(Appendices - 1 of 2) The Influence of Stormwater Management Practices and Wastewater Infiltration on Groundwater Quality: Case Studies Appendix A. Methods Supporting Information Appendix B. Louisville Supporting Information Appendix C. Yakima Supporting Information Appendix D. Fort Riley Supporting Information


&EPA
EPA/600/R-20/143 | June 2020 | www.epa.gov/research
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
(Appendices - 1 of 2)
The Influence of Stormwater
Management Practices and
Wastewater Infiltration on
Groundwater Quality:
Case Studies
Appendix A. Methods Supporting Information
Appendix B. Louisville Supporting Information
Appendix C. Yakima Supporting Information
Appendix D. Fort Riley Supporting Information
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response | Groundwater Characterization & Remediation Division

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Appendix A. Methods Supporting Information
Table of Contents
1.1	Analytical Methods	
1.2	Water Quality Sampling Methods	
1.3	Geochemical Modeling	
1.4	References

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1.1 Analytical Methods
Table A-l. Field parameters measured, and method used for the Fort Riley, Louisville, and Yakima studies.
Parameter
Method
Study
Temperature
EPA Method 170.1
F1, L2, Y3
Alkalinity
Standard Method 2320B; HACH method 8203
F,L
Standard Method 2320B
Y
PH
EPA Method 150.2
F, L,Y
Oxidation-Reduction Potential
No EPA Method
F, L,Y
Specific Conductivity
EPA Method 120.1
F, L,Y
Dissolved Oxygen
EPA Method 360.1
F, L,Y
Turbidity
EPA Method 180.1
F,L
Total Dissolved Solids4
No EPA Method
F,L
1Fort Riley.
2Louisville.
3Yakima.
Calculated value from the YSI multiprobe or calculated by TDS = SPC x 0.65.
Table A-2. Dissolved metal, nutrient, anion, carbon species, and water isotope methods used, preservation and
holding times for the Fort Riley, Louisville, and Yakima studies.
Parameter
Analytical Method
Preservation
Holding Time
Dissolved Metals ICP-OES
EPA Method 200.7
HN03, pH<2; room temperature
6 months
Dissolved Metals ICP-MS
EPA Method 200.8
Total Nitrogen (TN)
ASTM D5176-08
HCL; pH<2 refrigerate < 6°C
28 d
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
(Yakima)
K-GCRD-SOP-1151-O
H2S04, pH<2; refrigerate <6°C
Nitrate + Nitrite
EPA Method 353.1
Nitrate + Nitrite (Yakima)
K-GCRD-SOP-1151-O
Ammonia
SM4500-NH3
Ammonia (Yakima)
K-GCRD-SOP-1151-O
Phosphate
EPA Method 365.1
Phosphate
K-GCRD-SOP-1151-O
Refrigerate <6°C
48 h
Bromide
K-GCRD-SOP-3329-O
28 d
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Iodide
K-GCRD-SOP-1097-2
DOC
EPA Method 9060A
(K-GCRD-SOP-1165-0)
7 d
DIC
14 d
Stable Isotopes of Water
K-GCRD-SOP-1137-O
Stable
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Speciation Calculation
based on the sample pH
and DIC concentration.
NA
NA
Bicarbonate
Carbonate
Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
(Fort Riley only)
EPA Method 624.1
HCL, pH <2; refrigerate < 4°C
(no headspace)
14 d
Organic compounds (Fort Riley only)
SBSE EPA Method 625
refrigerate <4°C
7 d

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Table A-3. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were measured as part of the Fort Riley study.
Parameter
Parameter
Acetone
cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
Benzene
trans-l,3-Dichloropropene
Bromodichloromethane
Ethyl benzene
Bromoform
2-Hexanone
Bromomethane
Isopropyl benzene
2-Butanone
Methyl Acetate
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl Cyclohexane
Carbon disulfide
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chlorobenzene
Methylene chloride
Chloroethane
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
Chloroform
Naphthalene
Chloromethane
Styrene
Cyclohexane
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethene
l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Toluene
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethane
Trichlorofluoromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethene
1,1-Dichloroethene
Vinyl chloride
trans-l,2-Dichloroethene
o-Xylene
cis-l,2-Dichloroethene
m/p-Xylene
1,2-Dichloropropane

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Table A-4. Organic compounds that were measured as part of the Fort Riley study.
Parameter
Parameter
Parameter
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Fluorene
l,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
y-BHC (y-hexachlorocyclohexane)
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Heptachlor
1,3-Dichlorobenzerie
Bifenthrin
Heptachlor Epoxide
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
bis(2-Chloroethoxy)methane
Hexachlorobenzene
17a-Ethynyl Estradiol (Ethynyl Estradiol)
bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
Hexachlorobutadiene
17B-Estradiol
Bromacil
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
2,4,5-Trichloropheriol
Butyl benzylphtha late
Hexachloroethane
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Carbazole
lndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Chlordane, technical
Isophorone
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Chlorothalonil
Malathion
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Chlorpyrifos
Metolachlor
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Chrysene
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Coprostanol
p.p'-DDD (l-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-l-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene)
2-Methylnaphthalene
6-BHC (6-hexachlorocyclohexane)
p.p'-DDE (l/l-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene)
4-Bromophenyl-phenylether
Diazinon
p.p'-DDT (l,l'-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-l,l-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene)
4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
p.p'-Methoxychlor (Methoxychlor)
4-Chlorophenyl-phenylether
Dibenzofuran
Pendimethalin
4-n-Nonylphenol
Dieldrin
Pentachlorophenol
4-tert-Octyl phenol
Diethylphthalate
Permethrin
4-n-Nonylphenol Diethoxylate
Diethyltoluamide (DEET)
Phenanthrene
4-tert-Octyl phenol Diethoxylate
Dimethenamid
Progestrone
4-tert-Octyl phenol Monoethoxylate
Dimethylphthalate
Propachlor
a-BHC (a-hexachlorocyclohexane)
Di-n-butylphthalate
Propanil
Acenaphthene
Di-n-octylphthalate
Propazine
Acenaphthylene
Endosulfan 1
Pyrene
Acetochlor
Endosulfan II
Pyrethrins
Alachlor
Endosulfan Sulfate
Simazine
Aldrin
Endrin
Terbufos
Anthracene
Endrin Ketone
Testosterone
Atrazine
Estrone
Triclosan
Azobenzene
Ethalfluralin
Trifluralin
6-BHC (6-hexachlorocyclohexane)
Ethoprop
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP)
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ethyl Parathion
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)
Benzo(a)pyrene
Fluoranthene

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1.2 Water Quality Sampling Methods
Table A-5. Geochemical parameter stability guidelines.
Parameter
Stabilization Criteria
PH
<0.02 pH units/min
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)
< 1 mV/min
Specific Conductance (SPC)
< 1 %/min
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
< 0.25 mg/L/min
1.3 Geochemical Modeling
For speciation modeling the solution data as imported into the SpecE8 application from spreadsheet software
containing the solution data using the GSS Application in Geochemist's Workbench and was sent to the SpecE8
application for batch analysis using the launch function in the GSS application. The speciation modeling was
performed by the SpecE8 application in Geochemist's Workbench. The thermodynamic database used was the
thermo.com.V8.R6+t.dat. The convergence criteria was set to 5x1011 and maximum number of iterations, was
set to 999. The ionic strength was calculated using the Debye - Hiickel model. The solution data as imported in
to the SpecE8 application from spreadsheet software using the GSS Application in Geochemist's Workbench. The
resulting output was saved as text files. The text files were then imported into a spreadsheet for manipulation
and analysis.
Another use for geochemical modeling was the creation of activity diagrams and Eh - pH diagrams. This was
accomplished using the Act2 application in the Geochemist Workbench software. The thermodynamic database
used was the thermo.com.V8.R6+t.dat database and the electrical conductivity file used was the conductivity-
USGS.dat file. The pH and solution species needed were imputed into the Act2 application and the application
was run creating the diagram of interest. The output was saved as a text file.
The final geochemical modeling application was reaction path modeling using the React application in
geochemist workbench (Bethke et al., 2018b). The reaction path modeling used the same database and
conductivity file as was used in the Act2 app. The maximum number of iterations was again set to 999 for the
initial step, but the convergence criterion used in this case lxlO"9 because of convergence issues encountered
running the model. The step size was set at 0.01 with a maximum of 400 iterations per step. The ionic strength
was calculated using the Debye - Hiickel model. The solution data was entered into the React application and
one variable was selected to change using the slide function from a minimal concentration to the maximum
concentration desired. The output was saved as a text file for later use.

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1.4 References
Alkalinity: Hach Method 8203. DOC316.53.01166. Hach/Hach Lange GmbH. 2018. 8 p.
ASTM. Standard D 5176-08, Standard Test Method for Total Chemically Bound Nitrogen in Water by Pyrolysis and Chemiluminescence
Detection. American Society of Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org. 2008.
Bethke, C.M.; Farrell, B.; Yeakel, S. GWB Essentials Guide. The Geochemist's Workbench Release 12. Aqueous Solutions, LLC.
Champaign, IL. 2018a. 198 pp.
Bethke, C.M.; Farrell, B.; Yeakel, S. GWB Reaction Modeling Guide. The Geochemist's Workbench Release 12. Aqueous Solutions, LLC.
Champaign, IL. 2018b. 208 pp.
EPA Method 120.1 Conductance (Specific Conductance, umhos at 25°C), (Issued 1982). In: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/4-79-020.1983. 3 pp.
EPA Method 150.2 pH, Continuous Monitoring (Electrometricj, (Issued 1982). In: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/4-79-020.1983. 3 pp.
EPA Method 170.1 Temperature, (Issued 1971). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/4-79-020.1983.1 pp.
EPA Method 180.1 Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry; Revision 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research
and Development. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. 1993.10 pp.
EPA Method 200.7 Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission
Spectrometry, Revision 4.4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory. 1994. 58 pp.
EPA Method 200.8 Determination of Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Revision 5.4.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. 1994.
57 pp.
EPA Method 353.1 Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrite (Colorimetric, Automated, Hydrozine Reduction), (Issued 1978). In: Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Water and Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. 5 pp.
EPA Method 360.1 Oxygen, Dissolved (Membrane Electrode), (Issued 1971). In: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/4-79-020.1983. 2 pp.
EPA Method 365.1 Determination of phosphorus by semi-automated colorimetry, Revision 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Research and Development. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. 1993.18 p.
EPA Method 624.1 Purgeables by GC/MS. U.S Enviromental Protection Agency. Office of Water. EPA 821-R-16-008. Washington, DC. 2016.
42 p.
EPA Method 625.1 Base/Neutrals and Acids by GC/MS. U.S Enviromental Protection Agency. Office of Water. EPA 821-R-16-008.
Washington, DC. 2016. 60 p.
K-GCRD-SOP-1097-2. Determination of iodide in water samples using 0.2 M potassium hydroxide carrier with Lachat flow injection
analysis. 2009.11 p.
K-GCRD-SOP-1137-O. Determination of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in water samples using a Picarro L2120i cavity
ring-down spectrometer (CRDS). 2011. 30 p.
K-GCRD-SOP-1151-0. GWERD SOP for Quality Control Procedures for General Parameters Analyses Using Lachat Flow Injection Analyzers
(FIA). 2014. 12 p.
K-GCRD-SOP-1165-O. Standard operating procedure for the determination of various fractions of carbon in aqueous samples using the
Shimadzu TOC-VCSHAnalyzer. 2017.18 p.
K-GCRD-SOP-3329-0. SOP for the determination of inorganic anions in aqueous samples using the Dionex ICS-2100 Ion Chromatography
System. 2018. 21 p.
Standard Method 4500-NH3 Nitrogen (Ammonia). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 1997.10 p.
Standard Method 2320B Alkalinity. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 1999. 8 p.

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Appendix B. Louisville Supporting Information
Table of Contents
Louisville Geochemical Analysis	B-2
1.1	Groundwater Monitoring Wells and Piezometers	B-2
1.2	Porewater Samplers	B-3
1.3	Soil Porewater - Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific
Conductivity	B-3
1.4	Other Soil Porewater Constituents	B-21
1.5	Background Groundwater Quality	B-24
1.6	Groundwater Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific
Conductivity	B-27
1.7	Other Chemical Constituents	B-36
1.8	An example of a process that could potentially mitigate the
current rates in phosphate trends	B-37

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Louisville Geochemical Analysis
1.1 Groundwater Monitoring Wells and Piezometers
Table B-l. Locations of wells/piezometers adjacent to stormwater control measures and screened intervals.
Well/Piezometer
Latitude (°)
Longitude (°)
Land Surface
Elevation
(m-msl)
Top of Screen
(m-msl)
Bottom
of Screen
(m-msl)
Monitoring Wells
L-190-1-MW-01
38.25965381
-85.77785077
138.07
129.38
126.33
L-190-1-MW-02
38.25942272
-85.77807148
138.15
129.46
126.41
L-190-1-MW-03
38.25931140
-85.77808542
138.17
129.03
125.98
L-190-1-MW-04
38.25908033
-85.77788151
138.37
129.44
126.39
L-190-1-MW-05
38.25911927
-85.77823176
138.52
129.44
126.39
L-190-1-MW-06
38.25886575
-85.77793533
138.01
129.02
125.97
L-190-1-MW-07
38.25882715
-85.77818393
138.33
129.34
126.29
L-190-1-MW-08
38.25869647
-85.77821098
138.35
129.36
126.32
L-190-1-MW-09
38.25857185
-85.77822560
138.03
128.95
125.90
L-190-1-MW-10
38.25835128
-85.77807765
138.07
129.07
126.03
Piezometers
L-190-1-PW-01
38.25964909
-85.77785196
138.11
126.99
126.38
L-190-1-PW-02
38.25941472
-85.77807254
138.14
126.87
126.26
L-190-1-PW-03
38.25930344
-85.77808658
138.18
126.81
126.20
L-190-1-PW-04
38.25907819
-85.77787357
138.33
127.05
126.44
L-190-1-PW-05
38.25911894
-85.77824188
138.31
126.82
126.21
L-190-1-PW-06
38.25886557
-85.77792553
138.03
126.76
126.15
L-190-1-PW-07
38.25882020
-85.77818565
138.32
126.89
126.28
L-190-1-PW-08
38.25868945
-85.77821371
138.36
126.93
126.32
L-190-1-PW-09
38.25856621
-85.77822528
138.03
126.51
125.90
L-190-1-PW-10
38.25834511
-85.77807841
138.06
126.63
126.02

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1.2 Porewater Samplers
Table B-2. Soil porewater sampler locations and probe elevations.
Instrument
Latitude (°)
Longitude (°)
Probe Elevation (m-msl)
L-190-1-LW-1A
38.25938056
-85.77803333
133.85
L-190-1-LW-1C
38.25938056
-85.77803333
131.62
L-190-1-LW-1D
38.25938056
-85.77803333
135.00
L-190-1-LW-1E
38.25938056
-85.77803333
128.83
L-190-1-LW-2A
38.25923056
-85.77805833
133.68
L-190-1-LW-2C
38.25923056
-85.77805833
131.66
L-190-1-LW-2D
38.25923056
-85.77805833
135.46
L-190-1-LW-2E
38.25923056
-85.77805833
128.94
L-190-1-LW-4A
38.25870000
-85.77815000
134.10
L-190-1-LW-4C
38.25870000
-85.77815000
131.98
L-190-1-LW-5A
38.25860556
-85.77816944
134.06
L-190-1-LW-5C
38.25860556
-85.77816944
131.90
L-190-1-LW-6A
38.25854167
-85.77818056
133.72
L-190-1-LW-6C
38.25854167
-85.77818056
132.14
L-190-1-LW-7A
38.25875556
-85.77813889
134.04
L-190-1-LW-7C
38.25875556
-85.77813889
131.26
1.3 Soil Porewater - Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity
1.3.1 Specific Conductivity - Soil Porewater
Specific conductivity ranged from 125 - 3510 piS/cm. There was a significant difference in SPC (p < 0.001)
depending on whether they were north or south of Main Street (Figure B-l). Generally, the SPC was larger north
of Main Street.
Soil porewater clusters 1 and 2 were north of Main Street with cluster 1 being the farthest north and the farthest
away from the infiltration gallery at the corner of 17th and Main (Figure 6-6). Specific conductivity in cluster 1 was
significantly different (p < 0.001) than cluster 2 (Figure B-l). The deepest SPW in cluster 1, LW-1E did not show
a trend with time (Figure B-1A). LW-1C, LW-1A, and LW1D showed decreasing SPC trends (p < 0.001, p = 0.118,
and p = 0.020, respectively) with LW-1C and LW-1D being significant trends (Figure 6-9A). In cluster, 2 all depths
showed decreasing SPC trends (Figure B-1B), LW-2E (p = 0.009), LW-2A (p < 0.001), and LW-2D (p = 0.054) are
statistically significant. Overall, SPC was decreasing with time North of Main Street.

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Figure B-2. Changes in Specific Conductivity in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and iines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
1.3.2 Chloride - Soil Porewater
Chloride concentrations for ranged from 1 - 607 mg/L. There was a significant difference in chloride
concentrations (p < 0.001) depending on whether they are north or south of Main Street (Figures B-3 and B-4).
Generally, the chloride concentration was larger north of Main Street.
Chloride concentrations in cluster 1 were significantly different than in cluster 2 (p < 0.001) north of Main Street
(Figure B-3). In cluster 1, the deepest SPW, LW-1E showed no trend in chloride concentration (Figure B-3A).
However, the shallower SPWs in this cluster showed decreasing significant trends in chloride concentrations
(Figure B-3A) (LW-1C and LW-1A p < 0.001; LW-1D p = 0.034). In cluster 2, however, the deepest SPW (Figure
B-3B), LW-2E had decreasing chloride concentrations although not significant (p = 0.118). The shallower SPWs
(Figure B-3B), as was the case in cluster 1, showed significant decreases in chloride concentrations (LW-2A
p < 0.001 and LW-2D p = 0.006). Except for LW-1E, all SPWs north of Main Street had decreasing chloride
concentrations during the study, with some chloride concentrations exceeding the secondary MCL for chloride.
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Figure B-4. Changes in chloride concentrations in relationship to time for the SPVVs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A, The red dashed lines represent the chloride secondary MCL
(250 mg/L),
13.3 Bicarbonate - Soil Porewater
There were no significant differences in bicarbonate concentration between SPWs north and south of Main
Street (Figures B-5 and B-6). Bicarbonate concentrations ranged from 4-420 mg HC03 /L.
Figure B-5 shows the changes in bicarbonate concentration with time for SPWs south of Main Street. There was
a significant difference in bicarbonate concentration in SPW cluster 4 and cluster 5 compared to cluster 7 (p =
0.030 and p = 0.016, respectively). All other cluster combinations show no significant differences in bicarbonate
concentrations (Figure B-5A, B-5B, B-5D). There were no trends in bicarbonate data South of Main Street.
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Figure B-5. Changes in Bicarbonate concentrations in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
Bicarbonate concentrations in cluster 1 and cluster 2, north of Main Street were significantly different (p <
0.001), with cluster 1 larger than cluster 2 bicarbonate concentrations (Figure B-6). Figure B-6A shows the
trends in bicarbonate concentrations during the study. There were no trends in the bicarbonate concentrations
in LW-1E, LW-1C, and LW-1D, but in LW-lAthe bicarbonate concentrations were significantly increasing (p =
0.020) (Figure B-6A). Contrasting cluster 2 to cluster 1, the deepest SPW, LW-2E the bicarbonate concentration
was decreasing (p = 0.054) and in the shallower SPWs, LW-2A and LW-2D, the bicarbonate concentrations were
significantly increasing (p = 0.028 and p = 0.006, respectively) (Figure B-6B).
B-8
-------
Figure B-6. Changes in bicarbonate concentrations in relationship to time for the SPW's north of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and
lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D, B, SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red
diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D.
13.4 Sulfate - Soil Porewater
Suifate concentrations in this study ranged from 6.36 - 235 mg/L. Much iike bicarbonate there were no
significant differences in suifate concentration North or South of Main Street (Figures B-7 and B-S) and there
were no exceedances of the secondary MCL (250 mg/L) for sulfate during the study to date.
Data for sulfate north of Main Street is plotted in Figure B-7. The sulfate concentrations in cluster 2 were
significantly larger than cluster 1 (p = 0.002). In cluster 1, the sulfate concentrations in LW-1E and LW-1D, the
deepest and shallowest SPWs (Figure B-7 A) were decreasing (p = 0.118 and p = 0.082, respectively). In LW-1C and
LW-lAthe sulfate concentrations are significantly increasing (p < 0.001; Figure B-7A). Figure B-7B, are plots of
the sulfate concentrations with time for cluster 2. In the deepest SPW in this cluster, LW-2E, there was no trend
sulfate concentrations (Figure B-7B). Sulfate concentrations in LW-2A, intermediate depth in cluster 2 (Figure
B-7B), had a decreasing trend (p = 0.020) and in the shallowest depth, LW-2D, the sulfate concentrations were
increasing significantly (p = 0.054).
B-9
-------
Figure B-7. Changes in sulfate concentrations with respect to time for the SPW's north of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and
lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red
diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D. The red dashed lines indicate the
secondary MCL for sulfate (250 mg/L).
Data for sulfate concentrations versus time are plotted in Figure B-8 for SPW clusters south of Main Street. There
were no significant differences in sulfate concentrations among cluster 4, cluster 5, cluster 6, and cluster 7. The
sulfate concentration trends were all decreasing with time (Figure B-8). Sulfate concentration was significantly
decreasing in LW-4C and LW-4A (p = 0.011 and p = 0.006, respectively); LW-6C and LW-6A (p = 0.003 and p =
0.034, respectively); and LW-7C (p = 0.034). Sulfate concentrations were also significantly decreasing in LW-5C
(p = 0.054), LW-5A (p = 0.082), and LW-7A (p = 0.082).
B-10
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Figure B-8. Changes in sulfate concentrations in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A. Red dashed lines indicate the secondary MCL for sulfate (250 mg/L).
1.3.5 Calcium - Soil Porewater
There were no significant differences in calcium concentration comparing the north side or south side of Main
Street in this study in the SPW. Calcium concentrations ranged from 6.35 - 198 mg/L. Figures B-9 and B-10 show
the calcium concentrations in the SPW during the study.
North of Main Street, SPW clusters 1 and 2 had statistically different calcium concentrations (p < 0.001) and
calcium concentrations for each SPW is shown in Figure B-9. The calcium concentrations in cluster 1 (furthest
from infiltration point) were greater than those of cluster 2. In SPW cluster 1, there was no trend in calcium data
in LW-1E (Figure B-9A), but there were decreasing calcium concentrations in the shallower SPWs LW-1C, LW-1A,
and LW-1D. These decreasing trends were statistically significant LW-1C (p = 0.002), LW-1A (p < 0.001), and LW-
1D (p = 0.009). In cluster 2 (Figure B-9B), decreasing concentrations in calcium were found over the duration of
the study in all the SPWs. The decrease in calcium was significant in LW-2E (p = 0.082), LW-2A and LW-2D
(p < 0.001). Overall, in both clusters north of Main Street there were significant decreases in calcium
concentration with time.
B-ll
-------
Figure B-9. Changes in calcium concentrations with respect to time for the SPW's north of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and
lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D. B, SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red
diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D.
Data for the changes in calcium concentrations in SPWs south of Main Street are plotted in Figure B-10. There
were no statistical differences in calcium concentrations in the four SPW clusters. Except for LW-4A there
were no trends in calcium concentration with time for SPWs south of Main Street. LW-4A (Figure B-10A) had
decreasing calcium concentrations that were significant (p = 0.054). In February 2018 there was a discernable
spike in the calcium concentration in most of the SPW samplers in February 2018.
B-12
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Figure B-10. Changes in calcium concentrations in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
1.3.6 Potassium - Soil Porewater
Soil porewater potassium concentrations ranged from 1.80 - 14.3 mg/L. The plots of potassium concentration
versus time are shown in Figures B-ll and B-12. Potassium concentrations were significantly different (p <0.001)
north and south of Main Street. The potassium concentrations are larger north of Main Street.
The two SPW clusters north of Main Street, cluster 1 and cluster 2, had significantly different potassium
concentrations (p < 0.001). Cluster 1, the more northern cluster from the infiltration gallery, had larger potassium
concentrations than cluster 2 nearer the infiltration gallery. As shown in Figure B-11A, the deepest SPW samplers
(LW-1E and LW-1C) do not show any trends in potassium concentration. But, the shallower SPWs in this cluster,
have decreasing trends in potassium concentration during the study (Figure B-11A). The decreasing trends in LW-
1A (p = 0.003) and in LW-1D (p = 0.054) were significant (p = 0.054). In SPW cluster 2 (Figure B-11B), there were
decreasing potassium concentrations with time at all depths. These decreasing trends were significant LW-2E
(p = 0.003), LW-2A (p < 0.001) and LW-2D (p = 0.034).
B-13
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Figure B-ll. Changes in potassium concentrations with respect to time for the SPWs north of Main Street.
A, SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and
lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red
diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D.
The potassium concentrations in SPW clusters south of Main Street, with one exception, were not different. In
cluster 5, the potassium concentrations were significantly larger than the potassium concentrations in cluster 7
(p = 0.031). Figure B-12 shows the changes in potassium concentrations with time for the four clusters. In the
four clusters the potassium concentrations in the deepest SPW samplers all had decreasing trends (Figure B-12).
The deep SPWs LW-4C (Figure B-12A), LW-5C (Figure B-12B), LW-6C (Figure B-12C) the decreasing trends were
significant (p = 0.006, p = 0.011, and p = 0.020, respectively). In LW-7C (Figure B-12D) there was a decreasing
trend and was significant (p = 0.082). In cluster 7 (Figure B-12D), the shallowest SPW also showed decreasing
potassium concentrations over time and this trend was significant (p = 0.001). In the other clusters, the
shallowest SPWs showed no trends in potassium concentrations.
B-14
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Figure B-12. Changes in potassium concentrations in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
1.3.7 Magnesium - Soil Porewater
The magnesium concentrations ranged from 2.81 - 50.4 mg/L. The magnesium concentrations north and south
of Main Street in the SPWs were not significantly different. The concentrations of magnesium with respect to
time are shown in Figures B-13 and B-14.
Magnesium concentration in the SPW clusters north of Main Street did not show a significant difference. As
would be expected the trends in magnesium concentrations for the most part mimic the trends in calcium in
clusters 1 and 2. In cluster 1 (Figure B-13A), the deepest SPW samplers, LW-1E and LW-1C showed no trend
in magnesium concentrations with time. In the shallower SPW samplers, LW-1A and LW-1D, magnesium
concentration decreased with time and these trends were significant (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively).
However, in cluster 2 (Figure B-13B), all SPW depths had decreasing trends in magnesium concentration during
the study. The decreasing trends were significant in all SPW samplers in cluster 2 (LW-1E, p = 0.034; LW-1A,
p < 0.001; and LW-1D, p = 0.006).
B-15
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Figure B-13. Changes in magnesium concentrations with respect to time for the SPWs north of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and
lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D. B, SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red
diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D.
Magnesium concentrations were similar in all the SPW clusters south of Main Street. Only cluster 4 (Figure
B-14A) and cluster 6 (Figure B-14C) had SPW samplers with decreasing magnesium trends during the study. In
cluster 4, LW-4A had a decreasing trend and this trend was significant (p = 0.054). In cluster 6, both LW-6C and
LW-6A had decreasing magnesium concentrations. The decreasing trend in LW-6C (p = 0.006) and LW-6A were
(p = 0.054) significant. There were not trends in magnesium concentration in other clusters or SPW samples.
There was an apparent spike in magnesium concentrations in February 2018.
B-16
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Figure B-14. Changes in magnesium concentrations in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPVV cluster 4, green circles and lines are LVV-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPVV cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A, C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
1.3.8 Sodium - Soil Porewater
Sodium concentrations varied considerably in this study. Sodium ranged from 1.57 - 334 mg/L during the study.
Plots of sodium concentration versus time are shown in Figures B-15 and B-16. There was a significant difference
in sodium concentrations north of Main Street compared to south of Main Street (p < 0.001).
North of Main Street, clusters 1 and 2 had significantly different sodium concentrations (p < 0.001). Sodium
concentrations farther way from the infiltration gallery (cluster 1) had larger sodium concentrations than cluster
2 nearer the gallery. In cluster 1, the deepest SPW sampler (LW-1E) showed no trend in sodium concentrations
during the study (Figure B-15A). The shallower SPW samplers in cluster 1 (LW-1C, LW-1A, and LW-1D) had
decreasing trends in sodium concentration with time (Figure B-15A). In LW-1C, LW-1D and LW-1A the trends were
significant, p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.054, respectively. In SPW cluster 2 (Figure B-15B), the only SPW sampler
with a trend in sodium concentrations was LW-2A and this trend was significant (p < 0.001).
B-17
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Figure B-15. Changes in sodium concentrations with respect to time for the SPW's north of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and
lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D, B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red
diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D.
In the SPW clusters south of Main Street there was no significant difference in sodium concentrations between
clusters. In cluster 7, nearest to the infiltration gallery (Figure B-16D), both LW-7C and LW-7A had decreasing
sodium concentrations during the study, although these were not significant trends. Moving away from the
infiltration gallery, in cluster 4 (Figure B-16A), only LW-4C showed a decreasing sodium concentration trend and
was significant (p = 0.082). There was no trend in sodium concentrations in cluster 5 (Figure B-16B). In cluster 6
(Figure 6-24C), the farthest from the infiltration gallery south of Main Street, only LW-6C had a decreasing trend
in sodium concentration during the study and this trend was not significant.
B-18
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Figure B-16. Changes in sodium concentrations in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, green circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5,
blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines
are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C,
magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
1.3.9 pH - Soil Porewater
The pH ranged from 5.03 - 9.03 in the SPWs. As suggested by this range there were samples that exceeded the
secondary MCL for pH in the study. There were no significant differences in pH between SPW samplers north and
south of Main Street. Plots of pH versus time for pH north and south of Main Street are shown in Figures B-17
and B-18.
Most of the secondary MCL (sMCL) exceedances for pH were in the SPW clusters north of Main Street. In cluster
1, pH exceeded the secondary MCL four times (Figure B-17A). The secondary MCL was exceeded in LW-1A in July
2016 (pH = 6.28), in January 2017 (pH= 9.03), and in October 2017 (pH= 8.66). The pH in LW-1D exceeded the
secondary MCL in July 2016 (pH = 6.31). The secondary MCL was exceeded in cluster 2 on four occasions (Figure
B-17B). The secondary MCL was exceeded in LW-2D in July 2016 (pH = 5.03), in September 2016 (pH = 5.90), and
in May 2018 (pH = 6.46). LW-2A had one exceedance in July 2016 (pH = 6.16). The pH was significantly higher
(p = 0.029) in SPW cluster 1 (farther from the gallery) than SPW cluster 2 (nearer the gallery). In cluster 1, pH
was increasing in LW-1C and LW-1D (Figure B-17A). The increasing pH in LW-1C (p = 0.016) and LW-1D (p = 0.054)
were significant. There were no pH trends in LW-1E and LW-1A. Cluster 2 on the other hand, had increasing pH
with time in LW-2E and LW-2A. Both pH trends were significant (p = 0.071 and p = 0.082, respectively).
B-19
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Figure B-17. Changes in pH with respect to time for the SPWs north of Main Street. A, SPW cluster 1, black
circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C, black diamonds and lines are LW-1A, and
black stars and lines are LW-1D. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are LW-2E, red diamonds and lines are
LVV-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D. The red dashed lines are the secondary MCLs for pH (pH<6.5 and
pH>8.5).
South of Main Street there was only one secondary MCL exceedance for pH (Figure B-18D). In July 2016 the pH
secondary MCL was exceeded in LW-7A (pH= 6.46). There were statistically no differences in pH for any of the
four clusters south of Main Street. In SPW cluster 4 and 5 (Figures B-18A and B-18B) there were no trends in pH
In cluster 6 (Figure B-18C), LW-6A showed an increasing pH trend and it was significant (p = 0.054). Similarly, in
cluster 7 (Figure B-18D), only LW-7A had an increasing pH trend and it was a significant trend (p = 0.034).
B-20
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Figure B-18. Changes in pH in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street. A. SPW cluster 4, green
circles and lines are LW-4C, green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5, blue circles and lines are
LW-5C, blue triangles and lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines are LW-6C, cyan triangles
and lines are LW-6A. D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C, magenta triangles and lines are
LW-7A. The red dashed lines are the secondary MCLs for pH (pH<6.5 and pH>8.5).
1.4 Other Soil Porewater Constituents
1.4.1 Fluoride
Fluoride concentrations varied from 0.02 - 0.95 mg/L in the SPW samples. There was a significant difference in
fluoride concentrations in the samples north and south of Main Street (p < 0.001). The fluoride concentrations
south of Main Street were greater than the concentrations north of Main Street. The concentrations of fluoride
during the study for each SPW sampler are shown in Figure B-19 (north of Main Street) and Figure B-20 (south of
Main Street).
The concentrations of fluoride during the study north of Main Street are shown in Figure B-19. There were
no statistical differences in concentration between clusters 1 and 2 (p = 0.805). In cluster 1, only the shallow
SPW sampler (LW-1E) had a decreasing trend which was significant (p = 0.071; Figure B-19A). All other depths
showed no trend in fluoride concentrations. In cluster 2 (Figure B-19B), two samplers (LW-2E and LW-2A) had an
increasing trend in fluoride concentrations (p = 0.016 and p = 0.003, respectively). The shallowest SPW sampler
(LW-2D) did not show trend.
B-21
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Figure B-19. Changes in fluoride concentration with respect to time for the SPWs north of Main Street.
A. SPVV cluster 1 and B. SPVV cluster 2. Black circles and lines are LW-1E, black triangles and lines are LW-1C,
black diamonds and lines are LW-1A, and black stars and lines are LW-1D. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and
lines are LW-2E, red diamonds and lines are LW-2A, and red stars and lines are LW-2D.
Figure B-20 shows the concentrations of fluoride south of Main Street. There were no significant differences
between SPW clusters except for when cluster 4 is compared with cluster 7. In this case there was a
statistically significant difference in fluoride concentrations (p = 0.036). In cluster 4 (Figure B-20A), LW-4A had a
decreasing trend and was significant (p = 0.071) and LW-4C had no trend. LW-4C showed a spike in the fluoride
concentration in February 2018. Cluster 5 and 6 (Figures B-20B and C) had significantly decreasing trends in
fluoride concentration in LW-5C (p = 0.003), LW-5A (p = 0.001), LW-6C (p = 0.046), and LW-6A (p = 0.028).
LW-6A showed a slight spike in fluoride concentration in February 2018 (Figure B-20C). Finally, in cluster 7 (Figure
B-20D), LW-7C fluoride concentrations significantly decreased (p = 0.006), and there was no trend in the fluoride
data for LW-7A. LW-7A showed a spike in the fluoride data in February 2018.
B-22
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Date
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Date
Figure B-20. Changes in fluoride concentration in relationship to time for the SPWs south of Main Street.
A. SPW cluster 4, B. SPW cluster 5, C. SPW cluster 6, and D. SPW cluster 7. Green circles and lines are LW-4C,
green triangles and lines are LW-4A. B. SPW cluster 5, blue circles and lines are LW-5C, blue triangles and
lines are LW-5A. C. SPW cluster 6, cyan circles and lines are LW-6C, cyan triangles and lines are LW-6A.
D. SPW cluster 7, magenta circles and lines are LW-7C, magenta triangles and lines are LW-7A.
1.4.2 Nitrate + Nitrite
Nitrate + Nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.01 - 10.4 mg N/L in the SPW. In the case of nitrate + nitrite
there was no significant difference in concentrations north and south of Main Street. There were no significant
differences in nitrate + nitrite concentrations between clusters 1 and 2 north of Main Street. There is no
significant difference in the nitrate + nitrite concentrations in SPW clusters south of Main Street. The SPW
samples did have one exceedance of the nitrate + nitrite MCL in LW 5A.
1.4.3 Phosphate
Soil porewater phosphate concentration ranged from 0.013 - 0.341 mg P/L in this study. There was not a
significant difference in phosphate concentrations between SPW samples collected north and south of Main
Street. There was no statistical difference in phosphate data between SPW clusters 1 and 2 north of Main Street.
As was the case with the phosphate data north of Main Street, south of Main Street there was no significant
differences in phosphate concentrations between clusters.
B-23
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1.4.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon
The range of DOC in the SPW samples at this study site was 0.66 - 4.85 mg/L. The concentrations of DOC
north and south of Main Street were not significantly different. North of Main Street there were no significant
differences in DOC concentrations between SPW clusters 1 and 2.
1.4.5 Barium
The concentration of barium ranged from 0.25 - 210 ng/L in the SPW samples. There was a significant
difference in barium concentrations north and south of Main Street (p < 0.001). There were no differences in
concentrations between the two clusters north of Main Street (p = 0.065). There were no differences in barium
concentrations in the four SPW clusters overall south of Main Street.
1.5 Background Groundwater Quality
Table B-3. Statistical comparisons between NWIS groundwater data and Louisville Study data from the
monitoring wells and piezometers.
Parameter
Monitoring Wells
Piezometers
Significant Difference
p-value
Significant Difference
p-value
Alkalinity
Yes
0.020
Yes
0.009
PH
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Specific Conductivity
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Total Dissolved Solids
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Bicarbonate
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Chloride
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Sulfate
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Calcium
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Magnesium
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Sodium
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Potassium
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Yes
0.015
Yes
0.007
Nitrate + Nitrite
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Phosphate
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Fluoride
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Iron
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
Manganese
Yes
<0.001
Yes
<0.001
B-24
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Table B-4. Study specific background ranges determined for the Louisville Gl Study.
Parameter
Units
Total
Number of
Analyses
Number of
Analyses
Used
Mean
Std Dev
Median
Min
Max
Lower
Critical
Value
Upper
Critical
Value
Percent of
Samples
Included
Temperature
°c
220
209
18.58
0.96
18.50
16.50
20.83
16.66
20.50
95.0
Specific Conductance
iaS/cm
220
200
1024
139
1040
746
1302
746
1302
90.9
Total Dissolved Solids
mg/L
220
200
666
98
676
456
854
BDL1
1450
90.9
Dissolved Oxygen
mg/L
220
204
2.13
1.53
1.98
0.11
5.71
BDL
5.19
92.7
PH

220
202
7.01
0.12
7.03
6.76
7.26
6.77
7.25
91.8
Eh
mV
120
111
322.5
66.9
312.9
186.2
455.2
188.8
456.3
92.5
Turbidity
mg/L
219
209
31.8
45.9
12.4
0.41
249.0
BDL
123.6
95.4
Alkalinity
mg CaC03/L
219
210
318
40
320
224
417
237
399
95.9
Dissolved Organic Carbon
mg/L
220
200
0.54
0.12
0.53
0.36
0.86
0.3
0.78
90.9
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
mg/L
220
199
90
11
93
66
113
68
113
90.5
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
mg C02/L
220
204
75
26
74
19
131
23
127
92.7
Bicarbonate
mg HCO3/L
220
208
381
45
285
263
496
291
471
94.5
Carbonate
mg CO3/L
220
215
0.2
0.05
0.21
0.08
0.32
0.1
0.3
97.7
Bromide
mg/L
220
197
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.005
0.18
BDL
0.15
89.5
Chloride
mg/L
220
203
71.6
23.7
73.8
25.6
122
24.2
119
92.3
Sulfate
mg/L
220
206
75.7
16.8
76.9
39.8
112.0
42.0
109
93.6
Fluoride
mg/L
220
198
0.20
0.05
0.20
0.08
0.31
0.10
0.30
90.0
Iodide
Pg/L
120
115
5.61
3.50
5.40
0.75
17.5
BDL
12.6
95.8
Nitrate + Nitrite
mg N/L
220
210
4.20
1.50
4.10
1.31
7.23
1.20
7.20
95.5
Total Nitrogen
mg N/L
218
213
4.29
1.57
4.21
1.06
7.50
1.15
7.43
97.7
Phosphate
mg P/L
220
211
0.064
0.037
0.055
0.004
0.167
BDL
0.138
95.9
Total Phosphorous
mg P/L
110
102
0.058
0.016
0.056
0.028
0.093
0.026
0.09
92.7
Aluminum
Pg/L
171
164
4.6
8.1
1
0.5
51.32
BDL
20.79
95.9
Arsenic
Pg/L
195
170
0.94
0.2
0.9
0.52
1.41
0.54
1.34
87.2
Boron
Pg/L
220
220
143.77
68.56
162
80
291
6.65
280.89
100.0
Barium
Pg/L
220
206
64.16
14.98
64
25
121.13
34.2
94.12
93.6
Calcium
mg/L
220
198
113.06
14.64
115
79.69
144.3
83.78
142.34
90.0
Cobalt
Pg/L
195
183
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
1.3
BDL
0.8
93.8
Chromium
Pg/L
195
192
1.9
3.4
1
0.3
29.0
1.4
5.4
98.5
Copper
Pg/L
170
163
1.5
2.5
1.0
0.3
16
BDL
6.6
95.9
1BDL = below detection limit
B-25
-------
Table B-4 (continued). Study specific background ranges determined for the Louisville Gl Study.
Parameter
Units
Total
Number of
Analyses
Number of
Analyses
Used
Mean
Std Dev
Median
Min
Max
Lower
Critical
Value
Upper
Critical
Value
Percent of
Samples
Included
Iron
Mg/L
220
212
31
21
25
25
156
BDL
73
96.4
Potassium
mg/L
220
197
5.45
1.00
5.55
3.21
7.84
3.45
7.45
89.5
Lithium
Mg/L
220
210
7
3
5
5
15
1
14
95.5
Magnesium
mg/L
220
206
37.2
5.64
37.9
24.9
48.6
25.9
48.5
93.6
Manganese
Mg/L
195
183
17
25
6.0
0.3
124
BDL
67
93.8
Molybdenum
Mg/L
194
175
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.4
1.7
0.1
1.5
90.2
Sodium
mg/L
220
208
43.9
11.3
43.7
17.0
73.6
21.2
66.6
94.5
Nickel
Mg/L
195
194
1.2
1.4
0.6
0.3
6.4
BDL
4.0
99.5
Antimony
Mg/L
195
168
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
86.2
Selenium
Mg/L
195
179
2.5
1.0
2.5
0.5
4.8
0.5
4.5
91.8
Silicon
mg/L
220
202
8.80
0.88
8.92
6.79
10.6
7.04
10.6
91.8
Strontium
Mg/L
220
210
218
34
220
135
299
150
286
95.5
Q_
o
%0
220
191
-6.37
0.24
-6.38
-0.69
-5.80
-6.85
-5.89
86.8
d2H
%0
220
194
-38.56
1.92
-38.67
-43.28
-33.89
-42.40
-34.72
88.2
1BDL = below detection limit
Table B-5. Statistics comparing parameter concentrations in monitoring well and piezometers.
Parameter
Significant Difference
p-value
Alkalinity
No
0.897
Barium
No
0.236
Calcium
No
0.758
Chloride
No
0.904
Chromium
Yes
0.014
Copper
No
0.370
Dissolved Organic Carbon
No
0.694
Fluoride
No
0.805
Bicarbonate
No
0.488
Iodide
Yes
0.020
Parameter
Significant Difference
p- value
Potassium
No
0.380
Magnesium
No
0.816
Sodium
No
0.977
Nitrate + Nitrite
No
0.869
PH
No
0.501
Phosphate
No
0.058
Sulfate
No
0.708
Specific Conductivity
No
0.989
Strontium
No
0.742
B-26
-------
1.6 Groundwater Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity
1.6.1 SPC- Groundwater
The site-specific background ranges for SPC was determined to be 746 - 1302 |iS/cm (Table B-3) and there is
no significant difference in SPC north and south of Main Street. Figure B-21 shows SPC trends during the study.
North of Main Street, SPC was found to be decreasing with time in all the wells (Figure B-21A). MW-01
(p = 0.054), MW-02 (p = 0.037), MW-03 (p = 0.010), MW-04 (p = 0.054), and MW-05 (p = 0.025) had decreasing
trends and the trends were significant. South of Main Street (Figure B-21B), only MW-07 and MW-10 had
decreasing SPC trends during the study, and the SPC trend in MW-07 (p = 0.037) and MW-10 (p = 0.054) were
significant.
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1/1/2018
Date
Figure B-21. Plots showing the changes in SPC with time for A. Wells north of Main Street and B. Wells south
of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines show data for MW-02,
green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for MW-04, cyan circles and
iines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark yellow circles and lines
show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored circles and lines show
data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded areas represent the
background site-specific concentration.
B-27
-------
1.6.2 pH - Groundwater
The site-specific background range for pH was determined to be 6.77 - 7.26 and there were no significant
differences in pH north and south of Main Street. The pH was different between the summer and winter
(p < 0.001); summer and autumn (p = 0.011); and spring and autumn (p = 0.015). North of Main Street except for
MW-02 (Figure B-22A), there was increasing pH trend with time. These were significant trends in MW-01
(p = 0.034), MW-03 (p = 0.004), MW-04 (p = 0.008), and MW-05 (p = 0.016). South of Main Street, Figure B-22B,
there were no statistical trends in pH except for MW-09. The pH trend in MW-09 had an increasing trend and
was significant (p = 0.089). There were no sMCL exceedances in pH during the study.
9.0
8.5 —
8.0-
7.5-
7.0-
6.5 —
sMCL
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1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
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6.0
1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Figure B-22. Plots showing the changes in pH with time for A. Weils north of Main Street and B. Wells south
of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines show data for MW-02,
green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for MW-04, cyan circles and
lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark yellow circles and lines
show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored circles and lines show
data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded areas represent the site-
specific background. Red dashed lines show the sMCL for pH (6.5 and 8.5).
B-28
-------
1.6.3 Chloride - Groundwater
The site-specific chloride background range was determined to be 24.2 - 119 rng/L. Chloride concentrations
north and south of Main Street were significantly different (p = 0.030). The chloride concentrations south of
Main Street were larger than north of Main Street. Figure B-23 shows the changes in chloride concentrations
with time. There was no trend in chloride concentrations north of Main Street in wells MW-02 and MW-05
(Figure B-23A). In wells MW-01, MW-03, and MW-04 there were significant decreasing trends in chloride
concentrations (p = 0.010, p = 0.016, and p = 0.010, respectively). South of Main Street, two wells (Figure B-23B)
showed decreasing trends in chloride concentration. These trends were significant. These wells were MW-07
(p = 0.054) and MW-10 (p = 0.076). MW-06, MW-08, and MW-09 did not show any trends in chloride
concentration during the study. There were no exceedances of this sMCL.
220-
220 -
180-
180-
160-
160-
120-
120
100-
100-
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1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
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1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Figure B-23. Plots showing the changes in chloride concentration with time for A. Wells north of Main Street
and B. Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines show
data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for MW-04,
cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark yellow
circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored circles
and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded areas
represent the site-specific background.
-------
1.6.4 Bicarbonate - Groundwater
The site-specific background concentrations for bicarbonate were found to range from 263 - 496 mg HCO;/L.
Figure B-24A shows the changes in bicarbonate concentration with time north of Main Street. North of Main
Street, three wells showed significant decreasing trends in bicarbonate concentrations MW-Q2 (p = 0.005),
MW-03 (p = 0.016), and MW-05 (p = 0.001). South of Main Street (Figure B-24B), only two wells showed
decreasing trends in bicarbonate concentrations MW06 (p = 0.006) and MW-07 (p = 0.037). All other wells both
north and south of Main Street showed no trend in bicarbonate concentrations.
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Figure B-24. Plots showing the changes in bicarbonate concentration with time for A. Wells north of Main
Street and B. Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines
show data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for
MW-04, cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark
yellow circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored
circles and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded
areas represent the site-specific background.
B-30
-------
1.6.5 Sulfate - Groundwater
The site-specific background was determined to range from 42.0 - 109 mg/L, The sulfate concentrations north
and south of Main Street were found to be significantly different (p = 0.045) and there was also a significant
difference in sulfate concentration between the winter and summer (p = 0.017). The changes in sulfate
concentrations with time are plotted in Figure B-25. Figure B-25A shows the changes in sulfate concentration
north of Main Street. All wells north of Main Street had decreasing sulfate concentrations with time. MW-01,
MW-02, MW-03, MW-04, and MW-05 decreasing trends were significant (p-values ranging from 0.004 - 0.076).
Four of the five wells south of Main Street showed decreasing sulfate concentrations (Figure B-25B). MW 06
(p = 0.024), MW-07 (p = 0.006), MW-09 (p = 0.025), and MW-10 (p = 0.037) all had significantly decreasing trends
in sulfate concentration. MW-08 showed no trend in sulfate concentrations over the duration of the study being
reported. Sulfate, like chloride, has a sMCL of 250 mg/L No samples during the study had sulfate concentrations
exceeding the sMCL of sulfate.
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1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
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1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Date
Figure B-25. Plots showing the changes in sulfate concentrations with time for A. Wells north of Main Street
and B, Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines show
data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for MW-04,
cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark yellow
circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored circles
and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded areas
represent the site-specific background.
B-31
-------
1.6.6 Calcium - Groundwater
The site-specific calcium background ranged from 83.8 - 142 mg/L. The concentrations of calcium were not
different north and south of Main Street. Concentrations of calcium were different between the summer
and winter (p = 0.002) and between summer and autumn (p = 0.019). Changes in calcium concentrations
in wells north of Main Street are plotted in Figure B-26A. Only one well MW-02 showed no trend in
calcium concentrations. In all other wells north of Main Street, there were significantly decreasing calcium
concentrations with time (p-values ranged from 0.016 - 0.44). Wells south of Main Street (MW-06 - 10) did not
show a trend in calcium concentrations during the study (Figure B-26B).
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Figure B-26. Plots showing the changes in calcium concentrations with time for A. Wells north of Main Street
and B. Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines show
data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for MW-04,
cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark yellow
circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored circles
and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded areas
represent the site-specific background.
B-32
-------
1.6.7 Magnesium - Groundwater
The site-specific magnesium background was established to range from 25.9 - 48.5 mg/L. There was no
difference in magnesium concentrations north and south of Main Street. The magnesium concentration changes
over time for wells north of Main Street are plotted in Figure B-27A, All the wells north of Main Street show
decreasing concentrations of magnesium with time, and the trends are all significant (p = 0.002 - 0.025). South
of Main Street, only three wells showed decreasing magnesium concentration (Figure B-27B), The three wells
were MW-07, MW-09, and were significant trends (p = 0.037, p = 0.019 and p = 0.078, respectively).
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Figure B-27. Plots showing the changes in magnesium concentrations with time for A. Wells north of Main
Street and B. Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines
show data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for
MW-04, cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark
yellow circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored
circles and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded
areas represent the site-specific background.
-------
1.6.8 Sodium - Groundwater
Based on the analysis, the site-specific background ranged from 21.2 - 66.6 mg/L. North and south of Main
Street did not show any differences in sodium concentration. The sodium concentrations over time for this
study are plotted in Figure B-28, South of Main Street (Figure B-28B), only MW-10 showed a decreasing trend
in sodium concentrations and was significant (p = 0.054). Two wells north of Main Street showed sodium
concentration trends (Figure B-28A). In MW-02 and MW-04 the decreasing sodium concentrations were
significant (p = 0.054). All other wells in the study did not show sodium concentration trends (Figure B-28).
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Figure B-28. Plots showing the changes in sodium concentrations with time for A. Wells north of Main Street
and B. Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines show
data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for MW-04,
cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark yellow
circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored circles
and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded areas
represent the site-specific background.
-------
1.6.9 Potassium - Groundwater
The site-specific potassium background was determined to range from 3.45 - 7.45 mg/L. For potassium, there
was a significant difference in concentrations between wells north of Main Street and wells south of Main
Street (p = 0.015). Samples north of Main Street generally had larger concentrations of potassium than south
of Main Street. The changes in potassium concentrations for wells north of Main Street are shown in Figure
B-29A. In wells MW-01 and MW-05, the potassium concentrations are decreasing with time, and the decreases
were significant (p = 0.006 and p = 0.010, respectively). In well MW-03, the potassium concentrations were
significantly increasing with time (p = 0.037). All other wells north of Main Street did not show a trend in
potassium concentrations with time. South of Main Street (Figure B-29B), MW-08 and MW-09 had decreasing
potassium concentrations with time. In MW-08 and MW-09 the trend was significant (p = 0.089 and p = 0.025,
respectively). The other three wells, MW-06, MW-07, and MW-10 did not have a potassium concentration trend.

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Date
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Date
Figure B-29. Plots showing the changes in potassium concentrations with time for A. Wells north of Main
Street and B. Wells south of Main Street. Black circles and lines show data for MW-01, red circles and lines
show data for MW-02, green circles and lines show data for MW-03, blue circles and lines show data for
MW-04, cyan circles and lines show data for MW-05, magenta circles and lines show data for MW-06, dark
yellow circles and lines show data for MW-07, purple circles and lines show data for MW-08, wine-colored
circles and lines show data for MW-09, and dark cyan circles and lines show data for MW-10. Gray shaded
areas represent the site-specific background.
B-35
-------
1.7 Other Chemical Constituents
1.7.1 Dissolved Organic Carbon
There was no significant difference in DOC concentrations north and south of Main Street. The site-specific
background concentrations range for DOC was estimated to be 0.30 - 0.78 mg/L. In July 2016, MW-04 had DOC
concentration outside the background concentrations; in January 2018 MW-03 had DOC concentrations outside
background concentrations; and in August 2018, MW-01 had concentrations outside background concentrations.
1.7.2 Fluoride
There were significant differences in fluoride concentrations north and south of Main Street (p < 0.001). The
fluoride concentrations south of Main Street were greater than those north of Main Street. The range for site-
specific background fluoride concentrations was from 0.10 - 0.30 mg/L. During two samplings, October 2017
and January 2018, the concentrations of fluoride in MW-03 were less than the site-specific background. MW-08
fluoride concentrations were outside (larger than) the site-specific background in January and April 2017 for
MW-08; April 2017 and July 2017 for MW-09; and October 2017 for MW-10.
1.7.3 Iodide
There were no significant differences in iodide concentrations depending on whether the samples were north
or south of Main Street. The site-specific background iodide concentrations ranged for
-------
1.7.6 Barium
The site-specific background concentrations of barium range from 34 - 94 ng/L. There were no significant
differences in barium concentration north and south of Main Street. North of Main Street, MW-03 did have four
sampling points that were outside the site-specific background range. These occurred in October 2017, February
2018, May 2018, and August 2018. For three of these dates (October 2017, May 2018, and August 2018), the
concentration of barium was larger than the site-specific background range for barium. In February 2018, the
barium concentration was lower. South of Main Street, MW-07 had two dates when the barium concentrations
were outside the site-specific background barium concentrations January 2017 (lower) and February 2018
(higher). Likewise, MW-08 (July 2017) and MW-09 (August 2018) had barium concentrations outside the site-
specific background for barium and in both cases the barium concentrations were lower.
1.7.7 Chromium
There was no difference in concentration between north and south of Main Street. Based on the data collected,
the site-specific background concentrations for chromium were determined to range from 1.4 - 5.4 ng/L. North
of Main Street, there were two samples that were outside the site-specific background range for chromium.
These both happened in May 2018 in wells MW-04 and MW-05. The MCLfor chromium was exceeded in the
May 2018 MW-04 sample. The wells MW-04 and MW-05 are the closest wells to the infiltration gallery. During
the study, the site-specific background range for chromium was exceeded four times, two times in May 2018 and
August 2018. In May 2018, the site-specific background was exceeded in wells MW-06 and MW-08. In August
2018 the exceedances happened in wells MW-06 and MW-07. South of Main Street, the chromium concentration
did not exceed the chromium MCL.
1.7.8 Nickel
The site-specific background nickel concentration range was determined to be
-------
is a plot of calcium, fluoride and phosphate concentrations in the solid phase. In the solid phase, the fluoride
concentrations increase with increasing fluorapatite formation. When fluorapatite concentrations level off, so
do the fluoride concentrations in the solid. This suggests that equilibrium between the solution and solid phase
occurred. The concentrations of calcium and phosphate increase in the solid phase throughout the model run.
There is a change in the rate of increase in the concentrations of calcium and phosphate that corresponds to the
shift from the formation of fluorapatite to the formation of hydroxyapatite. This discussion demonstrates that
the rates of change in potential constituents of concern can change in time. Extrapolations of data are important
tools for inference, but caution should be exercised when predicting long term trends in chemical behavior in
complex systems.
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Figure B-30. Geochemical modeling showing potentially how the groundwater could respond to increasing
phosphate concentrations. A. Bulk solution species changes and solid phase formation. B. Solid phase species
concentrations. Black dashed lines represent fluorapatite, red dashed lines represent hydroxyapatite, green
solid lines represent fluoride concentrations, blue solid lines represent calcium concentrations, and magenta
solid lines represent phosphate concentrations.
B-38
-------
Appendix C. Yakima Supporting Information
Table of Contents
Subsurface Monitoring Network C-2
Background Groundwater Quality C-3
Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity C-6
3.1 Specific Conductivity C-6
3.2 pH C-7
3.3 Chloride C-8
3.4 Bicarbonate C-9
3.5 Sulfate C-10
3.6 Calcium C-ll
3.7 Magnesium C-12
3.8 Potassium C-13
3.9 Sodium C-14
Other Chemical Constituents C-15
4.1 Nitrate + Nitrite C-15
4.2 Fluoride C-16
4.3 Phosphate C-17
-------
Subsurface Monitoring Network
Table C-l. Monitoring well coordinates, surface elevation total depth (as elevation), and top of screen elevations
at the Yakima study site.
Well ID
Longitude
Latitude
Surface
Elevation
Total Depth
(as Elevation)
Top of Screen
Elevation

0
0
m-msl
m-msl
m-msl
MW 2
-120.465910
46.581311
303.89
298.40
299.31
MW 3
-120.465209
46.580125
338.63
332.46
333.38
MW 4
-120.471444
46.575989
304.80
297.64
298.56
MW 5
-120.469670
46.574860
302.06
295.88
296.79
MW 6
-120.466264
46.573732
301.14
294.84
295.75
BCF 836
-120.468339
46.576253
302.36
295.32
296.23
BCF 837
-120.468709
46.573624
300.84
293.78
294.69
BCF 838
-120.468579
46.572208
299.92
292.94
293.85
BCF 839
-120.467753
46.570903
299.92
292.88
293.80
Table C-2. Outfall sampling locations.
Sampling Location
Longitude
Latitude

0
0
Outfall 01
-120.468115
46.576302
Outfall 02
-120.467315
46.575258
Outfall 03
-120.466091
46.573800
Outfall 04
-120.466242
46.572246
Outfall 05
-120.466417
46.570999
-------
Background Groundwater Quality
The results of statistical analysis comparing NWIS groundwater quality data to study groundwater data is given
Table C-3.
Table C-3. Statistical comparisons between NWIS groundwater data and Yakima Study data from the
groundwater monitoring wells.
Analyte
Significant Difference
Probability
PH
Yes
<0.001
Specific Conductivity
No
1.000
Total Dissolved solids
No
0.951
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Yes
<0.001
Bicarbonate
Yes
<0.001
Nitrate + Nitrite
No
0.115
Chloride
Yes
<0.001
Fluoride
Yes
<0.001
Sulfate
No
0.654
Barium
No
0.660
Calcium
Yes
0.041
Copper
Yes
0.007
Iron
No
0.151
Potassium
No
0.978
Magnesium
Yes
0.011
Manganese
Yes
<0.001
Sodium
No
0.355
Silicon
Yes
0.026
-------
Table C-4. Study specific background ranges determined using the 2-sigma method for the Yakima Study.
Parameter
Units
N
n
Mean
Std Dev
Median
Min
Max
Lower
Critical
Value
Upper
Critical
Value
Percent
Used
Temperature
°c
251
239
15.09
3.47
15.12
8.00
23.26
8.15
22.03
95.2
Specific Conductance
iaS/cm
252
244
333
122
345
76
628
88
577
96.8
Total Dissolved Solids
mg/L
252
244
216
80
224
50
408
57
375
96.8
Dissolved Oxygen
mg/L
241
210
1.18
1.39
0.61
0.00
4.96
BDL1
3.96
87.1
PH

252
224
6.47
0.28
6.48
5.83
7.09
5.91
7.03
88.9
Alkalinity
mg CaC03/L
253
226
91
21
95
44
143
48
134
89.3
Dissolved Organic Carbon
mg/L
252
234
1.02
0.61
0.86
0.33
3.18
BDL
2.24
92.9
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
mg/L
251
227
26.54
8.88
28.6
7.44
47.6
8.78
44.3
90.4
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
mg C02/L
221
200
57.9
23.9
60.7
7.86
114
10.1
106
90.5
Bicarbonate
mg HCO3-/L
250
228
85.9
31.1
88.5
23.6
148
23.6
148
91.2
Carbonate
mg C032"/L
221
214
0.019
0.020
0.012
0.000
0.106
BDL
0.059
96.8
Nitrate + Nitrite
mg N/L
247
226
2.09
2.16
2.09
0.005
7.78
BDL
6.41
91.5
Ammonia
mg N/L
254
248
0.053
0.129
0.006
0.001
0.76
BDL
0.311
97.6
Bromide
mg/L
254
238
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.29
BDL
0.17
93.7
Chloride
mg/L
254
236
25.6
13.8
27.0
1.61
55.7
BDL
53.2
92.9
Sulfate
mg/L
254
232
16.2
7.62
16.4
2.23
36.9
0.98
31.5
91.3
Fluoride
mg/L
224
206
0.09
0.05
0.09
0.01
0.22
BDL
0.19
92.0
Iodide
Hg/L
245
224
4.98
2.92
4.83
0.75
13.1
BDL
10.82
91.4
Phosphate
mg P/L
28
25
0.589
0.690
0.250
0.113
2.490
BDL
1.969
89.3
Aluminum
Hg/L
63
62
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.5
18.3
BDL
8.4
98.4
Arsenic
Hg/L
63
60
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.3
6.0
BDL
3.0
95.2
Boron
Hg/L
224
207
83
17
80
80
191
49
118
92.4
Barium
Pg/L
254
239
17
6.9
17
5.0
33
3.2
31
94.1
Calcium
mg/L
254
238
29.2
9.49
31.0
9.16
51.1
10.3
48.2
93.7
Cobalt
Pg/L
63
58
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.3
3.2
BDL
2.2
92.1
Chromium
Mg/L
63
59
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
93.7
Copper
Mg/L
63
60
1.1
0.7
0.9
0.3
3.1
BDL
2.4
95.2
Iron
Pg/L
254
216
98
232
25
1
1370
BDL
563
85.0
1BDL = below detection limit
-------
Table C-4 (continued). Study specific background ranges determined using the 2-sigma method for the Yakima Study.
Parameter
Units
N
n
Mean
Std Dev
Median
Min
Max
Lower
Critical
Value
Upper
Critical
Value
Percent
Used
Potassium
mg/L
254
242
3.81
1.55
4.13
0.73
8.74
0.71
6.91
95.3
Magnesium
M-g/L
254
238
10.9
3.79
11.3
3.29
19.5
3.36
18.5
93.7
Manganese
M-g/L
63
59
352
368
325
0.3
1237
BDL
1089
93.7
Molybdenum
M-g/L
63
57
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.4
1.5
BDL
1.3
90.5
Sodium
mg/L
254
228
14.7
5.38
14.8
3.97
28.8
3.94
25.5
89.8
Nickel
Hg/L
63
57
2.0
1.6
1.5
0.3
5.7
BDL
5.2
90.5
Silicon
mg/L
254
242
17.2
3.20
18.1
10.5
22.5
10.8
23.6
95.3
Strontium
M-g/L
254
236
135
39
137
49
224
56
213
92.9
Vanadium
M-g/L
63
60
1.8
1.0
1.9
0.3
4.2
BDL
3.8
95.2
Q_
o
%0
252
231
-14.01
0.39
-14.09
-14.92
-12.96
-14.79
-13.23
91.7
d2H
%0
252
233
-104.13
2.89
-105.13
-109.91
-98.36
-109.91
-98.35
92.5
1BDL = below detection limit
-------
Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity
3.1 Specific Conductivity
Site-specific background for specific conductivity ranged from 76 - 628 nS/cm in the groundwater and 69 -
835 nS/cm in the outfall samples during the study (Figure C-l). There was a significant difference between
the upgradient wells and the outfall samples (p < 0.001) and a nearly significant difference between the wells
near the outfall and the upgradient wells (p = 0.051). The outfall samples (Figure C-1A) had larger SPC than the
upgradient wells (Figure C-1C), and SPC was larger in the wells near the outfall (Figure C-1B) and the upgradient
wells. There was no significant difference in SPC between the wells near the outfall and the outfall. This suggests
that the wells near the outfall have SPC that is between the upgradient wells and outfall samples.
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3.2 pH
During the study, site-specific background for pH ranged from 5.83 - 7.09 in the groundwater samples and
ranged from 6.65 - 7.86 in the outfail samples (Figure C-2). It should be noted that in the November 2014 and
March 2015 samplings of groundwater, there were problems with the pH sonde and the low values for pH in
these events may be a result of these problems. There were significant differences in pH in wells upgradient and
the outfall (p < 0.001) and wells near the outfall and the outfall (p = 0.002). The pHs were greater in the outfall
samples than in the upgradient wells and in the wells near the outfall (Figure C-2). There were no significant
differences in pH between the upgradient wells and the wells near the outfall.
8
7
6
5
8
X 7
Cl
6
5
8
7
6
5
9/1/2014 9/1/2015 9/1/2016 9/1/2017 9/1/2018
Date
Figure C-2. Time series plots for pH in A. Outfall samples, B. Wells near the outfall, and C. Upgradient wells.
Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for pH in groundwater (Table C-4). Red
dashed lines show the sMCLs for pH, Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCF837
data, green circles and lines are BCF838 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines
are MW-04 data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black
stars and lines are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3
data, and blue stars and lines are Outfail 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background
ranges in the Yakima Study.
As was the case with SPC, there were trends in pH in three of the wells upgradient. There was a significant
increasing pH trend in BCF837 (p = 0.027) and non-significant increasing pH trends in wells MW-04 and MW-05
(p = 0.127 in both wells) (Figure C-2C). In the wells near the outfall (Figure C-2B), BCF836 did not have a trend in
pH, but there was significant increasing pH in well MW-06 (p = 0.011). There were no trends in pH in any of the
Outfall samples (Figure C-2A).
There were no sMCL exceedances in any of the outfall samples (Figure C-2A); however, there were sMCL
exceedances in several samples upgradient and wells near the outfalls. The upgradient wells (Figure C-2C)
in November 2014 all exceeded the sMCL and BCF837, MW-04, and MW-05 in March 2015. Again, these
exceedances could be related to the pH sonde problem discussed earlier. Beyond the initial two events, there
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were 28 other exceedances of the sMCLs for pH in the upgradient wells and these exceedances were all lower
pH than the sMCL of 6.50 (Figure C-2C). As was the case with the upgradient wells, the initial two samplings had
pH sMCL exceedances in the wells near the outfall, BCF836 and MW-06 (Figure C-2B). These exceedances could
also be related to the problems with the pH sonde. The only other sMCL exceedance for pH in MW-06 was in
September 2016 (Figure C-2B). BCF836 had an additional seven pH sMCL exceedances (Figure C-2B). Like the
upgradient wells, the sMCL exceedances in the wells near the outfall were less than the pH sMCL of 6.50.
3.3 Chloride
Site-specific background chloride concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 1.61 - 55.7 mg/L and chloride
concentrations ranged from 5.25 - 66.2 mg/L in the outfall samples (Figure C-3). There were no significant
differences in chloride concentrations between groundwater upgradient and near the outfalls as well as there
were no significant differences in chloride concentrations between the wells near the outfalls and outfall
samples. However, there was a significant difference between the upgradient chloride concentrations and the
chloride concentrations in the outfall (p = 0.002). The chloride concentrations in the outfall were greater than
the chloride concentrations upgradient. The chloride concentrations in wells near the outfall are between those
upgradient and those in the outfall samples.
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Figure C-3. Time series plots for chloride concentrations in A. Outfall samples, B. Wells near the outfall, and
C. Upgradient wells. Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for chloride in
groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCF837 data, green
circles and lines are BCF838 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are MW-04
data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars and lines
are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and blue
stars and lines are Outfali 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study.
-------
In the upgradient wells (Figure C-3C), there were significant increasing chloride concentrations in wells BCF837
(p = 0.001), BCF838 (p < 0.001), and BCF839 (p = 0.005). There were no trends in chloride in the other upgradient
wells, MW-04 and MW-05. In both wells near the outfall (Figure B-3B) there were increasing trends in chloride
concentrations. The increasing chloride trend in BCF836 (p = 0.041) and MW-06 (p = 0.069) were significant.
There were no trends in chloride concentration in the outfall samples (Figure C-3A).
The sMCL for chloride is 250 mg/L. There were no exceedances of the chloride sMCL in the swamples collected.
3.4 Bicarbonate
Bicarbonate concentrations in the outfall samples ranged from 45 - 270 mg HC03/L and site-specific background
in the groundwater ranged from 23.6 - 148 mg HC037L (Figure C-4). There were no significant differences in
bicarbonate between the upgradient wells and wells near the outfall or upgradient wells and outfall samples or
outfall samples and wells near the outfall.
Upgradient, only well BCF837 showed an increasing trend in bicarbonate (Figure C-4C) and this was a significant
trend (p = 0.030). In the wells near the outfall (Figure 7-8B), only MW-06 showed a significant increasing trend
(p = 0.001). There were no trends in bicarbonate concentrations in the outfall samples.
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Figure C-4. Time series plots for bicarbonate concentrations in A. Outfall samples, B. Wells near the outfall,
and C. Upgradient wells. Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for bicarbonate
in groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCF837 data,
green circles and lines are BCF83S data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are
MW-04 data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars
and lines are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and
blue stars and lines are Outfall 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study.
C-9
-------
3.5 Sulfate
The site-specific background concentrations of sulfate in the groundwater ranged from 2.23 - 36.9 mg/L and
the sulfate concentrations in the outfall samples ranged from 6.39 - 85.4 mg/L in this study (Figure C-5). The
sulfate concentrations in the wells near the outfall and the outfall samples were not significantly different. There
was a significant difference in sulfate concentrations between the upgradient wells and the outfall samples (p <
0.001) and between the upgradient wells and the wells near the outfall (p < 0.001). The sulfate concentrations
were larger in the wells near the outfall were larger than the concentration in the outfall samples (Figure C-5).
This suggests that the groundwater near the outfall may be being influenced by the infiltrating water from the
outfalls.
In the upgradient wells, only BCF837 showed a trend in the sulfate concentrations (Figure C-5C) and this was a
significantly increasing trend (p = 0.037). There were no trends in sulfate concentrations in wells near the outfall
or in the outfall samples.
The sMCL for sulfate is 250 mg/L. There were no exceedances in the sulfate sMCL in the samples collected.
u I
9/1/2014 9/1/2015 9/1/2016 9/1/2017 9/1/2018
Date
Figure C-5. Time series plots for sulfate concentrations in A. Outfall samples, B, Wells near the outfall, and
C. Upgradient wells. Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for sulfate in
groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCF837 data, green
circles and lines are BCF838 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are MW-04
data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars and lines
are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and blue
stars and lines are Outfall 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study.
c-io
-------
3.6 Calcium
Site-specific background calcium concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 9.16 - 51.1 mg/L and <0.50 -
35.0 mg/L in the outfall samples (Figure C-6). The concentrations of calcium were significantly different from the
outfall samples in both the upgradient wells (p < 0.001) and wells near the outfall (p < 0.001). The upgradient
wells and wells near the outfall did not have significantly different calcium concentrations.
Calcium showed significant increasing concentrations in 3 of the 5 upgradient wells (Figure C-6C), BCF837 (p <
0.001), BCF838 (p = 0.001) and BCF839 (p < 0.001). Only BCF836 showed an increasing and significant (p = 0.024)
calcium trend in the wells near the outfall (Figure C-6B). There were no trends in calcium concentration in the
outfall samples (Figure C-6A).
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Date
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Figure C-6. Time series plots for calcium concentrations in A. Outfall samples, B. Wells near the outfall, and
C. Upgradient wells. Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for calcium in
groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCF837 data, green
circles and lines are BCF838 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are MW-04
data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars and lines
are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and blue
stars and lines are Outfall 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study.
C-ll
-------
3.7 Magnesium
Groundwater site-specific background magnesium concentrations ranged from 3.29 - 19.5 mg/L and 0.07 - 20.8
rng/L in the outfaii samples (Figure C-7). There were no significant differences in magnesium concentration
between the different water sources and there were no seasonal differences in magnesium concentration.
Like calcium, there were only trends in magnesium concentrations in the same three wells upgradient (Figure
C-7C). The increasing trends in magnesium concentration were significant in the wells BCF837 (p = 0.013),
BCF838 (p = 0.004), and BCF 839 (p = 0.009). Unlike calcium, both the wells near the outfall (Figure C-7B) had
increasing magnesium concentrations and these trends were significant, BCF836 (p = 0.027) and MW-06
(p = 0.041). There were no trends in the magnesium concentrations in the outfall samples (Figure C-7 A).
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o-
9/1/2014
1 1 1 i 1 1 1
9/1/2015
1 1 1 i ¦ 1 1
9/1/2013
9/1/2016
Date
9/1/2017
Figure C-7. Time series plots for magnesium concentrations in A. Outfall samples, B. Wells near the outfall,
and C. Upgradient wells. Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for magnesium
in groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCFS37 data,
green circles and lines are BCF838 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are
MW-04 data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars
and lines are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and
blue stars and lines are Outfall 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study,
C-12
-------
3.8 Potassium
Site-specific background potassium concentrations in the Yakima Study ranged from 0.73 - 8.74 mg/L in
the groundwater and 0.50 - 29.2 mg/L in the outfali samples (Figure C-8). The concentrations of potassium
were significantly different (p < 0.001) between the outfall samples and the upgradient groundwater. The
outfall samples had greater potassium concentrations than the upgradient wells. Likewise, the potassium
concentrations between the wells near the outfall and the outfall samples were significantly different (p < 0.001).
The outfall samples potassium concentrations were greater than those of the wells near the outfall. There was
also a significant difference in potassium concentrations between the wells near the outfall and upgradient
wells (p < 0.001). The wells near the outfall had higher potassium concentrations than the upgradient wells. This
suggests that the wells near the outfall potentially resulted from the mixing of the upgradient water with the
infiltrated outfall water.
In the upgradient wells, there were increasing potassium concentrations with time in all the wells except for
MW-04 (Figure C-8C). In wells BCF837, BCF838, and BCF839, these increasing trends were significant (p = 0.003,
p = 0.003, and p = 0.001, respectively). In MW-05, the increasing trend in potassium was not significant (p =
0.138). Potassium was significantly increasing in MW-06 (p = 0.004), but potassium showed no trend in BCF836
(Figure C-8B). There were no trends in potassium in the outfall samples (Figure C-8A).
A
+—

/-V

• • W
#
C

—I—«—•-

—M—

30
20
10
38
20
CT>
£
E
2
«>
w)
ra
20
10-
0
9/1/2014
9/1/2015
9/1/2016
Date
9/1/2017
9/1/2018
Figure C-S. Time series plots for potassium concentrations in A. Outfall samples, B. Wells near the outfall,
and C. Upgradient wells. Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for potassium
in groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCF836 data, red circles and lines are BCF837 data,
green circles and lines are BCFS38 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are
MW-04 data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars
and lines are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and
blue stars and lines are Outfall 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study.
-------
3.9 Sodium
Site-specific background sodium concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 3.97 - 28.8 rng/L. The sodium
concentrations in the outfali samples ranged from <2.00 - 89.0 mg/L in this study (Figure C-9). There were
significant differences in sodium concentration between upgradient wells and the wells near the outfall (p <
0.001). The wells near the outfall had higher sodium concentrations than the upgradient wells. The upgradient
wells were also significantly different than the outfall samples (p < 0.001), with the outfall samples having higher
sodium concentrations than the upgradient wells. The wells near the outfall and outfall samples were also
significantly different (p = 0.048). The outfall samples had slightly higher sodium concentrations than the wells
near the outfall. The sodium concentration differences also suggest that the wells near the outfall potentially
resulted from the mixing of upgradient groundwater with infiltrated outfall water.
Sodium concentrations showed increasing concentrations in all the wells upgradient (Figure C-9C). These
increasing trends were significant in BCF837 (p < 0.001), BCF838 (p = 0.061), BCF839 (p = 0.005), MW-04 (p =
0.083), and MW-05 (p = 0.007). In the wells near the outfall (Figure C-9B), only MW-06 showed and increasing
trend in sodium concentration (p = 0.001). Sodium did show an increasing concentration trend in the two
sampling points nearest to the beginning of the outfall trenches (Figure C-9A). These sodium concentration
trends were in Outfall 1 and Outfall 2, but the trends were not significant in Outfall 1 (p = 0.123) but were
significant in Outfall 2 (p = 0.064).
SO
60
40
20
3 0
"3) 80
-§-60
| 40
t 20
CO 0
80
60
40
20
0
9/1/2014 9/1/2015 9/1/2016 9/1/2017 9/1/2018
Date
Figure C-9. Time series plots for sodium concentrations in A, Outfall samples, B, Wells near the outfall,
and C. Upgradient wells Gray shaded areas indicate the range of the site-specific background for sodium in
groundwater (Table C-4). Black circles and lines are BCFS36 data, red circles and lines are BCF837 data, green
circles and lines are BCF838 data, blue circles and lines are BCF839 data, green triangles and lines are MW-04
data, blue triangles and lines are MW-05 data, cyan triangles and lines are MW-06 data, black stars and lines
are Outfall 1 data, red stars and lines are Outfall 2 data, green stars and lines are Outfall 3 data, and blue
stars and lines are Outfall 4 data. Gray shaded areas represent the site-specific background ranges in the
Yakima Study,
C-14
A
*
W j
~
~
B

•

—~ •—•—• - *—•—
~

a .*
¦#
I ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ 1 ¦ ¦ ¦ 1 I ' 1 i . .. i i i i i .... .
-------
Other Chemical Constituents
4.1 Nitrate + Nitrite
Nitrate + nitrite is an analysis which does not distinguish between these two nitrogen species. Figure C-10 is
a plot of Eh versus pH showing the N speciation and the study data. This figure indicates that denitrification
processes could potentially happen in most samples. A few samples do not indicate that denitrification would
occur, and in these samples, only nitrate would be present. A few samples indicate that nitrite could be
present. Many of the samples would indicate that nitrate should be fully denitrified to nitrogen, but there is still
measurable nitrate + nitrite in these samples. This would suggest that one of two things is happening. The water
in the aquifer is not at equilibrium or there is oxidation of the nitrogen happening in the sample bottle after the
sample is taken and before analysis. The analysis conducted cannot distinguish between these possibilities. It is
noteworthy that if ammonia was present in the water that in ail cases ammonia would be thermodynamically
unstable suggesting the more oxidized N species more stable.
1200-
pH
Figure C-10. Eh-pH diagram for N-system. Black circles are upgradient groundwater, red triangles are
groundwater in wells near the outfall, and green stars are treated wastewater samples in the outfall.
C-15
-------
4.2 Fluoride
Figure 7-24 are log F activity versus pH plots of the Ca-F-P04 system and the Ca-F system. In the Ca-F-PQ4 system,
Figure C-11A, all the data collected in this study are oversaturated with respect to fluorapatite suggesting that
fluorapatite would control the F solubility and that fluorapatite should be forming. On the other hand, in the
Ca-F system (Figure C-11B), all the data collected indicates undersaturated conditions with respect to F. This
would suggest that any fluorite in the aquifer would be dissolving and the F concentrations should be increasing.
Only BCF837 and MW-06 had increasing trends in F concentrations; however, it is unknown if fluorite dissolution
is the actual reason for this trend.
Fluorite
Fluorapatite
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH pH
Figure C-ll. Log F" activity vs. pH, A. Ca-F-P04 system and B. Ca-F system. Blue shade areas show solution
species and yellow shaded areas show solid phases. Black circles and lines are MW-01, red circles are MW-02,
green circles are MW-03, blue circles are MW-04, cyan circles are MW-05, magenta circles are MW-06, dark
yellow circles are MW-07, purple circles are MW-08, wine-colored circles are MW-09 and dark cyan circles are
MW-10.
C-16
-------
4.3 Phosphate
Plots of log HPQ42" versus pH for the Ca-F-HPQ42" system and Ca-HP042" system for the upgradient wells are
shown in Figure C-12. Most of the upgradient samples plot in the fluorapatite field or along the border of the
fluorapatite/H PO. fields of the Ca-F-HP042" system (Figure C-12A). There were a few samples that plotted
in the H PO ; field. There was no temporal pattern to the upgradient data. This suggests that the upgradient
groundwater at the study site is in equilibrium or slightly oversaturated with respect to fluorapatite. Conversely,
all the upgradient groundwater samples plot as aqueous species in the Ca~HP042" system (Figure C-12B). This
suggests that fluorapatite is controlling phosphate concentrations in the upgradient water during the study.
-2-
-2-
Fluorapatite
Hydroxyapatite
CM
O
CL
X
-4 -
-4-
o>
o
o>
o
-6-
-8 -

HPO:
CaPOj
-10
-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH pH
Figure C-12. Upgradient groundwater log HP042" activity vs. pH. A. Ca-F-HP042" system and B. Ca-HP042"
system. Blue shaded areas show solution species and yellow shaded areas show solid phases. The red circles
are BCF837, green circles are BCF838, blue circles are BCF839, blue triangles are MW-04, and cyan triangles
are MW-05.
c-17
-------
Plots of log HPOversus pH for the Ca-F-HP042 system and Ca-HPO .2 system for the infiltrated treated
wastewater in the outfalls are shown in Figure C-13. All the treated wastewater plot in the fluorapatite field of
the Ca-F-HP042 system (Figure C-13A). There was no temporal pattern to the upgradient data. This suggests
that the treated wastewater in the study site is oversaturated with respect to fluorapatite. It is likely that
most of the treated wastewater is in equilibrium with hydroxyapatite or slightly under/oversaturated with
hydroxyapatite. This can be seen in the Ca-HP042" system (Figure C-13B) and suggests that hydroxyapatite is
controlling phosphate concentrations in the treated wastewater samples during the study and potentially why
the phosphate concentrations showed no trends during the study.
-2-
-2-
Fluorapatite
Hydroxyapatite
CM
o
Cl
x
OJ
o
CL
X
-4~
-4-
o>
Q
cn
o
-6-
-6-
cr
-8-
-8-

HPO
o
CaPOj
-10
-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1314
pH pH
Figure C-13, Treated wastewater in the outfalls log HP042" activity vs. pH. A. Ca-F-HP042" system and
B. Ca-HP042~ system. Blue shaded areas show solution species and yellow shaded areas show solid phases.
The black stars are Outfall 1, red stars are Outfall 2, green stars are Outfall 3, and blue stars are Outfall 4.
C-18
-------
Plots of log HPO 2" versus pH for the Ca-F-HP042 system and Ca-HPO .2 system for the wells near the outfalls
are shown in Figure C-14, Initially both wells BCF836 and MW-06 were undersaturated with respect to
fiuorapatite field of the Ca-F-HP042" system (Figure C-14A). The infiltration began in the outflows the
phosphate concentrations began to increase, and the wells near the outfalls became over saturated with
respect to fiuorapatite (blue arrow in Figure C-14A shows the relative trajectory). This suggests that the wells
near the outfall in the study site became oversaturated with respect to fiuorapatite with time. BCF836 was
undersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite throughout the study but was approaching equilibrium in the
later events (Figure C-14B). MW-06 did reach equilibrium with respect to hydroxyapatite in the later events of
the study. This suggests that as the phosphate concentrations in the wells near the outfall increased, they were
approaching equilibrium with hydroxyapatite. This was the case in the treated wastewater in the outfalls. If
the phosphate concentrations in the treated wastewater do not increase, it would likely serve as the maximum
concentration (end member) for the phosphate concentrations in MW-06 and BCF836.
-2-
-2 -
Fiuorapatite
Hydroxyapatite
CM
O
CL
X
cSi
o
CL
X
-4-
-4-
O)
o
-6 -
-6-
-8-
-8-
HPO;
x
-10
-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
012345678 9 101112 13 14
pH pH
Figure C-14. Wells near the outfalls log HP042" activity vs. pH. A. Ca-F-HP042" system and B. Ca-HP042" system.
Blue shaded areas show solution species and yellow shaded areas show solid phases. The black circles are
BCF836 and magenta triangles are MW-06. Blue arrows show the relative trajectory of the temporal changes
in the wells.
C-19
-------
Appendix D. Fort Riley Supporting Information
Table of Contents
Groundwater, Piezometers, Tensiometers, and Porewater Samplers D-2
Geophysics Figures D-5
2.1 Electrical Resistivity Imaging Survey D-5
2.2 Borehole Geophysical Methods D-7
Hydrogeology Figures D-21
3.1 Groundwater Flow Field Characterization D-21
Vadose Zone D-25
4.1 Precipitation Patterns during the Study D-25
4.2 Alkalinity, Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity . D-27
4.3 Other Soil Porewater Constituents D-36
4.4 Stormwater Contaminants D-38
Groundwater Quality D-40
5.1 Background Groundwater Quality D-40
5.2 Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity D-44
5.3 Stormwater Contaminants and Other Trace Metals D-54
References D-56
-------
Groundwater, Piezometers, Tensiometers, and Porewater Samplers
Table D-l. Sampling locations, Fort Riley, Kansas.
Sample
Location
Latitude
(degrees)
Longitude
(degrees)
Top of Screen
Elevation1
(m msl3)
Bottom of Screen
Elevation1
(m msl3)
Probe Elevation2
(m msl3)
Monitoring Wells
FRGW01
39.069348
-96.842821
321.2
318.2
NA4
FRGW02
39.068896
-96.842301
321.3
318.3
NA
FRGW03
39.068816
-96.842552
321.8
318.8
NA
FRGW04
39.068857
-96.842927
321.2
318.1
NA
FRGW05
39.068762
-96.842974
321.3
318.2
NA
FRGW06
39.068708
-96.842604
322.2
319.1
NA
FRGW07
39.068644
-96.842239
321.1
318.0
NA
FRGW08
39.068598
-96.843053
320.9
317.8
NA
FRGW09
39.068580
-96.842392
321.1
318.0
NA
FRGW10
39.069030
-96.842428
322.2
319.1
NA
FRGW11
39.069118
-96.843254
321.5
318.5
NA
FRGW12
39.068986
-96.842630
321.1
318.0
NA
FRGW13
39.068801
-96.842386
321.1
318.1
NA
Piezometers
FRPW01
39.069361
-96.842813
315.9
315.3
NA
FRPW02
39.069335
-96.842827
317.7
317.1
NA
FRPW03
39.068854
-96.842943
315.6
315.0
NA
FRPW04
39.068852
-96.842911
317.5
316.9
NA
FRPW05
39.068708
-96.842624
318.2
317.6
NA
FRPW06
39.068647
-96.842262
317.5
316.9
NA
FRPW07
39.068604
-96.843071
315.8
315.2
NA
FRPW08
39.068592
-96.843038
317.2
316.6
NA
FRPW09
39.068581
-96.842409
317.6
317.0
NA
FRPW10
39.069315
-96.843789
317.3
316.7
NA
FRPW11
39.071151
-96.839792
317.8
317.1
NA
FRPW12
39.068263
-96.841283
317.8
317.2
NA
'Monitoring wells and piezometers;
2Soil porewater samplers and tensiometers;
3msl = Mean sea level;
4NA = Not applicable.
-------
Table D-l (continued). Sampling locations, Fort Riley, Kansas.
Sample
Location
Latitude
(degrees)
Longitude
(degrees)
Top of Screen
Elevation1
(m msl3)
Bottom of Screen
Elevation1
(m msl3)
Probe Elevation2
(m msl3)
Soil Pore Water Samplers
FRLW01
39.068946
-96.843008
NA
NA
323.3
FRLW02
39.068940
-96.842988
NA
NA
321.8
FRLW03
39.068900
-96.842917
NA
NA
325.1
FRLW04
39.068900
-96.842917
NA
NA
324.2
FRLW05
39.068900
-96.842917
NA
NA
323.3
FRLW06
39.068874
-96.842907
NA
NA
325.1
FRLW07
39.068874
-96.842907
NA
NA
324.2
FRLW08
39.068874
-96.842907
NA
NA
323.3
FRLW09
39.068888
-96.842810
NA
NA
323.3
FRLW10
39.068882
-96.842790
NA
NA
321.8
FRLW11
39.068810
-96.842939
NA
NA
323.3
FRLW12
39.068810
-96.842939
NA
NA
321.8
Tensiometers
T1A
39.068943
-96.842998
NA
NA
323.3
TIB
39.068943
-96.842998
NA
NA
321.8
T2A
39.068885
-96.842800
NA
NA
323.3
T2B
39.068885
-96.842800
NA
NA
321.8
T3A
39.068897
-96.842907
NA
NA
325.1
T3B
39.068897
-96.842907
NA
NA
324.2
T3C
39.068897
-96.842907
NA
NA
323.3
T4A
39.068877
-96.842917
NA
NA
325.1
T4B
39.068877
-96.842917
NA
NA
324.2
T4C
39.068877
-96.842917
NA
NA
323.3
T5A
39.068813
-96.842948
NA
NA
323.3
T5B
39.068813
-96.842948
NA
NA
321.8
Infiltration Gallery Wells
FRIW01-1
39.069007
-96.843163
326.6
325.1
NA
FRIW01-2
39.069000
-96.843139
326.6
325.1
NA
FRIW01-3
39.068993
-96.843117
326.6
325.1
NA
FRIW01-4
39.068986
-96.843094
326.6
325.1
NA
'Monitoring wells and piezometers;
2Soil porewater samplers and tensiometers;
3msl = Mean sea level;
4NA = Not applicable.
-------
Table D-l (continued). Sampling locations, Fort Riley, Kansas.
Sample
Location
Latitude
(degrees)
Longitude
(degrees)
Top of Screen
Elevation1
(m msl3)
Bottom of Screen
Elevation1
(m msl3)
Probe Elevation2
(m msl3)
Temporary Wells October 2018
TNS 1-1
39.070126
-96.843517
322.5
319.5
NA
TNS 1-2
39.069995
-96.843574
322.1
319.0
NA
TNS1-3
39.069864
-96.843632
322.3
319.2
NA
TNS1-4
39.069726
-96.843664
322.6
319.6
NA
TNS1-5
39.069596
-96.843724
322.4
319.3
NA
TNS1-6
39.069464
-96.843784
322.1
319.0
NA
TNS1-7
39.069335
-96.843846
322.4
319.4
NA
TNS1-8
39.069205
-96.843907
321.9
318.9
NA
TEW1-1
39.069553
-96.843560
322.9
319.9
NA
TEW1-2
39.069501
-96.843391
323.7
320.6
NA
TEW1-3
39.069337
-96.843132
322.4
319.4
NA
TEW2-1
39.069288
-96.843676
322.1
319.0
NA
TEW2-2
39.069244
-96.843508
323.9
320.8
NA
TEW2-3
39.069152
-96.843218
324.3
321.3
NA
TEW3-1
39.069162
-96.843735
322.3
319.2
NA
TEW3-3
39.069035
-96.843204
322.4
319.3
NA
TEW4
39.068959
-96.843421
320.4
317.4
NA
Alphamach Temperature Profilers
TP1-1
39.068951
-96.843076
NA
NA
325.2
TP 1-2
39.068951
-96.843076
NA
NA
325.5
TP 1-3
39.068951
-96.843076
NA
NA
325.8
TP 1-4
39.068951
-96.843076
NA
NA
326.1
TP2-1
39.068844
-96.842717
NA
NA
325.2
TP2-2
39.068844
-96.842717
NA
NA
325.5
TP2-3
39.068844
-96.842717
NA
NA
325.8
TP2-4
39.068844
-96.842717
NA
NA
326.1
'Monitoring wells and piezometers;
2Soil porewater samplers and tensiometers;
3msl = Mean sea level;
4NA = Not applicable.
-------
Geophysics Figures
2.1 Electrical Resistivity Imaging Survey
Resistivity (Ohm-m)
ooi/ic>t/iouioi/iejtnoinouio
ooooooooooooooooooo
o
Figure D-l. Electrical resistivity image for transect TIL08-4.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Resistivity Ohm-m
OUlHHNJSJlUWlifcWUimtBslSlOOOOlDifiH
OOt/iOi/iOUiOmOtnOLnOtnOt/iOinO
ooooooooooooooooooo
o
Figure D-2. Electrical resistivity image for transect TIL08-5.
-------
Resistivity Ohm-m

r 11

Figure D-3. Electrical resistivity image for transect TIL09-1.
10 20 30 40 50 60
Resistivity Ohm-m
OUIHMWKlUIWiiftUlUlffiOlNlMCOCOlOlOH
OOl/iOUiOUiO<-nocnc>cnOl/ioi/iO(-nO
ooooooooooooooooooo
o
Figure D-4. Electrical resistivity image for transect TIL09-6.
-------
2.2 Borehole Geophysical Methods
Depth FRPW10 GAM (NAT) FRGW11 GAM (NAT) FRGW12 GAM (NAT) FRGW10 GAM (NAT) FRGW2 GAM (NAT)
1m:100m 0 cps 250 0 CPS 250 0 CPS 250 0 CPS 250 0 CPS 250
U
325.0
320.0
Figure D-5. Natural gamma logs for west (FRPW10) to east (FRGW02) transect.
-------
Depth FRPW07 GAM(NAT) FRGW5 GAM(NAT) FRPW4 GAM(NAT) FRGW11 GAM (NAT) FRGW12 GAM (NAT) FRPW01 GAM(NAT)
1m: 100m
325.0
320.0
Figure D-6. Natural gamma logs for south (FRPW07) to north (FRPW01) transect.
D-8
0 CPS 250 0 CPS 250 0 CPS 250 0 CPS 250 0 CPS 25 0 0 CPS 250
z

cE
L
-------
Depth FRPWA1 NaiGam FRPWfJl COND FRPWE31 RES
1m,75m 0 cps 250 o MMHQ/M &0 0 OHM-M 200
325.0
Figure D-7. Borehole geophysical log for FRPWG1.
-------
Depth FRPW01 NatGam FRPW01 COND FRPW01 RES
1 7s 1 1 !
im-ftMTi o CPS 250 0 MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 200
325.0
320.0
Figure D-8. Borehole geophysical log for FRPW01.
D-10
-------
Depth FRPW06 Gam(Nat) FRPW06 COND FRPW06 RES
. I 1 H 1
im.^m 0 cps 250 0 MMHO/M 60 0 OHM-M 200
FRPW06 Gam(Nat)#1
I 1
0 CPS 250
Figure D-9. Borehole geophysical log for FRPW06.
D-ll
-------
Depth

FRPW09 GAM(NAT)
¦
FRPW09 COND
FRPW09 RES
I
1m:75m
0
CPS

1
MMHO/M 100 0
OHM-M
I
70
1

FRPW09 Gam(Nat)#1

I
V
CPS
250

330.0
335.0
Figure D-10. Borehole geophysical log for FRPW09.
D-12
-------
Depth FRPW10 GAM (NAT) FRPW10 COND FRPW10 RES
1 m:75m 0 cps 250 0 MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 200
325.0
320.0
Figure D-ll. Borehole geophysical log for FRPW10.
D-13
-------
Depth FRPW11 GAM(NAT) FRPW11 COND FRPW11 RES
, 7, I f 1 1
1m./bm g cps 250 q MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 200
FRPW11 GAM(NAT)#1
I 1
0 CPS 250
330.0
335.0
310.0
Figure D-12. Borehole geophysical log for FRPW11.
D-14
-------
Depth
1m:75m
FRPW12 GAM(NAT)
FRPW12 COND
FRPW12 RES
+
-S-
CPS
250 0
MMHO/M
50 0
OHM-M
200
FRPW12 GAM(NAT}#1
I 1
CPS
250
330.0

¦c

€

335.0
340.0
Figure D-13. Borehole geophysical log for FRPW12.
-------
Depth FRGW02 GAM(NAT)9012 FRGW02 COND FRGW02 RES
, 7C I I -I 1
1 m./om o CPS 250 0 MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 100
FRGW02 GAM (NAT)
I 1
0 CPS 250
320.0
325.0
Figure D-14, Borehole geophysical log for FRGW02.
D-16
-------
Depth FRGW03 GAM(NAT)# 1 FRGW03 COND FRGW03 RES
1m:75m 0 cps 250 0 MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 200
325.0
320.0
Figure D-15. Borehole geophysical log for FRGW03.
D-17
-------
Depth FRGW05 GAM (NAT) FRGW05 COND FRGW05 RES
1 ' 1 — - I
lfll-ftm o CPS 250 0 MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 100
326.1
323.1
320.0
Figure D-16. Borehole geophysical log for FRGW05.
D-18
-------
Depth FRGW07 GAM (NAT) FRGW07 COND FRGW07 RES
„ 7C I i- 4 1
1m./bm o cps 250 0 MMHCWM 50 0 OHM-M 200
FRGW07 Gam(Nat)#1
I 1
0 CPS 250
330.0
335.0
Figure D-17. Borehole geophysical log for FRGW07.
D-19
-------
Depth FRGW10 Gam(Nat)#1 FRGW10 COND FRGW10 RES
, 7, I ! 1
im./om 0 cps 200 0 MMHO/M 50 0 OHM-M 200
325.0
Figure D-18. Borehole geophysical log for FRGW10.
D-20
-------
Hydrogeology Figures
3.1 Groundwater Flow Field Characterization
lrrfiflnjliorJ
August 31, 2015
MJM ,
UttMOfV

September 2, 2015
Ml 11
November 30, 2015
December 1, 2015
311.06
Gaflety
321,10
December 2, 2015
IdfiillnaFlxon
Ctaflwy
February 17, 2016
Figure D-19. Potentiometric surface maps representative of water table elevations near the infiltration
gallery at the Fort Riley, Kansas, study site. Hydraulic head data were obtained from manual measurements
on indicated dates. Water table elevations are posted and contoured (blue contours) using a 0.01 m contour
interval.
D-21
-------
April 4, 2016
May 10. 2016
320j
/
15 m
May 11.2016
June 22,2016
/.
November 17, 2016
August 4, 2016
321 39
321 W
321 -40
:1.34
\32t «1
Lao
/
Figure D-19 (continued). Potentiometric surface maps representative of water table elevations near the
infiltration gallery at the Fort Riley, Kansas, study site. Hydraulic head data were obtained from manual
measurements on indicated dates. Water table elevations are posted and contoured (blue contours) using a
0.01 m contour interval.
D-22
-------
February 16, 2017
321.17
2}Jy
March 9, 2017
221 05
321.Oft,
IrliCmlkwt
mm.
mm
TV
September 14. 2017
321 53
321.52
February 18, 2017
321.1*
321.M
321 Ti
June 5. 2017
JJ1.M
¥Zt///
7>

G ollwy
November 15. 2017
321,07
Figure D-19 (continued). Potentiometric surface maps representative of water table elevations near the
infiltration gallery at the Fort Riley, Kansas, study site. Hydraulic head data were obtained from manual
measurements on indicated dates. Water table elevations are posted and contoured (blue contours) using a
0.01 m contour interval.
-------
inWtratl
G slier
March 29, 2018
June 25. 2018
3».
October 9t 2018
Ml
Figure D-19 (continued). Potentiometric surface maps representative of water table elevations near the
infiltration gallery at the Fort Riley, Kansas, study site. Hydraulic head data were obtained from manual
measurements on indicated dates. Water table elevations are posted and contoured (blue contours) using a
0.01 m contour interval.
D-24
-------
Vadose Zone
4.1 Precipitation Patterns during the Study
Table D-2. Monthly precipitation summary for the Fort Riley study, 2015- 2018.
Month
Number of
Precipitation
Events
Total Precipitation
Mean Precipitation
per event
Standard
Deviation
Median
Precipitation
per Event
Maximum
Precipitation
Event

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2015 (977 mm)
January
1
4.83
4.83
--
4.83
4.83
February
5
31.0
6.20
11.1
0.76
25.9
March
6
10.9
1.82
1.68
1.52
4.32
April
10
52.3
5.23
7.61
1.52
19.6
May
15
211
14.1
15.7
10.4
64.0
June
10
136
13.6
10.1
12.3
27.9
July
12
132
11.0
19.6
4.45
71.1
August
6
100
16.7
14.2
13.2
41.7
September
6
77.2
12.9
17.5
2.79
43.7
October
2
17.8
8.89
12.6
8.89
17.8
November
8
128
15.9
16.0
13.0
38.9
December
9
76.2
8.47
14.5
1.27
38.6
2016 (957 mm)
January
4
9.91
2.48
2.65
1.78
6.10
February
2
11.2
5.59
6.47
5.59
10.2
March
10
15.2
1.52
2.04
0.89
6.35
April
6
101
16.9
14.0
17.7
40.9
May
11
179
16.3
17.9
7.37
58.2
June
5
29.2
5.84
10.0
1.52
23.6
July
10
180
18.0
13.3
15.0
40.1
August
10
208
20.8
13.6
19.4
43.9
September
6
82.0
13.7
13.3
12.8
35.1
October
5
123
24.6
28.5
14.7
74.7
November
1
0.76
0.76
-
0.76
0.76
December
1
17.0
17.0
--
17.0
17.0
D-25
-------
Table D-2 (continued). Monthly precipitation summary for the Fort Riley study, 2015- 2018.
Month
Number of
Precipitation
Events
Total Precipitation
Mean Precipitation
per event
Standard
Deviation
Median
Precipitation
per Event
Maximum
Precipitation
Event

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2017 (704 mm)
January
4
31.0
7.75
13.3
1.40
27.7
February
1
11.9
11.9
--
11.9
11.9
March
8
111
13.9
15.9
5.97
36.1
April
17
118
6.95
7.80
3.30
26.7
May
5
81.3
16.3
16.6
10.7
44.2
June
9
111
12.4
14.6
4.57
41.1
July
5
42.7
8.53
4.72
6.10
16.5
August
7
129
18.4
33.0
7.37
91.9
September
4
19.1
4.76
5.97
1.91
13.7
October
5
49.5
9.91
14.7
2.03
34.5
November
4
3.56
0.89
1.05
0.76
2.03
December
1
2.29
2.29
--
2.29
2.29
2018 (866 mm)
January
2
7.62
3.81
3.23
3.81
6.10
February
3
10.4
3.47
2.22
4.06
5.33
March
3
14.5
4.83
3.58
4.32
8.64
April
9
30.5
3.39
3.41
1.78
8.89
May
7
87.9
12.6
13.2
5.84
34.3
June
9
50.3
5.59
5.00
3.05
15.2
July
9
112.8
12.5
15.4
6.86
46.2
August
11
129.8
11.8
19.1
3.30
62.0
September
8
175.5
21.9
40.9
9.78
122
October
9
154.9
17.2
12.8
15.5
38.9
November
4
21.1
5.27
2.98
4.57
9.40
December
4
65.3
16.3
8.52
16.1
25.4
D-26
-------
4.2 Alkalinity, Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity
4.2.1 Specific Conductivity - Soil Porewater
Specific conductivity for SPWs at the Fort Riley site ranged from 438 - 17,770 piS/cm (Figure D-20). The SPW
clusters (1 and 2; Figure D-20A and B, respectively) showed several spikes in SPC when compared with the
control FRLW12. In cluster 1, FRLW01 showed SPC spikes in March of 2017 and 2018 but there were no spikes
in SPC for FRLW02 (Figure D-20A). Similarly, in cluster 2, there was no spike in SPC for FRLW10, but there were
spikes in SPC for FRLW09 in April 2016, March 2017 and 2018 (Figure D-20B). Both FRLW01 and FRLW09 are the
shallowest SPWs beneath the infiltration gallery, whereas FRLW02 and FRLW10 are the deepest SPW beneath
the infiltration gallery. Specific conductivity in FRLW12 shows a significant decrease in SPC (p = 0.043) with time
and with the SPC spikes removed FRLW01 also showed a significant decreasing trend in SPC (p = 0.068). FRLW02,
FRLW09, and FRLW10 showed no trends in SPC. Figure C-20C shows the SPC data with respect to time for SPW
cluster 3, FRLW03 and FRLW05 which are 0.6 m form the infiltration gallery wall. Both SPWs showed a spike in
SPC in March 2018 and FLRW05 the spike was still present in June 2018 when compared with FRLW12. FRLW03
is the shallowest SPW in this cluster and is at a similar depth to the bottom of the infiltration gallery. FRLW05 is
the deepest SPW in this cluster and its depth is the same as FRLW01 and FRLW09. When the spikes are removed,
neither of these SPWs show a trend in SPC and the SPC is like that of FRLW12 in magnitude. In SPW cluster 4,
FRLW06, FRLW07, and FRLW08, there were spikes in the SPW data in June 2018 (Figure C-20D). This SPW cluster
is 3.1 m from the infiltration gallery wall and the depths are the same as in SPWs cluster 3. When the spikes in
the data are removed the SPC magnitude was nearly the same as FRLW12 with a significant decreasing trend in
SPC in FRLW07 (p = 0.023) and no trend in FRLW09. FRLW06 did not show a trend.
• s
i.vwie
CM*
IJOOO
In 2ui6
1.1 *2017
v 12018
l f J01S
140W
4000
20QQ
2000
Figure D-20. Changes in Specific Conductivity in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the
cyan triangles and lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines
are FRLW01, black triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red
triangles and lines are FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and
lines are FRLW05. D. SPW cluster 4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07,
blue diamonds and lines are FRLW08.
D-27
-------
4.2.2 Chloride - Soil Porewater
Figure D-21 shows the relationship between chloride concentrations and time for the SPW samplers. Chloride
concentrations ranged from 0.72 - 6,160 mg/L in SPW samples. As was the case with SPC, chloride showed
spikes in concentrations in all the SPW clusters except for the control SPW sampler (FRLW12). In SPW cluster 1
(Figure D-21A), three spikes were observed in FRLW01 in April 2016, March 2017 and 2018. Similarly, in SPW
cluster 2 two chloride spikes were observed in FRLW09 (April 2016 and March 2018) and no chloride spike in
FRLW10 (Figure D-21B). In the control SPW, FRLW12 there was no trend in the chloride concentrations, which
was what was observed for FRLW02 and FRLW10 the deeper SPW beneath the infiltration galleries. However,
the shallower SPW beneath the infiltration gallery, FRLW01 and FRLW09 both had decreasing trends in chloride
concentration with FRLW01 having a significant trend (p = 0.43). Spikes in the chloride concentrations were
also observed in SPW cluster 3 (Figure D-21C). FRLW03 had chloride spikes in May 2016, March 2018-June
2018 and FRLW05 showed spikes in the chloride concentrations in March 2018 - June 2018. Chloride trends in
FRLW03 showed significant decreasing chloride concentrations (p = 0.035), but there was no trend in chloride
concentrations in FRLW05. SPW cluster 4 had a spike in chloride concentration in June 2018 in FRLW06, FRLW07,
and FRLW08 (Figure D-21D). There were no trends in chloride concentrations in FRLW06 and FRLW08, but there
was an increasing trend in chloride concentrations (p = 0.043) in FRLW07.
1 1 2Q1S
M2C17
iguana
di
E 4 COO
Jb
* 1 2216
? .•1-2017
i i zoia
7000
6000 -
5000
4CO0
I
S 3000
2000
c

/A\
......
- -.--Vk--
1/1/2Q16
1/1/2017
Dale
1/1/2018

7 COO

6000

5000

b
4000
¦8

¦C

O
3000
5

2COO

1000

0
*1 O ) . ¦ Oi I I m I i
1/1/2016 1/10017
1/1/3018
Dale
Figure D-21. Changes in chloride in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles
and lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW
cluster 4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are
FRLW08.
D-28
-------
4.2.3 Sodium - Soil Porewater
Sodium concentrations ranged from 4.55 - 1,469 mg/L in SPWs. Figure D-22 shows the relationship between
sodium concentrations with time for the SPWs. In SPW cluster 1, FRLW01 showed spikes in the sodium
concentration in March 2017 and a major spike in sodium concentration in March 2018 (Figure D-22A). The
spike in sodium concentration in FRLW01 still had not reached background concentrations by September 2018.
Because of the lack of sample volume collected in FRLW02, it was unknown if spikes occurred in March of
2017 or 2018 (Figure D-22A). FRLW12 did not show a trend in sodium concentrations as was the case FRLW02.
FRLW01, on the other hand, did show an increasing significant trend in sodium concentrations (p = 0.098). SPW
cluster 2 sodium concentration spikes were similar to Cluster 1 but the magnitude of the sodium spike in FRLW09
was considerably less than what was observed in FRLW01 (Figure D-22B). The lack of sample volume in FRLW10
when the sodium spikes occurred in FRLW01 and FRLW09 did not allow for the determination if sodium spikes
occurred in FRLW10 (Figure D-22B). The trend in FRLW09 showed decreasing sodium concentration (p = 0.098),
and FRLW10 showed no trend in sodium concentration. Because of the sample volumes collected, no analysis
of SPW cluster 3 could be undertaken (Figure D-22C). No sodium spikes were observed in SPW cluster 4 during
the study (Figure D-22D). In cluster 4, only FRLW07 showed a trend in sodium concentration and this was a
significant decreasing trend (p = 0.010).
1600
tf) bOO
tiii2017
1/1/2018
• " ZOID
1/1.7015
1-1,'2016
• 1.2017
1/1/2018
1/1(2015
1/1/2016
1.1 >2017
1 ,'1/2018
eJ
a
E
1'1/2016
1/U2D17
1/1/2018
1/1/2015
Figure D-22. Changes in sodium in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles and
lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW
cluster 4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are
FRLW08.
D-29
-------
4.2.4 Calcium and Magnesium - Soil Porewater
Calcium and magnesium concentrations ranged from 39.3 - 1,289 mg/L and 10.4 - 452 mg/L, respectively.
Calcium concentration trends with time are shown in Figure D-23, and magnesium concentration trends with
time are shown in Figure D-24. Spikes in calcium and magnesium concentrations in SPW clusters 1, 2, and 3
follow what was previously discussed for sodium; however, the trend in calcium concentration for FRLW12 was
decreasing significantly (p < 0.001) as were the calcium concentration trend in FRLW01 (p = 0.020) and FRLW02
(p = 0.031). There were no trends in calcium concentrations in FRLW09 and FRLW10 or any of the SPWs in cluster
4. Magnesium concentration trends followed those of calcium except there was no trend in FRLW12.
1200-
1000-
3W -
1.1.2016
1 * Ml 7
t/1/2018
1/1/2015
120u -
1000 -
H 2015
1/12016
1'I'M 17
1/1*2016
^ 600
4M-
200-
1/H2016
1/1/2017
1-1.201#
1/1 £015
1/1-2016
1/1/2017
1/12016
M'20l5
Figure D-23. Changes in calcium in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles and
lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW
cluster 4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are
FRLW08.
D-30
-------
E
-
1
E
9
5
l't.2015
1/1/2017
i/iooia
1/1/201®
E
-
|
1
5
I.'l/2015
1--1.2QI6
I,'1'20l7
1/1/201ft
500 -
450 -
400 ¦
5 350
S- 300-
- 2SO •
8
6 2D0-
s
150*
100 -
50-!
0-
1/1/2013
X
1/1/2017
Date
450-
400
g 350
I 300
£
— 290
8
Oi 200
-
5 ,50-
100-
50-
0-
1,'1r'2015
—* *-
W1O017
Dale
Figure D-24. Changes in magnesium in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles
and lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLWGl, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW
cluster 4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are
FRLW08.
D-31
-------
4.2.5 Bicarbonate - Soil Porewater
Changes in bicarbonate concentrations are shown in Figure D-25 and bicarbonate concentrations range from 186
- 1,081 mg HC03 /L in the SPW samples. Because of the difficulty in obtaining sufficient sample volumes during
the study, there were many missing data points for bicarbonate in all the SPW sampler locations. Therefore,
spikes in bicarbonate concentrations were difficult to identify in most SPW sampler locations. Only FRLW01
in June 2018 was there enough data to identify a spike in bicarbonate concentrations, and this could not be
compared to control SPW (Figure D-25A). Trend analysis of bicarbonate concentration accessed for several SPWs
given the bicarbonate data collected. There were no trends in bicarbonate concentrations for FRLW01, FRLW08,
FRLW09, and FRLW12. Both FRLW02 and FRLW07 had significant decreasing bicarbonate concentrations (p =
0.028 and p = 0.008, respectively).
1200
11 2C1E

• 1 20':'
r1.'20iB
1200
1000-
' 1 20 '6
1' 1'2017
vtraoia
y ato
1/1/2016
1/1/2017
1 1701 B
1/1.2015
1/1/3016
1/1-2017
1/1001$
11/2015
Figure D-25. Changes in bicarbonate in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles
and lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW cluster
4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are FRLW08.
D-32
-------
4.2.6 Potassium - Soil Porewater
Potassium concentrations in the SPWs ranged from 2.55 - 86.6 mg/L during the study. Figure D-26 shows the
changes in potassium concentration as a function of time. In SPW cluster 3, because of the limited sample
volume collected, there was one sample collected for FRLW05 and only three dates for FRLW03 (Figure D-26C).
For cluster 3, no trend data or spikes in potassium concentrations could be obtained. In SPW cluster 1, there
were no clear spikes in the K concentrations, and the potassium concentrations in both FRLW01 and FRLW02
decreased more than in FRLW12. FRLW12 had a decreasing trend in potassium concentration and it was
significant (p = 0.076). FRLW01 and FRLW02 both had significant decreases in potassium concentration (p = 0.002
and p = 0.007, respectively). As was the case in SPW cluster 1, SPW cluster 2 had no clear spikes in potassium
concentration (Figure D-26B). FRLW09 had a significant decrease in potassium concentration with time (p <
0.001), but there was no trend in FRLW10. Finally, in SPW cluster 4, in all depths the potassium concentrations
were initially larger than the control, but the concentration decreased with time (Figure D-26D). There were no
trends in FRLW06 and in FRLW07 and the potassium concentrations significantly were decreasing (p = 0.003).
There were significant decreasing potassium concentrations in FRLW08 (p = 0.068).

IrtiWIg
h'1/2013
VI.12016
Figure D-26. Changes in potassium in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles
and lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW cluster
4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are FRLW08.
D-33
-------
4.2.7 pH - Soil Porewater
Figure D-27 shows the time trends for pH in the SPWs. The pH data were quite variable and the pHs ranged from
6.39 - 8.25. Given the variability of pHs in any SPW, it was difficult to assess if spikes in the pH occurred, and
there are no trends in pH in any of the SPWs.
8.5- - -
6.5 - - ¦
ingots
1/1/2016
6.0
VI."2015
1/1/2016
1/1,2015
6.0
1/1/2015
1/1/2016
1/1/2016
1/1/3017
Date
1/1/2017
Date
1/1/201®
UlfflDi*
1/1/2017
Date
1/1/2017
Date
1/1/2018
1.1-201 ft
Figure D-27. Changes in pH in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles and lines
represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black triangles
and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are FRLW10. C. SPC
cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D.SPW cluster 4, blue circles
and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are FRLW08.
D-34
-------
4.2.8 Sulfate - Soil Porewater
Sulfate concentrations in the SPWs ranged from 29.7 - 766 mg/L (Figure D-28). As was the case with pH,
spikes in sulfate concentrations were difficult to assess. However, in the case of sulfate, it was not because
of the variability in sulfate concentrations. Rather, it was because of an overall significant decrease in sulfate
concentrations throughout the study: FRLW01 (p = 0.016), FRLW02 (p = 0.002), FRLW03 (p = 0.008), FRLW05
(p = 0.060), FRLW07 (p = 0.002), FRLW08 (p = 0.038), FRLW09 (p = 0.010), FRLW10 (p = 0.002), and FRLW12
(p < 0.001).
600 -
6W-
500-
300-
100-
1/1 <2010
1/1/2017
Date
1/1/201 a
0
1/1/2015
1-1,-2016
1/1.2017
1/1-2010
1/1/201$
1/1/201®
i/ii20ia
1.1/2015
1/1i20l6
1/1/2017
Date
1/1/201 ft
Figure D-28. Changes in sulfate in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the cyan triangles and
lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are FRLW01, black
triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and lines are
FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05. D. SPW cluster
4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines are FRLW08.
D-35
-------
4.3 Other Soil Porewater Constituents
4.3.1 Barium - Soil Porewater
Barium behaved similarly to calcium in the vadose zone, where the same geochemical processes that were
controlling calcium concentrations also controlled barium. Barium phases in the soil, barite and witherite are
similar to gypsum and calcite that were shown to be at least partially control calcium concentrations (Kabata-
Pendias and Mukherjee, 2007a; Madejon, 2013). Barium can potentially be strongly sorbed to argillaceous
sediments (clays), manganese minerals titanium oxides, and other oxides and hydroxides. Barium can also be
weakly sorbed and participate in ion exchange reactions (Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee, 2007a; Madejon,
2013). Transport of barium depends on CEC, calcium carbonate and gypsum content, the precipitation of barite
and witherite in the sediments and soil of the vadose zone (Madejon, 2013). Based on this information, it is
somewhat surprising that barium was mobile when spikes in calcium occurred.
Since calcite and gypsum were the predicted stable calcium solid phases, there should be a correlation of
barium with calcium if the transport of barium depends on these phases being present. There was a weak to
moderate correlation of barium with calcium (r2= 0.42). Figure D-29 is a plot of the log Ba2+ activity vs pH for
the soil porewater samples collected. This figure clearly indicates that from the thermodynamic prospective
that the stable barium phases would either be barite or witherite in the soils and vadose zone. The barite SI
indicates that barium is in equilibrium or oversaturated with respect to barite. The witherite SI indicates that the
Ba in the porewater is in equilibrium or saturated with respect to witherite. This analysis supports that barium
phases in the soil or vadose zone were in part controlling barium, but the correlation does not explain 58% of the
variability in the correlation with calcium.
0
-2
+ "4
N
03
m
O)
-8-
-10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Barite

Witherite

ft
*
P-
s,
\
Figure D-29. Log Ba2+ activity vs. pH. The yellow shaded areas indicate that solid phases are the stable species
and the cyan shaded area indicate that soluble ions or complexes are the stable species. Black dots represent
the barium activity of the porewater samples in this study.
D-36
-------
4.3.2 Fluoride - Soil Porewater
Changes in fluoride concentrations with time for SPW clusters are shown in Figure D-30. FRLW12 in cluster
5 shows little change in fluoride concentration. In SPW cluster 1, FRLW02 had little change in fluoride
concentration, whereas there were observable spikes in fluoride concentration for FRLW01 in December 2015,
May 2016, September 2017, and September 2018 (Figure D-30A). In cluster 2, FRLW10 potentially spiked in
August 2016, but there was missing data and it is unknown what happened between August 2016 and June 2017
(Figure D-30A). However, in June 2017 the fluoride concentrations were elevated compared to the initial fluoride
concentrations. In FRLW09, initially, there were higher fluoride concentrations in September 2015 and December
2015. The fluoride concentrations decreased until April 2016, and then fluoride concentrations appeared to spike
in June 2017. After June 2017, the fluoride concentrations leveled off and decreased until March 2018, and then
increased until the end of the study period (Figure D-30B). FRLW03, in cluster 3, fluoride data is shown in Figure
D-30. Although the data is somewhat sporadic, it appears there is a dip in fluoride concentrations in March 2018.
FLRWOS's pattern is similar to that of FRLW03, but the fluoride concentration appeared to potentially peak in
September 2018 (Figure D-30C). In SPW cluster 4, FRLW06 appeared to have a fluoride concentration spike in
December 2015 which later decreased until April 2016. There was a gradual increase in fluoride concentration
until June 2018, and then fluoride potentially spiked in September 2018 (Figure D-30C). FRLW07 showed little
change in fluoride concentration throughout the study (Figure D-30D). On the other hand, FRLW08 followed the
pattern of FRLW06 except there was a dip in fluoride concentration in June 2018 (Figure D-30D).
If 1/2017
1.-1 2319
t '1/Z0I&
I
i.twie
V1.TO1S

1'1/2017
l/1/20t 8
1.<14016
i • 1017
l 1
Figure D-30. Changes in fluoride concentration in relationship to time for the Fort Riley SPWs. In all graphs the
cyan triangles and lines represent FRLW12 the unimpacted control. A. SPW cluster 1, black circles and lines are
FRLW01, black triangles and lines are FRLW02. B. SPW cluster 2, red circles and lines are FRLW09, red triangles and
lines are FRLW10. C. SPC cluster 3, green circles and lines are FRLW03, green diamonds and lines are FRLW05.
D. SPW cluster 4, blue circles and lines are FRLW06, blue triangles and lines are FRLW07, blue diamonds and lines
are FRLW08.
D-37
-------
4.4 Stormwater Contaminants
Table D-3. Summary of halogenated aliphatics and aromatics (monocyclic) for Fort Riley soil porewater samples.

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Hexachlorobenzene
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
20
20
20
20
15
15
5
5
20
Number of Detects
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Detects
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean

0.03

Standard Deviation

Minimum

0.03

25th Percentile

0.03

Median

0.03

75th Percentile

Maximum

0.03

Table D-4. Summary of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for the Fort Riley soil porewater samples.

Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Chrysene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
lndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
16
20
Number of Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean

Standard Deviation

Minimum

25th Percentile

Median

75th Percentile

Maximum

-------
Table D-5. Summary of pesticides for the Fort Riley soil porewater samples.

a)
¦4-»

a>
c
re
"D
i-

C
C
(/)
c

1_
LU
l-
a)

u
U
E
It
3
w
It
3
w
£
3
w
C
U
-C
u
(0
-C
U
(0
o
i_
o
£
DDD
DDE
DDT

CO
0
CO
ch
_o
-C
u
5
"D
C
LU
"D
C
LU
"D
C
LU
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c
LU
X
CO
>-
a
a)
I
a
a)
I
a
s
"b.
d
"b.
d
"b.
d
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Number of Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean

Standard Deviation

Minimum

25th Percentile

Median

75th Percentile

Maximum

Table D-6. Summary of phenols, ethers, and phthalates for the Fort Riley soil porewater samples.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Bromophenyl-phenylether
4-Chlorophenyl-phenylether
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
Butylbenzylphthalate
Diethylphthalate
Dimethylphthalate
Di-n-butylphthalate
Di-n-octylphthalate
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Mg/L
Total Number of Analyses
15
15
15
15
20
20
16
20
16
20
20
20
Number of Detects
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
1
0
Percent Detects
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
15
13
0
5
0
Mean

0.27

0.03
0.76

0.29

Standard Deviation

0.00
0.77

Minimum

0.03
0.21

25th Percentile

0.03
0.48

Median

0.27

0.03
0.76

0.29

75th Percentile

0.03
1.03

Maximum

0.03
1.30

-------
Groundwater Quality
5.1 Background Groundwater Quality
Table D-7. Statistical comparisons between NWIS and NURE groundwater quality data with the Fort Riley Study
data from the monitoring wells and piezometers.
Parameter
Monitoring Wells (GW)
Piezometer Wells (PW)

Significant Difference
p-value
Significant Difference
p-value
Alkalinity
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Dissolved Oxygen
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
PH
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Specific Conductivity
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Total Dissolved Solids
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Bicarbonate
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
Yes
< 0.001
No
0.897
Chloride
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Fluoride
No
0.175
No
0.388
Sulfate
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Nitrate + Nitrite
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Phosphate
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Aluminum
Yes
0.048
Yes
0.017
Arsenic
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Barium
No
0.978
Yes
0.001
Calcium
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Copper
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Iron
Yes
< 0.001
No
0.529
Potassium
Yes
< 0.001
No
0.245
Lithium
Yes
< 0.001
No
0.328
Magnesium
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Manganese
No
0.802
Yes
< 0.001
Molybdenum
Yes
< 0.001
No
0.899
Sodium
No
0.989
Yes
0.049
Nickel
No
0.868
No
0.052
Selenium
Yes
0.024
No
0.312
Silicon
Yes
0.003
Yes
0.002
Strontium
Yes
0.005
No
0.161
Uranium
Yes
< 0.001
Yes
< 0.001
Vanadium
No
0.638
No
0.065
D-40
-------
Table D-8. Study specific background ranges determined for the Fort Riley Gl Study.
Parameter
Units
N
n
Mean
Std Dev
Median
Min
Max
Lower Critical
Value
Upper Critical
Value
Percent of samples
Included
Temperature
°C
162
157
17.33
1.70
16.96
14.15
21.2
13.93
20.73
96.9
Specific Conductance
US/cm
162
154
1402
221
1408
960
1934
960
1844
95.1
Total Dissolved Solids
mg/L
162
154
908
146
913
633
1257
617.13
1199.17
95.1
Dissolved Oxygen
mg/L
162
141
0.44
0.31
0.38
0.07
1.62
BDL1
1.06
87.0
PH

162
159
6.73
0.18
6.72
6.12
7.24
6.37
7.09
98.1
Eh
mV
162
146
236.3
39.48
240.3
155.9
322.9
157.34
315.26
90.1
Turbidity
NTU
157
147
38.5
57.1
18.3
0.83
321.0
BDL
152.66
93.6
Alkalinity
mg CaC03/L
159
141
491
47
495
393
596
397.81
584.45
88.7
Dissolved Organic Carbon
mg/L
162
148
1.88
0.60
1.96
0.86
3.23
0.68
3.08
91.4
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
mg/L
162
147
152
16.6
151
117
189
118.28
184.76
90.7
Carbon dioxide, .
(aq)
mg C02/L
162
148
107
29
109
46
170
49
165
91.4
Bicarbonate
mg HC03 /L
162
139
563
59
573
416
695
445.62
681.26
85.8
Carbonate
mg C032 /L
162
160
0.37
2.57
0.15
0.02
32.66
BDL
5.51
98.8
Nitrate + Nitrite
mg N/L
160
143
0.24
0.34
0.13
0.01
1.58
BDL
0.92
89.4
Total Nitrogen
mg N/L
161
153
0.59
0.87
0.31
0.04
4.72
BDL
2.33
95.0
Bromide
mg/L
162
155
0.1
0.08
0.09
0.01
0.29
BDL
0.26
95.7
Chloride
mg/L
162
144
31.34
12.42
29.6
6.98
83.4
6.5
56.18
88.9
Sulfate
mg/L
162
156
231
101
216
48.0
440
28.45
433.33
96.3
Fluoride
mg/L
162
158
0.28
0.07
0.28
0.10
0.48
0.14
0.42
97.5
Iodide
Hg/L
162
155
5.65
3.12
6.14
0.75
12.4
BDL
11.89
95.7
Phosphate
mg P/L
162
152
0.053
0.034
0.055
0.001
0.168
BDL
0.121
93.8
1BDL = below detection limit
D-41
-------
Table D-8 (continued). Study specific background ranges determined for the Fort Riley Gl Study.
Parameter
Units
N
n
Mean
Std Dev
Median
Min
Max
Lower Critical
Value
Upper Critical
Value
Percent of samples
Included
Total Phosphorous
mg P/L
153
148
0.074
0.028
0.074
0.008
0.131
0.018
0.13
96.7
Aluminum
Hg/L
162
158
7
12
1
0.3
74
BDL
31.2
97.5
Arsenic
Mg/L
162
144
4.2
1.7
4.4
0.3
9
0.8
7.6
88.9
Barium
Mg/L
162
141
98
21
100
60
164
56
140
87.0
Calcium
mg/L
162
156
216
40.5
218
139
309
135.3
297.3
96.3
Copper
Hg/L
161
155
1
0.5
1
0
5
BDL
1.7
96.3
Iron
Mg/L
162
147
332
398
206
25
1717
BDL
1128
90.7
Potassium
mg/L
162
158
15.8
5.48
15.2
4.77
27.0
4.85
26.77
97.5
Lithium
Mg/L
144
138
38
11
36
16
67
16
60
95.8
Magnesium
mg/L
162
155
42.5
6.68
42.8
26.3
63.2
29.14
55.86
95.7
Manganese
M-g/L
162
153
105
75
103
1.1
268
BDL
255.8
94.4
Molybdenum
Hg/L
162
155
8.3
3.5
7.7
0.8
16
1.3
15.3
95.7
Sodium
mg/L
162
153
30.4
8.7
29.4
16.7
53.6
13
47.8
94.4
Nickel
Mg/L
162
148
2.7
1.5
2.7
0.3
6.3
BDL
5.7
91.4
Selenium
Mg/L
162
152
3
3
2
0.5
13
BDL
8.4
93.8
Silicon
mg/L
162
146
15.67
1.41
15.85
12.6
18.8
12.85
18.49
90.1
Strontium
M-g/L
162
146
1611
192
1597
1225
2038
1227
1995
90.1
Uranium
|Jg/L
162
156
43
26
36
0.3
145
BDL
94.9
96.3
Vanadium
Mg/L
162
154
2.5
2.7
1.8
0.3
12.6
BDL
7.9
95.1
Q.
CO
o
%0
162
141
-6.31
0.21
-6.31
-6.77
-5.74
-6.73
-5.89
87.0
d2H
%0
162
146
-39.33
1.48
-39.18
-43.73
-35.19
-42.29
-36.37
90.1
D-42
-------
Table D-9. Statistical comparisons of monitoring wells and piezometer wells in the Fort Riley Gl study.
Parameter
Significantly
Different
p-value
Alkalinity
Yes
< 0.001
Aluminum
No
0.924
Antimony
No
0.993
Arsenic
No
0.941
Barium
Yes
< 0.001
Bicarbonate
Yes
0.018
Bromide
No
0.974
Calcium
Yes
< 0.001
Carbonate
No
0.881
Chloride
No
0.485
Copper
No
0.170
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
No
0.897
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
Yes
< 0.001
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Yes
< 0.001
Dissolved Oxygen
Yes
< 0.001
Eh
No
1.000
Fluoride
No
0.999
Iodide
No
1.000
Iron
Yes
< 0.001
Lithium
Yes
< 0.001
Magnesium
No
0.321
Parameter
Significantly
Different
p-value
Manganese
Yes
< 0.001
Molybdenum
Yes
< 0.001
Nickel
Yes
< 0.001
Nitrate + Nitrite
No
0.996
PH
No
1.000
Phosphate
Yes
< 0.001
Potassium
Yes
< 0.001
Selenium
Yes
0.046
Silicon
No
1.000
Sodium
Yes
< 0.001
Specific Conductance
Yes
< 0.001
Strontium
No
0.340
Sulfate
Yes
< 0.001
Temperature
No
0.501
Total Dissolved Solids
Yes
< 0.001
Total Nitrogen
Yes
< 0.001
Total Phosphorous
Yes
< 0.001
Turbidity
Yes
< 0.001
Uranium
Yes
< 0.001
Vanadium
Yes
< 0.001
D-43
-------
5.2 Major Anions and Cations, pH, Specific Conductivity
5.2.1 pH - Groundwater
The site-specific background pH in this study ranged from 6.12 - 7.24. Figure D-31 shows the groundwater
time series plots for pH. There were no significant differences in pH between the upgradient groundwater,
background groundwater, and the downgradient groundwater. There were no trends in pH in the upgradient
wells (Figure D-31A) or in the background wells (Figure D-31C). In the downgradient wells (Figure D-31B), the pH
was significantly increasing in FRGW04, and FRGW06 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.014, respectively). In FRGW07, the pH
was decreasing and was a significant trend (p = 0.099).
There were several sMCL exceedances in pH. FRGW01, FRGW04, and FRGW06 in September 2015; FRGW06 in
December 2015 and March 2016; FRGW11 in March of 2017; FRGW01 and FRGW08 in March 2018; and FRGW07
and FRGW09 in September 2018 all had pH < 6.50. Only one pH exceeded the pH > 8.50 and that was FRGW13 in
September 2017.
800
7 00
6 0S
80D
X
Q.
700
600
SOD
7 00
GOO
1/1/2015 f/1/2016 1,1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Figure D-31, Time series plots for pH in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells, and C. Background wells.
The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles and lines are FRGW01,
red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and lines are FRGW04,
cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow circles and lines are
FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are FRGW09, dark cyan circles
and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and lines are FRGW12, and pink
circles and lines are FRGW13. The red dashed lines show the pH sMCL of pH= 6.50 and pH= 8.50.
D-44
-------
5.2.2 Specific Conductivity - Groundwater
Specific Conductivity (site-specific background) ranged from 960 - 1934 |iS/cm in this study (Figure D-32).
The SPC in the background wells was significantly different than the upgradient wells (p < 0.001) and the
downgradient wells (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in SPC between the upgradient wells and
downgradient wells. The upgradient wells had the highest SPC values followed by the downgradient wells
and then the background wells. The SPC time series data for the upgradient wells is shown in Figure D-32A.
In the upgradient wells, only FRGW01 showed a trend in SPC was significantly increasing (p = 0.024). In the
downgradient wells (Figure D-32B), the SPC was decreasing in FRGW03, FRGW04, and FRGW06. The decreasing
SPC was a significant trend in FRGW03 (p = 0.005), FRGW04 (p = 0.069), and FRGW06 (p = 0.063). In the
background wells (Figure D-32C) there was increasing SPC trend in well FRGW05. This was a significant trend
(p< 0.001).
2500
2000
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1/1/2015 1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Figure D-32. Time series plots for specific conductivity in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells, and
C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles and
lines are FRGW01, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and lines
are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13.
D-45
-------
5.2.3 Calcium - Groundwater
Site-specific background concentrations for calcium ranged from 139 - 309 mg/L during this study (Figure D-33).
There were significant differences in calcium concentrations in the upgradient wells and the background wells
(p = 0.007), However, there were not significant differences in calcium concentrations between the upgradient
and downgradient wells. There was also a significant difference in calcium concentrations between the
downgradient wells and the background wells (p < 0.001). The calcium concentrations were slightly larger in the
downgradient wells than the upgradient wells. Both the downgradient and upgradient wells had larger calcium
concentrations than the background wells. In the upgradient wells (Figure D-33A), there was an increasing trend
in calcium concentrations, and this trend was significant (p = 0.046). There were also trends in the downgradient
wells' calcium concentrations (Figure D-33B). The downgradient wells that showed significant decreasing trends
in calcium concentrations with time were FRGW03 (p = 0.008), FRGW04 (p = 0.003) and FRGW06 (p = 0.031).
The only other downgradient well that showed a trend in calcium concentrations was FRGW09. FRGW09 had
significantly increasing calcium concentrations (p = 0.037) with time. The time series data for the background
wells is shown in Figure D-33C. Only one background well (FRGW05) showed a trend in calcium concentrations
and this was a significantly increasing trend (p = 0.003).
300
200
100
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300
200
100
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1/1/2015
1/1/2016
1/1/2017
Date
1/1/2018
Figure D-33. Time series plots for calcium concentrations in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells, and
C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles and
lines are FRGW01, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and
lines are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13.
-------
5.2.4 Magnesium - Groundwater
The site-specific background concentrations of magnesium in the groundwater in this study ranged from
26.3 - 63.2 mg/L (Figure D-34). There were significant differences in magnesium concentrations between
the upgradient wells and the background wells (p = 0.001). The upgradient wells had larger magnesium
concentrations than the background wells. However, unlike calcium, there were differences in magnesium
concentration between the upgradient and downgradient wells (p = 0.001), and again, the upgradient wells
had larger concentrations than the downgradient wells. There were no differences in magnesium concentration
between the background wells and the downgradient wells. The time series magnesium concentration data
for the upgradient wells is presented in Figure D-34A. As has been the case with previous parameters, only
FRGW01 shows increasing magnesium concentrations with time and this was a significant trend (p = 0.021).
Several downgradient wells showed decreasing magnesium concentrations (Figure D-34B). These decreasing
trends in magnesium concentrations were significant in FRGW03 (p < 0.001), FRGW13 (p = 0.031), and FRGW04
(p = 0.083). The background wells (Figure D-34C), FRGW05, FRGW08, and FRGW12 all had trends in magnesium
concentrations. FRGW05 and FRGW08 both had increasing magnesium concentrations with time. The trend in
FRGW05 (p = 0.046) and FRGW08 (p = 0.083). FRGW12 showed decreasing magnesium concentration during the
study, and this trend was significant (p = 0.060).
1/1J2015
imzois
1M/2017
V1J2018
Figure D-34. Time series plots for magnesium concentrations in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells,
and C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles
and lines are FRGW01, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and
lines are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13.
D-47
-------
5.2.5 Sodium - Groundwater
Sodium concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 16.7 - 87.4 mg/L (Figure D-35). There were significant
differences in sodium concentrations between the background wells and the upgradient wells (p = 0.043), and
the upgradient wells had larger sodium concentrations than the background wells. There were also significant
differences in sodium concentrations between the background wells and the downgradient wells (p < 0.001). The
downgradient wells had larger sodium concentrations than the background wells. There were not any significant
differences in sodium concentrations between the upgradient wells and the downgradient wells. The time series
sodium concentrations for the upgradient wells are plotted in Figure D-35A. There were trends in the sodium
concentrations in both upgradient wells. There were significant increasing trends in sodium concentrations
in FRGW01 (p = 0.027) and in FRGW11 (p = 0.060). Figure D-35B shows the time series plot of sodium
concentrations in the downgradient wells. In two of the downgradient wells, FRGW06 and FRGW07, there
were increasing sodium concentrations with time. The increasing trend in FRGW06 (p = 0.063) and FRGW07
(p = 0.006) were significant. In the downgradient wells (Figure D-35C), only FRGW02 and FRGW05 showed
trends in the sodium concentrations and these were increasing trends. In FRGW05 and FRGW02, the sodium
concentrations were significantly increasing with time (p = 0.051 and p = 0.009, respectively).
80
60
40
20
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80
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80
60
40
20
0
1/1/2015 1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Figure D-35. Time series plots for sodium concentrations in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells, and
C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles and
lines are FRGW01, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and
lines are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13.
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D-48
-------
5.2.6 Potassium - Groundwater
Potassium ranged from 4.77 - 34.1 mg/L in this study (Figure D-36). Potassium concentrations in the background
wells were significantly different than both the upgradient wells (p < 0.001) and downgradient wells (p <
0.001). There were no significant differences in the potassium concentrations in the upgradient wells and
the downgradient wells. The upgradient and downgradient wells both had larger potassium concentrations
than in the background wells. There were no trends in potassium concentrations in the upgradient wells
(Figure D-36A). There were trends in potassium concentrations in the downgradient wells FRGW03, FRGW04,
FRGW07, and FRGW09 (Figure D-36B). In these wells, only FRGW04 showed a decreasing trend in potassium
concentrations with time, and this was a significant trend (p = 0.090). For FRGW03, FRGW07, and FRGW09 the
potassium concentrations were increasing during the study. In FRGW03, FRGW07 and FRGW09, these increasing
potassium trends were significant (p = 0.057, p = 0.015 and p = 0.011, respectively). The time series potassium
concentration data for the background wells is shown in Figure D-36C. The background wells FRGW02 and
FRGW05 both had increasing potassium concentrations with time. In wells FRGW02 and FRGW05, this increasing
trend was significant (p = 0.099 and p = 0.046, respectively).
f—•*,

Jx-'
20
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1/1/2015 1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018
Date
Figure D-36. Time series plots for potassium concentrations in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells,
and C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles
and lines are FRGWG1, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and lines
are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13.
D-49
-------
5.2.7 Bicarbonate - Groundwater
Bicarbonate concentrations ranged from 296 - 872 mg HC03"/L during the study (Figure D-37). There were no
significant differences in bicarbonate concentrations between the upgradient wells, downgradient wells, and the
background wells. There were no trends in bicarbonate concentrations in the upgradient wells (Figure D-37A).
Figure D-37B shows the time series bicarbonate concentrations in the downgradient wells. Only one of the
downgradient wells, FRGW04, showed a trend in the bicarbonate concentrations and had significantly increasing
bicarbonate concentrations (p = 0.024). The downgradient wells, FRGW02 and FRGW05, showed bicarbonate
concentrations trends (Figure D-37C). In FRGW02 and FRGW05, there were significantly increasing bicarbonate
concentrations (p = 0.037 and p = 0.003, respectively).
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Figure D-37. Time series plots for bicarbonate concentrations in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells,
and C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles
and lines are FRGW01, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and
lines are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13.
D-50
-------
5.2.8 Sulfate - Groundwater
Sulfate concentration in this study ranged from 48.0 - 581 mg/L (Figure D-38). There were significant differences
in sulfate concentrations between the background wells and the upgradient wells (p < 0.001) and between the
background wells and the downgradient wells (p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference between the
upgradient wells and the downgradient wells (p < 0.001). The highest concentrations of sulfate were in the
downgradient wells followed by the upgradient wells which had higher S04 concentrations than the background
wells. The upgradient sulfate concentrations with time are given in Figure D-38A. Only FRGW01 in the upgradient
wells showed a significantly decreasing trend in sulfate concentrations with time (p = 0.005). The time series
data for the downgradient wells is shown in Figure D-38B. Most of the downgradient wells showed decreasing
sulfate concentrations with time. These decreasing sulfate trends were significant in FRGW03 (p < 0.001),
FRGW04 (p < 0.001) and FRGW13 (p = 0.077). Two of the background wells (Figure C-38C), FRGW05 and FRGW10
showed trends in the sulfate concentrations with time. FRGW05 had increasing sulfate concentrations which was
significant (p = 0.006); however, the trend in FRGW10 was decreasing sulfate concentrations with time and this
trend was significant (p = 0.060).
The sMCL for sulfate of 250 mg/L was exceeded in all the downgradient wells in multiple samplings. In the
upgradient wells, only FRGW11 exceeded the sMCL for sulfate on three samplings. The background wells,
FRGW08 (8 samplings) and FRGW05 (6 samplings), exceeded the sMCLfor sulfate.
400 -
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£ 400-
600 -
400-
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Figure D-38. Time series plots for sulfate concentrations in A. Upgradient wells, B. Downgradient wells, and
C. Background wells. The gray shaded regions represent the site-specific background range. Black circles and
lines are FRGW01, red circles and lines are FRGW02, green circles and lines are FRGW03, blue circles and
lines are FRGW04, cyan circles and lines are FRGW05, magenta circles and lines are FRGW06, dark yellow
circles and lines are FRGW07, purple circles and lines are FRGW08, wine-colored circles and lines are
FRGW09, dark cyan circles and lines are FRGW10, orange circles and lines are FRGW11, violet circles and
lines are FRGW12, and pink circles and lines are FRGW13. The red dashed line represents the sulfate sMCL
of 250 mg/L.
D-51
-------
5.2.9 Chloride - Groundwater
The concentrations of chloride ranged from 6.98 - 351 mg/L in the groundwater (Figure D-39). There were
no significant differences in chloride concentrations between the background wells and the downgradient
wells. There were significant differences in chloride concentration between the upgradient wells and the
background wells (p < 0.001) and between the upgradient wells and the downgradient wells (p < 0.001). The
chloride concentrations were larger in the upgradient wells than in the downgradient wells or background wells.
There was an increasing chloride concentration trend in the upgradient well FRGW01 (Figure D-39A) and was
significant (p = 0.004). The downgradient wells (Figure D-39B), FRGW03, FRGW04, and FRGW09, also showed
increasing trends in chloride concentrations. These were significant trends (p = 0.007, p = 0.003 and p = 0.007,
respectively). In the background wells, there were also trends in the chloride concentrations (Figure D-39C). In
FRGW02 and FRGW05, there were significant increasing chloride concentrations with time (p < 0.001 and p =
0.009, respectively). FRGW08 had decreasing chloride concentrations during the study period and this was a
significantly decreasing trend (p = 0.030).
Chloride has a sMCL of 250 mg/L. The chloride sMCL was not exceeded in any of the background wells or the
downgradient wells. In the upgradient wells, the chloride sMCL was exceeded 3 times in FRGW01 (March 2017,
September 2017, and March 2018), and the chloride sMCL was exceeded 1 time in FRGW11 on March 2018.
The chloride concentrations in FRGW01 (upgradient) spiked in concentration April 2016, in March of 2017,
September 2017, and March 2018. The upgradient concentrations in FRGW11 were on average larger than
the other wells, but potentially peaked in March 2018 and rapidly declined afterwards. In the downgradient
wells, chloride concentrations only potentially showed peaks in chloride concentrations in FRGW04 in March
and September 2018. In the background wells, there were potentially muted chloride spikes in FRGW02
(March 2018) and FRGW10 in November 2017. It is unclear what caused the upgradient spikes in chloride
concentrations. For both FRGW01 and FRGW11, it is possible that the spikes in chloride concentrations are
from a source upgradient of these two wells moving through the aquifer to these wells. This is possible since it
was shown earlier that upgradient concentrations were higher in some parameter than the site wells. Another
possibility exists for FRGW01. The spikes in chloride concentrations may reflect de-icing agents applied to the
sidewalks around the school or the upgradient residential community. The background wells FRGW02 and
FRGW10 are both downgradient of FRGW01, and the potential spikes observed could be from the migration of
groundwater from around FRGW01 with higher chloride concentrations moving through these wells. This would
explain why this potential peak arrives first in FRGW10 since it is closer to FRGW01 than FRGW02. The spike in
FRGW04 is likely from the transport of groundwater with higher initial concentrations of chloride. It would be
expected that de-icing agents would cause a larger chloride spike. Therefore, de-icing agents cannot be ruled out
as a cause for this apparent chloride spike in FRGW04.
D-52
-------
300
200
100
-------
5.3 Stormwater Contaminants
Table D-10. Summary of halogenated aliphatics and aromatics for Fort Riley groundwater samples.

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Hexachlorobenzene
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
53
53
53
53
44
44
44
9
9
53
Number of Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean

Standard Deviation

Minimum

25th Percentile

Median

75th Percentile

Maximum

Table D-ll. Summary of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for the Fort Riley groundwater samples.

Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Chrysene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
lndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
44
53
Number of Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean

0.02

Standard Deviation

0.00

Minimum

0.02

25th Percentile

0.02

Median

0.02

75th Percentile

0.02

Maximum

0.02

-------
Table D-12. Summary of pesticides for the Fort Riley groundwater samples.

a)
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re
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w
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3
w
£
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w
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CO
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Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
Number of Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean

Standard Deviation

Minimum

25th Percentile

Median

75th Percentile

Maximum

Table D-13. Summary of phenols, ethers, and phthalates for the Fort Riley groundwater samples.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Bromophenyl-phenylether
4-Chlorophenyl-phenylether
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
Butylbenzylphthalate
Diethylphthalate
Dimethylphthalate
Di-n-butylphthalate
Di-n-octylphthalate
Units
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Hg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Hg/L
Total Number of Analyses
44
44
44
44
53
53
44
53
44
53
53
53
Number of Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
1
Percent Detects
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
2
Mean

0.27
0.13
Standard Deviation

0.10

Minimum

0.10

25th Percentile

0.18

Median

0.27
0.13
75th Percentile

0.35

Maximum

0.47

-------
References
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Mukherjee, A.B. Chapter 11-2, Trace Elements of Group 2. In: Trace Elements from Soil to
Human. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 2007a. pp 112-123.
Madejon, P. Chapter 19, Barium. In: Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their
Bioavailability, 3rd ed. Alloway, B.J., ed. Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht. Heidelberg. 2013. pp 507-
513.
D-56
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
-------