wa - Wp)rc = mass of residual ink on control, g.
See Appendix B for the results of these calculations.
6.3.2 Data Validation
21
-------
Data review was performed by the QA Officer (QAO), Ms. Cynthia Salmons, during the
review of the final report to verify that all validation steps were complete. The following checks
on data quality were made by Ms. Salmons:
• All data results from testing were checked against their individual performance criteria
per Table 6-1.
• Completeness of data was verified.
• All gravimetric data were reviewed to identify potential outliers (e.g., unexpectedly high
or low values). None was identified.
22
-------
Section 7
References
1. Brady, Robert F. Jr. In Search of Nonstick Coatings. Chemistry & Industry Magazine,
Published by the Society of Chemical Industry, London, United Kingdom.
(URL:http://ci.mond.org/9706/nonstick.htmll) March
1997.
2. Bahner, M.A., Cornstubble, D.R., Leese, K.E., and Deatherage, G.W. Final Report: Fugitive
Emission Reductions Due to the Use of Enclosed Doctor Blade Systems in the Flexographic and
Rotogravure Printing Industries. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/R-98-050
(NTIS PB98-137391), April 1998.
23
-------
APPENDIX A
Material Safety Data Sheets
This Appendix is contains material safety data sheets for each printing ink used in the
evaluation. They are arranged as follows:
Solvent Base
Page
Alcohol A-2
Soybean oil A-8
Toluene A-13
Water A-16
A-l
-------
DATE PRINTED: 10/03/1997
A loo Uol Soused
MSDS NO. R8B/RDY55I36
PAGE
SECTION 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION
PRODUCT NAME
4713 P.G. PANTONE YELLOW #3019
MANUFACTURERS NAME
Flint Ink Corporation
ADDRESS
9259 King Arthur Drive
Dallas. TX 75247-3668
MAIN TELEPHONE #
(214) 638-6700
MEDICAL EMERGENCY CONTACT
Hazard Information Services
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE #I
(800) 228-5635 ext 039
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE fl
(612)221-3999 ext039
CREATION DATE
8/21/1995
SECTION 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Alcohols
Esters
Pigments
Resins
WEIGHT %
20.000- 40.000
20.000- 40.000
10.000- 30.000
10.000- 30.000
CAS#
EXPOSURE LIMITS/REGULATORY INFORMATION
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Ethanol
(Parts per million)
Isopropyl Alcohol
(Pans per million)
n-Propyl Acetate
' Parts per million)
Heptane
(Pans per million)
Ethyl Acetate
(Pans per million)
REG. AGCY
OS HA
ACGIH
WHMIS
OSHA
ACGIH
OSHA
ACGIH
OSHA
ACGIH
WHMIS
OSHA
ACGIH
WHMIS
TWA
1000.0000
1000.0000
1000.0000
400.0000
400.0000
200.0000
200.0000
500.0000
400.0000
400.0000
400.0000
400.0000
400.0000
STEL
NE
NE
NE
NE
500.0000
NE
250.0000
NE
500.0000
500.0000
NE
NE
NE
CEP.
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SKIN
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
' NE
NE
NE
NE
RESP
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
EXPOSURE LIMIT DESCRIPTIONS
BLANK =Not Established
A-2
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY UA1A aru^i
DATE PRINTED: 10/03/1997
MSDS NO. R8B/RDY55136
PAGE
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD RATING SOURCE
HMIS
HEALTH
2 Moderate hazard (injury)
REACTIVITY
0 Stable under anv conditions
FLAMMABILITY
3 Rash point < 100 F. BP > 100 F
OTHER
F Goggles, gloves, apron & mask
PRIMARY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
Inhalation, skin contact and eye contact.
SYMPTOMS
Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of solvent vapor can lead to central nervous system depression resulting in
headache, nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, loss of coordination and in extreme cases, loss of consciousness.
TARGET ORGANS
Toxic effects occur in the central nervous system. Prolonged overexposure may cause damage to the kidneys and liver.
INHALATION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Inhalation of solvent vapors can produce respiratory tract irritation and may cause headache and nausea. Aspiration of
liquid into the hings can cause lung damage.
INHALATION CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Long-term overexposure to organic solvents can have adverse effects on the liver and/or kidneys. Occupational exposures
that are below the established exposure limits should not result in any adverse effects.
SKIN CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Direct contact with organic solvents will dry and damage the skin which can result in irritation, soreness, rash and/or -
dermititis.
SKIN CONTACT CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Prolonged or repeated contact with liquid may lead to dermatitis and systemic effects similar to inhalation exposure.
EYE CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Vapors may cause moderate eye irritation. Direct contact with liquid will cause irritation of the eyes.
INGESTION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
May produce digestive tract irritation, nausea and temporary illness.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED
The symptoms of upper respiratory allergies that are experienced during active allergy episodes may seem to be enhanced
by exposure to solvent vapors.
CARCINOGENICITY
OSHA ....NO NTP ....NO
A-3
-------
DATE PRINTED: 10/03/1997
MSDS NO. R8B/RDY55136
PAGE 2
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES
INHALATION
Remove to fresh air. Contact a physician if there ire signs of respiratory distress.
SKIN CONTACT
Remove contaminated clothing. Wash the skin with soap and water. Contact a physician if prolonged redness or irritation
develops.
EYE CONTACT
Rush eyes with water for 15 minutes. Contact a physician if irritation persists.
INGESTION
Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention promptly.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
Printing ink is a suspension of pigment particles in a fluid carrier. Tbe ink contains resins which coat the pigment
particles and when dry. provide a solid matrix to bind tbe pigments to die printed substrate. Pigments and resins
exhibit very low toxicity but may produce mechanical abrasion with eye contact or an allergic skin sensitivity in some
individuals. Any internal, systemic toxicity hazard would be due to the fluid carrier and/or performance additives the
ink may contain. See the ingredients section 2 for applicable details regarding chemical composition.
SECTION 5. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
VENTILATION PROTECTION
Local exhaust ventilation may be necessary around open handling areas to control odor or vapor exposure.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
If personal protection from solvent vapors is necessary, a respirator designed and approved for protection against
organic vapors should provide the appropriate protection. Consult 29 CFR 1910.132 for the requirements of a respiratory
protection program.
SKIN PROTECTION
Neoprene, butyl or nitrile rubber gloves recommended.
EYE PROTECTION
Splashproof safety goggles.
OTHER PROTECTION
Apron may be necessary to prevent contamination of clothing. Shoe covers will prevent contamination of leather shoes.
A convenient eye wash and safety shower should be present in dispensing areas.
SECTION 6. HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
Contains flammable solvents. Wear proper protective equipment to prevent eye or skin contact. Avoid contamination of
shoes or clothing. Open containers only with non-sparking tools and use only around non-sparking equipment. Bond and
ground containers when dispensing. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors. Use only in a well ventilated area. Wash
thoroughly after handling. This product should only be handled by a knowledgable user for the.intended industrial
application.
STORAGE
This product contains flammable solvents. Store in an appropriate flammable liquid storage area with proper ventilation.
A-4
-------
lYJL/\ k DXVinu ** m-i m. m. m_* r*. i xk >->*«¦» ¦»—. .
DATE PRINTED: 10/03/1997 MSDS NO. R8B/RDY55136
SECTION 6. HANDLING AND STORAGE (CONTINUED)
STORAGE (CONTINUED)
fire suppression and spark-proof electrical installations. Do not store with combustibles, oxidizers or other
incompatible materials. Outdoor storage should be covered and include containment.
SECTION 7. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
OTHER FIRE + EXPLOSION HAZARDS
This product contains NFPA class IB aDd/or 1C flammable solvents and must be handled, stored and protected from fire or
sources of ignition. Explosive vapor levels are produced at ambient temperatures and the material is easily ignited.
Exercise proper care to avoid exposure to the liquid, vapors and sources of ignition if the material is released.
CLEAN-UP
Remove all sources of ignition. Contain aDd absorb the material with sand or a suitable absorbent. Place the
contaminated material in a suitable container and dispose of in an approved manner. Do not allow material to enter sewer
or water courses. Solvent containing waste is hazardous under RCRA. See ingredient information and exposure limit
information for specific solvent content. Protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, apron and respirator may be
required.
SECTION 8. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
WASTE DISPOSAL
Dispose in accordance with Federal, State and Local regulations. This material may be compatible with industrial waste
incineration or inclusion in a fuel blending program. This product, as supplied, is hazardous under RCRA for
ignitabiiity and may have other classifications depending on chemical composition. This characterization is subject to
approval by your waste management contractor.
SECTION 9. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
FLASH POINT FLASH METHOD
55.00 F 12.77 C TCC
LOWER EXPLOSION LIMIT UPPER EXPLOSION LIMIT
1.8 19
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE
750.00 F 398.88 C
EXTINGUISHING METHOD
Water, foam, or carbon dioxide.
FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES
Use water or water fog to keep closed containers cool if they are near the fire.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
Solvent vapors may form an explosive mixture with air. Vapors are heavier than air and can travel along the floor to an
ignjtion source. Proper ventilation, explosion-proof equipment and bonding/grounding while dispensing will minimize the
haiird
HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS/COMBUSTION
Oxides of carbon (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide).
PAGE 3
A-5
-------
L » M 4 w» —— ,
DATE PRINTED: 10/03/1997 MSDS NO. R8B/RDY55136 PAGE
SECTION 9. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES (CONTINUED)
NFPA HEALTH RATING NFPA FLAMMABILITY RATING
1 3
NFPA REACTIVITY RATING
0
SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
STABILITY
This product is chemically stable but it contains a flammable solvent which can be easily ignited by sparks or flame.
Use proper handling and storage precautions.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID
Extreme heat, open flames or sparks.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
Strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
POLYMERIZATION
Polymerization will not occur.
SECTION 11. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE & ODOR
Colored liquid. Alcohol odor.
ODOR THRESHOLD (ppm) BOILING POINT
AP 5 165.00 F 73.88 C
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg) VAPOR DENSITY (Air -= 1.0)
GT 10 at 68 F GT 1
MATERIAL DENSITY SPECIFIC GRAVITY
9.00 lb/gal LT 1
WEIGHT PERCENT VOC EPA TEST METHOD
64.461 24A
VOC DENSITY (lb/gal) VOLUME PERCENT VOC
6.73 86.139
WEIGHT PERCENT VOLATILES WEIGHT PERCENT SOLIDS
64.461 35.539
SOLUBILITY IN WATER pH
GT 10 % Moderate NE Not Applicable
A-6
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY UAiAaru/jc,i
DATE PRINTED: 10/03/1997 MSDS NO. R8B/RDY55136
PAGE
SECTION 11. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED)
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS: ~
EQ = EQual LT"= Less Than GT—Greater Than
AP=Approximately TR=TRace ND = No Data available
NE = Not Established
SECTION 12. REGULATORY INFORMATION
TSCA CERTIFICATION
All chemicals contained in this product are listed on the TSCA inventory or exempt from listing.
LIST SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION WEIGHT % CAS*
CERCLA CERCLA Hazardous Substances
Ethyl Acetate 3.092 141 -78-6
MSDS DISCLAIMER
A-7
-------
MATERIAL, SAFETY UA'l'A iMJJ/lil
Soy Be\=fcd
DATE PRINTED: 9/09/1997 MSDSNO. CIC
SECTION 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION
PAGE
PRODUCT NAME
Soy News Black
ADDRESS
4910 West 78lh Street
Indianapolis. IN 46268-1169
MANUFACTURERS NAME
J^int Ink Corporation
MAIN TELEPHONE #
(317) 870-4422
MEDICAL EMERGENCY CONTACT
Hazard Information Services
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE el
(800) 228-5635 ext 039
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE A2
(612) 221-3999 ext 039
CREATION DATE
8/03/1995
SECTION 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Pigments
Treated Mineral Oil
Resins
eetable Oils
WEIGHT %
10.000- 30.000
1.000- 30.000
10.000- 30.000
10.000- 60.000
CAS#
EXPOSURE LIMrTS/REGULATORY INFORMATION
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Soybean Oil
(Milligrams per cubic met
s."»n Black
(Milligrams per cubic met
REG.AGCY
OSHA
ACGIH
OSHA
ACGIH
WHMIS
TWA
15.0000
10.0000
3.5000
3.5000
3.5000
STEL
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
CEIL
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SKIN .
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
RESP
5.0000
NE
NE
NE
NE
EXPOSURE LIMrr DESCRIPTIONS
BLANK =Nol Established
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD RATING SOURCE
HMIS
HEALTH
1 Slight hazard (irritation)
REACTIVITY
0 Stable under any conditions
FLAM VIABILITY
1 Flash point > 200 F
OTHER
A Wear eye protection
PRIMARY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
Skin contact.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of exposure include redness and irritation of the skin at the point of contact.
A-8
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
DATE PRINTED: 9/09/1997 MSDS NO. C1C
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (CONTINUED)
TARGET ORGANS
Temporary skin damage is the most likely toxic effect from prolonged or repeated exposure.
INHALATION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
If this product is heated or misted, inhalation of vapor or mist may produce respiratory tract irritation and may cause
temporary headache or nausea.
INHALATION CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Occupational exposure to oil mist at levels that occur during normal industrial use of this product has not been foutid
to produce any adverse health effects.
SKIN CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Prolonged or repeated contact with liquid may cause irritation.
SKIN CONTACT CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Sensitive individuals may develop dermatitis.
EYE CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Printing ink is a suspension of pigment/resin particles in a fluid carrier. Direct eye contact may be irritating and
could produce mechanical abrasion of the eye from prolonged exposure.
INGESTION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
A small amount (less than 1 ounce) should not cause any ooticable problems. A large amount may cause temporary nausea,
gastrointestinal discomfort and diarrhea.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED
Inhalation of ink mist may enhance the symptoms of upper respiratory allergies during active allergy episodes in the
similar mannar as air contaminants such as dust or smoke.
CARCINOGENICITY
OSHA ....NO NTP ....NO
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES
INHALATION
This material is not known to create a significant inhalation hazard. If an individual exhibits respiratory problems
from exposure, removal from exposure and treatment according to symptoms should be adequate.
SKIN CONTACT
Wash the area with soap and water.
EYE CONTACT
Flush eyes with water for 15 minutes. Contact a physician if irritation persists.
INGESTION
Swallowing a small amount (less than one ounce) will not cause significant harm. A larger amount may cause nausea and
result in vomiting. This will effectively eliminate the materia] from the system. Consult a physician for medical
advice.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
Printing ink is a suspension of pigment particles in a fluid carrier. The ink contains resins which coat the pigment
A-9
-------
lYitt 1 JCIVLflUL, - v A
DATE PRINTED: 9/09/1997 MSDSNO. C1C
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES (CONTINUED) ~
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN (CONTINUED)
particles and when dry. provide a solid matrix to btod the pigments to the printed substrate. Pigments arel resins
exhibit very low toxicity but may produce mechanical abrasion with eye contact or an allergic skin sensitivity in some
individuals. Any internal, systemic toxicity hazard would be due to the fluid carrier and/or performance additives the
ink may contain. See the ingredients section 2 for applicable detiils regarding chemical composition.
SECTION 5. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
VENTILATION PROTECTION
No special ventilation requirements.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Not required for routine handling. The only airborne contaminant that might be produced while printing is oil mist. A
NIOSH/MSHA approved dust/mist mask, worn property, should provide sufficient protection from any level of oil mist known
to occur from the intended use of this product.
SKIN PROTECTION
Vinyl, butyl or nitrile rubber gJoves recommended.
EYE PROTECTION
Safety glasses with side shields.
OTHER PROTECTION
Apron may be necessary to prevent contamination of clothing.
SECTION 6. HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact. Avoid eye contact. Clean up spills promptly. Wash thoroughly after handling.
Keep the container covered when not in use. Avoid high temperatures or open flames. This product should only be handled
by a knowledgable user for the intended industrial application.
STORAGE
This is an oil based product. Temperature extremes will change the performance characteristics of the product and should
be avoided. Cold will thicken the product and make it more difficult to pump or flow. Storage areas must include
appropriate containment or separation from the environment to avoid contamination if it is released.
SECTION 7. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
OTHER FIRE + EXPLOSION HAZARDS
This product consists primarily of petroleum and/or vegetable oils. There is do explosion hazard and the material would
be difficult to ignite. If this product were to become involved in a significant fire, it would be difficult to suppress
due to the high heat and incompatibility with water of the oils. There should be minimal exposure hazard to the material
itself and its consistency should make it easy to contain, control and clean up if it is released.
CLEAN-UP
Scrape and shovel the bulk of the material into an appropriate disposal container. Cover residue with a dry organic oil
absorbant which can be swept up after use for proper disposal. Stained surfaces can be cleaned with an industrial
detergent arid water. Do not allow product to contaminate drains or soil. The product will create an oily, slippery
surface. Wear protective boots and gloves to prevent contact with shoes and skin.
A-10
-------
MATERIAL, SAtf'it'l'Y UAiftoniiui
DATE PRINTED: 9/09/1997 MSDS NO. C1C
SECTION 8. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS "
WASTE DISPOSAL
Dispose in accordance with Federal, State and Local regulations. Material may be compatible with industrial waste
incineration or inclusion in a fuel blending program. This material, as supplied, would not be hazardous by any RCRA
criteria. This characterization is subject to approval by your waste management contractor. This material should be
recycled if possible.
SECTION 9. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
FLASH POINT
395.00 F 201.66 C
Approximate
LOWER EXPLOSION LIMIT
NE Not Determined
FLASH METHOD
Cleveland Open Cup
UPPER EXPLOSION LIMIT
NE Not Determined
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE
680.00 F 360.00 C
EXTINGUISHING METHOD
Foam, dry chemical or water fog.
FOtE FIGHTING PROCEDURES
Water may be ineffective to extinguish a fire involving this material and may result in frothing and spreading of the
hazard. Smother with dry chemical or foam and cool containers with water or water fog.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
This material is difficult to ignite, however, as an oil based material, it can be difficult to extinguish once it
becomes involved in a fire.
HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS/COMBUSTION
Thick, black smoke will be generated if the material is burning.
NFPA HEALTH RATING
0
NFPA REACTIVITY RATING
0
SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
STABILITY
This product is chemically stable.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID
High temperatures or open flames.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
Strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
POLYMERIZATION
Polymerization will not occur.
NFPA FLAMMABtUTY RATING
1
A-11
-------
DATE PRINTED: 9/09/1997
MLAIKK1AJL SATei r uaia jntti
MSDS NO. C1C
SECTION 11. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE & ODOR
Colored paste. Vegetable oil odor.
PAGE
ODOR THRESHOLD (ppm)
NE low odor
BOILING POINT
500.00 F 260.00 C
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg)
LT 0.01 at 68 F
VAPOR DENSITY (Air = 1.0)
GT 5
MATERIAL DENSITY
8.63 lb/gal
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
GT 1
WEIGHT PERCENT VOC
0.774 •
EPA TEST METHOD
24
VOC DENSITY Ob/gal)
8.73
VOLUME PERCENT VOC
0.765
WEIGHT PERCENT VOLATTLES
741
WEIGHT PERCENT SOLIDS
98.259
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
LT 1 % Negligible
PH
NE Not applicable
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS:
EQ=EQual
AP=Approximately
NE = Not Established
LT=Less Than
TR=TRace
SECTION 12. REGULATORY INFORMATION
GT=Greater Than
ND = No Data available
-A CERTIFICATION
All chemicals contained in this product are listed on the TSCA inventory or exempt from listing.
LIST
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
WEIGHT %
CAS#
MSDS DISCLAIMER
A-12
-------
FROM :FLINT INK-NEW PLBPNY
1 812 949 162*7
2000,02-15 10:42 8646 P.02/07
DATE PRINTED: 2/15/2000
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FLINT INK CORPORATION / NEW ALBANY
MSDS NO. V6V/8010780
Toloe^fi. BqssJ
PAGE
SECTION 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION
product name
UTHOL RUBINE BASE - INTERNAL
MANUFACTURERS NAME
Flint Ink Corporation
ADDRESS
800 Industrial Blvd.
New Albany, IN 47150-2290
MAIN TELEPHONE #
(812) 948-1587
MEDICAL EMERGENCY CONTACT
Hazard Information Services
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE #1
(800)228-5635 ext039
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE #2
(612) 221-3999 cxt 039
CREATION DATE
7/28/1995
SECTION 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Pigments
Performance Additives
Resins
Toluene
WEIGHT %
20.000- 40.QOO
1.000- 10.000
13.000- 30.000
40.00O- 65.000
CAS#
EXPOSURE LIMITS/REGULATORY INFORMATION
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Toluene
(Parts per million)
Light Aliphatic Solvent Naphtha
(Pans per million)
REG. AGCY
OSHA
ACGIH
OSHA
Accra
TWA
200.0000
50.0000
500.0000
300.0000
STEL
NE
NE
ME
NE
CEIL
300.0000
NE
NE
NE
SKIN
NE
NE.
NE
NE
RESP
NE
NE
NE
NE
EXPOSURE LIMIT DESCRIPTIONS
BLANK =Not Established
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD RATING SOURCE
HMIS
HEALTH
2 Moderate hazard (injury)
REACTIVITY
0 Stable under any conditions
FLAMMABILITY
3 Flash point < 100 F. BP ^ 100 F
OTHER
F Goggles, gloves, apron & inatk
PRIMARY llOUTE OF EXPOSURE
Skin contact and inhalation.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of exposure to toluene includes eye and nose irritation, headache, dizziness, nausea, a feeling of
intoxication, weakness, mental confusion, wateiy moult and unusual skin sensations. These symptoms may be experienced by
some individuals even at exposure levels that are within acceptable limits. Overexposure would also produce a feeling of
euphoria, dilated pupils, transient memory low and loss of coordination. This could also product aftereffects such as
A-13
-------
FROM :FLINT INK-NEW RLBRNY
1 812 949 162*7 2000,02-lS 10:42 8S4S P¦ 05,~0~
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FLINT INK CORPORATION / NEW ALBANY
DATE PRINTED: 2/15/2000 MSDS NO. V6V/8010780 PAGE 2
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (CONTINUED)
SYMPTOMS (CONTINUED)
nervousness, muscular fatigue and insomnia persisting for several day3. Extreme overexposure could cause unconsciousness
and death from depression of die central nervous system.
TARGET ORGANS
Target organ for toxic effects is the central nervous system.
INHALATION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Prolonged inhalation of high vapor concentrations may produce headache, ilruwsine&s, dizziness and temporary
intoxication.
INHALATION CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Deliberate, chronic inhalation abuse of toluene has produced reversible liver awl kidney injury and has been associated
with nervous system damage to a developing fetus if abused during pregnancy. Typical exposure levels found in
occupational settings that are within established exposure limits have not hecn shown to cause any measurable, permanent
adverse health effects.
SKIN CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Direct contact with organic solvents will dry and damage the skin which can result in irritation, soreness, rash and/or
deimliitis.
SKIN CONTACT CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Prolonged or repeated contact with liquid may lead to dermatitis and systemic effects similar io inhalation exposure.
EYE CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Vapors may cause moderate eye irritation. Direct contact with liquid will cause irritation of the eyes.
INGESTION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Ingestion may cause nausea and cramps. Vomiting could result in aspiration of liquid into the lungs causing lung damage.
A large amount may cause temporary illness and discomfort similar to Die affccrs of intoxication if the material pauseE
through the system.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED
The symptoms of upper respiratory allergies that are experienced during active allergy episodes may seem to be enhanced
by exposure to solvent vapors.
CARCINOGENICITY
OSHA ....NO NTP ...NO
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES
INHALATION
Remove to fresh air. Contact a physician if there are signs of respiratory distress.
SKJN CONTACT
Remove contaminated clothing. Wash the skin with soap and water. Contact a physician if prolonged redness- or irritation
develops.
EYE CONTACT
Flush eyes with water for IS minutes. ContucL a physician If irritation persists.
INGESTION
Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention promptly.
A-14
-------
FROM :FLINT INK-NEW SLBRNY
1 812 949 162*7
2000.02-15 10:43 #646 P.04,'07
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FLINT INK CORPORATION / NEW ALBANY
DATE PRINTED: 2/15/2000 MSDS NO. V6V/8010780 PAGE 3
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES (CONTINUED) "
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
Printing ink is a suspension of pigment particles in a fluid carrier. The ink contains resins which coat [he pigment
panicles and when dry, provide a solid matrix to bind the pignwus to the printed substrate. Pigments and renins
exhibit very low toxicity but may produce mechanical abrasion with eye contact or an allergic skin sensitivity in some
individuals. Any internal, systemic toxicity hazard would be due to the fluid carrier sod/or performance additives the
ink may contain. See the ingredients section 2 for applicable derails regarding chemical composition.
SECTION 5. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
VENTILATION protection
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep airborne vapor or mist
concentration? below permissible exposure limiis. Mechanical equipment should be explosion-proof (non-sparking).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
If personal protection from solvent vapors is necessary, a respirator designed and approved for protection against
organic vapors should provide the appropriate protection. Consult 29 CFR 1910.132 for the requirements or a respiratory
protection program.
SKIN PROTECTION
Niirile rubber gloves recommended for splash hazard. Silver shield or similar impervious glove required for prolonged
contact.
EYE PROTECTION
Splashproof safely goggles, face shield if splashing is probable.
OTHER PROTECTION
Solvents con permanently damage leather products. An apron and shoe coven arc recommended it' contamination of clothing
or shoes is likely to occur. A convenient eye wash and safety shower should be available near liquid dispensing and open
handling ureas.
SECTION 6. HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
Follow proper flammable liquid handling requirements. Bond and ground containers whenever the liquid is transferred. Use
Only in a weU ventilated area. Tools and equipmcnc should be spark proof. Wear appropriate protective equipment to
avoid eye contact, skin contact or inhalation of vapors while handling. Keep containers and/or dispensing valves closed
when not In use.
STORAGE
This product contains flammable solvents. Store in an appropriate flammable liquid storage area with proper ventilation,
lire suppression and spark-proof electrical installations. Do not store with combustibles, oxidizers or other
incompatible materials. Outdoor storage should be covered and include containment.
SECTION 7. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES ' ' ~~
OTHER FIRE + EXPLOSION HAZARDS
This product contains NFPa class IB and/or 1C flammable solvents and must be handled, stored and protected from fire or
sources of ignition. Explosive vapor levels are produced at ambient temperatures and the material is easily igiliied.
Exercise proper core to avoid exposure to die liquid, vapors and sources of ignition if the material is released.
CLEAN-UP
Remove all sources of ignition. Contain and absorb lie material with sand or a suitable absorbent. Place the
contaminated material in a suitable container and dispose of in an approved manner. Do not allow material to enter sewer
A-15
-------
FROM :FLINT INK-NEW RLBRNY 1 812 949 1627 2000,02-15 10:43 #646 P.05,
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FLINT INK CORPORATION / NEW ALBANY
DATE PRINTED: 2/15/2000 MSDS NO. VtfV/8010780 PAGE 4
SECTION 7. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES (CONTINUED)
CLEAN-UP (CONTINUED)
Or water courses. Solvent containing waste is hazardous under RCRa. See ingredient information and exposure limit
information for specific solvent content. Prorective equipment such as gloves, gogglec, apron and respirator may be
required.
SECTION 8. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS " ~ "
WASTE DISPOSAL
Dispose is accordance with Federal, Stile and Local regulation:.- This material may be compatible with industrial waste
incineration or inclusion in a fuel blending program. This product, as supplied, is haiarduus under RCRA for
ipliability and may have other classifications depending on chemical composition. This characterization is subject lu
approval by your waste management contractor.
SECTION 9. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
FLASH POINT FLASH METHOD
40.00 F 4.44 C TCC
LOWER EXPLOSION LIMIT UPPER EXPLOSION LIMIT
1.3 7.0
AUTO TGNTTTON TEMPERATURE
997.00 F 536.11 C
EXTINGUISHING METHOD
Foam, carton dioxide or dry chemical.
FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES
Use wafer or water fog to keep closed containers cool if tbey ate near the fire.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION IIA2AKDS
Solvent vapors nay form an explosive mixture with air. Vapors are heavier than air and can travel along the floor to an
ignition source. Proper ventilation, explosion-proof equipment and bonding/grounding while dispensing will minimize the
hazard.
HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS/COMBUSTION
Oxides of carbon (carbon dioxide and csibon monoxide).
NFPA HEALTH RATING NFPA FLAMMaBILITY RATING
2 3
NFPA REACTIVITY RATTNC
(1
A-16
-------
FROM J FLINT INK-NEW RLBRNY
1 812 949 1S27 2000?02-15 10!43 #S4S P.06/0f
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FLINT INK CORPORATION / NEW ALBANY
DATE PRINTED: 2/15/2000 MSDS NO. V6V/8010780 PAGE
SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
STABILITY
This product is chemically stable but it contains a flammable solvent which can be easily ignired by sparks or flame.
Use proper handling and storage precautions.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID
Extreme heat, open flames or sparks.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
Strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
POLYMERIZATION
Polymerization will not occur.
SECTION 11. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE & ODOR
Colored liquid. Aromatic hydrocarbon odor.
ODOR THRESHOLD (ppm)
AP 2
VAPOR PRESSURE
-------
FROM .'FLINT INK-NEW QLBQNY
1 812 949 1627
2000.02-15
10: 44 #646 P. 07.-*07
DATE PRINTED: 2/15/2000
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FLINT INK CORPORATION / NEW ALBANY
MSDS NO. V6V/80I0780
PAGE
SECTION 12. REGULATORY INFORMATION
TSCA CERTIFICATION
All chemicals contained in this product are listed on die TSCA inventory or exempt from listing.
ysx
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
WEIGHT %
CASi_
CERCLA CERCLa Hazardous Substances
Tolueue
Xylene
Ethyl Benzene
TOXIC SARA. 313 loxic chemical
Toluene
Xylene
Ethyl Benzene
Resin (Zinc Compound)
HAP Hazardous air pollutant
Toluene
Xylene
Ethyl Benzene
PROP65 Calif Proposition 61 Listed
Toluene
SI .5
0.6
0.2
51.5
0.6
0.2
16.5
51.5
0.6
0.2
51.5
I08-S8-3
1330-20-7
100-41-4
108-88-3
1330-20-7
100-41-4
PROPRIETARY
108-88-3
1330-20-7
100-41-4
108-88-3
WARNING: This product contains a chemical known to the Stale of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive
harm.
MSDS DISCLAIMER
A-18
-------
DATE PRINTED: 9/02/1997
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
vJdlcr G>o.S«J-
MSDS NO. KIB
PRODUCT NAME
ARROWFLEX LUSTRE BLACK
ADDRESS
P.O. Box 8609
4600 Arrowhead Drive
Ann Arbor. MI 48107-8609
MANUFACTURERS NAME
Flint Ink Corporation
MAIN TELEPHONE *
(313) 995-3100
PAGE
SECTION 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION
MEDICAL EMERGENCY CONTACT
Hazard Information Services
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE #1
(800) 228-5635 ext 039
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE *2
(612) 221-3999 ext 039
CREATION DATE
9/22/1995
SECTION 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION WEIGHT % CAS#
'r'icments
• .-normance Additives
Resins
Water
WEIGHT %
15.000- 25.000
1.000- 10.000
5.000- 15.000
50.000- 75.000
EXPOSURE LIMITS/REGULATORY INFORMATION
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
Sodium Hydroxide
(Milligrams per cubic met
Carbon Black
(Milligrams per cubic met
REG. AGCY
OSHA
ACGIH
OSHA
ACGIH
WHMIS
TWA
2.0000
NE
3.5000
3.5000
3.5000
5lhL
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
CEIL
NE
2.0000
NE
NE
NE
SKIN
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
RESP
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
EXPOSURE LIMIT DESCRIPTIONS
> N'K =Not Established
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD RATING SOURCE
HMIS
HEALTH
1 Slight hazard (irritation)
REACTIVITY
0 Stable under any conditions
FLAMMABILITY
0 Material will not bum
OTHER
B Wear gloves & eye protection
PRIMARY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
Skin contact and eye contact.
A-19
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
DATE PRINTED: 9/02/1997 MSDS NO. K1B
SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (CONTINUED)
SYMPTOMS
Some components may cause eye. nose and throat irritation if mistmg or high vapor levels occur. Headache or nausea
could result after prolonged exposure under adverse conditions.
TARGET ORGANS
Temporary skin damage is the most likely toxic effect from prolonged or repeated exposure.
INHALATION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Vapors may be slightly irritating to the respiratory tract.
INHALATION CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
None known.
SKIN CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Prolonged or repeated contact with liquid may cause irritation.
SKIN CONTACT CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Sensitive individuals may develop dermatitis.
EYE CONTACT ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
Direct contact with liquid will cause irritation of the eyes.
INGESTION ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS
May produce digestive tract irritation, nausea and temporary illness .Ingestion of any notable amount of this material is
not likely to occur during industrial use. The dried material, after application, is essentially non-toxic and a
sufficient quantity could not be ingested that would cause any harmful effects.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED
None known.
CARCINOGENICITY
OSHA ....NO NTP ....NO
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES
INHALATION
Remove to fresh air.
SKIN CONTACT
Wash the area with soap and water.
EYE CONTACT
Flush eyes with water for IS minutes. Contact a physician if irritation persists.
INGESTION
If swallowed, give water and induce vomiting. Contact the emergency phone number on page 1 or consult a physician for
advice.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
Printing ink is a suspension of pigment particles in a fluid carrier. The ink contains resins which coat the pigment
particles and when dry, provide a solid matrix to bind the pigments to the printed substrate. Pigments and resins
A-20
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
DATE PRINTED: 9/02/1997 MSDSNO. K1B
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES (CONTINUED)
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN (CONTINUED)
exhibit very low toxicity but may produce mechanical abrasion with eye contact or an allergic skin sensitivity in some
individuals. Any internal, systemic toxicity hazard would be due (o the fluid carrier and/or performance additives the
ink may contain. Sec the ingredients section 2 for applicable details regarding chemical composition.
SECTION 5. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
VENTILATION PROTECTION
No special ventilation requirements.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Not required under normal conditions.
SKIN PROTECTION
None required. Rubber or vinyl gloves recommended for prolonged contact
EYE PROTECTION
Splashproof safety goggles.
OTHER PROTECTION
A convenient eye wasb and safety shower should be present in dispensing areas.
SECTION 6. HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
Avoid eye contact. Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact Handle carefully to avoid spillage. Clean up spills
prompdy. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep the container covered when not in use. This product should only be
handled by a knowledgable user for the intended industrial application.
STORAGE
This is a water based product Do not store in extreme heat or freezing conditions as this could adversely affect the
performance of (he product.
SECTION 7. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
OTHER FIRE + EXPLOSION HAZARDS
None known.
CLEAN-UP
Contain the spill. Excess fluid may be pumped into containers for reuse or disposal if contaminated. The spill residue
may be mopped up or absorbed and scooped up for disposal. Detergent and water may be used to remove any stain. Wear
protective equipment to prevent eye and skin contact.
A-21
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
DATE PRINTED: 9/02/1997 MSDS NO. KIB
PAGE 4
SECTION 8. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
WASTE DISPOSAL
Dispose in accordance with Federal, State and Local regulations. Solids may be separated out by flocculation and
collected for incineration or solid waste disposal. "Cleaned" water may be acceptable to your local sewer authority is
they permit. Otherwise, industrial waste water treatment may be necessary.
SECTION 9. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
FLASH POINT FLASH METHOD
NE F NE C
Not Applicable
LOWER EXPLOSION LIMIT
NE
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE
NE F NE C
Not Applicable
EXTINGUISHING METHOD
This is a water based product. This product will not bum.
FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES
Standard procedures are appropriate.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
None known. This product will not sustain a fire.
HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS/COMBUSTION
Oxides of carbon (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide).
NFPA HEALTH RATING
0
NFPA REACTIVITY RATING
0
SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
STABILITY
This product is chemically stable.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID
Extreme heat or freezing.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
Strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
POLYMERIZATION
Polymeria won will not occur.
UPPER EXPLOSION LIMIT
NE
NFPA FLAMMABtLTTY RATING
0
A-2 2
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY DATfA SHEET
DATE PRINTED: 9/02/1997
MSDS NO. K1B
SECTION 11. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PAGE
APPEARANCE & ODOR
Colored liquid. No odor.
ODOR THRESHOLD (ppm)
NE
BOILING POINT
200.00 F 93.33 C
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg)
GT 10 at 68 F
VAPOR DENSITY (Air = 1.0)
GT 1
MATERIAL DENSITY
9.50 lb/gal
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
GT 1
WEIGHT PERCENT VOC
0.271
EPA TEST METHOD
VOC DENSITY (Ib/gai)
9.26
VOLUME PERCENT VOC
0.278
WEIGHT PERCENT VOLATILES
70.270
WEIGHT PERCENT SOLIDS
29.730
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
GT SO % Substantial
PH
AP 9.0
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS:
EQ°EQual
AP=Approximately
NE = Not Established
LT=Less Than
TR=TRace
GT ^Greater Than
ND=No Data available
SECTION 12. REGULATORY INFORMATION
TSCA CERTIFICATION
All chemicals contained in this product are listed on the TSCA inventory or exempt from listing.
LIST
SUBSTANCE DESCRIPTION
WEIGHT %
CAS#
CERCLA CERCLA Hazardous Substances
Ethylene Glycol
Sodium Hydroxide
Diethanolamine
Acrylic Acid
TOXIC SARA 313 toxic chemical
Ethylene Glycol
Diethanolamine
Acrylic Acid
0.25
1.084
0.008
0.017
0.25
0.008
0.017
107-21-1
1310-73-2
111-42-2
79-10-7
107-21-1
111-42-2
79-10-7
A-23
-------
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHJEET
DATE PRINTED: 9/02/1997 MSDSNO. KIB
PAGE
6
SECTION 12. REGULATORY INFORMATION (CONTINUED)
HAP Hazardous air pollutant
Ethylene Glycol 0.25 107-21-1
Diethanolamine 0.008 111-42-2
Acrylic Acid 0.017 79-10-7
MSDS DISCLAIMER
While Flint Ink Corporation believes the data set forth herein are accurate as of the date hereof. Flint Ink Corporation
makes do warranty with respect thereto and expressly disclaims all liability for reliance thereon, such data are offered
solely for your consideration, investigation and verification.
A-24
-------
APPENDIX B
Balance Calibration Results
This Appendix provides in Tables B-l through B-3 the balance calibration results for the
testing.
B-l
-------
Table B-l. Testing - Balance Calibration (February 17,1998)
Cumulative
Calibration mass, g
Reading, g
(ascending)
Reading, g
(descending)
-
0.00
-0.01
100
99.97
99.95
150
149.93
149.90
170
169.91
169.85
190
189.90
189.90
200
199.90
199.90
205
204.88
204.87
207
206.88
206.87
209
208.90
208.90
210
209.87
209.88
210.5
210.41
210.41
Table B-2. Testing - Balance Calibration (February 19,1998)
Cumulative
Calibration mass, g
Reading, g
(ascending)
Reading, g
(descending)
-
0.00
-0.02
100
99.92
99.91
150
149.88
149.85
170
169.86
169.85
190
189.84
189.82
200
199.82
199.80
205
204.83
204.81
207
206.83
206.80
209
208.79
208.79
210
209.80
209.80
210.5
210.32
210.32
B-2
-------
Table B-3. Testing - Balance Calibration (February 20,1998)
Cumulative
Calibration mass, g
Reading, g
(ascending)
Reading, g
(descending)
-
0.00
-0.04
100
99.92
99.87
150
149.87
149.83
170
169.86
169.81
190
189.82
189.80
200
199.81
199.81
205
204.81
204.79
202
206.80
206.80
209
208.81
208.85
210
209.81
209.80
210.5
210.29
210.29
B-3
-------
APPENDIX C
Test Data
Test results are presented in Tables C-l through C-24. Data was generated using equations
in Section 3.2.
Solvent base Page
Alcohol C-2
Soybean oil C-3
Toluene C-5
Water C-7
C-l
-------
ALCOHOL BASED PRINTING INK DATA
Table C-1. Alcohol-based Printing Ink - Sample
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
170.1
174.7
165.9
167.1
168.5
173.8
Wb, g
381.3
381
381
383.5
381.4
381.4
Time, min
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
Wx, g
377.5
378.7
377.9
380.2
378.3
378.7
Time, min
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
Wa, g
181.5
183.7
175.4
176.7
177.6
182.7
Picture #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
178.2
181.3
173
174.3
175.5
180.7
Picture #
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
5.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
Rc, %
3.8
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
Wis, %
0
20.9
16.6
15.4
20
22.3
Table C-2.
Alcohol-based Printing Ink -!
Sample 2
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
169.8
173.3
167.1
167.4
169
172
Wb, g
388.7
392.4
405.6
384.9
392.4
382.1
Time
12
12
12
12
12.1
12.1
Wx, g
385.4
389.1
398.9
382.6
390.4
379.1
Time
1
1
1
1
1
1.1
Wa, g
179.7
183.1
176.8
176.1
177
181.3
Pic #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
177.2
180.6
174.3
174.1
175.2
178.8
Pic #
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
4.5
4.5
4.1
4
3.6
4.5
Rc, %
3.4
3.3
3
3.1
2.8
3.3
Wis, %
0
1.6
2.7
12.3
19.3
5.7
Table C-3.
Alcohol-based Printing Ink -!
Sample 3
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
171.1
173.8
166.3
166.9
169.4
175.1
Wb, g
394.8
382.2
393.7
388.3
385.1
398
Time
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
Wx, g
390.4
379.9
390.3
385.7
381.6
393.8
Time
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
Wa, g
184.7
184
175.9
175.9
179
184.7
Pic #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
179.1
181.4
174.1
174
177.3
182.9
Pic#
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
6.1
4.9
4.2
4.1
4.5
4.3
Rc, %
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.7
3.5
Wis, %
0
24.8
30
33.8
28.9
29.6
C-2
-------
Table C-4. Alcohol-based Printing Ink - Averages
Mass Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
Wp, g 170.3 173.9 166.4 167.1 168.9 173.6
Wb, g 388.3 385.2 393.4 385.6 386.3 387.2
Wx, g 384.5 382.6 389 382.8 383.4 383.9
Wa, g 182 183.6 176 176.3 177.9 182.9
Wc, g 178.2 181.1 173.8 174.1 176 180.8
R % 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.3
Rc, % 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4
Wis, % 0 15.8 16.4 20.5 22.7 19.2
Table C-5. Alcohol-based Printing Ink - Error
Deviation Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
R %
STD, g 0.77 0.29 0.18 0.23 0.46 0.11
% RSD, g/g 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.03
Wis, %
STD, g 0 12.41 13.63 11.64 5.39 12.23
% RSD, g/g - 0.79 0.83 0.57 0.24 0.64
Table C-6. Alcohol-based Printing Ink - Average of All NSC Non-Stick Coatings
Mass All NSC non-sticks STD, g % RSD, g/g
Wp, g 170
Wb, g 387.5
Wx, g 384.3
Wa, g 179.3
Wc, g 177.2
R % 4.3 0.3 0.1
Rc, % 3.3
Wis, % 18.9 11.1 0.6
SOYBEAN OIL-BASED PRINTING INK DATA
Table C-7. Soybean Oil-based Printing Ink - Sample 1
Mass Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
174.1
449.7
8.4
449.5
9.4
228.3
11,10
209.1
9,8
19.7
12.7
Wis, % 0 9.4 11.7 22.3 23.1 9
C-3
Wp, g
168.4
175.7
167.3
166.4
167.6
Wb, g
343.8
361.5
369.3
364.6
389.1
Time
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
Wx, g
343.7
361.5
369.3
364.4
389
Time
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
Wa, g
228.1
229.8
219.9
212.7
213.4
Pic #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
Wc, g
210.6
209.8
202.5
197.8
197.8
Pic#
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
R %
34
29.1
26.1
23.4
20.7
Rc, %
24.1
18.3
17.4
15.9
13.6
-------
Table C-8. Soybean Oil-based Printing Ink - Sample 2
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
168.7
173.3
166.8
166.9
169.7
170.8
Wb, g
386.4
394.3
412.5
382.9
386.7
426.4
Time
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
Wx, g
386.3
394.2
412.4
382.8
386.6
426.4
Time
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
11
Wa, g
243.9
244.2
233.5
224.8
221.3
225.8
Pic #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
216
215.4
210.2
205.9
202.7
208.8
Pic #
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
34.5
32.1
27.2
26.8
23.8
21.5
Rc, %
21.7
19
17.7
18
15.2
14.8
Wis, %
0
5.7
11.2
23
31.3
26.9
Table C-9. Soybean Oil-based Printing Ink - Sample 3
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
170
172.9
170.4
167.7
166.1
172.5
Wb, g
428.6
392.7
362.8
387.1
422.9
380.9
Time
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.2
Wx, g
428.6
392.5
362.4
386.7
422.6
380.6
Time
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
Wa, g
246.1
237.3
222
218.4
223.6
222.2
Pic #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
218.5
216.6
203.6
202.2
202.9
209
Pic #
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
29.4
29.3
26.9
23.1
22.4
23.9
Rc, %
18.7
19.9
17.3
15.7
14.3
17.5
Wis, %
0
15.4
32.1
33.4
24.4
34.6
Table C-10. Soybean Oil-based Printing Ink - Averages
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
169
174
168.2
167
167.8
172.5
Wb, g
386.3
382.8
381.5
378.2
399.6
419
Time, min
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
Wx, g
386.2
382.7
381.3
378
399.4
418.8
Time, min
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
8
Wa, g
239.3
237.1
225.2
218.6
219.5
225.4
Wc, g
215
213.9
205.4
201.9
201.1
208.9
R %
33
30
27
24
22
22
Rc, %
22
19
17
17
14
15
Wis, %
0
10
18
26
26
24
C-4
-------
Table C-11. Soybean Oil-based Printing Ink - Error
Deviation Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
R %
STD, g 2.82 1.67 0.57 2.05 1.55 2.09
% RSD, g/g 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.1
Wis, %
STD, g 0 4.88 11.88 6.2 4.41 13.14
% RSD, g/g - 0.48 0.65 0.24 0.17 0.56
Table C-12. Soybean Oil-based Printing Ink - Average of All NSC Non-Stick Coatings
Mass All NSC non-sticks STD, g
% RSD
. g/g
Wp, g
169.9
Wb, g
392.2
Wx, g
392.1
Wa, g
225.1
Wc, g
206.3
R %
25
1.6
0.1
Rc, %
16.5
Wis, %
20.9
8.1
0.4
TOLUENE-BASED PRINTING INK DATA
Table C-13. Toluene-based Printing Ink
- Sample 1
Mass Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
168.8
174.1
166.5
167.4
166.4
Wb, g
409.8
413.7
405.9
410.2
405.5
Time
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
Wx, g
407.5
411.9
403.9
409.3
404.6
Time
11.6
Wa, g
178.2
182.7
175.1
174.5
174.9
Pic# 31,30
29,28
27,26
25,24
23,22
21,20
Wc, g
177.1
181.6
173.9
173.7
173.7
Pic# 19,18
17,16
15,14
13,12
11,10
9,8
R %
3.9
3.6
3.6
2.9
3.5
Rc, %
3.4
3.2
3.1
2.6
3.1
Wis, %
0
7.7
7.7
24.3
8.9
Table C-14. Toluene-based Printing Ink
- Sample 2
Mass Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
169.4
175.3
166.2
166.8
168
Wb, g
371.8
376.4
365.9
367.8
361.9
Time
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
Wx, g
370.2
374.8
364.2
365.3
360.6
Time
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
Wa, g
177.2
183.2
174.2
174.9
175.4
Pic# 31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
176.5
182.7
173.8
174.4
175
Pic# 29,28
25,24
21,10
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
3.8
3.9
4
4
3.8
Rc, %
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.6
Wis, %
0
-2.2
-4
-5.4
5.1
C-5
172.9
411.5
410.2
181
179.8
3.4
2.9
12
177
371.5
2.2
369.3
3.2
185.4
184.9
4.3
4
-7.9
-------
Table C-15. Toluene-based Printing Ink - Sample 3
Mass Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
Wp, g 168.8 173.3 167.2 167.7 168.9 174.3
Wb, g 376 374.3 376.5 373.1 373.4 381.5
Time 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5
Wx, g 373.7 372.7 374 371.5 372.4 380.5
Time 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5
Wa, g 178.9 182 176 175.1 176.7 182.4
Pic #
Wc, g 177.6 181 175.4 174.4 175.9 181.7
Pic #
R % 4.9 4.3 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.9
Rc, % 4.3 3.8 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.6
Wis, % 0 13.4 13 26.4 22.5 19.1
Table C-16. Toluene-based Printing Ink - Averages
Mass Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
Wp, g 169 174.2 166.6 167.3 167.8 174.7
Wb, g 385.8 388.2 382.8 383.7 380.3 388.1
Wx, g 383.8 386.5 380.7 382 379.2 386.7
Wa, g 178.1 182.6 175.1 174.8 175.6 182.9
Wc, g 177 181.8 174.4 174.1 174.9 182.1
R % 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.9
Rc, % 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.5
Wis, % 0 6.3 5.6 15.1 12.2 7.8
Table C-17. Toluene-based Printing Ink - Error
Deviation Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
R %
STD, g 0.59 0.38 0.31 0.58 0.15 0.43
% RSD, g/g 0.14 0.1 0.08 0.16 0.04 0.11
Wis, %
STD, g 0 7.89 8.71 17.8 9.18 14.02
% RSD, g/g - 1.25 1.56 1.18 0.75 1.81
Table C-18. Toluene-based Printing Ink - Average of All NSC Non-Stick Coatings
Mass All NSC non-sticks STD, g % RSD, g/g
Wp, g 170.1
Wb, g 384.6
Wx, g 383
Wa, g 178.2
Wc, g 177.5
R % 3.8 0.4 0.1
Rc, % 3.5
Wis, % 9.4 11.5 1.3
C-6
-------
WATER-BASED PRINTING INK DATA
Table C-19. Water-based Printing Ink - Sample 1
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
170.6
173.4
166.2
166.5
168.2
171.9
Wb, g
409.2
460.1
403.6
426.3
410.8
411.4
Time
12.5
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
Wx, g
408.5
459.8
402.8
425.6
410.2
411
Time
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
Wa, g
186.4
185.1
179.7
178.6
178.2
183.7
Pic#
30,29
26,25
22,21
18,17
14,13
10,9
Wc, g
181.3
180.7
176.1
175.1
174.9
179.9
Pic#
28,27
24,23
20,19
16,15
12,11
8,7
R %
6.6
4
5.7
4.7
4.1
4.9
Rc, %
4.5
2.5
4.2
3.3
2.8
3.3
Wis, %
0
26.5
14.1
23.4
37
25.3
Table C-20.
Water-based Printing Ink -
Sample 2
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
170.4
175.8
167.3
166.5
168.4
173.6
Wb, g
401
403.8
410
381.3
370.8
369
Time
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
Wx, g
400.1
403.3
408.5
380.6
370.6
368.6
Time
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
Wa, g
189.8
192
188.7
184.3
182.5
188.4
Pic#
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
182.5
185.6
180.4
178.4
177.6
183.6
Pic#
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
8.4
7.1
8.8
8.3
7
7.6
Rc, %
5.3
4.3
5.4
5.5
4.6
5.1
Wis, %
0
16
-10.9
8.4
26.9
23.4
Table C-21.
Water-based Printing Ink -
Sample 3
Mass
Uncoated
NSC A
NSC B
NSC C
NSC D
NSC E
Wp, g
168.4
165.3
167.2
167.1
166.8
175
Wb, g
404.9
404.2
408.2
409.2
405.1
412.4
Time, min
9.3
Wx, g
404
403.3
407.1
408.7
404.8
411.6
Time, min
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
Wa, g
185.2
181
182.4
179.5
179.6
188.6
Picture #
31,30
27,26
23,22
19,18
15,14
11,10
Wc, g
178.3
175.7
177.2
174.6
175
183.5
Picture #
29,28
25,24
21,20
17,16
13,12
9,8
R %
7.1
6.6
6.3
5.1
5.4
5.7
Rc, %
4.2
4.3
4.1
3.1
3.4
3.6
Wis, %
0
6.2
9.4
26.1
23.6
19.2
C-7
-------
Table C-22. Water-based Printing Ink - Averages
Mass Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
Wp, g
169.8
171.5
166.9
166.7
167.8
173.5
Wb, g
405
422.7
407.3
405.6
395.6
397.6
Wx, g
404.2
422.1
406.1
405
395.2
397.1
Wa, g
187.1
186
183.6
180.8
180.1
186.9
Wc, g
180.7
180.6
177.9
176
175.8
182.3
R %
7.4
5.9
7
6
5.5
6.1
Rc, %
4.6
3.7
4.6
4
3.6
4
Wis, %
0
16.2
4.2
19.3
29.2
22.6
Table C-23. Water-based Printing Ink - Error
Deviation Uncoated NSC A NSC B NSC C NSC D NSC E
R %
STD, g 0.92 1.65 1.66 1.96 1.45 1.37
% RSD, g/g 0.12 0.28 0.24 0.33 0.26 0.23
Wis, %
STD, g 0 10.14 13.3 9.53 7 3.09
% RSD, g/g - 0.63 3.16 0.49 0.24 0.14
Table C-24. Water-based Printing Ink - Average of All NSC Non-Stick Coatings
Mass All NSC non-sticks STD, g % RSD, g/g
Wp, g 169.3
Wb, g 405.7
Wx, g 405.1
Wa, g 183.5
Wc, g 178.5
R % 6.1 1.6 0.3
Rc, % 4
Wis, % 18.3 8.6 0.9
C-8
------- |