FIELD TEST OF AN ULTRAVIOLET DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL ABSORPTION
SPECTROMETER FOR REMOTE AIR TOXICS SENSING
Peter A. Scheff
Richard A. Wadden
Lorraine Lardizabal
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
University of Illinois at Chicago
School of Public Health
2121 W. Taylor
Chicago, IL 60612
Donna Kenskia
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5
77 W. Jackson
Chicago, IL
August 27, 2001
a Current affiliation
Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium
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CHAPTER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
SUMMARY viii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Rationale 1
B. Objectives 1
C. Background 1
II. METHODOLOGY 3
A. Design 3
B. Setting 3
C. Calibration Procedures 4
1. Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer Calibration ... 4
2. Nitrogen Oxides Monitor Calibration 5
3. Ozone Monitor Calibration 5
D. Procedures 6
III. RESULTS 14
IV. DISCUSSION 33
A. Log of Events Leading to the Preparation, Installation, and the Data Collection
of the Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry 33
B. Comparison of the Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry
Concentrations with Reference Method Measurements 33
1. Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Data 34
2. Benzene, Toluene, Meta Xylene, and Styrene Data 35
V. CONCLUSIONS 63
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 64
CITED LITERATURE 65
Appendix A 66
Appendix B 70
QAPP 90
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PAGE
.... 5
II. MONITORING SCHEDULE
III. NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA
IV. BENZENE, TOLUENE, AND M-XYLENE CONCENTRATIONS
V. BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE
VII. SUMMARY OF UV-DOAS MAINTENANCE
VIII. COMPARISON DATA FOR THE UV-DOAS AND THE SPECIFIED
REFERENCE METHOD
IX. TECO 42 NOx MONITOR CALIBRATION DATA
X. DASIBI MODEL 1003AH OZONE MONITOR CALIBRATION DATA .
XI. LOG OF PAXTON LANDFILL ACTIVITIES
XII. CANISTER LOG
XIII. STYRENE CONCENTRATION DATA
XIV. STYRENE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS
XV. ADJUSTED BENZENE AND TOLUENE CONCENTRATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
I. UV-DOAS CALIBRATION DATA
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. UV-DOAS Projector on the roof of Trailer #2 8
2. UV-DOAS Receiver inside Trailer #1 9
3. Paxton Landfill, Chicago, Illinois 10
4. Location of trailers at the Paxton Landfill. Trailer #1 (on the right) and
Trailer #2 (in the background) are separated by a distance of 232 meters 11
5. TECO 42 NOx Monitor (on the right) and Dasibi Model 1003AH Ozone
Monitor (on the left) inside Trailer #2 12
6. VOC Canister Sample 13
7. Comparison of direct reading and UV-DOAS ozone concentrations 37
8. Comparison of direct reading and UV-DOAS nitrogen dioxide concentrations 38
9. Direct reading and UV-DOAS nitrogen dioxide concentrations 39
10. Direct reading and UV-DOAS ozone concentrations 40
11. Average N02 concentrations vs. wind direction 41
12. Average ozone concentrations vs. wind direction 42
13. Relationship plot of the one-hour average benzene concentrations 43
14. Relationship plot of the one-hour average toluene concentrations 44
15. Relationship plot of the one-hour average m-xylene concentrations 45
16. Relationship plot of the one-hour average styrene concentrations 46
17. Benzene concentrations: UV-DOAS data versus data obtained from
canisters located in Position 1, 2 and 3 47
18. One hour average benzene concentrations (with offset adjustments) 50
19. One hour average toluene concentrations (with offset adjustments) 51
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20. One hour average benzene concentrations (after April 13, 2000
UV-DOAS calibration) 52
21. One hour average toluene concentrations (after April 13, 2000
UV-DOAS calibration) 53
22. One hour average styrene concentrations (non-detectable data excluded) 53
23. Effect of canister benzene variation vs. UV-DOAS 54
24. Effect of canister toluene variation vs. UV-DOAS 55
25. Effect of canister styrene variation vs. UV-DOAS 56
26. Effect of canister m-xylene variation vs. UV-DOAS 57
27. Average benzene concentrations vs. wind direction 58
28. Average toluene concentrations vs. wind direction 58
29. Relationship plot of the sum of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene
concentrations obtained by the UV-DOAS and canister samples 59
30. Benzene-toluene ratios for UV-DOAS vs. benzene-toluene ratios for
the canister samples 60
31. Benzene-toluene ratio plot for the UV-DOAS 61
32. Benzene-toluene ratio plot for the canister samples 62
33. UV-DOAS span check data sheet for the benzene calibration performed
on April 7, 2000 66
34. UV-DOAS span check data sheet for the benzene calibration performed
on April 13, 2000 67
35. UV-DOAS span check data sheet for the toluene calibration performed
on April 7, 2000 68
36. UV-DOAS span check data sheet for the toluene calibration performed
on April 13, 2000 68
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ENE East Northeast
ESE East Southeast
IEPA Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
m-xylene Meta Xylene
N02 Nitrogen Dioxide
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
NNE North Northeast
NNW North Northwest
03 Ozone
ppbC Parts Per Billion of Carbon
ppm Parts Per Million
ppt Parts Per Trillion
SSE South Southeast
SSW South Southwest
ug/m3 Micrograms Per Meter Cubed
US E.PA. United States Environmental Protection Agency
UV-DOAS Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
WSW West Southwest
WNW West Northwest
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We want to acknowledge the help of Jean Cristophe Nicolas from Environnement S.A.;
Ron Rogowski, Jerry Mazurek, and Warren Weritz from the Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency in Maywood; Rob Dombro and Tom Koehler from Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency in Springfield; Mousa Zada and John Bandle from Altech Environment U.S.A.; and
Neema Amatya from the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health.
This project was partly supported by a grant from the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response, and by NIOSH Grant T42/CCT510424-6 (Industrial Hygiene).
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SUMMARY
Emergency response teams and site remediation personnel faced with fugitive toxic air
emissions need a monitoring tool that can continuously identify and quantify hazardous air
pollutants in real time. The ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectrometer (UV-DOAS)
provides this capability by using a projector fitted with a Xenon vapor lamp, which transmits an
ultraviolet light beam to a spectrometer built within a receiver. The spectrum's narrow absorption
bands are analyzed, various gases are identified, and the concentrations of these gases are
detected simultaneously.
This study demonstrates and evaluates the use of UV-DOAS during and after capping and
slope stabilization activities at the Paxton landfill in southeast Chicago. Due to the temporary
nature of this project, the projector was bolted onto a wooden pallet, which was secured to the
roof of one trailer located on the north end of the landfill, and the receiver was placed near an
open window inside another trailer situated at the south end of the landfill. With a monitoring
path length of 232 meters and located along the fence line of the landfill, the UV-DOAS reported
concentrations of benzene, toluene, m-xylene, styrene, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide every three
minutes. The UV-DOAS concentrations for the organic compounds were compared with the data
obtained from VOC canister samples placed along the beam path. Ultraviolet differential optical
absorption spectrometry concentrations for nitrogen dioxide and ozone were compared with data
obtained from a TECO 42 NOx monitor and a Dasibi Model 1003 AH ozone monitor.
Based on our experiences, we found that maintaining the UV-DOAS often involved more
than one person and was time consuming. Specific maintenance activities included: aligning the
projected ultraviolet beam with the receiver, changing the bulb for the lamp, fuse, mirror, and
power supply, as well as sanding down the lamp's anode and cathode connectors to eliminate
corrosion. It took more than 130 person-hours and over 25 site visits to maintain the UV-DOAS.
Total UV-DOAS monitoring time during the study was 235 hours. When detecting benzene,
toluene, m-xylene, and styrene, our results show no association between the UV-DOAS and the
VOC canister samples. However, when detecting nitrogen dioxide and ozone, a strong
association was seen between the UV-DOAS and the direct reading monitors.
It is necessary that the UV-DOAS be installed on a stable platform (i.e. embedded in
concrete or installed in a tower), so as to obtain accurate and reliable data. Most importantly,
two operators are required to maintain this remote sensing device, especially when realigning the
projected beam with the receiver. Based on our experiences, the UV-DOAS may not be
appropriate for temporary use or in emergency response situations.
Even though a strong association was demonstrated between the N02 and 03 detected by
UV-DOAS and the direct reading monitors, the UV-DOAS did not detect organic compound
concentrations comparable to those detected by the canister samples. Therefore, our data suggest
that the UV-DOAS may not be suitable for organic compound measurements.
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. Rationale
Potential advantages of a remote sensing device are as follows:
The user does not physically have to be at the exact location
It can monitor continuously (or semi-continuously)
It can detect fugitive emissions
The ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectrometer (UV-DOAS) is a type of
remote sensing device. The UV-DOAS has been reputed to simultaneously detect various
compounds, such as volatile organic compounds, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. In
order to test such a device, a widely dispersed pollution source is required. For this project, a
landfill was chosen as the pollution source.
B. Objectives
In order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the SANOA UV-DOAS, the air
monitoring results were compared to the data obtained by a Dasibi Model 1003AH ozone
monitor, a TECO 42 nitrogen oxides monitor, as well as the volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from whole air samples collected in stainless steel canisters.
C. Background
The SANOA multi gas long path air quality monitoring system is designed to detect a
number of major pollutants through ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectrometer (UV-
DOAS) (Environnement S.A., 1997; Brocco et al, 1997). The basis for the UV-DOAS method is
the ability of various compounds to absorb light within a wavelength range of 240-340nm
(ultraviolet to visible). Aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, are detected in a wavelength
range of 250 and 290nm (Brocco et al., 1997; Barrefors, 1996). The absorption along the light
path is proportional to the absorptivity and concentration of the compound, as well as the length
of the path (Barrefors, 1996). UV-DOAS determinations of concentration are based on the Beer-
Lambert's Law expressed as:
l(A) = I0(A) exp[ -Lx0(A)xC ] (1)
where I (A) = absorption spectrum in presence of pollutants, 10 (A) = emission spectrum,
C = compound concentration, L = optical path length, and a(X) = pollutant cross-section or
absorption characteristic (Environnement S.A., 1997). For UV-DOAS applications, the above
equation is expressed as:
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A S (X) = A log f
I I(*) J
= L x C x Ao(l)
(2)
In order to study the quantity of gas in the atmosphere, the atmospheric absorption
differential spectrum, A2(A), is compared to the differential cross sections, Ao(A)
(Environnement S.A., 1997).
In contrast to other air monitoring techniques that detect the concentrations of a single or
small set of compounds, the UV-DOAS offers continuous measurement of ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds simultaneously (Brocco et al, 1997;
Chanda et al, 1997; Environnement S.A., 1997). Unlike gas chromatography (combined either
with flame ionization detection, photoionization detection, or mass spectrometry), the UV-DOAS
provides direct in-situ detection without any complications due to chemical loss in the sampling
procedures (Volkamer et al., 1998). However, the detection limits for gas chromatography (0.3 -
1.2 ppt) may be more sensitive than the UV-DOAS (for a path length of 500m, the detection limit
ranges from 0.2 - l.lppb) (Volkamer et al., 1998; Environnement S.A., 1997). Furthermore,
when compared to other long-path remote sensing devices, such as the Non-Dispersive Infrared
or the Fourier Transform Infrared, the UV-DOAS detection limits have fewer interferences
occurring and appear to be more sensitive (Volkamer et al., 1998; Chandra et al, 1997).
But despite the UV-DOAS' capability to quantify simultaneously air pollutants up to a
path length of 500 meters, there have been reported problems associated with the quality of the
measurements. Volkamer (et al., 1998) identifies oxygen as a potential interference with DOAS
measurements of aromatic hydrocarbons species. In most cases, oxygen absorption in a measured
spectrum will be stronger by an order of magnitude than the aromatic absorption features
(Volkamer et al., 1998). In a study conducted by Barrefors, poor correlation was found between
the DOAS data and from simultaneously measured gas chromatography data (1996). Because
the adsorbent tube samples taken at several points along the DOAS light path did not show any
significant differences in the hydrocarbon concentrations, Barrefors could not attribute the lack of
correlation in the DOAS and gas chromatography data to the inhomogenities of the atmosphere
(1996). However, Barrefors suggests that the incorrect DOAS results maybe due to the presence
of several hydrocarbons with similar spectra [giving] rise to severe interference effects (1996).
It is expected that the spectrum analysis procedure specific to the SANOA UV-DOAS
would eliminate the interferences between different pollutants. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the SANOA UV-DOAS measurements along the fence line of the Paxton landfill, a site
undergoing remediation, as well as to determine if the instrument is suitable for monitoring
hazardous air pollutants at Superfund sites or toxic emissions arising from emergency response
situations.
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II. METHODOLOGY
A. Design
The SANOA UV-DOAS consists of three components: a receiver containing the
spectrometer, an ultraviolet beam projector, and a computer system with the Vision Air software
installed. As seen in Figure 1, the projector, fitted with a xenon vapor lamp, sends out a beam of
ultraviolet light ranging between 200 nanometers to 800 nanometers towards the receiver. Inside
the projector is a mirror fitted with a ball-and-socket joint which can be easily oriented using the
two micrometer screws located in the back (Environnement S.A., 1997). These screws allow the
UV-DOAS operator to properly focus the UV beam onto the inlet mirror of the receiver. The
second component of the UV-DOAS, the receiver or the measuring unit, is shown in Figure 2.
This particular part of the remote sensing device uses the inlet mirror to capture the spectrum of
light and directs it into the entrance slit of the spectrometer (Environnement S.A., 1997). After a
photodiode array detector measures the diffracted light, the spectrum is sent for analysis to the
SANOA Vision Air software. Key functions of the Vision Air software include:
Configuration set-up of the SANOA UV-DOAS
Calculation of measured concentrations
Spectra loading and analysis
Display of results: creation of tables and graphs
B. Setting
The SANOA UV-DOAS was installed at the Paxton Landfill (see Figure 3), which is
located on the southeast side of Chicago. Shut down in 1992 by the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency (IEPA), Paxton II underwent remediation and the leachate at this particular
landfill was pumped out periodically in order to stabilize the structure. As a result of the leachate
removal, the landfill readily emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs), specifically toluene. The
landfill itself is divided into two areas: Paxton II, which stands 170 feet tall, was improperly
constructed and at risk of collapsing, and Paxton I, where the SANOA UV-DOAS was set up.
The various industries that surround the Paxton landfill are as follows: to the east is a coke oven
plant, to the north is a metal processing company, to the south is an environmental waste
treatment facility, and to the southwest is another operating landfill.
Figure 4 shows the general set-up of the SANOA UV-DOAS, which involved two trailers
separated by an optical path length of 232 meters (820 feet). On the south end of the Paxton site,
Trailer #1 housed the computer system, as well as the receiver, which was situated on a tabletop
and facing an open window. Trailer #2, located on the north end of the Paxton site, contained the
direct reading instruments for ozone and nitrogen dioxide (see Figure 5). The SANOA ultraviolet
beam projector was bolted down to a wooden pallet, which was secured to the top of Trailer #2.
Located approximately 10 feet south of Trailer #2 was the Campbell Scientific Inc. Portable
Meteorological Station, which detected the wind direction and wind speed.
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C. Calibration Procedures
In order to improve the accuracy of the measurements recorded by the UV-DOAS and
direct reading monitors, it was necessary to perform a zero and span check. In doing this one is
able to track the drift or change of the response of automated analyzers over time (E. Roberts
Alley & Associates, 1998).
1. Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer Calibration
For this study the UV-DOAS was calibrated for benzene and toluene on April 7, 2000 and
April 13, 2000. The calibration process involved simulating, with a 34 mm long built-in cell, a
given pollution concentration over the optical monitoring path of 232 meters (Environnement
S.A., 1997). The scheme implies that the simulated concentration is added to an existing
background concentration and doesn't replace the ambient concentration (Environnement S.A.,
1997).
Before performing the zero and span gas check, the UV-DOAS must be allowed to run for
at least 20 minutes. Temperature and pressure in hPa should be recorded. Also, one must verify
the ambient pollution is typically 15% of the maximum concentrations observed usually
(Environnement S.A., 1997). The calibration process began with purging the built-in calibration
cell with zero air, which in this case was ambient air. After 15 minutes, the last 5 measurements
and the time detected were recorded and the average background concentration was calculated.
Next, span gas from a certified standard gas cylinder was introduced, with a flow rate of 0.5 liters
per minute, into the calibration cell. Again, after 15 minutes, the last 5 measurements and the time
detected were recorded and the average calibration concentration was calculated. Finally, the
calibration cell was purged with ambient air for another 15 minutes. Another average background
concentration was recorded.
Summarized in Table I, results from the calibration were entered into a span check data
spreadsheet, which calculated the span factor adjustment. The detailed span check data sheets
may be found in Figures 33 to 36, Appendix A. It is recommended by the manufacturer that the
new span factor be used in the configuration system of the UV-DOAS when the following
conditions occur (Environnement S.A., 1997):
Low pollution background is < 15% of the maximum concentrations measured and low
background instability is < 20%
Good repeatability of results over several span steps, better than the difference with
current span factor
The difference between the current and new span factor is greater than 4%
If the resulting span factor is not within the range of 0.7 and 1.3, then the manufacturer
should be consulted for a system check.
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TABLE I UV-DOAS CALIBRATION DATA
Compound
Date
Background
Calibration
Background
Current
New
Adjusted
1
(ug/m3)
2
span
Span
(YES or
(ug/m3)
(ug/m3)
factor
Factor
NO)
BENZENE
4/7/00
23.36
72.82
26.42
1.0
1.040
NO
4/13/00
7.96
57.302
13.596
1.0
1.031
NO
TOLUENE
4/7/00
21.03
56.26
14.98
1.0
1.501
YES
4/13/00
5.4
50.47
4.598
1.0
1.218
YES
2. Nitrogen Oxides Monitor Calibration
Using the manual or multipoint method, the TECO 42 NOx monitor was calibrated on
January 25, 2000 and March 29, 2000. Multipoint calibrations are made by challenging the
analyzer with several di lib rent known concentrations, noting the response, and changing the o II set
and range of the analyzer to show linearity across the spectrum of concentrations introduced (E.
Roberts Alley & Associates Inc., 1998). NOx calibration data may be found in Table IX,
Appendix B.
3. Ozone Monitor Calibration
The primary calibration for the Dasibi Model 1003AH ozone monitor occurred on
October 12, 1999. The calibration was performed as follows (Dasibi Environmental Corporation,
1997):
Allow the monitor to warm up for at least 30 minutes.
Assemble ozone source and prepare a KI set-up or UV photometer (your
reference)
Set zero o 11 set adjustment switch to zero and the mode selector to SPAN
Subtract 0.05 from the display and record this as the span number.
Set the mode selector switch to OPERATE
With zero air flowing allow monitor to stabilize. Average 10 display readings for
(about 4 minutes) to obtain the zero reading. Simultaneously, read the reference.
Set ozone generator until a reading of 0.4ppm is seen. Allow reading to stabilize.
Average the 10 display readings and obtain reading from reference.
Repeat process three times for points between 0 and 0.4 ppm.
Determine slope and interce pt by performing a least squares analysis.
The intercept is the true zero offset plus the 0.05 ppm. Based on the slope and old
span factor, a new span factor is calculated using the equation:
NEW SPAN FACTOR = OLD SPAN FACTOR / SLOPE
The ozone calibration data may be found in Table X, Appendix B.
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D. Procedures
Data collection occurred over a period of 11 days. Table II summarizes the number of
hours of data collected from the UV-DOAS and direct reading monitors, as well as the number of
canister samples collected. A detailed log of the canister sample collection may be found in Table
IX of the Appendix B.
TABLE II MONITORING SCHEDULE
HOURS OF MONITORING
Number of
UV- DOAS
TECO 42 NOx
Dasibi Model
Canisters
Monitor
1003AH Ozone Monitor
Collected
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
0
24
24
3
24
24
24
12
24
24
24
12
15
24
24
6
14
24
24
6
24
24
24
3
24
24
24
6
24
24
24
9
24
21
24
9
24
20
24
4
24
23
24
6
14
12
12
8
235
268
276
90
The first part of the study involved detecting N02 and 03 simultaneously with direct
reading monitors and the UV-DOAS. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations were analyzed by the
TECO 42 NOx monitor. The Dasibi Model 1003AH monitor analyzed atmospheric
concentrations of ozone. The direct reading monitors, both configured to detect hourly average
concentrations, were set-up inside Trailer #2.
Benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and styrene were measured simultaneously with the UV-
DOAS and VOC canisters. The UV-DOAS detected these particular compounds every three
minutes; thus, it was necessary to average the values in order to determine the hourly
concentrations. Each electro-polished stainless steel canister, as seen in Figure 6, collected an
ambient VOC sample for one hour.
During each one-hour sampling period, three canisters were placed between the two
trailers at three different locations along the UV beam. Canister location #1 was positioned at the
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south end, approximately 20 to 30 feet from Trailer #1. Canister location #2 was in the middle,
approximately 500 feet away from both Trailer #1 and Trailer #2. Canister location #3 was
positioned at the north end, approximately 20 to 30 feet from Trailer #2. In addition to collecting
along the projected beam, canister samples placed near the leachate collection wells, downwind
and upwind were obtained when winds were blowing from the northwest, southwest, and east.
This type of collection helped characterize the background concentrations coming from the
Paxton landfill. After the sampling, the canisters were shipped to the IEPA Springfield
laboratories for gas chromatography analysis with flame ionization and electron capture detection.
A 5 7-hydrocarbon standard was applied to the data, with units of the concentration in ppbc (parts
per billion of carbon) (Dombro et al, 2000).
Wind data were also collected throughout this study in order to try to locate possible
sources of the VOCs detected by the UV-DOAS and the reference methods. Due to technical
difficulties with the meteorological station at the Paxton site, we were unable to collect wind data
from March 31, 2000 to April 23, 2000. For this particular time period we used the wind data
collected from the Illinois EPA meteorological station located in Alsip, Illinois. However, once
the meteorological station at Paxton was configured properly, wind data collection resumed on
April 24. In addition to keeping track of the concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS, direct
reading monitor and canister samples, a log of events regarding the project was recorded
(Appendix B). The log contains information such as events leading to the preparation and
installation of the UV-DOAS, the number of alignments performed on the UV-DOAS, total visits
needed to perform alignments, total number of person-hours spent aligning, total visits needed to
maintain and calibrate the UV-DOAS, total number of person-hours spent maintaining and
calibrating the UV-DOAS, light intensity, how many canisters were collected on a particular day,
where the canisters were located, when canister samples were collected, as well as wind direction.
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Figure J. UV-DOAS Projector on the roof of Trailer #2.
8
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Figure 2. UY-DOAS Receiver inside Trailer #1.
9
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Figure 3. Paxton Landfill, Chicago, Illinois.
10
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Figure 4. Location of trailers at the Paxton Landfill. Trailer #1 (on the right) and Trailer #2 (in
the background) are separated by a distance of 232 meters.
11
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Figure 5. TECO 42 NOx Monitor (on the right) and Dasibi Model 1003AH Ozone Monitor (on
the left) inside Trailer # 2.
12
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III. RESULTS
As seen in Table III, ozone (03) and nitrogen dioxide (N02) were measured continuously
and simultaneously with the UV-DOAS and direct reading instruments. One hour average 03 and
N02 concentrations were compared with the hourly averaged UV-DOAS data. One-hour UV-
DOAS averages for organic compounds were also compared with the canister samples. The UV-
DOAS results are reported on the basis of the ambient plus 5 degrees Celsius. The canister
samples are reported on the basis of 25 degrees Celsius. The maximum adjustment in the UV-
DOAS concentrations due to these differences in temperature would be less than 3% for these
data. Table IV displays the one-hour average concentrations for benzene, toluene, and m-xylene
detected for the specified time period. The data for styrene may be found in Table X,
Appendix B. Table V shows the background concentrations detected from the canister samples.
Tables VI and VII provide an overview of events occurring throughout this study. In
Table VI, a standard version of the activity log indicates the specific situation that occurred on
each day and the number of person hours spent at the site. There are three types of events
summarized in Table VI: Site Preparation (i.e. installation of the UV-DOAS or placement of the
trailers), Equipment Maintenance (i.e. realigning the UV beam with the receiver), and Monitoring
(i.e. collecting canister samples and valid UV-DOAS data). A summary of hours spent aligning
the projector with the receiver and maintaining the UV-DOAS, as well as the number of site visits
required to perform these maintenance operations is found in Table VII. Table XI of the
Appendix B is the detailed log of activities occurring throughout this study.
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Date
Nitrogen Dioxide
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Ozone
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
ssw
0
77.57
89.33
4.10
12.76
ssw
1
72.14
82.06
6.15
13.23
ssw
2
67.66
75.40
8.21
16.35
ssw
3
50.37
70.41
18.48
18.84
ssw
4
36.39
53.12
36.95
23.03
ssw
5
26.94
37.47
53.35
39.12
wsw
6
16.90
30.14
55.35
46.97
wsw
7
21.58
20.34
49.13
50.59
wsw
8
25.64
23.01
59.23
48.53
WNW
9
24.19
25.46
65.14
55.94
WNW
10
20.99
22.99
70.99
60.54
WNW
11
20.15
18.19
72.79
66.12
WNW
12
18.92
15.65
76.57
68.38
9-Apr-00
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TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Date
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
WNW
13
15.41
13.50
86.45
72.68
NNW
14
26.45
7.29
81.99
80.35
NNW
15
34.23
21.49
65.85
74.40
ENE
16
16.60
3.86
85.62
97.07
ENE
17
17.73
16.16
77.58
82.89
ENE
18
35.65
22.10
57.69
85.76
ESE
19
35.48
42.56
51.75
61.05
NNW
20
40.52
40.27
37.90
49.58
NNE
21
86.26
44.05
4.00
36.10
NNW
22
87.31
80.22
4.01
17.18
wsw
23
87.78
100.03
6.04
11.47
WNW
0
85.71
96.99
4.04
13.91
NNW
1
70.61
102.24
14.17
11.76
ENE
2
27.81
84.95
56.83
28.09
NNE
3
24.17
28.32
54.92
71.72
NNE
4
26.95
29.23
52.97
64.90
ENE
5
31.48
26.77
46.93
66.17
ENE
6
35.43
38.99
42.89
55.29
ENE
7
31.93
40.92
51.10
54.43
ENE
8
27.03
33.63
57.22
61.23
ENE
9
23.29
29.41
61.28
65.95
ENE
10
15.85
27.64
69.42
69.22
ENE
11
35.21
23.47
53.08
75.13
ENE
12
66.67
42.66
28.56
60.12
ENE
13
41.42
69.53
48.93
40.74
ENE
14
43.15
49.52
46.86
57.10
ENE
15
52.67
54.06
42.75
48.20
ENE
16
45.83
51.38
46.81
53.24
ENE
17
38.62
46.03
50.89
55.26
ENE
18
44.30
44.23
48.88
58.36
ENE
19
52.74
49.70
42.80
55.24
ENE
20
44.97
59.43
48.97
48.01
ENE
21
44.23
43.45
49.01
58.88
NNE
22
41.51
43.50
42.90
57.44
ENE
23
37.02
46.64
47.00
45.52
ENE
0
46.22
38.67
38.83
49.27
ENE
1
51.50
46.99
36.78
44.62
10-Apr-00
ll-Apr-00
-15-
-------
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Date
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
ENE
2
55.21
52.26
36.77
42.37
NNE
3
45.80
49.36
44.94
43.20
NNE
4
42.47
37.13
38.80
53.95
NNE
5
47.17
38.25
38.80
49.43
NNE
6
37.77
51.82
38.80
39.83
NNE
7
30.33
45.72
44.93
43.44
NNE
8
29.36
38.25
49.02
49.00
NNE
9
18.60
34.45
59.25
49.99
NNE
10
19.19
24.77
59.25
59.86
NNW
11
22.32
27.65
59.24
61.26
NNE
12
21.33
31.16
57.18
60.69
NNE
13
20.16
28.70
65.35
59.49
NNE
14
21.53
29.09
63.31
65.33
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
ENE
10
66.55
41.76
38.58
57.08
ENE
11
62.08
71.23
34.41
39.93
ENE
12
48.97
65.53
50.49
44.82
ENE
13
39.39
40.49
58.43
59.23
ENE
14
31.05
42.34
70.44
66.75
ENE
15
21.76
20.83
84.39
83.02
ENE
16
19.62
17.26
88.31
85.91
ENE
17
28.25
12.16
78.22
96.62
ENE
18
25.93
27.49
78.17
85.82
ENE
19
37.27
27.90
64.16
86.23
ENE
20
44.80
46.11
58.19
66.14
ENE
21
37.90
43.59
62.23
66.27
ENE
22
47.94
37.95
52.23
68.39
ENE
23
52.20
42.82
48.24
64.73
ESE
0
61.69
61.54
24.14
50.02
12-Apr-00
13-Apr-00
-16-
-------
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Date
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
ESE
1
89.51
91.46
12.08
26.27
SSE
2
67.19
107.47
28.21
16.16
SSE
3
58.56
80.59
32.27
32.97
SSE
4
59.20
64.37
28.26
34.50
SSE
5
63.90
64.18
24.25
31.91
SSE
6
52.91
69.10
38.42
28.75
SSE
7
40.71
50.41
56.64
45.44
SSE
8
23.62
35.30
78.79
62.46
SSE
9
20.86
19.17
86.67
81.90
SSE
10
18.68
16.38
90.44
87.72
SSE
11
21.67
8.31
88.05
74.77
SSE
12
20.82
14.54
85.71
72.10
SSE
13
23.96
15.11
85.34
77.67
SSW
14
22.58
18.23
87.11
76.95
SSW
15
24.24
18.41
86.93
77.51
SSW
16
22.66
18.45
84.74
76.39
SSE
17
25.99
18.68
78.60
73.85
SSE
18
37.20
22.71
66.65
68.37
SSE
19
67.54
39.78
31.32
57.09
SSE
20
81.04
72.57
13.70
28.05
SSE
21
74.17
83.89
17.63
17.05
SSE
22
74.65
77.81
17.66
20.25
SSE
23
75.34
81.19
13.76
17.43
bN/A
0
36.78
29.89
72.35
60.78
N/A
1
34.50
32.28
82.47
63.19
N/A
2
47.08
28.58
68.45
71.31
N/A
3
28.78
42.73
88.68
58.17
N/A
4
30.74
21.16
82.70
75.91
N/A
5
30.17
21.68
74.68
75.78
N/A
6
62.91
27.52
36.36
63.64
N/A
7
49.94
59.10
38.38
31.57
N/A
8
56.01
35.03
34.26
37.19
N/A
9
55.98
42.58
42.15
32.67
NNE
10
52.94
37.69
52.04
40.12
ESE
11
30.80
39.63
75.86
46.10
NNW
12
25.02
25.70
81.70
60.21
NNW
13
25.56
16.36
81.60
70.75
24-Apr-00
-17-
-------
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Date
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
NNW
14
19.06
14.65
93.50
69.98
NNW
15
11.82
7.27
99.48
79.99
NNW
16
10.68
2.76
97.50
82.97
SSE
17
12.98
1.62
89.61
81.49
NNE
18
14.33
3.77
87.75
77.39
NNE
19
15.70
5.57
87.91
76.30
NNE
20
11.51
6.88
92.11
75.79
NNE
21
12.50
2.64
90.29
76.99
NNW
22
20.61
3.29
82.41
75.50
NNW
23
32.80
11.44
76.50
72.49
NNW
0
29.37
25.34
82.66
60.61
wsw
1
36.55
21.01
80.71
69.83
NNE
2
43.53
22.96
68.64
67.89
ssw
3
27.87
37.54
80.79
61.01
ESE
4
25.95
16.26
76.78
65.74
ESE
5
36.63
16.07
66.74
69.17
NNW
6
21.54
27.43
85.03
58.85
NNE
7
22.70
11.71
85.03
68.24
NNE
8
56.15
13.81
88.90
69.00
NNE
9
16.61
10.06
92.68
72.35
NNE
10
15.80
8.77
94.51
81.42
NNE
11
17.71
9.62
92.38
81.55
NNE
12
16.92
11.70
94.29
76.04
NNE
13
12.48
12.00
96.20
76.80
NNE
14
11.32
6.27
98.14
77.23
NNE
15
11.51
5.37
94.10
74.96
NNE
16
10.93
5.39
96.05
73.96
NNE
17
13.41
4.48
91.97
74.63
NNE
18
15.89
10.76
89.92
72.65
NNE
19
21.45
13.39
83.93
71.72
NNE
20
31.24
18.61
76.00
70.18
NNE
21
26.50
30.68
76.13
63.39
NNW
22
34.78
20.91
68.17
61.60
NNW
23
41.34
37.42
58.19
53.98
WSW
0
59.46
42.73
42.17
49.05
NNW
1
44.48
46.99
56.26
46.73
NNW
2
58.98
36.22
38.22
51.71
25-Apr-00
26-Apr-00
-18-
-------
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Date
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
NNW
3
72.56
69.43
22.15
30.56
NNW
4
69.93
78.18
18.14
22.00
NNW
5
80.45
80.25
68.61
22.38
NNW
6
67.95
83.29
48.48
21.40
NNE
7
33.69
42.79
82.83
51.34
NNE
8
68.11
23.69
52.35
82.25
NNE
9
70.35
58.38
44.13
57.21
NNE
10
62.87
64.21
56.00
52.48
NNE
11
66.00
52.12
55.89
61.84
NNE
12
67.83
55.15
57.82
56.54
NNE
13
82.62
67.54
39.82
53.77
NNE
14
70.50
87.98
57.66
40.64
NNE
15
71.71
74.23
57.56
54.79
NNE
16
64.56
71.53
53.50
54.41
NNE
17
35.43
74.52
87.00
52.56
NNE
18
35.18
26.97
73.01
91.84
NNE
19
74.59
35.05
21.68
79.79
ssw
20
87.46
86.24
7.88
25.72
NNE
21
1.97
14.80
SSE
22
3.96
7.29
SSW
23
WNW
0
80.50
63.80
19.77
51.20
NNW
1
3.96
21.89
WNW
2
3.97
8.99
WNW
3
81.64
124.45
19.90
7.98
NNW
4
77.41
93.04
17.95
27.06
ESE
5
90.75
85.89
5.99
32.37
WNW
6
8.00
14.51
WNW
7
22.02
17.05
WNW
8
88.38
101.50
31.94
31.85
ESE
9
76.21
90.20
59.65
44.11
NNE
10
56.36
59.63
77.22
64.62
NNE
11
61.82
35.77
72.99
83.33
ESE
12
74.28
45.61
59.01
77.94
ENE
13
66.78
72.59
80.48
64.56
NNE
14
64.21
56.16
92.07
86.14
NNE
15
47.03
46.54
115.36
98.09
28-Apr-00
-19-
-------
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Date
Wind
Direction
Hour'
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
UV-DOAS
Monitor
Monitor
NNE
16
31.23
27.17
124.87
115.30
NNE
17
42.18
30.23
109.07
117.64
NNE
18
44.01
34.40
99.23
117.32
NNE
19
60.40
37.47
66.14
101.78
ENE
20
18.65
60.93
109.01
69.04
wsw
21
20.75
14.90
81.92
115.24
ESE
22
17.82
19.45
58.73
84.21
ESE
23
13.19
16.00
51.13
65.57
NNE
0
92.63
110.55
1.96
5.93
NNE
1
1.97
9.60
NNE
2
82.86
124.87
15.76
7.15
NNE
3
73.07
104.42
53.20
22.73
SSE
4
56.46
77.16
59.11
54.27
SSW
5
60.02
58.45
43.33
58.21
SSW
6
90.72
69.06
5.90
37.82
SSE
7
90.50
93.66
3.93
11.07
SSE
8
91.05
96.66
5.90
8.73
WSW
9
78.22
102.07
7.87
7.89
NNW
10
64.82
96.44
49.15
17.68
WSW
11
58.80
59.11
64.90
58.67
ESE
12
47.14
52.15
78.70
72.76
SSE
13
69.60
46.17
33.46
81.85
SSW
14
52.08
113.96
66.94
32.05
NNW
15
35.48
64.83
92.55
66.39
SSW
16
35.85
34.56
92.52
81.81
NNE
17
45.82
32.71
80.66
87.06
NNE
18
50.12
44.80
66.85
77.24
NNE
19
45.21
48.41
49.14
68.16
NNE
20
84.83
49.61
5.90
45.41
NNE
21
65.71
101.38
37.44
13.70
NNE
22
85.86
71.46
5.92
38.91
NNE
23
88.85
104.61
-1.98
10.99
NNE
0
72.71
75.22
27.45
30.24
NNE
1
81.11
70.12
15.71
29.04
NNE
2
73.50
78.57
27.53
20.28
NNE
3
47.57
76.58
49.24
28.57
NNE
4
51.98
48.61
43.39
43.45
l-May-00
3-May-00
-20-
-------
TABLE III NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OZONE DATA (ug/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone
Date Wind
Direction
Houra
Direct
Reading
Monitor
UV-DOAS
Direct
Reading
Monitor
UV-DOAS
NNE
5
54.88
54.35
43.44
39.24
NNE
6
58.14
55.33
45.45
38.75
NNE
7
44.50
50.39
61.25
40.37
ESE
8
28.92
57.12
84.80
37.88
ESE
9
26.52
17.43
94.21
69.90
ESE
10
22.12
17.65
107.58
75.30
ESE
11
17.94
14.70
118.92
85.99
Average Concentration.
Total# of Points
44.73
225
44.64
225
56.05
232
55.11
232
a Hours with no data recorded indicate that either the UV-DOAS or direct reading monitors were
not functioning properly.
b Wind data were not available from 00:00 to 09:00 hours on April 24, 2000. This was due to an
improper configuration of the meteorological station. Station was reconfigured correctly at 09:45
hours.
-21-
-------
TABLE IV. BENZENE, TOLUENE, and M-XYLENE CONCENTRATIONS
BENZENE
TOLUENE
M-XYLENE
Date
Wind
Canister Position"
Canister
Start
Stop
Canister
UV-DOAS
Canister
UV-DOAS
Canister
UV-DOAS
Direction
ID
Time
Time
9-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along the beam
A21027
15:24
16:24
2.11
17.40
0.60
21.18
0.88
14.73
9-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along the beam
A21110
15:26
16:26
3.40
17.85
72.13
21.24
3.03
15.39
9-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along the beam
A22235
15:29
16:29
3.29
18.49
0.71
21.26
1.82
16.15
9-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along the beam
A21136
18:11
19:11
1.29
27.03
0.60
33.82
0.61
13.12
9-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along the beam
A21037
18:06
19:06
1.19
24.67
0.00
33.77
0.99
12.01
9-Apr-00
ESE
#1 along the beam
A21106
19:13
20:13
1.83
27.07
2.89
36.34
3.63
10.48
9-Apr-00
ESE
#2 along the beam
A21040
19:17
20:17
1.51
27.23
2.02
37.15
1.76
10.18
9-Apr-00
ESE
#3 along the beam
A21031
19:22
20:22
1.46
27.28
1.20
36.98
1.27
10.14
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along the beam
A21062
11:25
12:25
1.44
23.95
0.00
36.83
0.73
10.84
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along the beam
A21124
11:24
12:24
1.55
24.20
0.00
36.83
0.79
10.84
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along the beam
A21083
11:21
12:21
2.38
24.20
0.00
37.11
0.62
10.84
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along the beam
A21105
12:38
13:38
2.21
25.84
0.00
39.50
0.56
17.09
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along the beam
A22224
12:32
13:32
2.43
25.61
0.56
39.30
1.58
17.17
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along the beam
A21033
12:27
13:27
3.31
25.24
0.67
39.13
0.68
17.00
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along the beam
A21081
13:50
14:50
1.16
24.48
0.39
40.35
0.90
19.53
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along the beam
A21052
13:44
14:44
3.48
23.88
0.78
39.84
0.96
21.21
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along the beam
A21075
13:38
14:38
2.70
23.94
0.61
40.15
0.56
21.29
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along the beam
A21055
15:03
16:03
1.21
32.24
0.45
25.79
0.51
27.29
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along the beam
A21041
15:04
16:04
4.30
31.12
0.95
25.79
1.01
27.29
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along the beam
A21073
15:06
16:06
5.29
31.12
0.95
26.25
0.68
28.43
ll-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along the beam
A21089
12:34
13:34
1.44
28.67
1.12
28.71
1.07
9.40
ll-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along the beam
A21085
12:37
13:37
1.49
29.21
1.06
27.61
1.24
8.92
ll-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along the beam
A22228
12:41
13:41
1.49
30.17
1.01
27.23
1.30
8.53
ll-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along the beam
22325
13:44
14:44
1.49
28.37
0.89
27.22
0.85
9.07
ll-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along the beam
A21120
13:47
14:47
1.54
24.30
0.95
39.86
0.96
20.21
ll-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along the beam
A21113
13:51
14:51
1.43
24.48
1.00
40.35
0.73
19.53
-22-
-------
TABLE IV. BENZENE, TOLUENE, and M-XYLENE CONCENTRATIONS
BENZENE
TOLUENE
M-XYLENE
Date
Wind
Direction
Canister Position"
Canister
ID
Start
Time
Stop
Time
Canister
UV-DOAS
Canister
UV-DOAS
Canister
UV-DOAS
12-Apr-00
12-Apr-00
12-Apr-00
ENE
ENE
ENE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
A21060
A21064
A21134
10:45
10:50
10:52
11:45
11:50
11:52
2.47
2.41
2.80
22.72
23.12
23.27
2.83
2.61
2.55
16.09
16.91
17.41
2.02
1.85
1.51
9.68
9.32
8.65
12-Apr-00
12-Apr-00
12-Apr-00
ENE
ENE
ENE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
A21042
A21127
A21048
11:47
11:51
11:55
12:47
12:51
12:55
2.57
4.05
2.57
20.79
20.13
20.07
1.11
1.49
1.11
22.53
22.61
22.80
1.12
1.17
1.12
10.54
11.33
11.68
13-Apr-00
13-Apr-00
13-Apr-00
ssw
ssw
ssw
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
A21011
A21076
22330
13:52
13:51
13:46
14:51
14:49
14:46
1.34
1.34
1.29
11.70
11.63
11.93
0.87
0.76
0.81
5.44
5.45
5.45
2.30
2.08
1.97
5.64
5.69
5.67
24-Apr-00
24-Apr-00
24-Apr-00
ENE
ENE
ENE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
N03425
A21141
N03494
10:50
10:47
10:45
11:50
11:47
11:45
5.19
5.84
6.93
9.95
10.65
10.82
1.53
1.64
2.02
10.44
10.61
9.85
1.16
1.44
1.33
22.48
22.98
23.04
24-Apr-00
24-Apr-00
24-Apr-00
NNW
NNW
NNW
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
A22229
N03491
N03429
11:58
11:53
11:46
12:58
12:53
12:46
5.24
7.12
4.16
6.26
6.83
8.09
3.55
2.67
3.11
14.65
14.50
12.43
1.32
1.65
1.76
24.63
27.39
30.34
25-Apr-00
25-Apr-00
25-Apr-00
NNE
NNE
NNE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
C16700
A21077
NO 1048
15:03
15:05
15:00
16:03
16:05
16:00
1.36
1.25
1.25
11.00
11.04
11.73
0.93
0.88
0.88
-1.67
-0.67
-1.51
1.16
0.89
1.49
5.14
5.23
5.08
25-Apr-00
25-Apr-00
25-Apr-00
NNE
NNE
NNE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
N03490
N03428
N03424
16:15
16:23
16:16
17:15
17:21
17:12
1.25
1.35
1.30
10.80
11.03
11.24
0.71
0.60
0.66
0.59
1.02
0.34
1.11
0.83
0.89
5.91
5.98
5.92
25-Apr-00
25-Apr-00
25-Apr-00
NNE
NNE
NNE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
#3 along the beam
C16691
N03433
N03496
17:16
17:21
17:12
18:16
18:21
18:12
1.35
1.30
1.25
12.33
12.77
11.70
0.66
0.77
0.71
2.94
1.57
3.02
1.11
0.99
1.05
5.84
5.64
5.90
26-Apr-00
26-Apr-00
NNE
NNE
#1 along the beam
#2 along the beam
N03456
N03435
8:55
9:00
9:55
10:00
-23-
1.68
3.64
31.59
31.77
0.88
1.10
32.93
33.13
0.94
1.16
19.36
20.22
-------
TABLE IV. BENZENE, TOLUENE, and M-XYLENE CONCENTRATIONS
BENZENE
TOLUENE
M-XYLENE
Date
Wind
Canister Position"
Canister
Start
Stop
Canister
UV-DOAS
Canister
UV-DOAS
Canister
UV-DOAS
Direction
ID
Time
Time
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along the beam
N03427
9:04
10:04
4.29
31.74
1.59
33.31
1.66
20.58
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along the beam
9804
9:57
10:57
3.58
25.87
1.10
27.38
1.05
18.80
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along the beam
N03430
10:00
11:00
3.09
29.08
1.04
27.62
1.05
18.03
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along the beam
A22337
10:03
11:03
3.57
29.26
1.10
28.11
1.11
18.43
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along the beam
902
11:00
12:00
4.92
32.64
1.75
33.84
1.10
31.29
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along the beam
A21108
11:04
12:04
0.00
32.71
0.00
34.00
1.43
31.13
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along the beam
A21005
11:07
12:07
4.76
30.88
0.98
34.71
0.72
31.17
28-Apr-00
wsw
#1 along the beam
N03489
837
937
3.94
16.97
8.34
30.59
5.78
10.42
28-Apr-00
wsw
#2 along the beam
N03487
843
943
3.34
17.83
6.49
30.87
4.51
10.42
28-Apr-00
wsw
#3 along the beam
N03493
848
948
4.36
17.69
9.48
29.23
6.55
10.15
l-May-00
NNW
#1 along the beam
A21034
1533
1633
3.73
10.03
1.94
9.43
1.91
9.22
l-May-00
NNW
#2 along the beam
N03432
1530
1630
3.25
9.20
2.16
8.69
1.91
8.54
l-May-00
NNW
#3 along the beam
N03426
1523
1623
2.67
9.79
2.26
9.52
1.42
9.90
l-May-00
NNE
#1 along the beam
N03488
1644
1744
3.14
11.56
1.56
9.86
1.09
12.35
l-May-00
NNE
#2 along the beam
N03434
1637
1737
3.62
11.33
1.51
9.48
1.20
11.81
l-May-00
NNE
#3 along the beam
N03455
1633
1733
4.64
11.84
2.05
10.19
1.14
12.34
3-May-00
ESE
#1 along the beam
A21061
1010
1111
1.48
13.38
1.45
-1.62
1.35
3.70
3-May-00
ESE
#2 along the beam
N03495
1007
1107
1.43
13.42
1.61
-1.66
1.30
3.75
3-May-00
ESE
#3 along the beam
A21098
1013
1113
1.38
13.26
0.00
-1.46
1.13
3.83
3-May-00
ESE
#1 along the beam
A22230
1147
1247
1.16
15.94
0.80
-4.04
1.56
2.65
3-May-00
ESE
#2 along the beam
A21099
1141
1241
1.26
15.85
0.80
-3.38
2.10
3.00
3-May-00
ESE
#3 along the beam
A21109
1130
1230
1.26
16.14
0.80
-2.27
1.29
3.73
AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS
2.62
19.86
2.40
20.15
1.45
13.66
N = 74 points
a Canister location 1 is near the south end trailer; canister location 2 was approximately 500 yards from the south end trailer, as well
as from the north end trailer; canister location 3 is near the north end trailer.
-24-
-------
TABLE V BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS FOR BENZENE, TOLUENE, AND M-XYLENE, ug/m3
BENZENE TOLUENE M-XYLENE
Date
Wind
Location
Canister
Start
Stop
Canister
UV-
Canister
UV-
Canister
UV-
Direction
ID
Time
Time
Sample
DOAS"
Sample
DOAS"
Sample
DOAS"
5-Nov-99
SSW
on roof of trailer
22337
10:13
11:13
0.64
n/a
1.88
n/a
0.05
n/a
2 (north end of
landfill)
5-Nov-99
SSW
on ground near
A21100
10:45
11:45
0.64
n/a
1.51
n/a
0.16
n/a
trailer 1 (south
end of landfill)
31-Mar-00
ENE
well on south
A22327
1530
1630
3.24
n/a
4.84
n/a
4.29
n/a
31-Mar-00
ENE
end
well on north
A21065
1550
1650
2.87
n/a
2.15
n/a
1.41
n/a
31-Mar-00
ENE
end
downwind
A21096
1600
1700
6.27
n/a
4.14
n/a
4.18
n/a
sample
31-Mar-00
ENE
upwind sample
A21114
1620
1720
3.19
n/a
1.99
n/a
2.01
n/a
4-Apr-00
NNW
upwind sample
A21130
1209
1309
0.58
n/a
0.48
n/a
0.49
n/a
4-Apr-00
NNW
downwind
A21020
1240
1340
1.38
n/a
0.91
n/a
1.03
n/a
sample
4-Apr-00
NNW
well on east side
A22242
1230
1330
0.64
n/a
0.97
n/a
0.98
n/a
9-Apr-00
NNW
upwind sample
A21045
15:41
16:41
3.89
22.40
0.00
22.16
0.00
15.55
9-Apr-00
NNE
upwind sample
A21012
18:03
19:03
n/a
24.59
n/a
33.77
n/a
11.84
9-Apr-00
NNE
upwind sample
A21117
19:29
20:29
1.73
26.48
0.00
35.98
0.00
10.10
28-Apr-00
wsw
upwind sample
N03431
906
1006
4.20
17.22
0.01
24.26
0.01
8.14
3-May-00
SSE
downwind
A21067
945
1045
1.43
13.81
0.01
-0.498
-0.18
4.32
sample
3-May-00
SSE
downwind
A21079
1120
1229
1.37
15.90
0.00
-2.39
-0.03
3.72
sample
"Concentrations measured by UV-DOAS during the canister sampling interval. Since background concentrations were measured at
different locations from the ultraviolet beam, the UV-DOAS and the canister samples should not be expected to be comparable.
-25-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE a
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
13-Sep-99 2.5 5 12.5
25-Oct-99 5 1 5
27-Oct-99 3 2 6
2-Nov-99 n/a n/a
5-Nov-99 3 2 6
3-Nov-99 n/a n/a
10-Nov-99 n/a n/a
to
23-Nov-99
30-Nov-99 n/a n/a
9-Dec-99 7 2 14
SITE PREPARATION - Tour of the Paxton
Landfill
SITE PREPARATION - Trailers delivered to
the landfill
SITE PREPARATION - Commonwealth
Edison inspector visits landfill and determines
how electricity can be supplied to the trailers.
Installation of a riser is necessary to support
electrical cable from transformer to Trailer #2
on north end. Electrical cable from Trailer # 2
to Trailer #1 will be buried.
SITE PREPARATION - First electrical
contractor inspects site and provides us with an
estimate for the hook-up.
MONITORING - 2 preliminary canister
samples in order to determine the typical
concentrations at the site. One canister located
on top of trailer 2 on north end. Second
canister on the ground near trailer 1 on south
end.
SITE PREPARATION - Second electrical
contractor inspects site and provides an
estimate for the installation of riser and meter.
SITE PREPARATION - The contractor from
Edgewater begins installing the riser and meter
near our trailers.
SITE PREPARATION - Installation of
electrical cables at the site. Power is obtained
by the two trailers.
SITE PREPARATION / EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE / MONITORING - UV-
DOAS is installed. Technical representative
-26-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE a
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
from France provides training on the operation
of the UV-DOAS.
10-Dec-99 10 3 30 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / MONITORING
1 l-Dec-99 - Training on UV-DOAS.
14-Dec-99 4 4 16 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Performed
realignment of the UV beam with the receiver.
2l-Dec-99 4 2 8 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Performed
realignment of the UV beam with the receiver.
23-Dec-99 4 2 8 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / SITE
PREPARATION - Performed realignment of the
UV beam with the receiver. Attempted to install
meteorological station. Installation not successful,
because ground was frozen.
10-Jan-00 6 3 18 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / SITE
PREPARATION - The computer system froze.
After rebooting the system, the beam was tracked
down with the receiver. Realignment not
successful. IEPA representative installed the ozone
monitor in Trailer # 2. Meteorological station
installed.
12-Jan-00 4 2 8
14-Jan-00 5 2 10
19-Jan-00 6 2 12
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Realignment of
UV beam performed during the day. Not
successful.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Alignment
attempted early in the morning, while it is still dark
No success in achieving alignment. Light intensity
and peak still very low.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Attempted
alignment early in the evening. The beam was very
weak and difficult to see. Even though alignment
was achieved spectrum intensity level of 10000 to
16000 points and light intensity 50% to 90% not
attained.
-27-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE a
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
24-Jan-00 5 4 20 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Alignment
attempted early in the morning, while it is still dark
No success in achieving alignment. Light intensity
and peak still very low.
25-Jan-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Alignment
attempted early in the morning, while it is still dark
No success in achieving alignment. Light intensity
and peak still very low.
27-Jan-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Alignment
attempted early in the morning, while it is still dark
No success in achieving alignment. Light intensity
and peak still very low.
2-Feb-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Alignment
attempted early in the morning, while it is still dark
No success in achieving alignment. Light intensity
and peak still very low.
7-Feb-00 3 2 6
9-Feb-00 6 2 12
ll-Feb-00 n/a n/a
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Went to the site
and light in the projector was out. Fan inside the
projector not working.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Replaced light
bulb, but the projector still did not work.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Conference call
with technical representatives and engineers.
Arrangements were made to have one of the
engineers look at the projector.
14-Feb-00 4 2 8
21-Feb-00 5 2 10
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Engineer and
UIC student took projector apart and checked the
voltage coming through the power supply and to the
lamp. It was discovered that the 2amp fuse was
burnt out, so old fuse was replaced with a 4amp
fuse. Fan starts to work, but the lamp is still out.
Engineer takes back the UV-DOAS to his lab in
Geneva.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Reinstall the
projector with a new power supply and light bulb.
-28-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE a
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
22-Feb-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / MONITORING
- Alignment in the evening was successful and ideal
spectrum intensity level of 15,000 points was
achieved. Attempt to collect UV-DOAS data.
23-Feb-00 2.5 2 5
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE /
MONITORING- Computer system froze and we
needed to reboot the system. Light visibility was
too low. No alignment was attempted due to rainy
conditions.
25-Feb-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / MONITORING
- Alignment was performed early in the morning.
Difficult to do due to the foggy conditions.
However, alignment was achieved. Collected UV-
DOAS data.
29-Feb-00 4 2 8
3-Mar-00 2 2 4
8-Mar-00 2.5 2 5
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Realignment of
UV beam performed during the day. Not
successful.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Came to the
site and noticed that projector was out agaia Fan
was still working.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Met with
engineer and changed the light bulb. Apparently,
the old light bulb's tip melted off and left a hole in
the bulb. Lamp is working again.
15-Mar-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Alignment
performed and successful. However, peak and light
intensity numbers kept on dropping every 3
minutes. Could not perform the calibration on the
instrument. Very windy conditions that day.
16-Mar-00 4 1 4 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Realignment
needed.
17-Mar-00 4 2 8
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Realignment of
UV beam performed during the day. Not
successful.
-29-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
26-Mar-00 2 1 2
27-Mar-00 2 1 2
29-Mar-00 7 2 14
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Went to the site
to check on the UV-DOAS. The lamp in the
projector is out again.
MONITORING - Downloaded the UV-DOAS files
and emails them to technical representative in
France.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Sanded down
the connectors to the lamp. Projector begins to
work again. Came back to the site at 9pm to do the
alignment. The projector was aligned with the
receiver but still the numbers are too low.
31-Mar-00 7 2 14
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / MONITORING
- Adjusted the light bulb within the projector.
Performed realignment, but numbers were still too
low. Two canister samples from the leachate wells,
one upwind sample, and one downwind sample were
collected.
4-Apr-00 4 2 8
6-Apr-00 5 2 10
MONITORING - Collected one canister sample
from well, one upwind sample, and one downwind
sample.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE -Technical
representative from France arrives in Chicago. He
aligned the beam with the mirror.
7-Apr-00 6 3 18
8-Apr-00 6 3 18
9-Apr-00 8 2 16
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Technical
representative attempted to replace the mirror in the
projector, but could not due to the rain. Alignment,
benzene & toluene calibrations of the UV-DOAS,
and baseline adjustment performed.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Technical
representative changed the mirror in the projector
and improved the alignment of the projector.
MONITORING / EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
- Collected 12 canister samples with the winds
coming from the NW and NE. Alignment
-30-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
improved.
10-Apr-00 7 2 14
11-Apr-00 6 2 12
12-Apr-00 4 2 8
13-Apr-00 4 2 8
19-Apr-00 3 1 3
21-Apr-00 5.5 2 11
24-Apr-00 6 1 6
25-Apr-00 7 1 7
26-Apr-00 6 1 6
28-Apr-00 7 2 14
l-May-00 6 1 6
MONITORING / EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
- Collected 12 canister samples with the winds
coming from the NW and NE. Alignment
improved.
MONITORING / EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
- Collected 6 canister samples with the winds
coming from the NW and NE. Alignment
improved.
MONITORING - Collected 6 canister samples
MONITORING / EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
- Collected 3 Canister samples. Benzene and
toluene calibrations performed.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - 21 canisters
delivered to Paxton. 22 canisters available for
sampling. UV-DOAS requires realignment.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE - Performed
realignment. No canister samples were collected
because of the windy conditions (wind speed >20
mp.h.) at the site.
MONITORING - Collected 6 canister samples
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE / MONITORING
- Realignment performed. Collected 9 canister
samples. Each set of three was placed along the
beam
MONITORING - Collected 9 canister samples.
MONITORING - Collected 4 samples. Three
canisters were placed along the beam and one
upwind.
MONITORING / EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
- Collected 6 samples. All were placed along the
-31-
-------
TABLE VI. SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE LANDFILL SITE a
Date # of Hours # of # of person Event
Spent at Site Persons -hours
beam. Changed the filters and silica gel for ozone
and NOx monitors
2-May-00 n/a n/a Delivered canister samples at Maywood IEPA
office and picked up new canisters.
3-May-00 5 1 5 MONITORING - Collected 8 canister samples.
Six samples were collected along the beam and two
samples were collected downwind.
Total hours 243 493.5
a A complete Paxton project activity log is shown in Table VIII, Appendix B.
TABLE VII SUMMARY OF UV-DOAS MAINTENANCE
Activity
Hours
Total hours to align projector with receiver (person-hours)
137
Total number of trips to align projector with receiver
29
Total number of 1 hour canister measurements
75
Total hours for maintenance and calibration (person-hours)
59
Total number of trips for maintenance and calibration
10
-32-
-------
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Log of Events Leading to the Preparation, Installation, and Data Collection
of the Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer
The temporary nature of this study prevented the installation of a permanent, fixed
platform for the SANOA UV-DOAS. Instead the projector was bolted down to a wooden pallet,
secured to the roof of Trailer #2, and 232 meters away, the receiver was housed inside Trailer #1.
In 29 out of 50 site visits we found that the projector was out of alignment with the receiver and
thus, realignment of the beam was necessary The misalignment of the beam was due to various
weather conditions (i.e. high winds, freezing/thawing, snow, etc.) affecting the stability of the
UV-DOAS system, as well as the trailers. A total of 137 person-hours were spent on realigning
the beam (Table VII).
It is important that the beam is aligned perfectly in order to ensure reliability and accuracy
of the UV-DOAS data collected. Two persons are often needed to perform this task. Alignment
can be done during the day. However, from our experience, it is more time consuming and the
beam is more difficult to see. Therefore, it is recommended that realignment of the ultraviolet
beam take place during the evening or before sunrise. One operator would observe light intensity,
as well as the highest peak detected indicated by the Vision Air software. Through radio
communication, another operator, who is on top of the roof of Trailer #2, listens for the values
and adjusts the beam through two knobs that move it right or left and up or down. Alignment is
achieved when light intensity is between the ranges of 30 to 90 percent and when the spectrum
intensity level detected is between the ranges of 10,000 to 16,000 points.
In addition to realignment of the UV-DOAS, 10 site visits (refer to Tables VI and VII) were
required to maintain and calibrate this remote sensing device. We encountered maintenance issues,
such as replacing the light bulb of projector's xenon vapor lamp, changing the projector's fan
filter, sanding down the corrosion buildup on the cathode and anode wires of the lamp, and having
to replace the projector's power supply and mirror. A total of 59 person-hours were spent
maintaining the instrument.
B. Comparison of the Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer
Measurements with Reference Method Measurements
Table VIII summarizes the descriptive statistics (slope of the best fitted line, R2, and the
overall average concentration) obtained by plotting the relationship between the reference method
(VOC canister sample or direct reading monitor measurements) and the SANOA UV-DOAS.
The associations between the UV-DOAS and reference method data sets were determined by
comparing the paired concentrations.
-33-
-------
TABLE VIII COMPARISON DATA FOR THE UV-DOAS AND THE SPECIFIED
REFERENCE METHOD
Compound
Number
of Data
Points
Slope
R2
UV-DOAS Average
Concentration
ug/m3
Average Reference Method
Concentration, ug/m3
Direct Reading
Monitor"
VOC Canister
Sample
NO,
225
1.016
0.67
44.64
44.73
n/a
03
232
0.683
0.68
55.11
56.03
n/a
Benzene
74
19.86
n/a
2.62
Toluene
74
20.13
n/a
1.45
M-Xylene
74
13.66
n/a
1.45
Styrene
74
8.55
n/a
0.46
a Nitrogen dioxide concentrations analyzed by TECO 42 NOx monitor. Ozone concentrations
analyzed by Dasibi Model 1003AH ozone monitor.
1. Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
One hour average concentrations were calculated for both nitrogen dioxide and ozone. By
referring to Table III, the hours where no data were recorded indicate that either the UV-DOAS
or direct reading monitor was not functioning properly or the concentration of the compound was
non-detectable. Figure 7 represents the relationship between the UV-DOAS and the direct
reading monitor for ozone. A strong association is seen between the two ozone measurement
methods (R2 = 0.67). In addition, the overall ozone UV-DOAS average (AVGuv_doas= 55.11
ug/m3) and direct reading monitor average (AVGDRM= 56.05 ug/m3) are consistent with each
other.
Figure 8 shows the relationship between the UV-DOAS and the nitrogen dioxide direct
reading monitor. The two methods are strongly associated (R2 = 0.68) with similar averages
(AVG uv. D0AS = 44.6 ug/m3 and AVG DRM = 44.7 ug/m3). The slope is close to 1.0 and the
intercept is close to zero.
Method comparison was also carried out comparing only the nighttime measurements and
only daytime measurements. (Day was defined as 0600 to 1800 hours). When plotting the
concentrations detected at night and during the day (Figures 9 and 10), not only were there strong
associations between the direct reading monitors and the UV-DOAS, but also patterns consistent
with meteorology were seen for both N02 and 03. During the evening, N02 concentrations were
higher at night (Figure 9A) than during the day (Figure 9B), which is consistent with the nighttime
radiation inversion. During the evening hours, the layers of air close to the ground are cooled
down more than the upper layers. The lower layers of air remain stable, thus, trapping pollutants
-34-
-------
like N02 and causing them to increase in concentration. In contrast, the 03 concentrations were
found to be lower at night (Figure 10A) than during the day (Figure 10B), which is consistent
with the lack of sunlight driving the ozone forming process.
Nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS and the direct
reading monitors were also plotted against wind direction to see if any major sources were
evident. Figures 11 and 12 show the 03 and N02 distribution with direction. Based on the plots,
no direction was found to be more notable for either 03 or N02. It was expected that the
concentrations would be non-directional, but it remained possible that a significant N02 source
direction might be identified. However, this was not the case.
2. Benzene, Toluene, m-Xylene and Styrene Data
For the organic compounds, Figures 13 through 16 represents the relationship
seen between the UV-DOAS and the canister samples. No associations were seen between
the UV-DOAS and canister samples for benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and styrene. Even when the
UV-DOAS data were plotted according to the position of the canister along the beam, as seen in
Figure 17, no correlation could be found. Position plots for toluene, m-xylene, and styrene also
showed no correlation between the UV-DOAS data and the canister data.
Also, for all the organic pollutants, adjustments were performed in order to further
determine the relationship between the UV-DOAS and the canister samples. When the UV-
DOAS was calibrated for the first time on April 7, 2000 the span factor used to configure the
Visionair software was possibly set too high. In order to adjust the data to the appropriate span
factor and compensate for the offset, the Environnement S.A. technical representative
recommended that approximately 34 to 35 ug/m3 be subtracted from the toluene data and
16 ug/m3 subtracted from the benzene data recorded from April 9, 2000 through April 12, 2000
(Table XV, Appendix B). However, even when the benzene and toluene concentrations were
adjusted, Figures 18 and 19 still show no correlation between the canisters and the UVDOAS.
Similarly in Figure 20 and Figure 21, which include only the data collected after the
second UV-DOAS calibration on April 13, no correlation between the two monitoring methods is
apparent. The styrene data obtained from the canister sampling were also adjusted by eliminating
the non-detectable data (or the zero values). Figure 22 shows a slight correlation between the
UV-DOAS and the canister samples.
Figures 23 to 26 shows the effect of variability in the canister samples. Note that the
vertical and horizontal scales are not of equal length. Variations of the concentrations between
three simultaneously collected canisters (0-7 ug/m3) were not enough to explain the lack of
association in UV-DOAS and canister concentrations for benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and styrene.
Wind direction plots (Figures 27 and 28) were used as an attempt to locate sources of
benzene and toluene. Figure 27 shows the average UV-DOAS and canister concentrations for
-35-
-------
benzene plotted against the 8 wind directions (NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW and
NNW). It was expected that concentrations of benzene would be higher when winds are coming
from the northeast direction, because a coke oven plant, a significant source of this organic
compound, is located on that particular side of the Paxton landfill. This was demonstrated by the
UV-DOAS data set, but not by the canister samples. However, based on our canister results, we
see high concentrations of benzene coming from an unidentified source in the WSW and NNW
directions. As for toluene, it was expected that the concentrations would be higher when the
winds were coming from the west, possibly due to the VOC emission from the landfill leachate.
Figure 28 shows the UV-DOAS and canister samples support this expectation. Ultraviolet
differential optical absorption spectrometer toluene concentrations were also shown to be
originating from an unknown source in the NNE and ENE directions.
In Figure 29, the sum of the concentrations for benzene, toluene, and m-xylene for both
UV-DOAS and canister samples. No association was seen between the UV-DOAS and canister
samples for the sum of the organic compounds.
Benzene-toluene ratio plots were also created to determine if there is an association
between the UV-DOAS and the canister samples. Figure 30 represents the benzene-toluene ratios
for both the UV-DOAS and canisters. As seen in the figure, the benzene-toluene ratio for
UV-DOAS is different from the ratio obtained from the canister samples.
Benzene-toluene ratios were also plotted individually for the UV-DOAS and canisters.
Figure 31 shows the benzene-toluene ratio plot for the UV-DOAS. Figure 32 shows the benzene-
toluene ratio plot for the canister samples. The two benzene-toluene ratio plots are not related.
However, when considered individually, an association is seen. In both figures, there is a similar
pattern for the benzene concentration average being approximately equal to the toluene
concentration average. But the slopes for each ratio plot are entirely different.
-36-
-------
140.00
120.00
100.00
r>
£ 80.00
o
3
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
y = 0.6835x +16.799
R2 = 0.6651
D i re ct R e a d i ng M o ni to r Av g. = 56.051 ug /rrttf
UV-DOASAvg. = 55.11 ug/m3
N = 232
y t * * ** '
-20.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Direct Reading Monitor(ug/m3)
140.00
Figure 7. Comparison of direct reading and UV-DOAS ozone concentrations.
37
-------
140.00
0.00
20.00 40.00 60.00
Direct Reading Monitor (ug/m3)
80.00
100.00
Figure 8. Comparison of direct reading and UV-DOAS nitrogen dioxide concentrations.
38
-------
1 40
1 20 -
3 80 A
y = 1 ,0513k- 1.6522
R2= 0.6498
Direct Reading Monitor Avg. = 52.72 ug/rn3
UV-DOAS Avg. = 53.78 ug/m3 <
N = 99
20
40 60
Direct Reading Monitor (ug/m3)
80
1 00
120
100 -
y = 0.9606x +0.5195 <
R2= 0.6563
Direct Reading Monitor Avg. = 38.45 ug/rnc
UV-DOAS Avg. = 37.45 ug/m3
N = 126 ~
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Direct Reading Monitor (ug/m3)
80
90
100
Figure 9, Direct reading and UV-DOAS nitrogen dioxide concentrations (A) nighttime, 1900 to
0500 hours, (B) daytime, 0600 to 1800 hours.
39
-------
-
y = 0.6966x + 16.357
:
R2 = 0.6279
¦
Direct Reading Monitor Avg. =42.02 ug/m3 +
_
UV-DOAS Avg = 45.63 ug/m3 " ~
.
N = 104
:
~ ~
~ * ~
¦
* *
~:
4 ~ ~ ~ ~
tp ;\ * ~
~ +
i i i i i
-20
20 40 60 80
Direct Reading Monitor (ug/m3)
100
120
1 40
120
100 H
80
60
40 -
20 -
y = 0.6739X + 17.362
R2 = 0.605
Direct Reading MonitorAvg. = 67.45 ug/rn3
UV-DOAS Avg. = 62.45 ug/m3
N = 128
i 1 1 1
40 60 80 100
Direct Reading Monitor (ug/m3)
20
120
140
Figure 10. Direct reading and UV-DOAS ozone concentrations, (A) nighttime, 1900 to 0500
hours, (B) daytime, 0600 to 1800 hours.
40
-------
»60 4~
1 o ,
150 +4
£40 -j-
v
1 =30
^20
JE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNVV NNW
WIND DIRECTION
~ AVERAGE UV-DOAS
CONCENTPATI0NS DURING
THE NIGHT (UG/M3)
a AVERAGE DIRECT READING
MONITOR
CONCENTRATIONS
DETECTED DURING THE
NIGHT
Hi)
TJ
X
o
60
« 50
CO
E
"St 40
E
O)
O)
©
30
Ui
rs
i
o>
>
£ 20
£
d)
c 10 -H
o
o
0
~ AVERAGE W-DQAS
CONCENTRATIONS DURING
THE DAY (U3/M3)
oAVTOGE DRECTREADNG
MCWITOR C0NCENTRA"nCI\6
DETECTED DUF3NG THE CAY
NNE BME ESE SSE SSW W3W VMWV NWV
WIMD DIRECTION
Figure 11. Average NO, concentrations vs. wind direction, (A) nighttime, 1900 to 0500 hours
(B) daytime, 0600 to 1800 hours.
41
-------
70
C
O
1
m
o
C
O
U
m
s
o
M
o
111
Si
iB
a)
>
<
60
50
40
£30
S5
20
10
NNE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNW NNW
WIND DIRECTION
Ut
C
o
90
90
£ 70
60
o " 50
o =
q> g)4Q
O
N
o
a>
ui
«4
(V
>
<
30
20 4-
10
¦JE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNW NNW
WIND DIRECTION
~ AVERAGE UV-DOAS
CONCENTRATIONS
DETECTED DURING THE
NIGHT
a AVERAGE DIRECT
READING MONITOR
CONCENTRATIONS
DETECTED DURING THE
NIGHT
~ AVERAGE UV-DCAS
CONCENTRATIONS
DETECTED DURING THE
CAY
B AVERAGE DIRECT
READING MONITOR
CONCENTRATIONS
DETECTED DURING THE
DAY
Figure 12. Average ozone concentrations vs. wind direction, (A) nighttime, 1900 to 0500 hours,
(B) daytime, 0600 to 1800 hours.
42
-------
35.00
30.00 -
25.00 -
20.00 -
to
<
o
> 15.00 -
10.00 -
5.00 -
0.00
+ +
~ ~ ~
~
~
~ ~
~ ~ ~
~
~
^0.6385 x +21.527
FT =0.0147
N = 74
Canister Ave rage = 2.62 ug/rn3
UV-DQAS Average = 19.86 ug/rri:
V
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Canister Samples (ug/m3)
Figure 13. Relationship plot of the one-hour average benzene concentrations.
43
-------
45.00
40.00 ;t
35.00 -
30.00
25.00
CO
"I 20.00
tf)
¦S
Q 15.00
>
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00 -
-10.00
+ ~
~~
J
~ *
~ ~
+
~ +
~
y= 0.3430k + 19.627
R2 = 0.0015, r-J=73
Canister Average = 1.45ugfm3
UV-DOAS Average = 20.13 ug'rn3
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Caiister Samples (ug/m3)
3.00 9.00 10.00
Figure 14. Relationship plot of the one-hour average toluene concentrations.
44
-------
35.00
30.U0
25.00 -
W 20.00 H
LO
<
o
Q
5 15.00 H
~ ~ ~
~
4- 4
~
4*+
~ 4
4 4
y = -1.3999 x +15.698
R2 = 0.0333
N=74
Canister Average = 1.45 ug/rn3
UV-DOAS Average = 13.66 ug/rri3
10.00 -
~ ~ + .
*~ ~ 4
5.00 -
~ M-
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Canister Samples (ug/m3)
6.00
7.00
Figure 15. Relationship plot of the one-hour average m-xylene concentrations.
45
-------
20.00
1 5.00
1 0.00
CO
-I
OS
(fl
¦a
O
a
>
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-1 0.00
~ ~
+ +
+ *¦
* ~-
"I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
y= 1 ,797k + 7.733
R2 = 0.0733
N = 74
Canister Average = 0.46 u g/rn 3
UV-DOAS Average = 8.55 ug/rri3
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.UU
Canister Samples (ug/m3)
Figure 16. Relationship plot of the one-hour average styrene concentrations.
46
-------
35.00
30.00 -
25.00 -
*
* ~
y = -1.3286x + 22.608
R2 =0.0505
N = 25
Cani ster A/eraqe = 2.62ug/ni3
UV-DOAS Average = 19.86
ug/mG
-E_ 20.00 -
=j
VJ
<
o
Q
> 15.00 -\
10.00 -
~
*
~~
5.00 -
0.00
0.00
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
C aniste r SampIes Located i n Position #1 (ug/m3)
6.00
Figure 17A. Benzene concentrations: UV-DOAS data versus data obtained from canisters located
in Position 1.
47
-------
35.00
30.00 -
25.00 -
*
~
y = -1.2054k +22.873
R2 = 0.0534
N = 24
C a n i st e r Ave ra g e = 2.67 ug/m3
UV-DOAS Average =19.66 ug/m3
20.00 -
to
<
o
> 15.00 H
10.00
5.00
+
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Canister Located at Position U2 (ug/m3)
7.00
8.00
Figure 17B. Benzene concentrations: UV-DOAS data versus data obtained from canisters located
in Position 2.
48
-------
35.00
30.00
25.00
| 20.00
S)
3,
(fl
¦a
o
a
15.00
10.00
5.00
~ ~
y = 0.534 7x+ 18.443
R2 =0.0116
N = 25
Canister Average = 2.84ug/m3
UV-DOAS Average = 1 9.96ug/m3
*~
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Canister Sanples Located at Position 3 (ug/m3)
7.00
i.OO
Figure 17C. Benzene concentrations: UY-DOAS data versus data obtained from canisters located
in Position 3.
49
-------
35.00
30.00
#- ~
+ ~
25.00 -
20.00 -
m
£
B5
£ 15.00 -
o
a
>
10.00 H
5.00
IK
?v
~ ~
~
+ +
~ ~
+
~ ~
~~
% *
~
~
0.00
-5.00
0.00 1.00 2.00
3.00 4.00 5.00
Canister Sarrples (ug.m3)
6.00 7.00
.00
Figure 18. One hour average benzene concentrations (with offset adjustments).
50
-------
40
30 -
20 -
cn
=n
O
O
¦>
10 -
+ ~ ~
+ +
~
t +v
0 1
4 5 6
Canister San|)les (ugm3)
9 10
Figure 19. One hour average toluene concentrations (with offset adjustments).
51
-------
35.00
30.00 -
25.00 -
-= 20.00 -
B!
CO
<
o
5 15.00 H
10.00 -
5.00 -
0.00
r
* *
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Canister Samples (ug/m3)
Figure 20. One hour average benzene concentrations (after April 13, 2000 UV-DOAS
calibration).
52
-------
3 4 5 6
Canister Sarnies (ug/m3)
Figure 21. One hour average toluene concentrations (after April 13, 2000 UV-DOAS calibration).
20.00 -
15.00 -
£
t 10.00 -
LO
<
g 5.00 -
>
0.00 -
-5.00 -
0.00 0.90 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Canister Samples (ug/m3)
Figure 22. One hour average styrene concentrations (non-detectable data excluded).
AA k
A.
W i a * 4
f *A A A
A
A
53
-------
35.00
30.00
m 25.00
F>
E
S)
3
a>
£ 20.00
£
m
ui
<
o
9 15.00
>
3
3
0
1
10.00
H-
I
I ¦ I
5.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
Average Canister Benzene Along the Beam, ugm3
Figure 23. Effect of canister benzene variation vs. UV-DOAS.
54
-------
45.00
35.00
to
^ 25.00
o
3
4?
c
0)
3
tn 15.00
<
O
9
>
>.
3
O
X
5.00
-5.00
-15.00
I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I-
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Average Canister Toluene Along the Beam, ug/m 3
14.00
Figure 24. Effect of canister toluene variation vs. UV-DOAS.
55
-------
Of
c
(V
20.00
15.00
f, 1000
:r^
5.00
0.00
1III|IIII|IIII|IIII|IIII|IIII|IIII|IIII|IIII 1IIII-
-5.00
-10.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Average Canister Styrene Along the Beam, ug m3
Figure 25. Effect of canister styrene variation vs. UV-DOAS.
56
-------
35.00
30.00
25.00
¦£, 20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
d b
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Average Canister M-Xylene Along the B earn, ug/m3
9.00 10.00
Figure 26. Effect of canister m-xylene variation vs. UV-DOAS.
57
-------
c
D
I
05
U
S
o
o G
as -S
s= ra
QJ 3
M
c
HI
CD
0)
ra
0)
>
4
25
20 --
15 --
10 --
5 --
M
_h£j
~<
:
~ AVERAGE UV-DOAS
CONCENTRATIONS
(UG/M3)
0 AVERAGE CANISTER
CONCENTRATIONS
(UGM3)
NNE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNW NNW
WWD DIRECTION
Figure 27. Average benzene concentrations vs. wind direction.
35
V)
s.
_o
n
30
as
u
=
° m
<-> £
= »
5 = 15
25
20
aj
n
u.
a)
>
<
10
5
_ si-
iS.
_5ZL_
i
.k
S AVERAGE UV-DO.AS
CONCENTRATIONS
(UG/M3)
~ AVERAGE
CANSTER
CO NCENTR ATI O NS
(UGm)
NNE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNW NNW
WIND DIRECTION
Figure 28. Average toluene concentrations vs. wind direction.
58
-------
120.00
100.00 -
80.00
0
E
cu
01
<
O
o
>
60.00
40.00 -
20.00
0.00
0.00
y = 0.2474X + 52.55
R2= 0.001
N = 73
Canister Average = 5.48 ug/m3
UV-DOA3 Average = 53.91 ug/m3
++ «** + ++ * ~
~
+ * *
~ ~
~~ ~
~ ~
~
Jy.
5.00
10.00 15.00
Canisters (ugm?)
20.00
25.00
Figure 29. Relationship plot of the sum of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene concentrations
obtained by the UV-DOAS and canister samples.
59
-------
40.00
35.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Benzene'Toluene: Canister Samples
6.00
Figure 30. Benzene-toluene ratios for UV-DOAS vs. benzene-toluene ratios for the canister
samples.
60
-------
Toluene (ug/m3)
Figure 31. Benzene-toluene ratio plot for the UV-DOAS.
61
-------
8.00 n
7.00 -
6.00 -
y = 0.389X + 2.0427
R2 = 0.1635
N = 73
Benzene Average = 2.61 ug/rn3
Toluene Average = 1.45 ug/m3
_ 5.00 -
r>
£
O)
3
* 4.00
c
a)
M
c
CD
3.00
t ~
2.00
1.00 -
0.00
0.00
2.00
4.00 6.00
Toluene (ug m3)
8.00
10.00
Figure 32. Benzene-toluene ratio plot for the canister samples.
62
-------
V. CONCLUSIONS
It is necessary that the UV-DOAS be installed on a stable platform (i.e. embedded
in concrete or installed on the rooftop of a building), so as to ensure the alignment of the
projected ultraviolet beam with the receiver. From our experience, 29 site visits were required to
align the projected beam. Most importantly, two operators are required to maintain this remote
sensing device. The UV-DOAS may not be appropriate for temporary use or in emergency
response situations.
Even though a strong association was demonstrated between the N02 and 03 detected by
UV-DOAS and the direct reading monitors, based on our observations as seen in Table VII, the
UV-DOAS did not accurately detect organic compound concentrations comparable to those
detected by the canister samples. Therefore, our data suggest that the UV-DOAS is not suitable
for toxic air measurements. Specific conclusions were:
A strong association was found between the UV-DOAS and the direct ozone-reading
monitor with a slope of about 0.68.
A strong association was found between the UV-DOAS and the direct nitrogen dioxide
reading monitor with a slope of about 1.0.
No association was found for the benzene concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS and
the canister samples. The UV-DOAS average and canister average differed by 17ug/m3.
No association was found for the toluene concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS and
the canister samples. The UV-DOAS average and canister average differed by 18ug/m3.
No association was found for the m-xylene concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS and
the canister samples. The UV-DOAS average and canister average differed by 12ug/m3.
No association was found for the styrene concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS and
the canister samples. The UV-DOAS average and canister average differed by 8ug/m3.
No association was found for the sum of the benzene, toluene, and m-xylene
concentrations detected by the UV-DOAS and the canister samples.
The overall benzene-toluene ratio plot for both the UV-DOAS and the canister samples
showed no association.
Associations were found in the individual benzene-toluene ratio plots for the UV-DOAS
and the canister samples. Average benzene concentrations were approximately equal to
the average toluene concentrations.
-63-
-------
VI RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are made based on the results of this study:
To ensure stability of the SANOA UV-DOAS system, both the projector and receiver
should be embedded in a fixed support, such as concrete or on the roof of a building. By
doing this, the UV-DOAS operator could possibly reduce maintenance time, obtain proper
beam alignment, and obtain reliable measurements.
When maintaining the UV-DOAS system, at least two trained operators should be present,
most especially when realigning the projected beam.
When using the UV-DOAS for the first time, a thorough hands-on training session should
cover the following topics.
Maintaining the projector and receiver (i.e. changing the lamp bulb or fan filter).
Align the beam using the tracking system, performing focal adjustments, and using
"eyeball techniques".
Operation of the Visionair computer software.
Interpretation of the configuration values (i.e. ideal peak or light visibility for
obtaining proper alignment or reliable measurements).
Calibration of the UV-DOAS system.
-64-
-------
CITED LITERATURE
Brocco, D., Fratarcangeli, Lepore, L., Petricca, M., Ventrone, I.: Determination of aromatic
hydrocarbons in urban air of Rome. Atmospheric Environment 31;557-566, 1997.
Barrefors, G.: Monitoring of benzene, toluene and p-xylene in urban air with differential optical
absorption spectroscopy technique. The Science of the Total Environment 189/190;287-292,
1996.
Chanda, A., Robbins, J., Mackay, G.I.: Optical remote sensing measurements using a uv-DOAS
system. 90th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Toronto, Canada,
1997.
Dasibi Environmental Corporation: Operating and Instruction Manual for the Model 1003AH
Ozone Monitor. 1997.
Dombro, R., Mazurek, J., Koehler, T., Swan, T.: Memorandum on the Paxton Landfill Canister
Analysis, June 13, 2000.
E. Roberts Alley & Associates: Air Quality Control Handbook. New York, N.Y., McGraw Hill,
1998.
Environnement S.A.: Multi-Gas Long Path Air Quality Monitoring System: UV-DOAS, Sanoa
Manual 1997.
Volkamer, R., Etzkorn, T., Geyer, A., Piatt, U.: Correction of the oxygen interference with UV
spectroscopic (DOAS) measurements of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric Environment 32:3731-3747. 1998.
-65-
-------
APPENDIX A
SANOA
Span check data sheet
R ef e re nee con ditions
Serial number \
Customer Q
Test conditions
Paiton
Current calibration ractor
Monitoring path length: L=
Tdet=|
10
VisionAIR Ver | 3.35 |
Date | 07-Apr-QQ |
l.OOO
232
y
ppb conversion used :
"C Gas cylinder concentration: Ccell
Component I Ben
Molar weight; Mw= | 78.11 |r/MoI
lOl ~] pp rri
5
1015 1 hPa
[23 Barometric Pressure correction &&rOtt 1 ft r 1C prOS'-.UfO
fjfo-1013.25
Conversion factor
ppm to jjg/m3
Conversion Factor
path to Cell
Fc= (Mw * 12186.5)/(273.15+Tdet)x Pa/Po
Fc = 1 3367.5S~1
Fp " LSLc&l/
Fp = 1 6B23.53 |
Measurement data unit:
|tg/m3
tl
Time: | 15:30 1
12
15:48
t3
16:Q9
Gas: (^Zero Air J [_ Ben
Monitored concentrations: C= | 23.36 juft/m3 | /2.S2 |uft/m3
Data Processing
Relative background instability £¦¦ = 100x( 03 C;>
Background pollution at 12 Cf -- (Cl + C3)/2
Corrected concentration at t2 Cc CP-Cf
| Zero Air |
| 26.4-2 ~ltWm3
I *-2% 1
I 24.89 | (jg/rn3
| 47.93 "|MP./'tn3
Data comparison
Atmosphere [
Theoritival
Concentrations
Ceft
49.8
Monitored
Cone entrat ions
Cm on
OillcrcncB
Cell [_
101.0
] Mg/rn3
] ppm
(tSm-pn Coffj / Cc ff
47.9 | M£/m3
j ppm
| -3.8% |
Ceff/Cmon x previous span factor
New Span factor =
1.040
Figure 33. UV-D0AS span check data sheet for the benzene calibration performed on April 7,
2000.
66
-------
APPENDIX A
SANOA
Span check data sheet
Reference conditions
Serial number
Customer |~
Test conditions
Paxton
VisionAIR Ver. [
Date I
3 35
13-Api-QO
Current calibration factor
l-OOOl
Component
8eti
Monitoring path length: L= | 232 |m
Tdet^L
20.51
Molar weight: Mw~ | 7S.11 |g/Mol
1Q1 1 pprn
pp)> conversion used :
"C Gas cylinder concentration: Cceil
H
yc
EIHaromfitric Prxissurc cx>rrection Baromstric pressure (Pa): [ 1013,25 Ihf^a
Required only if no pfGastife sertsor is cwjnectec/ tor ppl) wis raxte or it yjg/m3 tinjis mtjcfe is select&J
(Pv =1013.25 (rPaJ
Conversion factor
ppm to |jR/m3
Conversion Factor
path to Cell
Fc= (Mw * 1218G.5)/(273.}S+Tdet)x Pa/Pa
Fe = | 3241.46 "1
hp = L/Lccll
Fp = | 6823.53 I
Measurement data unit:
|jg/m3
tl
Time: | 12:15 |
t2
I 12:36 |
t3
12:51
Gas: | Zero Air
Monitored concentrations: C | 7.96
Da t m Processing
Relative baeKg round instability
Background pollution at t2
Corrected concentration at t2
c
Ben
1
Zero Air
]|Jg/m3 | 57.3Q2 ~|Mg/m3 j 13.596 [pg/mS
Sr = 10Ox( C3-C1)/C2
Ct -¦ CCl-t-C3>/'S
Cc C2-Cf
*8%
_10.778 ] (jg/m3
46.524 ]|jg/tn3
D al3. comparison
Atmosphere
Cell
Theoritical
Concentrations
Ceff
48.0
lOl.G
Monitored
Concentrations
Croon
] |jg/m3 [ 46.5 | Mg/m3
1 ppm | 9S I ppm
Difference
(Crrrnn Ceff) / Csff
1 -3.Q% ~|
3.0% |
cetf/cmon x previous span factor
!
I Nc-vs 5pqn factor =
1.031
Figure 34. UV-DOAS span check data sheet for the benzene calibration performed on April 13,
2000.
67
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMOA
Span check data sheet
Reference conditions
Serial number 1 | Vision AIR Ver j 3,35
Customer[ Paxton j Date ;[ 07-Apr-QQ
' Te«t candtltons
Current calibration factor ? .1. OGO[ Component | Tol I
Monitoring path length: L | 232 [in Molar weight: Mw_ f 92-14 "[r/Mq!
Tdet [ 1Q | "C Gas cyii rider concentration: Ccell = | 98.8 Ippm
ppb conversion used : Standard *> | | 5 ["C
12] Haranwtrtr correction Barometric pressure {Pa). | 1Q13 |hPa
Rewind aniy it no pressure sensor is connected fof ppb Urn b rmxJe or rfug/mS anils made is salad tad
Conversion factor Fc= (Mw * 12186.b)/{273.15+ Tdet)x Pa/Pn
ppm to MR/m3 Fc = f 3964.64 1
.(Po-1013.25 hPa)
Conversion Factor Fp = L/Lceil
path to Cell Fp | 5823.53 |
Measurement data unit: pg/m3
tl tS 13
Time: 16:09 | 16:33 ! 16:57
Gas: | Zero Air | | Tol | | Zero Air |
Monitored concentrations: C [ 21763 ]pg/rn3 \ 56.26 Ipa/rtiS j 14.98 |mk/iti3
Data Processing
Relative background instability 5( . 10.8%
Background pollution at t2 Cf t'Ci 1 1S.QQ5 "]pj?/m3
Corrected concentration al 12 i 38.255 jpR/m3
Data comparison
Theorilical Monitored Difference
Concentrations Concentrations
Ceff Cm on ,to n ¦ Caf.'J / C
Atmosphere ! 57.-f ]pg/m3 j 38,3 ~lf*K^rn3
Celt | 99 | ppm I ppm | -33.4%j
Ceff/Cmon x previous spaii factor
| Ne»y Spon factor ?.50f |
Figure 35. UV-DOAS span check data sheet for the toluene calibration performed on April 7,
2000.
68
-------
APPENDIX A
SANOA
Span check data sheet
Reference court Hi ons
Serial number f
Customer [
Test conditions
Paxlon
VisionAtR Ver
Date |
3.3S
13-Apr-OO
Current calibration factor F
Monitoring path length: L
Tdet - I- 20.51
1,000
Component
Tol
ppb conversion used :
Molar weight: Mw f 92.14 ]g/Mol
"C Gas cylinder concentration: Ccell | 9H.S Ippm
^1 I 5 he
01 Barometrfc: Pressure wteeSon Barometric pressure (Pa): [ lOl3.25 ] hPa
j Required only if no promturv sensor is connected for ppb units modes or il vg/m3 units mode is sMetctf
IfPo - IQ13.25 hPj)
Conversion factor
pprn to |jg/m3
Conversion Factor
path to Cell
Fc= (Mw * 2 2186,b}/(2/3.1b + Tdei)x Pa/Pa
Fc = | 3323.69~1
rp = L/Lcelt
Fp = j 68£3.53~|
Measurement data unit:
Time:
pg/m3
tl
11:30
t2
I 13- :51 |
Gas: | Zero Air~| | Tol |
Monitored concentrations: C= | 5.4 |pft/rn3 | 5Q.47 |pg/m3
Data Processing
Relative background instability
Background pollution at 12
Corrected concentration at t2
100x< C3-C1V
Ct = (C3 J-C3)/2
Cc - C2 Ct
t3
I 12:12 ~|
[ Zero Air |
| 4.59B | pg/m3
L 16% J
| 4.999 | pg/m3
[ 45.471 | pg/m3
Data comparison
Theoritlcai Monitored Difference
Concentrations Concentrations
Ceff Cmor» CCmon-CefQ/Ct
Atmosphere I 55.4 ] pg/m3 ¦ 45.5 ~jpg/m3
Cell
Jppm
L
j ppm
-17.9%
Coff/Cmon x previous span factor
| New Span factor =» 1.218~
Figure 36. UY-DOAS span check data sheet for the toluene calibration performed on April 13,
2000.
69
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE IX: TECO 42 NOx MONITOR CALIBRATION DATA
DATE
N02
standard
(ppm)
N02
observed
(response
/ ppm)
NOx
Standard
(ppm)
NOx
Observed
(response /
ppm)
NO
Standard
(ppm)
NO
Observed
(response /
ppm)
3-25-2000
0.414 0.414
0.305 0.306
0.203 0.205
0.082 0.084
0.0 0.0
0.472 0.472
0.29 0.294
0.188 0.189
0.124 0.125
0.0 0.0
0.472 0.472
0.29 0.294
0.188 0.189
0.124 0.125
0.0 0.0
3-29-2000
0.405 0.411
0.301 0.312
0.076 0.090
0.0 -0.3
0.472 0.477
0.188 0.194
0.124 0.130
0.0 0.4
0.472 0.476
0.188 0.194
0.124 0.131
0.0 0.7
TABLE X: DASIBI MODEL 1003AH OZONE MONITOR CALIBRATION
EPA #/
JOB#
Calibration
Standard
Date
Slope
Intercept
Correlation
Coefficient
Measured
Zero
A15996 /
9279-04
Photometer
#A14233
10-12-1999
0.972
21.4
0.999
22.5
70
-------
APPENDIX B CONTINUED
TABLE XI: LOG OF PAXTON LANDFILL ACTIVITIES
Date Event No. of No. of No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak No. of Wind
site Persons Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous Canisters Direction
visits Flux) Collected
13-Sep-99 Donna Kenski, Dr. Wadden, and I visit 1 5 2.5
the Paxton Landfill in Chicago. Two
representatives from the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency
(IEPA) gave us a tour.
14-Sep-99 to Trailer arrangements are made with
25-Sep-99 Mobile Office and with Jerry from the
Illinois EPA. Calibration gases and
extension cords are ordered. Decision
was made to power the air monitoring
equipment with electricity instead of
generators.
20-Sep-99 Alain from Environnement SA notifies
us that we need 100 volts or more to
power the 300W projector and the
250W receiver
4-Oct-99 Neema Amatya joins the Paxton
project team
6-Oct-99 Discussion with Donna on the exact
location of the trailers at the landfill
7-Oct-99 Conference call with France and
Altech. Environnement SA explains
that the UV-DOAS will be shipped out
71
-------
Date Event No. of No. of
site Persons
visits
Oct. 25th and it will arrive at Altech by
Nov. 1 or 2nd. The tentative schedule
is to install instrument and start our
training the week of Nov. 9.
14-Oct-99 Donna, Dr.Scheff, and I visit the
lEPA's Northbrook site and observe a
remote sensing device that is also
based on ultraviolet differential optical
absorption spectrometry. Later in the
afternoon, we discuss more about the
location of the trailers.
25-Oct-99 Our trailers are delivered to the landfill 1 1
around 2pm.
27-Oct-99 Commonwealth Edison inspector visits 1 2
our site and figures out how we can
obtain electricity to our trailers. He
explains we need to install a riser in
order to prevent the electrical wire,
connected to the transformer, from
sagging once it reaches trailer. Cables
to be buried under 1-2 feet of dirt.
28-Oct-99 to Neema contacts McWilliams Inc., our
01-Nov-99 first electrical contractor
2-Nov-99 Mcwilliams contractor visits the site
and provides us with an estimate for
the electrical hook-up. His estimate is
too high. We begin looking for another
electrical contractor.
3-Nov-99
We contacted Edgewater Electric to
No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak No. of Wind
Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous Canisters Direction
Flux) Collected
5
3
72
-------
Date Event No. of No. of
site Persons
visits
provide us with an estimate for the
electrical hook-up to the two trailers.
5-Nov-99 Neema and I collect 2 preliminary
canister samples in order to determine
the toxic air emissions at the site. One
canister located on top of trailer 2 on
north end. Second canister near trailer
1 on south end.
10-Nov-99 to The contractor from Edgewater begins
23-Nov-99 installing the riser and meter near our
trailers.
30-Nov-99 Commonwealth Edison installs
electrical wires at the site. There is
power to the two trailers.
9-Dec-99 UD-DOAS is installed. Jean-Cristophe
trains us on how to use these air
monitoring equipment.
10-Dec-99 to Training on UV-DOAS. After the
11-Dec-99 training, we find out from the gas
company that they lost our order for
the calibration gases.
14-Dec-99 Focal adjustment (or alignment)
performed.
21-Dec-99 Focal adjustment (or alignment)
performed.
23-Dec-99 Aligned the projector with the receiver. 1 2
No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak
Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous
Flux)
No. of Wind
Canisters Direction
Collected
SSW
10
73
-------
Date Event
Attempt to install the meteorological
station, but the ground is frozen.
10-Jan-00 Go to the site to maintain the UV-
DOAS. The computer system froze.
After rebooting the system, we
performed the tracking procedure.
Ideal numbers were not attained and
alignment was not achieved. Jerry
from I EPA installed the ozone monitor
in trailer 2
Meteorological station installed.
No. of No. of
site Persons
visits
12-Jan-00 Attempted alignment.
14-Jan-00 Alignment attempted early in the
morning, while it is still dark. No
success in achieving alignment. Light
intensity and peak still very low.
19-Jan-00 Attempted alignment early in the
evening. The beam was very weak
and difficult to see. Even though
alignment was achieved, we still could
not get our ideal peak and light
intensity.
24-Jan-00 Perform alignment and tracking
procedures.
25-Jan-00 Alignment performed
27-Jan-00 Alignment performed
No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak
Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous
Flux)
No. of Wind
Canisters Direction
Collected
6 1
4 1
5 1 20-25%
6 1
5 1
4 1
4 1
74
-------
Date
Event
No. of No. of No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak No. of Wind
site Persons Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous Canisters Direction
visits Flux) Collected
2-Feb-00
7-Feb-00
9-Feb-00
11-Feb-00
14-Feb-00
21-Feb-00
22-Feb-00
Alignment performed 12 4 1
Went to the site and light in the 12 3 1
projector was out. Fan inside the
projector not working.
Donna and I changed the light bulb, 12 6 1
but the projector still did not work.
Conference call with Environnment SA
and Altech. Arrangements were made
to have one of the Altech engineers
look at the projector.
John from Altech and myself, took 1 2 4
projector apart and checked the
voltage coming through the power
supply and to the lamp. We found out
that the 2amp fuse was burnt out, so
we replaced it with a 4amp fuse. Fan
starts to work, but the lamp is still out.
John takes the projector back to the
Altech labs and contacts France for
more information.
John and Donna reinstall the projector 1 2 5
with a new power supply and light
bulb.
Alignment in the evening was 12 4 1
successful and ideal spectrum
intensity level of 15,000 was achieved.
75
-------
Date
Event
No. of No. of
site Persons
visits
23-Feb-00
25-Feb-00
29-Feb-00
3-Mar-00
8-Mar-00
15-Mar-00
Computer system froze and we 1 2
needed to reboot the system. Light
visibility was too low. No alignment
was attempted because of the rainy
conditions.
Alignment was performed early in the 1 2
morning. Difficult to do due to the
foggy conditions. However, we were
successful in obtaining ideal peak and
light intensity.
Aligned the projector with the receiver 1 2
Came to the site and noticed that 1 2
projector was out again. Fan was still
working. I wanted to change the light
bulb but did not have the tools to do
so.
Met with John from Altech and we 1 2
changed the light bulb. Apparently,
the old light bulb's tip melted off and
left a hole in the bulb. Lamp is
working again.
Alignment performed and successful. 1 2
However, peak and light intensity
numbers kept on dropping every 3
minutes. We could not perform the
calibration on the instrument. Very
windy conditions that day.
No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak
Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous
Flux)
No. of Wind
Canisters Direction
Collected
2.5 less than 20%
4 1 50 to 80% 11000 to
13000
4 1
2
2.5
4 1 30 to 50% 15000
76
-------
Date Event No. of No. of
site Persons
visits
16-Mar-00 Realignment was necessary due to 1 1
high winds disturbing the projector.
17-Mar-00 Alignment performed. 1 2
26-Mar-00 Neema goes to the site to check on 1 1
the UV-DOAS. The lamp in the
projector is out again.
27-Mar-00 Neema retrieves the STX files and 1 1
emails them to Environnement SA
29-Mar-00 Sanded down the connectors to the 2 2
lamp. Projector begins to work again.
Came back to the site at 9pm to do
the alignment. The projector was
aligned with the receiver but still the
numbers are too low.
31-Mar-00 I adjusted the light bulb within the 1 2
projector. Neema and I perform the
alignment procedures and numbers
are still too low. Two canister samples
from the leachate wells, one upwind
sample, and one downwind sample
were collected.
4-Apr-00 Neema and Donna collected one 1 2
canister sample from well, one upwind
sample, and one downwind sample.
6-Apr-00 Jean Cristophe Nicolas from 1 2
Environnement SA is in Chicago.
Aligned the beam with the mirror.
No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak No. of Wind
Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous Canisters Direction
Flux) Collected
4 1
4 1
2
2
7 1
7 1 less than .01% 4 ENE
4 1 3 NNW
5 25%
77
-------
Date
Event
No. of No. of No. of Hours No. of Light Vis Peak No. of Wind
site Persons Spent at Site Alignments (Luminous Canisters Direction
visits Flux) Collected
7-Apr-00
8-Apr-00
9-Apr-00
10-Apr-00
11-Apr-00
12-Apr-00
13-Apr-00
19-Apr-00
Jean Cristophe tried to replace the 1 3 6 1 30%
mirror in the projector, but could not
due to the rain. Alignment, benzene &
toluene calibration of the UV-DOAS,
and baseline adjustment were
performed.
Jean Cristophe changed the mirror in 1 3 6 1
the projector and improved the
alignment of the projector.
Jean Cristophe and I collected 12 1 2 8
canister samples with the winds
coming from the NW and NE.
Alignment was improved.
1 >100% 12 NW and
4pm winds
changed to
NE
I collected 12 canister samples with 1 2 7 3 >100% 12 ENE
the winds coming from the NE.
Improved alignment of the UV-DOAS.
I collected 6 canister samples with the 12 6 1 >100% 6 NNE
winds coming from the NE. Improved
alignment once.
Jean Cristophe and Neema collected 6 12 4 1 6 ENE
canister samples.
Collected 3 Canister samples. 12 4 1 3 SSW
Benzene and toluene calibrations
performed.
21 canisters delivered to Paxton. 22 1 1 3 1.00% < 8000
78
-------
Date
Event
No. of
site
visits
No. of
Persons
No. of Hours
Spent at Site
No. of
Alignments
Light Vis
(Luminous
Flux)
Peak
No. of
Canisters
Collected
Wind
Direction
canisters available for sampling. UV-
DOAS requires a realignment.
21-Apr-00
Donna and I performed a realignment.
No canister samples were collected
because of the windy conditions (wind
speed >20 m.p.h.) at the site.
1
2
5.5
1
60 to 100%
10000 to
16000
N
24-Apr-00
Collected 6 canister samples. Each
set of three canisters was placed
along the beam.
1
1
6
20% to 60%
10000 to
11000
6
ENE
25-Apr-00
Realignment performed. Collected 9
canister samples. Each set of three
were placed along the beam
1
1
7
1
60% to 100%
11000 to
16000
9
NNE
26-Apr-00
Collected 9 canister samples. Each
set placed along the beam
1
1
6
50% to 150%
12000 to
16000
9
East
28-Apr-00
Collected 4 samples. Three canisters
were placed along the beam and one
upwind.
1
2
7
4
West
1-May-00
Collected 6 samples. All were placed
along the beam. Changed the filters
and silica gel for ozone and NOx
monitors
1
1
6
20% - 78%
6
North
2-May-00
Delivered canister samples at
Maywood I EPA office and picked up
new canisters.
3-May-00
Collected 8 canister samples. Six
samples were collected along the
1
1
5
8
South
79
-------
Date Event
No. of
No. of
No. of Hours
No. of
Light Vis
Peak
No. of
Wind
site
Persons
Spent at Site
Alignments
(Luminous
Canisters
Direction
visits
Flux)
Collected
beam and two samples were collected
downwind.
TOTAL
53
243
90
80
-------
APPENDIX B (continued)
TABLE XII: CANISTER LOG
Date
Canister
Start Time
Stop Time
Pressure
(inHg)
Post Pressure
(psig)
Wind Direction
Location
# of Canisters
5-Nov-99
22337
10:13
11:13
-30
0
SSW
on roof of trailer 2 (north
2
5-Nov-99
A21100
10:45
11:45
-30
0
SSW
end of landfill)
on ground near trailer 1
(south end of landfill)
31-Mar-00
A22327
1530
1630
-28
0
ENE
well on south end
4
31-Mar-00
A21065
1550
1650
-30
-4
ENE
well on north end
31-Mar-00
A21096
1600
1700
-30
-4
ENE
downwind sample
31-Mar-00
A21114
1620
1720
-30
0
ENE
upwind sample
4-Apr-00
A21130
1209
1309
-30
0
NNW
upwind sample
3
4-Apr-00
A21020
1240
1340
-30
0
NNW
downwind sample
4-Apr-00
A22242
1230
1330
-30
0
NNW
well on east side
9-Apr-00
A21027
15:24
16:24
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
4
9-Apr-00
A21110
15:26
16:26
-25
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
9-Apr-00
A22235
15:29
16:29
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
9-Apr-00
A21045
15:41
16:41
-30
0
NNE
upwind sample
9-Apr-00
A21136
18:11
19:11
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
4
9-Apr-00
A21146
18:09
19:09
0 psig
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
9-Apr-00
A21037
18:06
19:06
-28
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
9-Apr-00
A21012
18:03
19:03
-30
0
NNE
upwind sample
9-Apr-00
A21106
19:13
20:13
-30
0
ESE
#1 along the beam
4
9-Apr-00
A21040
19:17
20:17
-28
0
ESE
#2 along the beam
9-Apr-00
A21031
19:22
20:22
-30
0
ESE
#3 along the beam
9-Apr-00
A21117
19:29
20:29
-30
0
NNE
upwind sample
10-Apr-00
A21062
11:25
12:25
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
10-Apr-00
A21124
11:24
12:24
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
81
-------
Date
Canister
Start Time
Stop Time
Pressure
Post Pressure
Wind Direction
Location
# of Canisters
(inHg)
(psig)
10-Apr-00
A21083
11:21
12:21
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
10-Apr-00
A21105
12:38
13:38
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
10-Apr-00
A22224
12:32
13:32
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
10-Apr-00
A21033
12:27
13:27
-28
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
10-Apr-00
A21081
13:50
14:50
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
10-Apr-00
A21052
13:44
14:44
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
10-Apr-00
A21075
13:38
14:38
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
10-Apr-00
A21055
15:03
16:03
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
10-Apr-00
A21041
15:04
16:04
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
10-Apr-00
A21073
15:06
16:06
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
11-Apr-00
A21089
12:34
13:34
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
11-Apr-00
A21085
12:37
13:37
-30
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
11-Apr-00
A22228
12:41
13:41
-28
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
11-Apr-00
22325
13:44
14:44
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
11-Apr-00
A21120
13:47
14:47
-30
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
11-Apr-00
A21113
13:51
14:51
-28
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
12-Apr-00
A21060
10:45
11:45
-28
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
12-Apr-00
A21064
10:50
11:50
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
12-Apr-00
A21134
10:52
11:52
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
12-Apr-00
A21042
11:47
12:47
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
12-Apr-00
A21127
11:51
12:51
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
12-Apr-00
A21048
11:55
12:55
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
13-Apr-00
A21011
13:52
14:51
-30
0
SSW
#1 along the beam
3
13-Apr-00
A21076
13:51
14:49
-29
0
SSW
#2 along the beam
13-Apr-00
22330
13:46
14:46
-30
0
SSW
#3 along the beam
24-Apr-00
N03425
10:50
11:50
-30
0
ENE
#1 along the beam
3
24-Apr-00
A21141
10:47
11:47
-30
0
ENE
#2 along the beam
24-Apr-00
N03494
10:45
11:45
-30
0
ENE
#3 along the beam
24-Apr-00
A22229
11:58
12:58
-30
0
NNW
#1 along the beam
3
82
-------
Date
Canister
Start Time
Stop Time
Pressure
(inHg)
Post Pressure
(psig)
Wind Direction
Location
# of Canisters
24-Apr-00
N03491
11:53
12:53
-28
0
NNW
#2 along the beam
24-Apr-00
N03429
11:46
12:46
-30
0
NNW
#3 along the beam
25-Apr-00
C16700
15:03
16:03
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
25-Apr-00
A21077
15:05
16:05
-30
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
25-Apr-00
N01048
15:00
16:00
-28
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
25-Apr-00
N03490
16:15
17:15
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
25-Apr-00
N03428
16:23
17:21
-30
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
25-Apr-00
N03424
16:16
17:12
-30
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
25-Apr-00
C16691
17:16
18:16
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
25-Apr-00
N03433
17:21
18:21
-30
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
25-Apr-00
N03496
17:12
18:12
-30
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
26-Apr-00
N03456
8:55
9:55
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
26-Apr-00
N03435
9:00
10:00
-28
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
26-Apr-00
N03427
9:04
10:04
-28
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
26-Apr-00
9804
9:57
10:57
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
26-Apr-00
N03430
10:00
11:00
-30
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
26-Apr-00
A22337
10:03
11:03
-30
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
26-Apr-00
902
11:00
12:00
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
26-Apr-00
A21108
11:04
12:04
-28
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
26-Apr-00
A21005
11:07
12:07
-26
0
NNE
#3 along the beam
28-Apr-00
N03489
837
937
-30
0
WSW
#1 along the beam
4
28-Apr-00
N03487
843
943
-30
0
WSW
#2 along the beam
28-Apr-00
N03493
848
948
-30
0
WSW
#3 along the beam
28-Apr-00
N03431
906
1006
-28
0
WSW
upwind sample
1-May-00
A21034
1533
1633
-30
0
NNW
#1 along the beam
3
1-May-00
N03432
1530
1630
-26
0
NNW
#2 along the beam
1-May-00
N03426
1523
1623
-30
0
NNW
#3 along the beam
1-May-00
N03488
1644
1744
-30
0
NNE
#1 along the beam
3
1-May-00
N03434
1637
1737
-29
0
NNE
#2 along the beam
83
-------
Date
Canister
Start Time
Stop Time
Pressure
Post Pressure
Wind Direction
Location
# of Canisters
(inHg)
(psig)
1-May-00
N03455
1633
1733
-30
-1
NNE
#3 along the beam
3-May-00
A21061
1010
1111
-30
0
ESE
#1 along the beam
3-May-00
N03495
1007
1107
-28
0
ESE
#2 along the beam
4
3-May-00
A21098
1013
1113
-30
0
ESE
#3 along the beam
3-May-00
A21067
945
1045
-30
0
ESE
Downwind Sample
3-May-00
A22230
1147
1247
-30
0
ESE
#1 along the beam
4
3-May-00
A21099
1141
1241
-28
0
ESE
#2 along the beam
3-May-00
A21109
1130
1230
-30
0
ESE
#3 along the beam
3-May-00
A21079
1120
1229
-30
0
SSE
Downwind Sample
TOTAL # OF CANISTER SAMPLES COLLECTED:
90
NUMBER OF CANISTERS AT THE SITE:
0
NUMBER OF CANISTERS NEEDED TO COMPLETE PROJECT
0
PROPOSED # OF SAMPLES FOR PAXTON PROJECT
90
84
-------
APPENDIX B (continued)
TABLE XIII STYRENE CONCENTRATION DATA
STYRENE (uq/m3)
DATE
Wind
Canister Position
Canister
Start Time
Stop Time
Canister
UV-DO/
Direction
ID
Sample
9-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21027
15:24
16:24
0.60
4.53
9-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21110
15:26
16:26
0.00
4.77
9-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A22235
15:29
16:29
0.00
4.77
9-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21136
18:11
19:11
0.00
2.39
9-Apr-00
northeast
#2 along
he
beam
A21146
18:09
19:09
n/a
2.42
9-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21037
18:06
19:06
0.00
2.42
9-Apr-00
ESE
#1 along
he
beam
A21106
19:13
20:13
0.00
2.90
9-Apr-00
ESE
#2 along
he
beam
A21040
19:17
20:17
0.00
2.83
9-Apr-00
ESE
#3 along
he
beam
A21031
19:22
20:22
0.00
2.70
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21062
11:25
12:25
1.11
-4.31
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21124
11:24
12:24
0.00
-4.31
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21083
11:21
12:21
0.00
-4.17
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21105
12:38
13:38
0.00
-2.63
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A22224
12:32
13:32
0.00
-2.51
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21033
12:27
13:27
0.00
-2.80
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21081
13:50
14:50
0.33
6.40
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21052
13:44
14:44
0.00
5.86
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21075
13:38
14:38
0.39
5.46
10-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21055
15:03
16:03
0.33
6.86
10-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21041
15:04
16:04
0.50
6.86
10-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21073
15:06
16:06
0.44
6.43
11-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
he
beam
A21089
12:34
13:34
0.00
7.12
11-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
he
beam
A21085
12:37
13:37
1.00
7.09
11-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
he
beam
A22228
12:41
13:41
0.66
7.48
11-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
he
beam
22325
13:44
14:44
0.00
7.54
11-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
he
beam
A21120
13:47
14:47
0.50
6.18
11-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
he
beam
A21113
13:51
14:51
0.00
6.40
12-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21060
10:45
11:45
0.00
8.89
12-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21064
10:50
11:50
0.82
9.56
12-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21134
10:52
11:52
0.00
10.01
12-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
A21042
11:47
12:47
0.00
10.51
12-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21127
11:51
12:51
0.00
9.98
12-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
A21048
11:55
12:55
0.00
9.85
13-Apr-00
SSW
#1 along
he
beam
A21011
13:52
14:51
0.00
12.97
13-Apr-00
SSW
#2 along
he
beam
A21076
13:51
14:49
0.00
13.10
13-Apr-00
SSW
#3 along
he
beam
22330
13:46
14:46
0.00
13.21
24-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
he
beam
N03425
10:50
11:50
0.00
9.44
24-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
he
beam
A21141
10:47
11:47
0.00
9.42
24-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
he
beam
N03494
10:45
11:45
1.41
9.38
24-Apr-00
NNW
#1 along
he
beam
A22229
11:58
12:58
0.00
10.16
24-Apr-00
NNW
#2 along
he
beam
N03491
11:53
12:53
1.30
10.63
85
-------
STYRENE (uq/m3)
DATE Wind Canister Position Canister Start Time Stop Time Canister UV-DOAS
Direction ID Sample
24-Apr-00
NNW
#3
along
the
beam
N03429
11:46
12:46
0.65
11.52
25-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
C16700
15:03
16:03
0.00
7.49
25-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
A21077
15:05
16:05
0.00
7.73
25-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
N01048
15:00
16:00
0.00
7.56
25-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
N03490
16:15
17:15
0.00
9.87
25-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
N03428
16:23
17:21
0.54
10.02
25-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
N03424
16:16
17:12
0.00
9.78
25-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
C16691
17:16
18:16
0.71
11.13
25-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
N03433
17:21
18:21
2.12
11.02
25-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
N03496
17:12
18:12
0.00
10.82
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
N03456
8:55
9:55
0.65
15.85
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
N03435
9:00
10:00
0.00
15.77
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
N03427
9:04
10:04
0.60
15.64
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
9804
9:57
10:57
0.54
12.27
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
N03430
10:00
11:00
2.50
14.08
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
A22337
10:03
11:03
0.00
14.15
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
902
11:00
12:00
2.76
16.50
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
A21108
11:04
12:04
0.00
16.81
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
A21005
11:07
12:07
0.00
16.15
28-Apr-00
WSW
#1
along
the
beam
N03489
837
937
0.76
10.20
28-Apr-00
WSW
#2
along
the
beam
N03487
843
943
0.54
10.04
28-Apr-00
WSW
#3
along
the
beam
N03493
848
948
0.00
9.72
1-May-00
NNW
#1
along
the
beam
A21034
1533
1633
0.00
11.60
1-May-00
NNW
#2
along
the
beam
N03432
1530
1630
0.59
11.37
1-May-00
NNW
#3
along
the
beam
N03426
1523
1623
1.76
11.77
1-May-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
N03488
1644
1744
2.78
11.25
1-May-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
N03434
1637
1737
0.80
11.41
1-May-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
N03455
1633
1733
3.52
11.71
3-May-00
ESE
#1
along
the
beam
A21061
1010
1111
0.00
9.45
3-May-00
ESE
#2
along
the
beam
N03495
1007
1107
0.95
9.56
3-May-00
ESE
#3
along
the
beam
A21098
1013
1113
0.53
9.33
3-May-00
ESE
#1
along
the
beam
A22230
1147
1247
0.00
12.92
3-May-00
ESE
#2
along
the
beam
A21099
1141
1241
0.53
12.87
3-May-00
ESE
#3
along
the
beam
A21109
1130
1230
0.53
12.14
Average
0.46
8.55
Cone.
86
-------
APPENDIX B (continued)
TABLE XIV STYRENE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS
DATE
WIND
LOCATION
CANISTER
START
STOP
CANISTER
UV-DOAS
DIRECTION
ID
TIME
TIME
SAMPLES
ppbc
ug/m3
ug/m3
5-Nov-99
SSW
on roof of trailer 2 (north
end of landfill)
22337
10:13
11:13
0
n/a
5-Nov-99
SSW
on ground near trailer 1
(south end of landfill)
A21100
10:45
11:45
0
n/a
31-Mar-00
ENE
well on south end
A22327
1530
1630
1.4
0.745808
n/a
31-Mar-00
ENE
well on north end
A21065
1550
1650
0.6
0.319632
n/a
31-Mar-00
ENE
downwind sample
A21096
1600
1700
1.6
0.852352
n/a
31-Mar-00
ENE
upwind sample
A21114
1620
1720
0.7
0.372904
n/a
4-Apr-00
NNW
upwind sample
A21130
1209
1309
0.7
0.372904
n/a
4-Apr-00
NNW
downwind sample
A21020
1240
1340
1.2
0.639264
n/a
4-Apr-00
NNW
well on east side
A22242
1230
1330
0.9
0.479448
n/a
9-Apr-00
NNW
upwind sample
A21045
15:41
16:41
0
0
5.806
9-Apr-00
NNE
upwind sample
A21012
18:03
19:03
0
0
2.473
9-Apr-00
NNE
upwind sample
A21117
19:29
20:29
0
0
2.604
28-Apr-00
WSW
upwind sample
N03431
906
1006
1.6
0.862751
10.09
3-May-00
SSE
Downwind Sample
A21067
945
1045
0.9
0.478079
9.422
3-May-00
SSE
Downwind Sample
A21079
1120
1229
0.9
0.475306
12.038
87
-------
APPENDIX B (continued)
TABLE XV ADJUSTED BENZENE & TOLUENE CONCENTRATIONS FROM 4/9/00 THROUGH 4/12/00
BENZENE (ug/m3)
DATE
WIND
LOCATION
CANISTER
START
STOP
CANISTER
Adjusted
offset
UV-DOAS
CANISTER
Adjusted
offset
UV-DOAS
DIRECTION
ID
TIME
TIME
SAMPLE
UV-DOAS
adjustment
SAMPLE
UV-DOAS
adjustment
9-Apr-00
NNW
#1
along
the
beam
A21027
15:24
16:24
2.11
1.20
16.20
17.40
0.60
-13.22
34.40
21.18
9-Apr-00
ENE
#2
along
the
beam
A21110
15:26
16:26
3.40
1.65
16.20
17.85
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
9-Apr-00
ENE
#3
along
the
beam
A22235
15:29
16:29
3.29
2.29
16.20
18.49
0.71
-13.22
34.40
21.26
9-Apr-00
ENE
#1
along
the
beam
A21136
18:11
19:11
1.29
10.86
16.17
27.03
0.60
-13.14
34.32
33.82
9-Apr-00
ENE
#3
along
the
beam
A21037
18:06
19:06
1.19
8.51
16.16
24.67
0.00
-13.14
34.32
33.77
9-Apr-00
ESE
#1
along
the
beam
A21106
19:13
20:13
1.83
10.89
16.18
27.07
2.89
-13.17
34.35
36.34
9-Apr-00
ESE
#2
along
the
beam
A21040
19:17
20:17
1.51
11.05
16.18
27.23
2.02
-13.17
34.35
37.15
9-Apr-00
ESE
#3
along
the
beam
A21031
19:22
20:22
1.46
11.10
16.18
27.28
1.20
-13.18
34.36
36.98
0-Apr-00
ENE
#1
along
the
beam
A21062
11:25
12:25
1.44
7.37
16.58
23.95
0.00
-14.03
35.21
36.83
0-Apr-00
ENE
#2
along
the
beam
A21124
11:24
12:24
1.55
7.62
16.58
24.20
0.00
-14.03
35.21
36.83
0-Apr-00
ENE
#3
along
the
beam
A21083
11:21
12:21
2.38
7.62
16.58
24.20
0.00
-14.03
35.21
37.11
0-Apr-00
ENE
#1
along
the
beam
A21105
12:38
13:38
2.21
9.27
16.57
25.84
0.00
-14.00
35.18
39.50
0-Apr-00
ENE
#2
along
the
beam
A22224
12:32
13:32
2.43
9.04
16.57
25.61
0.56
-14.00
35.18
39.30
0-Apr-00
ENE
#3
along
the
beam
A21033
12:27
13:27
3.31
8.67
16.57
25.24
0.67
-14.00
35.18
39.13
0-Apr-00
ENE
#1
along
the
beam
A21081
13:50
14:50
1.16
7.93
16.55
24.48
0.39
-13.96
35.14
40.35
0-Apr-00
ENE
#2
along
the
beam
A21052
13:44
14:44
3.48
7.33
16.55
23.88
0.78
-13.96
35.14
39.84
0-Apr-00
ENE
#3
along
the
beam
A21075
13:38
14:38
2.70
7.39
16.55
23.94
0.61
-13.97
35.15
40.15
0-Apr-00
ENE
#1
along
the
beam
A21055
15:03
16:03
1.21
15.70
16.54
32.24
0.45
-13.93
35.11
25.79
0-Apr-00
ENE
#2
along
the
beam
A21041
15:04
16:04
4.30
14.58
16.54
31.12
0.95
-13.93
35.11
25.79
0-Apr-00
ENE
#3
along
the
beam
A21073
15:06
16:06
5.29
14.58
16.54
31.12
0.95
-13.93
35.11
26.25
1-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
A21089
12:34
13:34
1.44
12.08
16.59
28.67
1.12
-14.05
35.23
28.71
1-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
A21085
12:37
13:37
1.49
12.62
16.59
29.21
1.06
-14.05
35.23
27.61
1-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
A22228
12:41
13:41
1.49
13.58
16.59
30.17
1.01
-14.05
35.23
27.23
1-Apr-00
NNE
#1
along
the
beam
22325.00
13:44
14:44
1.49
11.78
16.59
28.37
0.89
-14.05
35.23
27.22
1-Apr-00
NNE
#2
along
the
beam
A21120
13:47
14:47
1.54
7.75
16.55
24.30
0.95
-13.96
35.14
39.86
1-Apr-00
NNE
#3
along
the
beam
A21113
13:51
14:51
1.43
7.93
16.55
24.48
1.00
-13.96
35.14
40.35
2-Apr-00
ENE
#1
along
the
beam
A21060
10:45
11:45
2.47
6.25
16.46
22.72
2.83
-13.77
34.95
16.09
TOLUENE (ug/m3)
88
-------
DATE WIND LOCATION CANISTER START STOP
DIRECTION ID TIME TIME
12-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
the
beam
A21064
10:50
11:50
12-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
the
beam
A21134
10:52
11:52
12-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
the
beam
A21042
11:47
12:47
12-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
the
beam
A21127
11:51
12:51
12-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
the
beam
A21048
11:55
12:55
13-Apr-00
SSW
#1 along
the
beam
A21011
13:52
14:51
13-Apr-00
SSW
#2 along
the
beam
A21076
13:51
14:49
13-Apr-00
SSW
#3 along
the
beam
22330.00
13:46
14:46
24-Apr-00
ENE
#1 along
the
beam
N03425
10:50
11:50
24-Apr-00
ENE
#2 along
the
beam
A21141
10:47
11:47
24-Apr-00
ENE
#3 along
the
beam
N03494
10:45
11:45
24-Apr-00
NNW
#1 along
the
beam
A22229
11:58
12:58
24-Apr-00
NNW
#2 along
the
beam
N03491
11:53
12:53
24-Apr-00
NNW
#3 along
the
beam
N03429
11:46
12:46
25-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
C16700
15:03
16:03
25-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
A21077
15:05
16:05
25-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
N01048
15:00
16:00
25-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
N03490
16:15
17:15
25-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
N03428
16:23
17:21
25-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
N03424
16:16
17:12
25-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
C16691
17:16
18:16
25-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
N03433
17:21
18:21
25-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
N03496
17:12
18:12
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
N03456
8:55
9:55
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
N03435
9:00
10:00
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
N03427
9:04
10:04
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
9804.00
9:57
10:57
89
BENZENE (ug/m3)
TOLUENE (ug/m3)
CANISTER
Adjusted
offset
UV-DOAS
CANISTER
Adjusted
offset
UV-DOAS
SAMPLE
UV-DOAS
adjustment
SAMPLE
UV-DOAS
adjustment
2.41
6.66
16.46
23.12
2.61
-13.76
34.94
16.91
2.80
6.82
16.46
23.27
2.55
-13.76
34.94
17.41
2.57
4.38
16.42
20.79
1.11
-13.67
34.85
22.53
4.05
3.72
16.41
20.13
1.49
-13.67
34.85
22.61
2.57
3.66
16.41
20.07
1.11
-13.66
34.84
22.80
1.34
11.70
11.70
0.87
5.44
5.44
1.34
11.63
11.63
0.76
5.45
5.45
1.29
11.93
11.93
0.81
5.45
5.45
5.19
9.95
9.95
1.53
10.44
10.44
5.84
10.65
10.65
1.64
10.61
10.61
6.93
10.82
10.82
2.02
9.85
9.85
5.24
6.26
6.26
3.55
14.65
14.65
7.12
6.83
6.83
2.67
14.50
14.50
4.16
8.09
8.09
3.11
12.43
12.43
1.36
11.00
11.00
0.93
-1.67
-1.67
1.25
11.04
11.04
0.88
-0.67
-0.67
1.25
11.73
11.73
0.88
-1.51
-1.51
1.25
10.80
10.80
0.71
0.59
0.59
1.35
11.03
11.03
0.60
1.02
1.02
1.30
11.24
11.24
0.66
0.34
0.34
1.35
12.33
12.33
0.66
2.94
2.94
1.30
12.77
12.77
0.77
1.57
1.57
1.25
11.70
11.70
0.71
3.02
3.02
1.68
31.59
31.59
0.88
32.93
32.93
3.64
31.77
31.77
1.10
33.13
33.13
4.29
31.74
31.74
1.59
33.31
33.31
3.58
25.87
25.87
1.10
27.38
27.38
-------
BENZENE (ug/m3)
TOLUENE (ug/m3)
DATE
WIND
LOCATION
CANISTER
START
STOP
CANISTER
Adjusted
offset
UV-DOAS
CANISTER
Adjusted
offset
UV-DOAS
DIRECTION
ID
TIME
TIME
SAMPLE
UV-DOAS
adjustment
SAMPLE
UV-DOAS
adjustment
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
N03430
10:00
11:00
3.09
29.08
29.08
1.04
27.62
27.62
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
A22337
10:03
11:03
3.57
29.26
29.26
1.10
28.11
28.11
26-Apr-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
902.00
11:00
12:00
4.92
32.64
32.64
1.75
33.84
33.84
26-Apr-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
A21108
11:04
12:04
0.00
32.71
32.71
0.00
34.00
34.00
26-Apr-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
A21005
11:07
12:07
4.76
30.88
30.88
0.98
34.71
34.71
28-Apr-00
WSW
#1 along
the
beam
N03489
837
937
3.94
16.97
16.97
8.34
30.59
30.59
28-Apr-00
WSW
#2 along
the
beam
N03487
843
943
3.34
17.83
17.83
6.49
30.87
30.87
28-Apr-00
WSW
#3 along
the
beam
N03493
848
948
4.36
17.69
17.69
9.48
29.23
29.23
1-May-00
NNW
#1 along
the
beam
A21034
1533
1633
3.73
10.03
10.03
1.94
9.43
9.43
1-May-00
NNW
#2 along
the
beam
N03432
1530
1630
3.25
9.20
9.20
2.16
8.69
8.69
1-May-00
NNW
#3 along
the
beam
N03426
1523
1623
2.67
9.79
9.79
2.26
9.52
9.52
1-May-00
NNE
#1 along
the
beam
N03488
1644
1744
3.14
11.56
11.56
1.56
9.86
9.86
1-May-00
NNE
#2 along
the
beam
N03434
1637
1737
3.62
11.33
11.33
1.51
9.48
9.48
1-May-00
NNE
#3 along
the
beam
N03455
1633
1733
4.64
11.84
11.84
2.05
10.19
10.19
3-May-00
ESE
#1 along
the
beam
A21061
1010
1111
1.48
13.38
13.38
1.45
-1.62
-1.62
3-May-00
ESE
#2 along
the
beam
N03495
1007
1107
1.43
13.42
13.42
1.61
-1.66
-1.66
3-May-00
ESE
#3 along
the
beam
A21098
1013
1113
1.38
13.26
13.26
0.00
-1.46
-1.46
3-May-00
ESE
#1 along
the
beam
A22230
1147
1247
1.16
15.94
15.94
0.80
-4.04
-4.04
3-May-00
ESE
#2 along
the
beam
A21099
1141
1241
1.26
15.85
15.85
0.80
-3.38
-3.38
3-May-00
ESE
#3 along
the
beam
A21109
1130
1230
1.26
16.14
16.14
0.80
-2.27
-2.27
AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS:
2.60
13.21
19.94
1.47
1.59
20.10
# OF POINTS
74
74
74
73
73
73
90
------- |