SEPA
EPA/600/R-19/066 | July 2019 | www.epa.gov/research
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Community Resilience Planning
A Decision-Making Framework for
Coastal Communities
:e of Research and Developmei
Dnal Risk Management Researc
J and Materials Management Di
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Community Resilience Planning:
A Decision-Making Framework for Coastal
Communities
By
Brian Dyson1, John Carriger1, Tammy Newcomer-Johnson2.
Rafaela Moura3, Teri Richardson1, Timothy J. Canfield4
1. Land and Materials Management Division, National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268
2. Systems Exposure Division, National Exposure Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268
3. Office of the Regional Administrator, Region 4, Atlanta, GA
30303
4. Groundwater and Ecosystems Restoration Division, National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, Ada, OK 74820
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Notice/Disclaimer
The U.S. Environ mental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development,
funded and conducted the research described herein under an approved Quality Assurance
Project Plan (G-LRPCD-0015776-QP-1-2). It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and
administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This is a contribution to the EPA ORD Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program.
This report was partially fulfilled through Contract EP-C-12-022 by Neptune and Company, Inc.
under the sponsorship of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
This document has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, and approved for publication.
The citation for this report is:
Dyson, B., Carriger, J., Newcomer-Johnson, T., Moura, R., Richardson, T., Canfield, T. 2019.
Community Resilience Planning: A Decision-Making Framework for Coastal Communities. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, EPA/600/R-19/066
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Foreword
The U.S. Environ mental Protection Agency (US EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting
the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the
Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between
human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this
mandate, US EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving
environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our
ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce
environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) within the Office of Research
and Development (ORD) is the Agency's center for investigation of technological and
management approaches for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that threaten human
health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is on methods and
their cost-effectiveness for prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface
resources; protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated sites,
sediments and ground water; prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and restoration of
ecosystems. NRMRL collaborates with both public and private sector partners to foster
technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate emerging problems. NRMRL's
research provides solutions to environmental problems by: developing and promoting
technologies that protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and engineering
information to support regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical support and
information transfer to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the
national, state, and community levels.
The following report provides information and guidance on the application of tools and decision
processes developed by NRMRL and ORD supporting communities faced with making risk-
based decisions fostering community health and resilience to environmental challenges.
Alice Gilliland, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
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One of the most pervasive challenges facing coastal communities is sea level rise (SLR), both in
its geographical extent and potential for adverse social, economic, and environmental impact.
Local flooding results in property damage and disruptions to daily life. Likewise, regional
problems, such as coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, reduced ecosystem services and tourism
may be exacerbated. As coastal communities continue to face growing risks from SLR and
related coastal hazards, additional investments in resilience planning to protect current and future
populations will be necessary to address these challenges. This report describes a structured
decision-making process with the US EPA webtool DASEES (Decision Analysis for a
Sustainable Environment, Economy, and Society) that facilitated developing a shared vision for
coastal community resilience planning across three levels of governance/administration in the
southeast Florida region. DASEES was used to facilitate two workshops with residents of the
coastal community of Dania Beach, FL, environmental planners from Broward County, FL, and
the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact with the aim to identify objectives for
coastal decision-making that can inform the development of action plans promoting resilience. It
is anticipated that the results obtained from the workshops can be extended to provide a
continuing path via DASEES for estimating action consequence assessments, implementation
planning and serve as an example process to follow for other communities facing similar
challenges. The work described in this report can be used to construct community objectives and
find common ground of support with outside agencies and jurisdictions. Available USEPA tools
and resources such as DASEES may help support these endeavors in the future.
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements and appreciation for the helpful comments and suggestions from reviewers
Michael Kolian, EPA/OAR, Climate Change Indicators Program, Tarsha Eason, EPA/ORD,
NRMRL Air and Energy Management Division. Planning, workshop support and additional
review was provided by Dr. Jennifer Jurado and Dr. Samantha Danchuk of the Broward County,
FL Environmental Planning and Community Resilience Division, and Brian Meyers of EPA
Region 4. External review provided by Dr. Jessica Whitehead of the North Carolina Office for
Recovery and Resiliency. Formatting and contributions to the report from Marilyn ten Brink,
EPA/ORD, Claudette Ojo and Alexander Hall, ORISE Fellows.
Cover Photo Credit: Kelly Black of Neptune and Company, Inc.
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Table of Contents
Notice/Disclaimer ii
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiv
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
Executive Summary xviii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Community Resilience 1
1.2 Resilience Planning Collaboration: Southeast Florida Region 2
1.2.1 Coastal Community Application: Dania Beach, Florida 2
1.3 Dania Beach Resilience Planning: Structured Decision-Making with DASEES 6
1.3.1 Structured Decision-Making 6
1.3.2 DASEES 7
1.3.3 Dania Beach Report Scope 10
1.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10
2 Structuring the Decision Context 11
2.1 Understanding and Clarifying the Decision Context 11
2.2 State Region, County, and Local Contexts 12
2.2.1 Southeast Florida Regional Context 12
2.2.2 Broward County and Dania Beach Context 15
2.2.3 Broward County and Dania Beach Collaboration 18
2.2.4 Structure Decision-Making Workshop Planning 19
3 Dania Beach Structured Decision-Making Workshops 21
3.1 Pre-Workshop Planning 21
3.2 Workshop Implementation 23
3.2.1 Workshop 1 24
3.2.2 Workshop 2 26
3.3 Objectives Flierarchy 26
3.4 Performance Measures 29
3.5 Management Actions 30
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3.5.1 Incentives: Loans 33
3.5.2 Infrastructure: Connect Bioswales 33
3.5.3 Infrastructure: Knee Walls 34
3.5.4 Infrastructure: Raise Roads 35
3.5.5 Infrastructure: Seawalls 36
3.5.6 Infrastructure: Agile Water Supply/ Response: Mobile Solar Power 37
3.5.7 Federal Grants/ Funding 38
3.5.8 Zoning: Finished Floor Elevation 38
3.5.9 Nature: Re-nourish and Build Dunes/Education: Dunes/ Infrastructure: Beach Nourishment.. 39
3.5.10 Infrastructure: Green Surface Water Storage/ Adaptation Action Areas Funding: 40
3.5.11 Adaption Action Areas 41
3.5.12 Infrastructure: Reclaimed Water Produced 42
3.5.13 Infrastructure: Septic Connection 43
3.5.14 Nature: Breeding Ground Protection 44
3.5.15 Nature: Mangrove Protection 45
3.5.16 Additional Actions 46
3.6 Consequence Modeling and Data Sources 47
3.6.1 Variable Density Model 48
3.6.2 IWRP Groundwater Regional Monitoring Network 48
3.6.3 Sand Model/ Erosion Model 53
3.6.4 Inundation Model 53
3.6.5 Hydrodynamic Model 53
3.6.6 SLAMM 54
3.6.7 COAST Damage 54
3.6.8 ICPR 54
3.6.9 MIKE SHE 55
3.6.10 MPO/FHWA Climate Study 55
3.6.11 FEMA National Flood Insurance Program Community Rating System 55
3.6.12 FEMA Maps 55
3.6.13 Downscaled Global Climate Model Data 56
3.6.14 Sea Level Rise 56
4 Overview of Dania Beach Coastal Resilience Consequence Modeling Approaches 57
4.1 Consequence Tables in DASEES 57
4.2 Influence Diagrams 59
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4.3 Bayesian Networks in DASEES 60
5 Resilience Planning Across Scales of Implementation 65
5.1 Objectives and Actions across implementation Scales 65
5.1.1 Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact scale comparison 65
5.1.2 Broward County scale comparison 66
5.1.3 Dania Beach scale comparison 70
6 Resilience Planning: Integration, Implementation, and Decision-making Resources.. 79
6.1 Community Resilience Planning Integration and Implementation Assessment 79
6.2 Decision-Making Resources 80
6.2.1 Evaluating Urban Resilience to Climate Change: A Multisector approach 80
6.2.2 Climate Change Indicators in the United States 2016, 4th edition 81
6.2.3 Climate Ready Estuaries Program 82
6.2.4 Climate Change Adaptation Resource Center (ARC-X) 82
6.2.5 Climate Resilience Evaluation and Awareness Toolkit (CREAT) 83
6.2.6 EPA Research Program Methods, Models, Tools, and Databases 83
References 84
Appendix A. Checklists of Potential Climate Change Risks 91
Appendix B. Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact's 142 Action Items.... 95
Agriculture 95
GOAL: Ensure the continued viability of agriculture in Southeast Florida in the face of climate
change through policies and actions that encourage sustainable production, remove barriers to
production, promote economic incentives, improve water reliability, and promote best management
practices 95
Compact Coordination 96
GOAL: Strengthen coordination and collaboration in Southeast Florida on climate change issues by
building the capacity of the Compact to meet evolving regional needs 96
Energy and Fuel 96
GOAL: Reduce consumption of electricity and fuel and increase renewable energy capacity to
increase regional resilience, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve emergency management
and disaster recovery 96
Natural Systems 97
GOAL: Implement monitoring, management, and conservation programs designed to protect natural
systems and the services they provide to society while improving their capacity for climate
adaptation 97
Public Health 98
GOAL: Build capacity to proactively mitigate climate-related public health risks in Southeast
Florida 98
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Public Outreach and Engagement 98
GOAL: Build public awareness of the climate-related risks facing Southeast Florida and the
opportunities for early, coordinated action to address these risks 98
Public Policy Advocacy 99
GOAL: Guide and influence all levels of government to address climate change in relevant policies,
programs, and legislation 99
Regional Economic Resilience 99
GOAL: Establish a regional resilience strategy involving elected and business leadership, inclusive
of funding mechanisms to guide, incentivize, protect, and promote public and private investments
and the economic integrity of the region 99
Risk Reduction and Emergency Management 100
GOAL: Prepare for the inevitable shocks and stresses experienced in Southeast Florida through
coordinated and interdisciplinary risk reduction and emergency management planning and
investment 100
Social Equity 101
GOAL: Guide and support municipalities and counties in the Compact region to create equitable
climate policies, programs, and decision-making processes that consider local socio-economic and
racial inequities and ensure all can participate and prosper 101
Sustainable Communities and Transportation 101
GOAL: Adapt to the impacts of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reshaping
where and how to build and move from place to place 101
Water 103
GOAL: Advance the water management strategies and infrastructure improvements needed, in
parallel with existing water conservation efforts, to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of climate
change and sea level rise on water supplies, water and wastewater infrastructure, and water
management systems, inclusive of regional canal networks, pumps, control structures, and
operations 103
Appendix C. Broward County FY2016-2020 Strategic Plan 105
The Broward County Board of County Commissioners envisions: 105
A. VALUE: Ensuring economic opportunities for Broward's diverse population and businesses.. 105
Goals: 105
B. VALUE: Prominently marketing Broward County as a brand, while increasing public
understanding of programs and services 105
Goals: 105
C. VALUE: Approaching human services collaboratively and compassionately, with special
emphasis on the most vulnerable 106
Goals: 106
D. VALUE: Cooperatively delivering an efficient and accessible regional intermodal transportation
network 106
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Goals: 106
E. VALUE: Encouraging investments in renewable energy, sustainable practices and environmental
protection 106
Goals: 106
F. VALUE: Cultivating community culture, arts, recreation and life-long learning 107
Goals: 107
G. VALUE: Offering sustainable, compatible, innovative housing options for all income-levels,
including integrated, permanent supportive housing 107
Goals: 107
H. VALUE: Consistently delivering responsive, efficient, quality services to the public and internal
customers 107
Goals: 107
Appendix D. DASEES Workshop Materials 109
Workshop Participants 109
September 21, 2015, City Hall, Dania Beach, FL 109
September 22, 2015, City Hall, Dania Beach, FL 110
March 18, 2016, Broward County Government Offices, Fort Lauderdale, FL Ill
Workshop Agenda - September 21-22, 2015 112
Workshop Description - September 21-22, 2015 113
Speaker Biographies - September 21-22, 2015 114
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Figure 1.1 Operational area of the Southeast Florida Region with Counties participating in the
Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (Compact, 2015) 3
Figure 1.2 Dania Beach, FL in Broward County jurisdiction demonstrating the area inundated by
100-year flooding according to FEMA flood insurance rate map 4
Figure 1.3 EPA Region, Florida County, and Local Partnerships 5
Figure 1.4 DASEES Start Up screen 7
Figure 1.5 DASEES SDM process 8
Figure 2.1 Decision Landscape (Rehr, 2012) 12
Figure 2.2 Unified Southeast Florida SLR Projection (Compact, 2015) 13
Figure 2.3 Map of Dania Beach Oasis Projects (http://daniabeachfl.gov/oasis 18
Figure 3.1 Scope of the two Dania Beach Workshops and their relationship 23
Figure 3.2 Preliminary stakeholder-driven graphical modeling (influence diagram) linking
management options (yellow nodes) to performance measures (green nodes) 25
Figure 3.3 Screenshot of Objectives Hierarchy generated in DASEES Workshop 1. Fundamental
objectives are in bold black and sub-objectives are bulleted below. Green sub-objectives were
assigned performance measures during Session 2 27
Figure 3.4 Aerial view of a bioswale integrated into a neighborhood park and farmers' market
(Fondy Park in Milwaukee, WI) (Photo credit: Tim McCollow) 34
Figure 3.5 Knee wall alongside a coastal road in Broward County (Credit: City of Fort
Lauderdale) 35
Figure 3.6 Road flooding in Fort Lauderdale (Credit: Dave/Flickr Creative Commons/CC BY
2.0) 36
Figure 3.7 Seawall renovations at Dania Beach Marina (Photo credit: The City of Dania Beach)
37
Figure 3.8 REDUCE mobile solar panels developed for generating electrical power at forward
U.S. Army base camps (Credit: U.S. Army photo) 38
Figure 3.9 FEMA notification that their flood insurance is reduced for buildings with finished
floor elevations higher than the base flood elevation (Courtesy of FEMA) 39
Figure 3.10 Dunes in Blowing Rocks Preserve (Hobe Sound, FL) (Credit: U.S. Geological
Survey, Department of the Interior/USGS) 40
Figure 3.11 Dixie Ranch north of Lake Okeechobee is used for water storage to support the
Everglades restoration (Photo credit: South Florida Water Management District) 41
Figure 3.12 Since 2015, Fort Lauderdale has been using AAA project designations to focus
resilience projects that prevent coastal flooding. The map above delineates the River Oaks AAA
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and two projects within River Oaks (a stormwater park (11419) and a stormwater ne
neighborhood and preserve park (11868)) (Figure from City of Fort Lauderdale, 2016) 42
Figure 3.13 Reclamation facility in Miramar that treats waste water and uses treated water for
irrigation (left photo). The entrance fountain to the facility uses reclaimed water (right photo)
(Photos' credit: City of Miramar, Florida I www.MiramarFL.gov) 43
Figure 3.14 Schematic of a residential septic system (Credit: Snohomish County, WA) 44
Figure 3.15 Fishing from the Dania Beach pier (Credit: The City of Dania Beach) 45
Figure 3.16 Red mangroves at West Lake Park (Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of
the Interior/USGS) 46
Figure 3.17 Influence diagram constructed at the consequences workshop. Yellow nodes are
management actions. Green nodes are performance measures for the fundamental objectives.
Pink nodes are recommended models, data sources, or intermediate variables that connect the
management actions to the performance measures 52
Figure 4.1 Value function tool in DASEES Step 2 (lower right). For a given context, a possible
best and worst case is defined, and value ascribed across that range. Stakeholder (hypothetical)
preference indicates a normalized value of 1 (best case) for two affected property parcels and a
value of 0 for the opposite extreme. The path between the two extremes is adjustable per
stakeholder preference 58
Figure 4.2 Example consequence table showing weighted values stacked for each of the
scenarios (horizontal bar chart) and information input for the measure mangrove areas for each
scenario. The value function shows the complete function for mangrove area (in hectares) and
the orange circle indicates a normalized value of 0.3 resulting from a measured value of 3 ha for
the Armor scenario 59
Figure 4.3 Example of a coastal resilience influence diagram in DASEES. The diagram causally
connects options (yellow node), performance measures (green nodes), and other system level
components identified as necessary (pink nodes) to link the other two 60
Figure 4.4 Initial Bayesian network constructed in the DASEES tool with options (yellow
nodes) attached to performance measures (green nodes). The connections and component nodes
are provided based on the information input in previous steps of DASEES 61
Figure 4.5 Example of a Bayesian network in DASEES. (a) qualitative structure, (b) network
with numerical prior probabilities for the occurrences of each of the states of each variable listed
next to proportional probability bars in blue 62
Figure 4.6 Expected results for each decision scenario calculated by the network and value
functions input in previous steps in DASEES. The bar length represents the overall expected
value for a scenario and colored bars represent the expected value for different 63
Figure 5.1 The RCAP 2.0 interface allows users to search management actions by scale of
implementation, type of stakeholder, and by Focus Area. This example assumes someone from
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Dania Beach city administration is searching for action suggestions.
http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/regional-climate-action-plan/ 66
Figure 6.1 Urban climate resilience framework (US EPA, 2017) 81
Figure 6.2 Indicator for relative sea level change along U.S. coasts 1960-2015 (US EPA, 2016).
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List of Tables
Table 2.1 Regional Climate Action Plan Focus Areas and Goals (RCAP, 2017) 14
Table 2.2 Broward County Values (Broward County, 2018) 15
Table 2.3 Broward County Climate Action Plan (CCAP) Elements and Objectives (CCAP,
2015) 16
Table 2.4 Dania Beach Resilient Redesign Summary (Compact, 2014) 19
Table 3.1 Stakeholder Typology for Sorting Dania Workshop Invitees 22
Table 3.2 Objectives considered as overlapping and excluded from the final list for performance
measure identification 28
Table 3.3 Objectives Hierarchy with performance measures and units 30
Table 3.4 Management actions and measurement units developed to achieve objectives 31
Table 3.5 Summary of Modeling Scenario Results and Data collected by Broward County
available for use to assess and evaluate stakeholder identified management actions for Dania
Beach (2016) 49
Table 5.1 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Compact Resilience Objectives
and Possible Actions. Compact Actions in bold are self-reported as complete by Dania Beach. 67
Table 5.2 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Broward County Prioritized
Actions for resilience from the Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP. 2015) 72
Table 5.3 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Dania Beach CRA
Redevelopment Plan short and long-term goals 74
Table 5.4 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Resilient Re-design Charette
Concepts and Recommendations (Compact, 2014) 76
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AAA
Adaption Action Area
ADCIRC
Advanced Circulation Model
AFT
Alternatives-Focused Thinking
BN
Bayesian Network
CDC
Centers for Disease Control
COAST
Coastal Adaptation to Sea Level Rise Tool
CT
Consequence Tables
BCBCC
Broward County Board of County Commissioners
BRACE
Building Resilience Against Climate Effects
CCAP
Climate Change Action Plan
CERP
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
CRA
Community Redevelopment Agency
CRS
Community Rating System
CS-HWBI
Community-Scale Human Weil-Being Index
DASEES
Decision Analysis for a Sustainable Environment, Economy & Society
DOE
Department of Energy
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
ESML
Ecoservice Models Library
FDOT
Florida Department of Transportation
FEMA
The Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIHI
Florida Institute for Health Innovation
GHG
Greenhouse Gas
GIS
Geographic Information System
GMSL
Global Mean Sea Level
HWBI
Human Weil-Being Index
HUC
Hydrologic Unit Code
ICPR
Interconnected Pond Routing
ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
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ID Influence Diagram
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IWRP Integrated Water Resources Plan
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
MIKE SHE Integrated Hydrological Modeling from the Systeme Hydrologique Euro pee 11
MPO/FHWA Metropolitan Planning Organization/Federal Highway Administration
NEP National Estuary Program
NEMAC National Environmental Modeling and Analysis Center
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPS Non-Point Source
NRCS National Resources Conservation Service
NRMRL National Risk Management Research Laboratory
OAR Office of Air and Radiation
ORD Office of Research and Development
ORISE Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
RCAP Regional Climate Action Plan
RCI Resort Condominiums International
SDM Structured Decision-Making
SFWMD South Florida Water Management District
SHC Sustainable and Healthy Communities
SLAMM Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model
SLOSH Sea Lake and Overland Surge from Hurricanes
SLR Sea Level Rise
TNC The Nature Conservancy
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geological Survey
VFT Values-Focused Thinking
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WWS Water and Wastewater Services
WWF World Wildlife Fund
WQ Water Quality
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Executive Summary
The following report provides information and guidance on the application of tools and decision
processes developed by the National Risk Management Research Laboratory and the Sustainable
and Healthy Communities Research Program (SHC) of the U.S. EPA Office of Research and
Development (ORD). Research in SHC is involved with supporting communities faced with
making risk-based decisions fostering community resilience to health, equity, and environmental
challenges.
One of the most pervasive challenges facing coastal communities is sea level rise (SLR), both in
its geographical extent and potential for adverse social, economic, and environmental impact.
Local flooding results in property damage and disruptions to daily life. Likewise, regional
problems, such as coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, reduced ecosystem services can lead to
further stresses on extant socio-economic, health, and equity concerns. As coastal communities
continue to face growing risks from SLR and related coastal hazards, additional investments in
resilience planning to protect current and future populations will be necessary to address these
challenges. This report describes a structured decision-making (SDM) process with the EPA
decision support webtool DASEES (Decision Analysis for a Sustainable Environment, Economy,
and Society) that facilitates developing a cohesive vision for coastal community resilience
planning across three interlocking levels of governance/administration in the southeast Florida
region. DASEES was used to facilitate two workshops among residents of the coastal community
of Dania Beach, FL, environmental planners in Broward County, FL, and the Southeast Florida
Regional Climate Change Compact with the aim to identify common shared objectives and
provide guidance for the development of action plans promoting resilience.
The two primary goals of SDM are to 1) develop a common understanding among stakeholders,
of a problem requiring decision-making, and 2) identify/develop creative solutions, estimate
consequences, evaluate trade-offs, choose an alternative and implement. Consistent with that,
two DASEES facilitated workshops were held to aid achieving these SDM goals for Dania
Beach and southeast Florida. Workshop 1 was held in Dania Beach and included a broad cross-
section of stakeholders encompassing elected city officials, private citizens, business and
housing advocates, County environmental planners, and state and federal climate and coastal
hydrology experts. The aim of the two-day workshop was to establish a common understanding
of the problem or context, from which resilience objectives, performance tracking measures, and
preliminary community resilience actions responsive to stated objectives would be developed.
The webtool DASEES has a user-friendly interface with features designed to facilitate and
capture stakeholder deliberations. All information developed in the workshops was generated
and captured within DASEES creating a convenient space for maintaining project
data/information for easy retrieval and subsequent quantitative processing in later steps of the
DASEES decision process. A crosswalk of the workshop results was performed against
previously developed Broward County and Regional Compact resilience goals to find areas of
common cause to engender mutual action and leverage limited resources effectively. These
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results coupled with a recent EPA urban climate resilience definition, demonstrate a
comprehensive multi-dimensional view of resilience with objectives aimed at addressing the
environmental, health, equity, and economic resilience concerns of Dania Beach and its County
and Regional Compact partners.
Workshop 2 was held a few months later at the Broward County offices of the Environ mental
Planning and Community Resilience Division. The attendees were primarily technical experts
tasked with beginning the formulation of technically feasible/defensible modeling and analysis
strategies. These would then be used to address the Workshop 1 objectives by evaluating the
effectiveness of proposed actions using stakeholder-driven performance measures. Graphic
modeling tools in DASEES were used to characterize these technical approaches, helping to
identify the science and data necessary to complete the analyses. Examples of these conceptual
and quantifiable modeling methods are demonstrated in the report, showing how stakeholder
preferences can be directly used in estimating the effectiveness of resilience implementation
actions.
The work described in this report can be used to construct community objectives and find
common ground of support with outside agencies and jurisdictions. Available USEPA tools and
resources such as DASEES may help support these endeavors in the future. It is anticipated that
the results of this exercise can be extended to provide a continuing path via DASEES for
estimating action consequence assessments, implementation planning and serve as an example
process to follow for other communities facing similar challenges.
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1.1 on
The United States coastline has historically been the most densely populated region of the country.
According to the 2010 U.S. census, 40 percent of the population of the U.S. is concentrated in coastal
regions, comprising less than 10 percent of the land area of the entire country (NOAA Office For
Coastal Management, 2018). As urbanization continues, greater investments in infrastructure such as
transportation and housing along with protection from coastal hazards will be required. One of the most
pervasive challenges facing coastal communities is sea level rise (SLR), both in its geographical extent
and potential for social, economic, and environmental impact (NOAA, 2017). Long-term trends show a
global mean sea level (GMSL) increase of 8.2 - 9.4 in. since 1880 with projected increases of 1-3 ft
higher than the global average for most coastal areas in the continental United States by the year 2100
(NOAA, 2017). Local flooding impacts such as property damage and disruptions to daily life
(Wdowinski et al., 2016) are already occurring and expected to persist as SLR increases the intensity of
storm surges and decreases the effectiveness of gravity-fed drainage systems to remove stormwater.
Likewise, regional problems, such as coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, and reduced ecosystem
services and tourism are also anticipated to be exacerbated (IPCC, 2014). As coastal communities
continue to face growing risks from SLR and related coastal hazards, additional investments in
resilience-based efforts to protect current and future populations will be necessary to address these
challenges (see Appendix A for risk checklists that may be helpful for focusing resilience efforts in
communities).
1,1 Commui silience
Maintaining sustainable and healthy coastal communities requires defining and operationalizing
resilience. The need for adaptation and mitigation to numerous hazards has spurred the development of
frameworks and tools to assess and increase resilience (USEPA, 2017) against the challenges coastal
communities are facing.
Numerous ways of defining and operationalizing resilience
exist (e.g., Reid and Courtenay, 2013; Zhou et al., 2010) but
usually focus on the capabilities of a system for coping with
disruptions to desirable functional processes (Schultz &
Smith, 2016). Holling (National Academy of Engineering,
1996) differentiates between engineering and ecological
resilience. The former stemming from a physical science and
engineering worldview and the latter shape by the biological
sciences and have implications for understanding stability
and valuing persistence (engineering) or existence
(ecological) of ecosystem functions. Community resilience
stresses the engineering resilience view. A review of the
meanings of resilience (Reid and Courtenay, 2013) reveals
that it has varied over the years as the concept has been
applied across multiple domains ranging from physics and
engineering to public policy. Several descriptions appear usel
Urban Climate Resilience: "The
ability of a city or urban system,
through its risk reduction and
response capacity, to reduce exposure
to and sensitivity to. and recover and
learn from, gradual climatic changes
or extreme climate events, in order to
retain or improve the integrity of its
infrastructure and economic systems;
vital environmental services and
resources; the health and welfare of
its populations and communities; and
the flexibility and diversity of its
institutional and governance
structures" (USEPA, 2017).
when considering community resilience
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to environmental stressors such as SLR. Bruneau et al, (2003) characterize resilient communities as
being robust to stressors, having redundant back-up systems, and being capable of rapidly mobilizing
human and material resources to contain losses and exploit opportunities. Dovers and Handmer (1992)
suggest maintaining a balance between reducing the likelihood of failure in static structures and
increasing the rapid recovery aspects of resilience. This balance has been recently defined for climate
resilience as strengthening a community's ability to reduce exposure and sensitivity while increasing the
ability to recover and learn from gradual stressors such as SLR as well as extreme climate events such as
hurricanes (USEPA, 2017). Adopting this definition provides clarity on the meaning of resilience for
communities; assisting the deliberative decision-making process of considering which systems
(infrastructure, institutional and social) must be further stabilized for sustainability, and which should be
re-imagined towards greater adaptability for coastal community resilience redesign.
While the scope of SLR and related impacts could be characterized as a global phenomenon, developing
adaptive management plans for resilience is more practically implemented at regional and local scales
(Bulla, et al. 2017). This report provides a description of tools, resources and processes for assisting
state and county governments in coordinating strategies and pooling resources with coastal communities
to address resilience challenges. The report also outlines how DASEES (Decision Analysis for a
Sustainable Environment. Economy, and Society), an EPA-developed decision support tool, can aid in
resilience planning for the community of Dania Beach. FL, in collaboration with Broward County. FL,
and regional environmental, non-governmental organizations. It is anticipated that by demonstrating the
potential of decision analysis frameworks and consultations in collaborative processes for coastal
resilience, other communities will find these approaches valuable for their respective resilience needs.
1.2 Resilience Planning Collaborate jtheast Florida Region
Southeast Florida is considered one of the most vulnerable areas to SLR due to its peninsular geography
and low topography and is expected to experience a SLR of 6 to 10 inches above 1992 mean sea level by
2030 (Compact, 2015). In response, several counties, (Palm Beach, Broward, Miami-Dade, and
Monroe) formed the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (Compact) (Fig. 1.1) to
develop strategies, share information, and assist communities within the southeast Florida region.
As part of the Compact, the counties work cooperatively to formulate adaption activities for climate
impacts on a legislative and organizational level, and partner with federal, state, municipal, nonprofit,
academic, and private sector entities. The Compact proposes to address climate related impacts by
implementing the Compact's Regional Climate Action Plan (RCAP, 2017), which has been formally
adopted and includes recommendations for regional action (Appendix B).
oastal Commun plicati mia Beach, Florida
The City of Dania Beach, FL (Dania Beach) (Fig. 1.2) is a coastal community located just south of Ft.
Lauderdale within Broward County and is representative of many communities in the Southeast Florida
region facing stressors like SLR and its potential to impact multiple aspects of daily life.
Dania Beach is experiencing increasing threats from SLR (DEP. 2011) along with exacerbating issues
such as flooding, salt water intrusion, failing septic systems, and susceptibility to hurricanes. The
economy is heavily dependent on tourism (CRA. 2015); making protection of natural areas of
paramount importance. Dania Beach is also anticipating up to 40% population growth (Broward
Planning Services Division. 2007) over the next two decades because of its proximity to nearby shipping
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ports and the Ft. Lauderdale International Airport. This projected growth presents an opportunity to
redesign the community for resilience but might raise concern that the changes to accommodate growth
could cause losses to some of the desirable characteristics of the community (e.g., loss of space in
neighborhoods and housing, disruptions to existing social connections across and within neighborhoods)
if stakeholder objectives are not considered.
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographies, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS,
AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
Source: Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
National Ocean Sen/ice (NOS), Coastal Services Center (CSC)
NOAA Coastal Services Center Sea Level Rise Data: 1-6 ft Sea Level Rise Inundation Extent
1 Foot Sea Level Rise Inundation
Inundation Depth
High
Low
Figure 1.1 Operational area of the Southeast Florida Region with Counties participating in the Southeast
Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (Compact, 2015).
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>iQAmiob
D MizeU-
Fufo Johnson
State Pork
:irllng fiodd
Area Inundated by 100-year Flooding
i i Dania Beach
Citation: Ft!MA Flood lnsiireance katCf.Vlap
© OpenStreetMap" (and)-contributors, CC-BY-SA
Figure 1.2 Dania Beach, FL (red dot inset map) in Broward County jurisdiction demonstrating the area
inundated by 100-year flooding according to FEMA flood insurance rate map.
In August 2014, Dania Beach participated in the four-day Southeast Florida Resilient Redesign
Workshop which was hosted by the Compact (Compact, 2014). The 2019 census listed 32,271 people in
Dania beach, 71.6% are white alone, 18.8% are black or African American alone, 28.8% are Hispanic or
Latino, 2.2% are Asian alone and 3.1% are two or more races (USCB, 2019). From 2013-7, over a
quarter (27.3%) of its population were foreign born persons (USCB, 2019). The economy of Dania
Beach The economy includes antique sales (Antique Row), beach and recreational tourism, and marine
services (e.g., yacht repair, boat marina, maritime officer training and research, university-level school
of ocean engineering) (City of Dania Beach, 2019). The workshop assembled over 50 regional, national
and international experts from a diversity of fields, including architecture, engineering, transportation,
planning, and water management to collaborate on the identification of climate challenges and resilient
redesign opportunities for two representative cities in southeast Florida; Dania Beach and Miami Beach,
and the community of Sweetwater in unincorporated Miami-Dade County. Following the development
of the workshop redesign concepts, Broward County and Dania Beach administration and technical staff
met to discuss strategies and identify opportunities for implementation. While this meeting served to
expand the network of decision makers and stakeholders involved in advancing the proposed designs
and identify initial opportunities for action, it was decided that further deliberation at a more local level
might be needed to evaluate and refine the ideas, cultivate agreement upon a shared vision, and organize
the funding and support needed to formalize and implement a plan.
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Dania Beach, Florida
Incorporated in 1904, it is the first city in Broward County and derives its name from the Danish
ancestry of its first citizens. From the south, it abuts the Fort Lauderdale International Airport and
Port Everglades, a major port for cruise ship departures (Dania Beach. 2017). The government of
Dania Beach serves approximately 30,000 people and uses a Commission-City Manager form of
government. The commission candidate with highest vote serves as mayor, with an appointed City
Manager to implement policies adopted by the commission. According to the 2010 Census, Dania
Beach (area of 8.3 square miles) is the 20th most populous of Broward County's 31 incorporated
municipalities (United States Census Bureau 2010). Dania Beach is rapidly growing with a
population increase of nearly 50% between 2000 and 2010. To address this population increase,
government agencies and initiatives were established to develop and re-develop the community.
As part of its climate and energy initiatives, U.S. EPA Region 4 coordinated a collaboration between the
U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD), in partnership with Dania Beach and Broward
County (Fig. 1.3) to utilize expertise and tools developed within ORD's Sustainable and Health
Communities Research Program (SHC). The SHC program (SHC Strategic Plan, 2016) has a wide range
of research efforts aimed at supporting sustainability goals for U.S. EPA Regions, states, and
communities including the development of decision support tools. In particular, DASEES was identified
by agencies that serve the community before deployment as a relevant resource to clarify objectives, and
measures of success that reflect community values and common areas of interest with the Compact's
recommendations and the resilient redesign concepts.
Regional, County, and Local Partnerships
BK&WARD
At- COUNTY
Figure 1.3 EPA Region, Florida County, and Local Partnerships.
5
EPA Region 4
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1.3 Dania Beach Resilience Planning: Structured Decision-Making with IDASIEIES
From the County and Southeast Florida regional perspective, understanding the concerns and capabilities
of local communities enables the counties and Compact to better leverage resources to implement
resilience actions effectively across several scales of application e.g. community, county, region. Practical,
group-oriented deliberation and analysis methods are needed to facilitate a common understanding,
leading to more informed, inclusive decision-making. The decision approach described in this report is
called structured decision making (SDM). The approach is applied with the decision support tool
DASEES (USEPA, 2012).
1.3,1 Structur cision-Making
Structured decision-making (SDM) is group decision-making process (Gregory et al., 2012) that has as
its aims to: 1) develop common understanding of an issue and 2) create, evaluate, select, and implement
innovative solutions. It is a combination of 1) qualitative issue framing through stakeholder engagement
and values elicitation. and 2) quantitative alternative consequence analysis for decision-making. The
relative amount of the two varies by the problem, the salient point being that common understanding and
issue framing comes first.
A paramount principle of SDM is the involvement of stakeholders, decision makers, and technical
experts to foster the integration of facts and values in decision-making. Factual evidence informs the
consequence analysis of decisions, but decisions are also made based on values (i.e., what stakeholders
care about). SDM is predicated on the idea of Values-Focused Thinking (VFT) as opposed to
Alternative Focused Thinking (AFT) for complex decision problems (Keeney. 1992). When faced with a
problem, people often start by identifying actions (alternatives) that could address the problem, such as
resilience recommendations or design ideas, without getting clarity on what they are trying to achieve
(values) through the alternative's implementation. Keeney (1992) differentiates values, "what we care
about in decision-making." from alternatives, "the means for achieving our values." It is incumbent for
decision makers to ensure that the selected alternatives are responsive to the values of the stakeholders.
For a fuller explanation and example of an SDM application by the U.S. EPA, see Bradley et al.. (2016).
One of the tools developed by researchers at U.S. EPA/ORD for implementing the SDM process is
DASEES.
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1.3.2 DASEES
DASEES (Decision Analysis for a Sustainable Environment, Economy, and Society) (USEPA, 2012;
Bradley et al, 2016; Yee et al, 2017) is a web-based interactive tool (Fig. 1.4) for structured decision-
making. It provides an environment where communities can build a shared understanding of complex
problems then create and evaluate management alternatives through a multi-objective decision analysis.
Structured Decision Making
A facilitated, collaborative, group decision-making approach for environmental
management problems
1. Find common understanding and objectives for complex environmental problems
2. Create, evaluate, select, and implement innovative solutions.
(Gregory et al, 2012)
pv A QPPQ Deaaon Analysis foe a SusUuuble
L-'/AOl_L.O Environment. Economy . Society
tenia 8e*h, ft RESES 2014,
Prototype ResiRent Redesign for
Southern Florida
DASEES implements a S step Structured Decision Making (SDM) approach
1 Understand Context
2 Define Objectives
I 3 Define Options
4 Evaluate Consequences
5 Take Action
Each Step in this SDM process provides information for subsequent Steps while the SDM process is designed to be an iterative learning process Revisiting and updating any particular Step may impact subsequent Steps
The Understand Context Step indudes tools to
• document the Decision Landscape
• define Stakeholders
• define the scientific setting in SystemSketch and
• visualce the geographical context
Note The Decision Context Step is the only Step that doesn't feed dvecfly into subsequent Steps
The Define Objectives Step is based on the concept of Value-Focused Thinking and indudes tools lo
• cofiect stakeholder values and organizing them into an Objectives hierarchy
• define Measures associated with the Objc-cti. •
• define Value Functions associated with the Measures and
• define Preference Weights for t>e Objectives
Note Structuring stakeholder values in an Objectives hierarchy is a key SOM Step and wi be the foundation for subsequent Steps
The Define Options Step indudes tools to
• define Options to achieve stakeholder preferences and
• co»ect Options into Scenarios which will be evaluated based on the Measure Consequences
Note Options are defined after stakeholder preferences and values are structured This Value-Focused Thinking approach is fundamental different from an alternatives focused approach
The Evaluate Consequences Step indudes
• Consequence Table to quiddy screen Scenarios by ignoring uncertainty and
• Bayesian Network to fuly assess the impact of uncertainty on the decision
Note The Evaluate Consequences Step is one the SDM steps where science data and analysis are induded and can be a compScatedtime consuming step
The Take Action Step includes Adaptive Management tools
Note A key SDM component is iteration to improve the quality of the decision
Figure 1.4 DASEES Start Up screen.
DASEES serves as an integrative framework for the combined assessment of environmental, economic,
and social aspects of problems faced by communities such as Dania Beach, EL. ORD and U.S. EPA
Region 4, in partnership with Dania Beach and Broward County employed DASEES to establish
community stakeholder values and define objectives and key performance measures for informing the
development of resilience plans. Such plans assist with prioritizing actions, informing the data and
information needs necessary for consequence analysis, and providing a basis for adaptive management.
DASEES uses a five-step process (Fig. 1.5) that breaks the decision process into discrete, more easily
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managed and understood steps. This deliberate segmentation, using formal specific definitions and
structuring methods, enforces clarity and understanding for complex problems, making explicit linkages
between values and actions, and helps keep track of tradeoffs among alternatives (Gregory et al., 2012).
Intuitive decision making, while useful for simple, straightforward decisions, is not always so useful for
complex problems with multiple, competing objectives. Thus, it is valuable to have prescriptive tools
and approaches to assist decision makers ( French, et al, 2009). This multi-step decision analysis
approach is sometimes termed "a formalization of common sense for decision problems which are too
complex for informal use of common sense" (Keeney, 1982). Even a minimal amount of effort in the
problem formulation stage with decision analysis can have large downstream benefits for the entire
decision-making process.
The application of DASEES for SDM guides decision makers and stakeholders in compiling
information in an organized, transparent way, providing a platform for better communication and
decision-making.
DASEES SDM Process
/¦\
Take Action, Monitor, Define Objectives &
Measures
v y
r ^
Evaluate Consequences,
II
r
Uncertainties, and
Develop Options
Tradeoffs
k. >
Figure 1.5 DASEES SDM process.
When applying the DASEES SDM Process, two simple but important ideas should be kept in mind, 1)
Complete the steps in order, as much as possible before proceeding, and 2) Iterate as needed.
Key Concepts for DASEES SDM Process
• Complete the steps in order, as much as possible before proceeding
• Iterate as needed (iteration is expected)
Decision structuring and analysis is a process of discovery and is rarely completed in one pass of the 5-
step decision cycle. Stakeholders and decision makers often do not have all the needed information for
each step at a given time, so iteration of the steps is expected as data and new information is developed.
The DASEES process has a qualitative (Steps 1-3) followed by a quantitative (Steps 4-5) phase. All
steps are required for a decision, with the level of effort for each phase varying depending on the stakes
and complexity of the decision and the available resources. There is no recommended amount of time or
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resources needed for the use of DASEES across every decision: however, for complex environmental
problems, the application of the VET approach has yielded useful insights for decision makers (Keeney.
1992: Corner et al. 2001). The following is a brief description of the steps in DASEES and how
information is structured. Subsequent chapters describe the steps and process as applied to Dania Beach
in more detail.
1. Understand Context: The SDM process begins with developing an understanding of the context
for the decision that needs to be made. i.e.. the political, regulatory, social, institutional, and
scientific setting The context defines the scope of the problem. Sometimes termed the decision
landscape (Rehr. 2012), the context encompasses what decisions are relevant for consideration.
Clarifying the decision context is the first step in finding common understanding of a problem. A
common scope for the decision context is necessary to begin the work of the next step,
determining objectives for the context and how to measure their attainment.
2. Define Objectives and Measures: Based on the decision context and problem characterization,
stakeholder values are elicited in this step—often directly through use of workshops—but they
can also be gleaned through existing management plans and other documentation about the issue.
Obtained values are formalized as written objectives and performance measures are identified to
track the attainment of objectives. An important activity in this step is the separation of
fundamental objectives (ends) and means objectives (Keeney. 1992). Fundamental objectives
reflect the values of the stakeholders and are what is important in decision-making. Means
objectives are objectives that may be important to attain to achieve the fundamental objectives.
For example, a water quality objective might be a means objective for fundamental objectives
pertaining to the structure and function of coastal ecosystems.
3. Develop Options: DASEES and SDM support decision-making through the process of identifying
or creating decision alternatives that are responsive to the values and fundamental objectives of
stakeholders (Gregory et al.. 2012). Previously identified means objectives are used to develop or
identify specific options that may achieve fundamental or ends objectives. Solutions that
otherwise might not be considered are designed for explicitly achieving stakeholder objectives in
a transparent manner.
4. Evaluate Consequences. Uncertainties and Tradeoffs: Decision analysis tools are prescriptive
(French. 2009) in that they estimate future consequences for alternatives evaluation. Evaluation is
performed in DASEES with a decision-analytic model: multi-attribute utility theory (Keeney.
1992) that quantitatively assigns stakeholder values and preferences to estimated social,
economic, and environmental consequences. This analytic approach can be useful for
incorporating quantitative estimates of uncertainties with values-based trade-offs for examining
the implications of competing alternatives.
5. Take Action. Monitor and Adapt: Adaptive management defines an iterative process for
improving management predicated on the outcomes of monitoring results and evaluation of
decisions and policies (Holling. 1978). In DASEES. the iteration of adaptive management is
prompted by pre-defined "triggers" of specified performance measure values (DASEES Step 2)
anticipated to be achieved. As alternatives are implemented, data on performance measures are
collected and compared to these triggers. When a trigger value is met. or an implementation
period ends, the decision is re-visited with the new data better informing the next iterative round
of structured decision-making where new information is brought to the process.
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1.3.3 Dania Beach Rep ope
This report provides a summary of a two-day Coastal Community Resilience Planning and Decision-
Making workshop held in Dania Beach. FL on September 21-22. 2015 and a half-day Consequences
Modeling Workshop on March 18. 2016 in Ft. Lauderdale. FL. Dania Beach is representative of many
communities along Florida's coast that are facing similar obstacles and likely share parallel objectives. It
is anticipated that this approach will be transferable to those communities and be beneficial to the other
109 cities that have signed on to the Southeast Florida Climate Change Compact as well as coastal
communities more broadly along the U.S. coastline.
The overall objective of this report is to initiate a decision process that facilitates developing a shared
vision for Dania Beach and Broward County, with common objectives, for assisting in the creation of
new and refining existing resilient community design options. It is anticipated that the results of this
exercise can be extended to provide a path for options evaluation and implementation planning.
Additional analysis of how the decision options under consideration may or may not promote
sustainable and resilient outcomes is possible, through consequence assessments that examine potential
outcomes from the decisions under consideration.
1.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
This report does not contain environmental data or use existing data and therefore no discussion of the
quality of the data or limitations on the use of the data with respect to their original intended application
is included. The development and application of the decision support tool DASEES was done consistent
with the requirements outlines in the Quality Assurance Project Plan. Any calculations or results
generated with DASEES were for demonstration purposes only.
Peer reviews were completed and discussed for all research described herein. The conclusion of the QA
and peer review process is that results presented in this report accurately reflect the course of the
research and are scientifically valid and defensible.
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2 Structuring the Decision Context
Keeney (1982) outlines the stages of a decision analysis as:
1. Structuring the decision problem
2. Assessing the consequences of alternative implementation
3. Constructing decision maker and stakeholder preferences
4. Ranking and evaluating alternatives
As presented in this report, the first three steps in DASEES are focused on Stage I: structuring the
decision problem which includes preliminary work for Stage 2: assessing consequences and a discussion
of associated support tools. The emphasis on structuring is deliberate for a careful characterization of
the problem, and for generating prescriptive results relevant for alternative assessment and evaluation.
The decision analysis structure establishes a formal, non-quantitative representation of the problem
including scope, decision makers, stakeholders, values and objectives, candidate performance measures
and alternatives (von Winterfeldt et al.. 2009).
2.1 Understanding and Clarifying the Decision Context
Clarifying the decision context is the first step in structuring a common understanding of the problem and
is important as it is a key determinant in the development of objectives and associated performance
measures and alternatives. Keeney (1992) describes this process with a financial investment example.
Before retirement, investment objectives are focused on capital appreciation and growth. After retirement,
the context changes as income is substantially different and investment objectives shift from growth to
income generation and preservation of principal. This often results in a change in the investment context,
and the resulting alternatives, in order to attain the new objectives.
The decision context usually begins with background information organized into a narrative describing
the decision problem. With decision analysis support, the narrative would be jointly developed by the
administrative authority with decision-making power (e.g., local or state government agencies) and
relevant stakeholders (e.g. communities, civic organizations, regulatory agencies, business groups)
(vonWinterfeldt, 2009, Gregory et al, 2012). Important points for consideration in developing the decision
context include (Dyson, 2017):
• Who has decision-making authority, and who are the stakeholders
• Relevant statutes and regulatory drivers
• Spatial and temporal scope
• Important socio-economic conditions
• Lines of formal and informal communication
• Relevant documentation, data and information
• Extent of outside and technical expertise to be used
• Sense of expected outcome from the decision (short- and long-term)
Cognitive maps and system-thinking approaches for developing these ideas with key players are beneficial
for identifying knowledge gaps and expertise requirements (Yee et al, 2015). The decision landscape
(Rehr, 2012) is an organizational approach to better ensure that relevant individuals, organizations,
information, and issues are captured systematically. Fig. 2.1 graphically represents the components of a
decision landscape. In addition to communicating who and what should be included in a decision context,
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it describes the overall process leading to a decision and the role each component plays in that process.
The central piece in the decision landscape is the authority (green text) with decision-making power. The
context within which decision makers can choose a decision option is modified by regulators, standards,
stakeholder issues, and costs (black text). How those contextual constraints are systematically and
scientifically represented to assist the decision maker is done by decision support providers and tools, such
as DASEES (red text). The extent that each facet in a decision landscape will influence an individual
decision will vary across decision contexts.
Figure 2.1 Decision Landscape (Rehr, 2012)
2.2 State Region, County, and Local Contexts
Developing and implementing options for coastal resilience integrates scientific understanding,
administrative capacity, regulations and cost-sharing requirements across time and geographical scales.
Aligning objectives and measures to the greatest extent possible enables more opportunity for
collaboration and leveraging of resources. An understanding of the goals, concerns, requirements, and
constraints across the three inter-related scales of resilience planning and application will help to find
areas of commonality for action, and possible topics of further discussion to understand differences and
way to find solutions.
2.2.1 Southeast Florida Regional Context
Southeast Florida currently faces multiple threats from SLR and these threats are expected to increase in
the future. Following the first Southeast Florida Regional Climate Leadership Summit in 2009, Broward
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County joined Monroe, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach Counties to ratify the Southeast Florida Regional
Climate Change Compact for coordinating mitigation and adaptation actions that would minimize
damaging impacts from SLR (Compact, 2015). The Compact has been recognized as a model for
regional collaboration and was one of 16 organizations selected by the Department of Energy as Climate
Action Champions (DOE, 2014). The member counties work cooperatively to address regional
challenges on a legislative and organizational level, and partner with federal, state, municipal, nonprofit,
academic, and private sector entities.
One of the Compact's initial actions was to develop a unified SLR projection for the region to aid in
understanding potential vulnerabilities and to provide a basis for outlining strategies. First released in
2011, the Unified Southeast Florida Sea Level Rise Projection (Fig. 2.2) was updated in October 2015
(Compact, 2015), projecting the sea level to rise 6 to 10 inches above the 1992 mean sea level by 2030
(2011 projection was 3 to 7 inches), with increasing trends projected out to 2060. Impacts from rising
sea levels include increased flooding and drainage problems, destruction of habitats, higher storm
surges, increased evacuation areas and evacuation time frames, increased shoreline erosion, saltwater
intrusion, and loss of infrastructure and existing development (IPCC, 2014, USEPA, 2017).
80
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Table 2.1 Regional Climate Action Plan Focus Areas and Goals (RCAP, 2017).
RCAP Focus Areas and Goals
Agriculture
Goal: Ensure the continued viability of agriculture in Southeast Florida in the face of climate change
through policies that encourage sustainable production, remove barriers to production, promote
economic incentives, improve water reliability, and promote best management practices
Compact Coordination
Goal: Strengthen coordination and collaboration in Southeast Florida on climate change issues by
building the capacity of the Compact to meet evolving regional needs
Energy and Fuel
Goal: Reduce consumption of electricity and fuel and increase renewable energy capacity to increase
regional resilience, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve emergency management and disaster
recovery adaptation
Natural Systems
Goal: Implement monitoring, management, and conservation programs designed to protect natural
systems and the services they provide to society while improving their capacity for climate adaptation
Public Health
Goal: Build capacity to proactively mitigate climate-related public health risks in Southeast Florida
Public Outreach and Engagement
Goal: Build public awareness of the climate-related risks facing Southeast Florida and the opportunities
for early, coordinated action to address these risks
Public Policy Advocacy
Goal: Guide and influence all levels of government to address climate change in relevant policies,
programs, and legislation
Regional Economic Resilience
Goal: Establish a regional resilience strategy involving elected and business leadership, inclusive of
funding mechanisms to guide, incentivize, protect, and promote public and private investments and the
economic integrity of the region
Risk Reduction and Emergency Management
Goal: Prepare for the inevitable shocks and stresses experienced in Southeast Florida through
coordinated and interdisciplinary risk reduction and emergency management planning and investment.
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RCAP Focus Areas and Goals
Social Equity
Goal: Guide and support municipalities and counties in the Compact region to create equitable climate
policies, programs, and decision-making processes that consider local socio-economic and racial
inequities and ensure all can participate and prosper
Sustainable Communities and Transportation
Goal: Adapt to the impacts of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reshaping where
and how to build and move from place to place
Water
Goal: Advance the water management strategies and infrastructure improvements needed, in parallel
with existing water conservation efforts, to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of climate change and
sea level rise on water supplies, water and wastewater infrastructure, and water management systems,
inclusive of regional canal networks, pumps, control structures, and operations.
2.2.2 Broward County and Dania Beach Context
Representatives from the Broward County government ensured that the goals and interests of the county
are included in the Compact along with those of the additional counties represented in the southeast
Florida region. Within county borders, the 2016-2020 Broward County Commission Strategic Plan
(Broward County, 2018), describes a four-point vision emphasizing quality of life through a sense of
community, good governance, vibrant economy, and sustainable infrastructure and services. This is
further elucidated with eight values (Table 2.2), each with more specific goals (Appendix C).
Table 2.2 Broward County Values (Broward County, 2018).
Broward County Values
A. Ensuring economic opportunities for Broward's diverse population and businesses
B. Prominently marketing Broward County as a brand, while increasing public understanding of
programs and services
C. Approaching human services collaboratively and compassionately, with special emphasis on
the most vulnerable
D. Cooperatively delivering an efficient and accessible regional intermodal transportation network
E. Encouraging investments in renewable energy, sustainable practices and environmental
protection
F. Cultivating community culture, arts, recreation, and life-long learning
G. Offering sustainable, compatible, innovative housing options for all income-levels, including
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Broward County Values
integrated, permanent supportive housing
H. Consistently delivering responsive, efficient, quality services to the public and internal
customers
For more than a decade, the Broward County Climate Change Task Force (Task Force, 2018) has
conducted vulnerability assessments and taken local steps to analyze municipal level data on
infrastructure such as: inundation zones, areas with elevations below mean SLR scenarios, land use,
regional indicators, public resource locations and priority planning areas. The county began to play a
role in sustainability planning and leadership regionally, nationally and abroad through its participation
in the White House Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience (Executive Order 13653) and
the Southeast Regional Climate Change Compact.
The Environmental Planning and Community Resilience Division of Broward County has responsibility
for 1) Environmental Monitoring, 2) Beach and Marine Resources, 3) Water Resources Policy and
Planning, and 4) Climate and Energy Programs. The Director (Dr. Jennifer Jurado) and Assistant
Director (Dr. Samantha Danchuk) of the Division were directly involved in the SDM effort with
DASEES for Dania Beach and in implementing the Broward Count Climate Change Action Plan
(CCAP, 2015). The CCAP contains almost 100 county-wide strategic actions aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and effects of climate change and increasing community resilience. The
actions are organized under six plan elements that each have objectives (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3 Broward County Climate Action Plan (CCAP) Elements and Objectives (CCAP, 2015).
Broward County CCAP Elements and Objectives
Policy
• Enact policies and legislation to reduce emissions from transportation and buildings.
• Increase community resilience through adaptation.
Natural Systems
• Preserve natural areas and habitats to help protect native species.
• Integrate natural systems and green infrastructure throughout the community.
• Evaluate current and future impacts of climate change on natural resources and ecosystems
Water Supply
• Ensure existing water resources are protected and remain available through
conservation and sustainable management.
• Preserve capacity by diversifying source alternatives.
• Balance the water needs of public consumers and natural systems
Energy Resources
• Reduce energy intensity of county buildings by at least 20% by 2025 through the Better Buildings
Challenge.
• Achieve a renewable energy portfolio of 30% by 2030.
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Broward County CCAP Elements and Objectives
• Decrease fuel consumption by 10% by 2020.
Built Environment
• Assess the impacts of climate change on the built environment.
• Provide tools for climate resilience and support climate-resilient investments.
• Reduce risk through proactive planning for transportation, energy and natural
infrastructure.
Community Outreach
• Grow community awareness on climate change issues by increasing the number of
community partners annually.
Already, Broward County is taking adaptive climate resilience action through the adoption of the state
and federal designation of Adaption Action Areas (AAAs) for specific coastal areas in the county. The
AAA designation is optional for areas vulnerable to SLR but used to prioritize funding for infrastructure
needs (SFRPC, 2013). The Port Everglades Entrance Sand Bypass Project (Broward County, 2014) is a
beach nourishment project that can beneficially influence the coastal areas of Dania Beach and was
given an AAA designation.
Resilience planning has also been occurring at a city-wide level. One example of this is the Dania Beach
Community Redevelopment Agency (CRA) which was founded in 2002 (CRA, 2015) by the city
commission. It aims to redevelop Dania Beach through sustainable means and is focused on specific
areas of Dania Beach within the CRA boundaries. The CRA area is inclusive of the downtown area,
certain neighborhoods and marine and commercial locations. Strategies for redevelopment for specific
neighborhoods, transportation, clean energy, and economic development projects are delineated in the
Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Plan (CRA, 2015). Plan goals and scope of the CRA area has
expanded in the ensuing years (2009 to present) with the corresponding implementation strategies
subject to re-analysis. As delineated in the most recent plan Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Plan,
(CRA, 2015) emphasis is placed on neighborhood revitalization, energy efficiency, sustainability, and
adaption planning for resilience to climate impacts. It also groups implementation strategies for the short
term (1-5 years) and longer term (>5 years).
"The mission of the CRA is to create ancl implement economically sound redevelopment ancl
revitalization activities in the City of Dania Beach, to improve the unique small-town quality
of life, while simultaneously facilitating investmen t, commercial development, innovation
and growth for our diverse population. "
-Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Plan (CRA, 2015)
In parallel, the City Commission passed Resolution No. 2009-026 to establish a Green Advisory Board
to assist "City administration in identifying and creating policies and action plans that pertain to energy
efficiency and help to mitigate the effects of climate changes." Also, the Dania Beach City Commission
passed Resolution No. 2013-011 to provide an endorsement of the Southeast Florida Mayors' Climate
Action Pledge; an affirmation of support for the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact
17
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and an agreement that implementing the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Action Plan, in whole or in
part, would be appropriate for the city.
One recent project that illustrates the city's approach to re-development is the Dania Beach Oasis
Project (Fig. 2.3), a neighborhood redevelopment project led by the City Manager. By design, and
implemented incrementally, the Oasis Project was developed to improve individual streets and foster
neighborhood pride. It is hoped that it will foster a "ripple effect" that encourages residents to work
collectively to improve and beautify their neighborhoods. The City Manager described it as a proactive
approach to promoting neighborhood stability, reducing urban blight, preventing crime, and increasing
property values.
"Disorder in a neighborhood leads to crime. So, we try to create a better area, a safer
environment and crime will be reduced. By beautifying a street, the residents see the
improvements and start improving their own properties. That's why we call it the Oasis
Program because it grows. We plant seeds and the residents react to that by improving their
own properties. We really think that this is having such a good effect on Dania Beach."
~ Robert Baldwin, City Manager, City of Dania Beach
Oasis 1 - SW 3rd Avenue
Oasis 2 - SW 28th Terrace
Oasis 3 - SW 24th Avenue (CDBG)
Oasis 4 - SE 2nd Street
Oasis 5 - NE 1st Court & NE 2nd Avenue (CDBG)
Oasis 6 - SW 4th Street & SW 9th Street
Oasis 7 - NW 11th Avenue
Oasis 8 - Melaleuca Gardens
Oasis 9 - Davis Isles & Monroe Udell Street
Oasis 10 - NW 10th Court
Oasis 11 - SW 40th Avenue
Oasis 12 - NW 8th Avenue
Oasis 13 • NE 1st Street
Figure 2.3 Map of Dania Beach Oasis Projects (http://daniabeachfl.gov/oasis
2.2.3 Broward County and Dania Beach Collaboration
In August 2014, the Compact co-hosted the four-day Southeast Florida Resilient Redesign Workshop
(Compact, 2014). Over 50 regional, national and international experts from the diverse fields of
architecture, engineering, transportation, planning, and water management assembled to collaborate on
the identification of challenges and resilient design opportunities for three representative communities in
southeast Florida. The Dania Beach in Broward County was included as a representative urban
community, along with the City of Miami Beach and the community of Sweetwater in unincorporated
18
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Miami-Dade County which served as respective models for dense-urban (Dania and Miami Beach) and
suburban (Sweetwater) landscapes.
Subsequently, the team of experts presented their conceptual designs (Table 2.4) and advice to a body of
local stakeholders which led to continued discussions about the possibilities for regional and local
collaboration in South Florida. To further build on the aims and products of the Resilient Redesign
workshop, Broward County and Dania Beach administration and met to discuss strategies and to identify
opportunities for implementing the resilient design concepts. Staff representation from the economic,
transportation, housing, planning, and redevelopment agencies facilitated additional discussion about
potential alignment with economic development opportunities and planned improvements to
infrastructure.
These meetings helped develop a course of action for further protecting residents from the SLR threat
while expanding the network of decision makers and stakeholders involved in advancing the proposed
resilient design concepts. The introduction of decision-analytic tools and processes can further support
the redesign process by helping to evaluate and refine the design concepts, develop a community-wide
vision that encompasses the diverse values that might be impacted by these decisions, and organize the
funding and support need to formalize and implement a plan. Broward County and the Dania Beach
have committed to working together to continue these efforts with the goal of integrating resilient design
options into redevelopment strategies and to better engage the community.
2.2A Structure Decision-Making Workshop Planning
To continue the collaboration on resilient re-design, the U.S. EPA Region 4 was engaged to coordinate
support from SHC and DASEES for Broward County and Dania Beach. DASEES facilitates the SDM
process, the first step of which (and the scope of this report) is establishing clarity on objectives,
performance measures and options to achieve objectives. Identifying stakeholder objectives for Dania
Beach is key to informing the prioritization of actions, the development of strategies that are cost-
effective, ensuring that diverse stakeholders receive a voice at the table, and helping to shape
community and regional goals that are consistent with a community-wide vision for resilience. A more
complete understanding of partner perspectives and backgrounds informed the development of the
workshops and workshop products described later in this report.
Table 2.4 Dania Beach Resilient Redesign Summary (Compact, 2014).
Design Concepts
Recommendations
Urban Densification at City Center
•
Vertical Expansion
•
Include Evacuation Shelter
•
Invest along Coastal Ridge (Higher Elevation)
Enhance Natural Infrastructure
•
Construct Resilience Center and Wetland Bicycle Path
•
Mangrove Restoration
•
Dune Enhancement (Underground Parking)
•
Reef Enhancement
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Flood Control • Create a Polder (water storage structure)
• Raise Perimeter Roads to act as Levees
• Add Pumping System
• Incorporate Canals
Implementation Suggestions • Use Concepts as Inspiration
• Engage the Community
• Employ a Decision-Making Process
o Consider Regional Context
o Consider Temporal Scale for Planning
o Develop an Implementation Roadmap
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• I " I ill I ' " III Hi ill I " I ' I " I "IN hi I 11 in \ "I I III ,| >
Making community resilience decisions within a complex, uncertain environment requires a flexible,
transparent, and deliberative process, open to a range of values and knowledge that can have a
significant impact on the formulation and risk-based analysis of decision options (Failing et al., 2007;
Reed, 2008). Fundamental to this is the early and systematic inclusion of relevant stakeholders in the
process (Reed, 2008). Engaging appropriate stakeholders in a decision-making process can ensure a
broader set of viewpoints and localized understanding of management options, enable learning across
the participants and organizers, and increase transparency and perceived credibility of the process and
resulting outcomes (French et al. 2009). The general approach to engaging with stakeholders via
DASEES can be described as decision sketching (Gregory et al, 2012). Decision sketching is a short
(hours to days) high-level review and characterization of the decision problem in order capture the key
components of a decision and their relationship to each other. It rapidly covers the first several steps of
SDM (DASEES Steps 1-3) to clarify decision context, objectives, performance measures, and options.
In DASEES, these decision parts are graphically and causally linked through Bayesian networks (a
feature in DASEES Step 4) and discussed more fully in Chapter 4). Bayesian networks (BNs) are a
useful visual way to begin conceptual understanding of causal links between proposed resilience actions
and expected outcomes.
Pre-Workshop Planning
One key purpose of DASEES is to help better engage stakeholders in the decision-making process.
Before the workshop, Dania Beach and Broward County provided a list of the proposed invitees. The
list was sorted according to an EPA-developed stakeholder typology framework shown in Table 3.1.
which identified stakeholder representation based on affiliation and area of practice. The typology
framework lists 16 stakeholder types considered to be most relevant to environmental decision making,
along with example organizations of each stakeholder type for clarification. Inviting representatives
from all these categories does not ensure a complete or appropriate mix of stakeholders but was used as
a check on overlooking potential stakeholders.
The draft invitee list included 14 of 16 categories, with tribal government and tourism stakeholders not
yet identified. In an attempt to ensure fuller stakeholder participation a content analysis of documents
that captured the attendees of previous environmental management related meetings revealed
appropriate representatives for invitation.
For workshops of this type, an essential element is the inclusion of people who are conversant in the
ideas of SDM and skilled in elicitation. Expert elicitation (Doria, et al, 2009, Morgan, 2014) employs
various methods for drawing out and structuring expert (stakeholder) knowledge both qualitatively and
quantitatively, making it useful for decision-making for complex problems often under uncertainty, such
as planning for climate adaption. Resources and a fuller description of methods for elicitation are
provided in Bradley et al, 2016.
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Table 3.1 Stakeholder Typology for Sorting Dania Workshop Invitees.
Stakeholder Type
Example Organizations (not specific to Dania
Beach)
Local Government
(town/city governments)
City Planning Office, Water Districts, Office of
the Mayor
County Government
County Planning Office, Soil and Water
Conservation Districts
State Government
State Departments of Environmental
Management, State Emergency Management,
Fish and Wildlife Department
Federal Government
U.S. EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Tribal Governments
Tribal environmental agencies, planning
agencies
Elected Officials
State representatives, senators, mayors
Environmental NGOs
The Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund,
local watershed groups
Community/Social Welfare
NGOs
National Urban League, Children's Services
Council
Industry
Local manufacturers
Wastewater Treatment
Plants
Public, Private, Municipal, and Industrial plants
Utilities
Water, Electricity, Gas
University
Universities, Colleges
Research
Research institutions (i.e. Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution-MA, Scripps
Research Institute-FL)
Tourism
Bus, Beach, and Gondola Tour Agencies
Land Owners
Public and Private Land owners
Land Developers
Commercial and Residential Land Developers
Experts in environmental decision-making from Neptune and Co., Inc., employed DASEES to elicit
stakeholder knowledge, and subsequently process and structure that knowledge in DASEES, making it
useful for informing decision makers. DASEES was designed to be user-friendly, and applicable to a
wide range of decision problems; its content and tutorials provide examples for developing products for
decision support. However, when applying any decision tool or process to complex, uncertain problems
such as community resilience planning for climate change involving multiple stakeholders, the inclusion
of decision analytic expertise is necessary to ensure the effective application of such tools and processes.
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3.2 Workshop Implementation
As mentioned in the previous section, two workshops (1 and 2) were conducted. The second was
conducted later, once it was understood more time was needed in the first workshop to better formulate
the context, objectives, and performance measures. This occurrence highlights the importance of
flexibility when conducting stakeholder meetings to provide sufficient opportunity to capture all
decision-relevant information. The stakeholder groups in Workshop 1 included local, county and state
government officials; social welfare non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives, utility
officials, and landowners and developers. Workshop 2 participants were comprised of technical analysts
from local and county government. Workshop 1 captured the values and concerns of stakeholders into
objectives and used those objectives for developing stakeholder-derived alternatives and Workshop 2
was primarily a technical workshop on potential modeling work that could support the evaluation of
results from Workshop 1. Thus, each workshop had a different focus on stakeholders (Workshop 1) and
experts (Workshop 2) respectively. The facilitation and analysis of workshop results was designed and
implemented by Kelly Black and Dr. Thomas Stockton, Jr. of Neptune and Company, Inc.
These results within and between the two workshops were utilized to build on each other as the activities
progressed (Fig. 3.1). Workshop 1 was conducted to construct objectives and identify performance
measures with community stakeholders. After an initial hierarchy of fundamental objectives was
constructed, performance measures and options to achieve the objectives were proposed by stakeholders.
The objectives, measures, and options were then used in an initial discussion to capture stakeholder
understanding of causal linkages between options and objectives.
Workshop 1
Community Stakeholders
Values
Objectives
Performance Measures
Workshop 2
Technical Analysts
Assess Needs
Information
Models
Figure 3.1 Scope of the two Dania Beach Workshops and their relationship.
Workshop 2 built on the first workshop and delved more into the technical aspects and implications but
also included some additional revisions to the measures and alternatives to increase their operability.
Workshop 2 was primarily focused on consequence modeling and tools available for predicting the
impacts on the objectives from the options identified by stakeholders in Workshop 1.
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3,2,1 Workshop 1
Workshop I (held on Sept. 21-22. 2015) was initiated with contextual 1 y-oriented presentations
(DASEES Step 1). Rafael a Moura (EPA, Region 4) provided an overview of EPA Region 4's
perspectives on the workshops and tools developed by Region 4 that could support community decision
making and planning (all slides from the workshop presentations are included in Appendix D). Tammy
Newcomer-Johnson (then ORISE/EPA Climate Ready Estuaries) discussed the threats of climate change
to coastal communities and tools for climate change assessment, management and planning. Drs.
Jennifer Jurado and Samantha Danchuk (Broward County) gave a presentation that updated the
stakeholders on Dania Beach's strategies for resilience planning. A review of decision analysis, the
importance of understanding objectives for developing and evaluating alternatives and the impetus and
goals for the workshop was provided by Brian Dyson (EPA/OR D) before the initiation of workshop
activities.
The elicitation process followed the presentations with three sessions that focused on the following
questions:
Session 1: What are your preferences and concerns? (Objectives) - DASEES Step I
Session 2: How do we measure success? (Performance Measures) - DASEEES Step 2
Session 3: How do we achieve success? (Options) - DASEES Step 3
Each session was an hour and a half long and included an elicited discussion with results captured in the
DASEES tool.
Session 1 was a discussion of the objectives for the future of the community (i.e., what the community
hopes to achieve or avoid). Workshop elicitors used the structuring capabilities of DASEES (DASEES
Step 2) to organize the concerns and values of stakeholders into statements called fundamental
objectives. Fundamental objectives specify what is of ultimate importance in a decision problem. They
include a clear description of the value and an intent or direction for that value. Examples might be
Maximize ecological integrity or Minimize management costs. This process focused on end values of
concern from stakeholders and not technical concerns or means objectives (how to achieve end values)
which were captured later. Related objectives were grouped into an Objective Hierarchy (Section 3.3)
with a higher-level objective containing several sub-objectives. Sub-objectives were later assigned
performance measures assigned to track attainment (Section 3.4)
Session 2 had the community stakeholders form breakout groups to identify candidate performance
measures for the fundamental objectives previously identified. Performance measures were chosen that
best met the criteria of being "measurable, operational, and understandable." These criteria are used to
test the applicability of a proposed measure for the decision at hand (Keeney. 1992). The whole group
was reconvened to discuss the measures identified and select a final set of measures. Clarifying
measures also helped identify over-lapping objectives (those with similar intent or outcome), which
were then removed from the objectives hierarchy (Section 3.3). This is done to avoid "double-counting"
when quantifying impacts from proposed management actions
Session 3 focused on developing means objectives and options (Section 3.5) (DASEES Step 3) for
achieving the fundamental objectives with measures organized in DASEES (Section 3.4). This session
also used value-focused thinking as the guiding principle by recommending management options that
best achieve fundamental (values-driven) objectives; tracked by performance measures. At least one
option was developed for achieving each of the objectives.
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An initial "first-cut" approach at graphically modeling (DASEES Step 4) these decision components
was conducted with the stakeholders to provide a visual aid (Fig, 3.2) and for the technical analysts to
use in Workshop 2.
Performance Measure Selection Criteria
Measurable: There should be acceptable and verifiable means to assess a condition of
interest (environmental, social, economic), track over time, and record data.
Operational: There should be the ability to predict or detect changes to the selected measure
from implementing proposed actions. Without this ability, it is difficult to determine if
fundamental objectives are being achieved. That implies the measure should be relevant to
the scale of the problem. For example, attempting to measure global impact from regional
actions may be not useful.
Understandable: Using technical measures and scientific jargon to report results may be
accurate, but not necessarily helpful to a broad reach of stakeholders and decision makers.
Translating technical results into more meaningful measures to communities is critical.
pv A o C C O Decision Analysis for a Sustainable
L"'nOLLO Environment • Economy • Society
Dania Beach, FL: RESES 2014,
Prototype Resilient Redesign for
Southern Florida
S Quick Start
i Context
Background
System Sketch
Map
9 Objectives
Brainstorm
Define Objectives
Preferences
3; Options
Define Options
Scenarios
4 Consequences
Consequence Table
Bayesian Network
5 Take Action
Adaptive Management
Figure 3.2 Preliminary stakeholder-driven graphical modeling (influence diagram) linking management
options (yellow nodes) to performance measures (green nodes).
25
Number of affected properties
Bayesian Network
1Save Revert ~
Infrastructure: Raise roads
+ Add Node
Zoning: Building codes
Saltwater intrusion
* | Legend
V? He'P
Infrastructure: Structure/Pump retrofits and installations
Nature: Invasive species control
Monitoring network
Federal grants
Local gov't resiliency investment
Incentives: Loans
Regional:
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3.2.2 Workshop 2
A half-day workshop (Workshop 2) was held several months later (March 18. 2016) when the group of
technical analysts (Appendix D) could meet. The facilitators provided a presentation on structured
decision making to orient the participants to the DASEES decision process and the insights that can be
provided by structured decision-making workshops. This was followed by a review of the results from
Workshop I (Section 3.3). The rest of the workshop was focused on developing an influence diagram
(Section 3.6) that specified the modeling tools and data sources that could be used for predicting the
impacts of the stakeholder-identified options on the fundamental objectives through the associated
measures. Participants were first shown the initial graphical model developed with Workshop I
stakeholders (Fig. 3.2) with the options connected to each corresponding objective/measure. Then,
participants identified how these relationships might best be quantified with numerical models and data
sources to further develop the Fig. 3.2 model with relevant economic, hydrologic. and ecological
models.
3.3 Objectives Hierarchy
Session I of Workshop I produced an objectives hierarchy covering the concerns and ideas about the
future of Dania Beach from the stakeholder group (Fig. 3.3). Seven fundamental objectives were
identified by the stakeholders for resilient redesign in Dania Beach. The fundamental objectives covered
a range of distinct topics which included maintaining positive aspects of the community, protecting
human health, ensuring a good economy, and protecting the ecological integrity of the region. Each
fundamental objective had sub-objectives to further define what was meant by the fundamental objective
(e.g.. Protect community is defined by maintaining small-town feel, preserving historic structures, and
five other sub-objectives). The number of sub-objectives identified for each fundamental objective
ranged from four to seven and are discussed below.
Equity represents the sharing of burdens and benefits so that the individuals in one group are not
disproportionately affected more than another. Fundamental objectives related to equity are often found
in decision analysis applications (Merkhofer and Keeneyl987). Participants defined equity through sub-
objectives covering the distribution of resources, affordable housing, intergenerational impacts from
sustainability. and adapting to new generations.
A fundamental objective for community protection was constructed to represent the positive aspects of
the community that stakeholders would want to maintain now and in the future. Community protection
was defined through multiple distinct elements. Several of the sub-objectives for community protection
focused on positive aspects of the history of the community such as preserving historic structures and
small-town feel. Similarly, values related to community bonds and ties were expressed through a sub-
objective of building community character cohesion. The importance of enhancing the multi-cultural
aspects of the community was expressed through a demographic diversification sub-objective. Several
additional objectives related to the market-based aspects of the community were also specified through
preserving development options, balancing large and small business development, and maintaining the
community of small businesses.
The protection of health, lives, and property are key components and source of fundamental objectives
in resilience planning. Fundamental objectives were identified for avoiding costs to human safety and
flooding along with infrastructure protection and improvements.
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Fundamental Objectives Hierarchy
| New Objective Delete Objective M M Ljsj
— « Dania Beach Resiliency Redesign
— o Maximize equity
• Equitable distribution of resources
• Maximize affordable housing
• Enhance intergenerational sustainability equity
• Adapt to generational change in values
— c. Protect community
• Preserve development options
• Preserve historic structures
• Build community character cohesion
• Maintain small town feel
• Maintain small business community
• Diversify demographics
• Balance large and small business development
— g Maximize human safety
• Maximize ability to handle heat related illness
• Minimize flood related injuries
• Maximize ability to handle loss of water and electricity
• Minimize safety impact on business community
• Minimize disease vectors
• Protect visitor health
— o Minimize economic impacts of flooding
• Minimize economic impacts on business community
• Minimize cost to Dania Beach
• Preserve private property values
— c Protect and improve infrastructure
• Maintain transportation infrastructure with flooding
• Minimize traffic hassles
• Maximize access and mobility
• Protect water supply
• Protect water treatment
I • Preserve and protect private structures
• Enhance electrical infrastructure
— o Quality of life
• Minimize May - Nov crime
• Minimize Dec - Apr crime
• Maximize tourism economic impact
• Maximize beach life
— e Maximize ecological health and services
• Maximize fisheries
• Maximize nursery and breeding grounds
• Maximize seagrass
• Maximize mangrove areas
Figure 3.3 Screenshot of Objectives Hierarchy generated in DASEES Workshop 1. Fundamental
objectives are in bold black and sub-objectives are bulleted below. Green sub-objectives were assigned
performance measures during Session 2.
The sub-objectives for defining the human safety fundamental objective were diverse and focused on
threat types such as injuries from heat, floods, and disease vectors (e.g., mosquito-borne illnesses). One
sub-objective focused on stakeholders that should be protected (visitors to the region) and another
27
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specified the impacts of safety on the business community. A fundamental objective was also created for
infrastructure protection that also touched on a diversity of concerns including impacts to water,
electricity, and transportation infrastructure for the public sector and preservation and protection of
structures that are privately owned. Two key means objectives (not shown, but captured in DASEES),
"Maximize natural systems water filtering " and "Increase surface water storage," were identified for
the sub-objective of protecting water supplies. An analogous fundamental objective examining the
economic impacts of flooding was identified. Economic impacts of flooding were further defined as
being related to costs to the city government, to the business community and impacts on private property
values from flooding events such as from hurricanes.
A quality of life fundamental objective was created that was further specified by crime reductions for
different times of the year (possibly to consider differences during tourist- and off-seasons), economic
impacts of tourism, and maintaining beach lifestyles through accessibility and availability of the beach
now and in the future. A final fundamental objective covered the ecological aspects important to the
community. This fundamental objective included sub-objectives for aquatic and semi-aquatic landscapes
(seagrass and mangroves) and fisheries abundance along with breeding and nursery grounds for fish.
Several of the objectives were selected to further define and analyze in subsequent steps (bolded in
green in Fig. 3.3). For these objectives, performance measures were identified and are described in the
next section (3.4). Table 3.2 lists of the objectives that were not included in subsequent steps due to not
being unique and operational. These objectives can still provide important considerations for future
decisions but were excluded to leave a more focused list of objectives for subsequent workshop
activities.
Table 3.2 Objectives considered as overlapping and excluded from the final list for performance
measure identification. Bold text highlights the sub-objectives that were excluded.
Overlapping Objectives
+ Maximize equity
Equitable distribution of resources
Enhance intergenerational sustainability equity
Adapt to generational change in values
+ Protect community
Preserve development options
Preserve historic structures
Build community character cohesion
Maintain small town feel
Maintain small business community
Diversify demographics
Balance large and small business development
+ Maximize human safety
Minimize safety impact on business community
Minimize disease vectors
Protect visitor health
+ Minimize economic impacts of flooding
+ Protect and improve infrastructure
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Overlapping Objectives
Maintain transportation infrastructure with
flooding
Minimize traffic hassles
Maximize access and mobility
Enhance electrical infrastructure
+ Quality of life
Minimize May - November crime
Minimize Dec - April crime
+ Maximize ecological health and services
Maximize seagrass
3.4 Performance Measures
Performance measures were identified for each sub-objective along with units for each of the measures
(Table 3.3). Most of the performance measures had easily identifiable units for measurement, e.g.
dollars ($) for cost, or hectares (ha) for area, but several may need specially constructed scales (indices)
such as for low income housing and for the health of fish communities. The latter might refer to a
diversity index that incorporates measures of fish community health and looks at abundance within and
across populations. Several key patterns emerged during the identification of performance measures.
Most of the human safety objectives had measures focused on numbers of individuals suffering mortal
or morbid injuries related to environmental stressors while most of the economic objectives were
measured in dollars with some notable exceptions such as a number of visitors measure for tourism.
Spatial objectives were given an areal measure such as hectares and square miles. Several sub-objectives
had multiple measures that could have represented bundled concerns within the objective.
Although the fundamental objectives hierarchy was truncated, many of the objectives identified were
more long-range, or strategic, reflecting perspectives on the future of Dania Beach. If applied to specific
decision-making contexts, additional information would need to be incorporated in many of the
performance measure scales, such as net present value measures for comparisons across time, or further
defined to match location-specific needs (e.g., gradations in quality for different species for habitat
types). As demonstrated here, coupling the objectives hierarchy and the performance measures provides
a clear and focused way of presenting what is important for the future to stakeholders in a community
and how might this be operationalized and measured for ensuring the objectives are achieved by the
options. Measures can further be refined with subject matter experts and stakeholder input to fully
capture the values expressed in the hierarchy and identify more.
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Table 3.3 Objectives Hierarchy with performance measures and units.
Objective
Performance Measure
Units
+ Maximize equity
Maximize affordable housing
Low income housing
index
+ Maximize human safety
Maximize ability to handle heat related illness
Health: Heat related
number
hospital visits
Minimize flood related injuries
Health: Flood deaths
number
Maximize ability to handle loss of water and
User days without water
number
electricity
User days without
electricity
number
+ Minimize economic impacts of flooding
Minimize economic impacts on business
Cost of insurance
dollars
community
Minimize cost to Dania Beach
Cost: Maintenance costs
dollars
Cost: Dollar capital
projects
dollars
Preserve private property values
Comparative property
ratio
values
+ Protect and improve infrastructure
Protect water supply
Potable Water
million
Reclaimed
gallons
Saltwater intrusion
square miles
Protect water treatment
User days without water
number
Preserve and protect private structures
Number of affected
parcels
properties
+ Quality of life
Maximize tourism economic impact
Heads in beds
number
Maximize beach life
Beach Closure (WQ)
days
Beach Closure (Sand)
days
+ Maximize ecological health and services
Maximize fisheries
Fish abundance
index
Maximize nursery and breeding grounds
Mangroves
ha
Maximize mangrove areas
Mangroves
ha
3.5 Management Actions
Workshop participants identified a set of management actions (options) specifically intended to achieve
each of the sub-objectives (Table 3.3). A value-focused brainstorming exercise was used with the
stakeholders to generate actions that may be useful to evaluate for effectiveness in achieving the
objectives (Gregory et al. 2012). This activity allowed input from stakeholders on potential ways of
achieving their objectives and ensured most objectives would have an action that could be evaluated. To
ensure understandability when examining effectiveness, actions can be defined by their qualities,
location(s), scale, and resource commitments, including implementation time, personnel, information
needs, and equipment.
30
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Requirements for assessing actions can be further expanded with the stakeholders and technical experts
familiar with the place setting and technical areas encompassed by the objectives. Remaining questions
about how the suggested actions could achieve an objective might be addressed through the influence
diagramming process (previously mentioned graphical maps) to characterize the conditions that must be
achieved for beneficial outcomes on the objectives. This is further discussed in later sections.
Some of the actions are currently being undertaken, planned, or considered by Dania Beach or Broward
County or external agencies, and some are unique ideas generated at the workshop. Most of the
management actions refer to structural projects that would require infrastructure modifications to protect
lives, property, social, and economic values (e.g., raise roads, build dunes). The nonstructural options
include ones related to education, building codes, and environmental protection. Several of these options
were identified to achieve more than one objective. For example, one management action related to
zoning was identified to contribute to achieving two objectives: property values and water supply
protection.
The fundamental objective pertaining to heat-related illnesses did not have an action identified by the
stakeholder group. New actions could be created that might be implementable by the city or the
stakeholders within the city and cover the range of heat-related illnesses of concern which could include
workplace, domestic, or recreational exposure situations. One or more appropriate experts in heat-
related illness prevention or treatment could be consulted for these actions. An appraisal of baseline
actions currently in use or expected for future use to address heat-related illnesses would accompany this
investigation. Note that the workshop produced the list of management actions in Table 3.4. Greater
elaboration on each of these management actions was developed by the EPA after the workshop
(Sections 3.5.1 through 3.5.15). It would be ideal to have additional iterations with community
stakeholders to ensure their intent has been accurately conveyed. The listed actions may be further
refined and expanded with subject matter experts and packaged in coordinated portfolios for further
evaluation if helpful for future management decisions.
Table 3.4 Management actions and measurement units developed to achieve objectives.
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Objective
Management action
Units
+ Maximize equity
Maximize affordable housing
Incentives: Loans
dollars
+ Maximize human safety
Maximize ability to handle heat related illness
Minimize flood related injuries
Infrastructure: Connect
number
bioswales
Infrastructure: Knee
meters
walls
Infrastructure: Raise
meters
roads
Infrastructure: Seawalls
meters
Maximize ability to handle loss of water and
Infrastructure: Agile
MGD
electricity
water supply
Response: Mobile solar
number
power
+ Minimize economic impacts of flooding
Minimize economic impacts on business
Infrastructure: Connect
number
community
bioswales
Infrastructure: Knee
meters
walls
Infrastructure: Raise
meters
roads
Infrastructure: Seawalls
meters
Minimize cost to Dania Beach
Funding: Federal grants
dollars
Preserve private property values
Infrastructure: Connect
number
bioswales
Infrastructure: Knee
meters
walls
Infrastructure: Raise
meters
roads
Infrastructure: Seawalls
meters
Zoning: Finish floor
elevation
Nature: Re-nourish and
ha
build dunes
Education: dunes
number
+ Protect and improve infrastructure
Protect water supply
Infrastructure: green
million
surface water storage
gallons
Adaptation Action Areas
number
Infrastructure: Connect
meters
bioswales
Zoning: Finish floor
meters
elevation
Protect water treatment
Infrastructure: Connect
meters
bioswales
Preserve and protect private structures
Infrastructure: Knee
meters
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Objective
Management action
Units
walls
Nature: Re-nourish and
ha
build dunes
+ Quality of life
Maximize tourism economic impact
Infrastructure: Beach
nourishment
meters
Infrastructure: Roads
meters
Infrastructure: Connect
bioswales
meters
Infrastructure: green
surface water storage
million
Infrastructure:
gallons
Reclaimed water
MGD
produced
Maximize beach life
Infrastructure: Septic
Connection
number
+ Maximize ecological health and services
Maximize fisheries
Nature: Breeding ground
protection
ha
Maximize nursery and breeding grounds
Nature: Breeding ground
protection
ha
Maximize mangrove areas
Nature: Breeding ground
protection
ha
3.5.11ncentives: Loans
To better achieve affordable housing, the suggested action was loans. This might refer to fair and secure
loans to low income home purchasers for mortgage purposes. Loans for low-income home buyers might
come from private or public (federal, state or local) sources. Characteristics of the loan could be
examined for optimally ensuring the availability of affordable housing. Along with generating new
loans, the opportunities to apply to existing loans and access to housing support services for
disadvantaged individuals and families might be considered with this action. Ensuring affordable
housing for residents is part of the Dania Beach Housing Authority's mandate. The authority administers
a voucher program for low income residents in the city for rentals and manages public housing units.
3.5.2 Infrastructure: Connect Bioswales
Developing connected bioswales was identified as an action that could raise property values, prevent
flood-related injuries, benefit tourism, minimize negative economic impacts on the business community,
enhance water supply availability, and treat water supplies. Means objectives of minimizing beach
pollution and targeting two-foot SLR with bioswale development were discussed at the workshop as
important to consider with the design of bioswales. Bioswales can be integrated into urban settings and
landscapes as exemplified by Fondy Park in Milwaukee, WI (Fig. 3.4). Bioswales facilitate surface
and/or sub-surface transport of water drainage. In areas where rain and surface water accumulate,
bioswales might be used to transport the waters away to prevent damage to private or public
infrastructure including water supply treatment facilities. Another primary use is for filtering pollutants
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and solutes through vegetated channels which can assist in treating storm water drainage. Thus,
connecting bioswales might be designed for water removal from an area before depth accumulates to
dangerous levels while potentially providing or assisting with providing adequate filtration for the
ultimate end uses of the transported water. There are currently 110 bioswales in Dania Beach, so this
action could be aligned with community sustainability objectives from the outset of the development
stages to implementation.
Figure 3.4 Aerial view of a bioswale integrated into a neighborhood park and farmers' market (Fondy
Park in Milwaukee, WI) (Photo credit: Tim McCollow).
3.5.3 Infrastructure: Knee Walls
Constructing and maintaining knee walls was chosen for protecting property values, preventing flood-
related injuries and economic impacts on the business community. A means objective of targeting two-
foot SLR with the constructed knee walls was discussed at the workshop. Knee walls refer to outdoor
concrete walls that are close to three feet in height, run parallel to the coastline and the beach, and are
designed to prevent overtopping and downstream inundation (Fig. 3.5). They would be set up as
structure behind the beach to provide additional protection from storm-related surges. They can be out in
the open or embedded in sand dunes. Their construction must be optimized and coordinated with other
management actions to prevent additional damage to property from large storms and hurricanes. Their
presence would provide an additional line of protection from waves and storm surge reaching roads and
nearby properties and augment the function of existing dunes in preventing surge and wave damage
from storms. Knee walls have already been utilized to address future problems with storms and flooding.
State Road A1A in Broward County had a three-foot knee wall added for storm surge protection after
severe damage occurred from waves generated by the storm system Sandy (2012). Some additional
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benefits of "hard infrastructure" such as knee walls and seawalls are that they can be built from simple
construction materials and they are easy to fix but they can lead to the loss of intertidal habitats and may
not be sustainable for protecting coastal areas in the long term (USEPA 2009).
Figure 3.5 Knee wall alongside a coastal road in Broward County (Credit: City of Fort Lauderdale)
3.5.4 Infrastructure: Raise Roads
Raising road heights would have an indirect impact on property values and prevent negative economic
impacts from flooding on the business community. It could also prevent flood-related injuries by
keeping roads accessible during evacuations. A means objective of targeting two-foot SLR when raising
roads was identified. Although initially a fundamental objective, Minimizing traffic hassles related to
flooding was decided to be a more useful means objective for the tourism economy. Workshop
participants discussed how traffic hassles would be minimized by better road infrastructure. Regions that
experience periodic inundations can maintain transportation access and promote greater safety and lead
time for automobiles in evacuation situations. Several major roads owned by the city were found to be
vulnerable under two-foot sea-level rise scenarios developed by the Unified Southeast Florida Sea Level
Rise Projection (Broward County 2011). Road elevation also requires coordination with elevation of
buildings to prevent greater inundation (Bloetscher et al. 2016). Along with raising roads, maintaining
and developing the road system was identified to benefit the tourism economy. This might also include
preventing road blockage from flooding events (Fig. 3.6).
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Figure 3.6 Road flooding in Fort Lauderdale (Credit: Dave/Flickr Creative Commons/CC BY 2.0)
3.5.5 Infrastructure: Seawalls
Constructing and maintaining seawalls could have beneficial impacts on property values by preventing
temporary or permanent inundation. They could also prevent flood-related injuries and flooding
economic impacts on the business community. A means objective of targeting two-foot SLR with the
constructed seawalls was discussed at the workshop. Seawall construction and improvements would
provide barriers for preventing the inundation of areas of concern along tidally influenced waterways
(Fig. 3.7). Seawalls are barriers that prevent the sea from entering dry zones during high tides and/or
strong wave activity. Seawalls can be owned by the government or by private interests such as
landowners. For the latter, maintaining or building seawalls can affect interests beyond the owners of the
property that the seawall is designed to protect. A coordinated plan may be important for alternatives
that consider seawalls especially because they can lead to greater erosion in nearby areas without sea
walls or in front of the wall itself.
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Figure 3.7 Seawall renovations at Dania Beach Marina (Photo credit: The City of Dania Beach)
3.5.6 Infrastructure: Agile Water Supply/ Response: Mobile Solar Power
The objective related to handling interruptions in water and electricity had several actions constructed to
address the need for preventing delays and fostering greater responsiveness. An agile water supply
might refer to processes that increase controllability for water distribution, both temporally and spatially.
A major portion of water movement management in Broward County is through distribution canals and
pumping systems that serve several objectives including flood control and ameliorating and preventing
drought impacts via aquifer recharge from canals (Broward County 2009). An Integrated Water
Resource Plan was developed by the county to help better manage the interconnected canals and
alternate water sources for ensuring water supply availability (Broward County 2009). Likewise, mobile
solar power units would deliver energy to pump stations and flood gates that lost connection with the
main power grid of the city due to hurricanes or other disaster-related damages. A means objective
related to off the grid utilities was identified at the workshop that might be achieved by the development
and implementation of a mobile solar power option. Their mobility would target power losses in affected
areas until the main source is repaired. Mobile power sources are commercially in use and have been
developed for specific public requirements, such as military base camp needs (Fig. 3.8). Candidate
options for mobile power sources can be compared as to their capabilities for meeting the needs of the
population potentially impacted by different power interruption scenarios.
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Figure 3.8 REDUCE mobile solar panels developed for generating electrical power at forward U.S.
Army base camps (Credit: U.S. Army photo)
3.5.7 Federal Grants/ Funding
Federal grants such as EPA's Water Infrastructure and Resilience Finance Center
https://www.epa.gov/waterfinancecenter might be available to help achieve objectives related to
sustainability. An associated means objective of maximizing outside funding sources was identified as
something important to consider when developing options for the fundamental objective of minimizing
costs to Dania Beach. Receiving these grants will lower cost constraints on developing and
implementing new projects and programs including ones related to SLR adaptation and mitigation. The
future availability of grants would influence capabilities for covering costs of implementing new actions.
State grants would also help with water infrastructure projects. Outside of federal grants, the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection distributes hundreds of millions of dollars annually to local
governments for water resource protection purposes and additional opportunities might be available
from other state and county agencies and programs (BCBCC 2015).
3.5.8 Zoning: Finished Floor Elevation
Participants suggested finished floor elevation changes to enhance property values and water supply
availability. A means objective of targeting two-foot SLR with finished floor elevations was discussed at
the workshop. Protecting private property from flooding would ensure longevity and safety which would
raise the value of property. Moreover, flooding insurance rates might be reduced for buildings that are a
specified height above base flood elevation (Fig. 3.9). Finished floor elevation changes would raise the
habitable height of property and prevent interior flooding of residences, and commercial centers. The
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action could pertain to both existing structures and structures not yet built. Ranges for different
structures and locations might be identified and examined for this action. At the extreme, finished floor
elevations could be raised multiple stories above existing levels. Broward County has minimum finished
floor elevation requirements for new building construction based on the location of the building and the
flooding threat as shown in the 100-year Community Flood Map.
Under the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012, You Could Save More than
$90,000 over 10 Years if You Build 3 Feet above Base Flood Elevation*
PREMIUM AT 4 FEET BELOW PREMIUM AT PREMIUM AT 3 FEET ABOVE
BASE FLOOD ELEVATION BASE FLOOD ELEVATION BASE FLOOD ELEVATION
$9,500/year $l,410/year $427/year
$95,000/10 years $14,100/10 years $4,270/10 years
*$250,000 building coverage only (does not include contents), AE (high to moderate risk) zone, single-family, one-story structure
widiout a basement at: 4 feet below Base Flood Elevation (BFE); at BFE; and at 3 feet above BFE. (Rating per FEMA flood insurance
manual, October 1, 2012).The illustration above is based on a standard National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) deductible.
Figure 3.9 FEMA notification that their flood insurance is reduced for buildings with finished floor
elevations higher than the base flood elevation (Courtesy of FEMA).
3.5.9 Nature: Re-nourish and Build Dunes/Education: Dunes/ Infrastructure: Beach
Nourishment
Enhancing dunes and educating visitors and residents about the importance of protecting dunes could
also raise property values and protect properties from flood damage. The means objective of targeting
two-foot SLR was attached by workshop participants to options related to dunes. Dunes protect beaches
from erosion while helping to decrease the intensity of waves from offshore storms. As a natural line of
protection, dunes and dune-related vegetation could assist with other engineered solutions in preventing
tidal flooding incidents (Fig. 3.10). The tourism economy might also benefit from beach nourishment to
maintain regions that attract visitors. Dunes could help facilitate this by stabilizing the beach substrate as
well as providing habitat for valued wildlife on the beach. A means objective related to maximizing
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beaches was identified at the workshop that was associated with the beach nourishment option and a
fundamental objective related to the tourism economy.
Figure 3.10 Dunes in Blowing Rocks Preserve (Hobe Sound, FL) (Credit: U.S. Geological Survey,
Department of the Interior/USGS)
3.5.10 Infrastructure: Green Surface Water Storage/ Adaptation Action Areas Funding:
Green surface water storage was identified to enhance the water supply and improve tourism benefits. A
means objective of minimizing beach pollution was identified at the workshop as being directly
impacted by green surface water storage's filtration capabilities. Green surface water storage could
prevent contaminated water from reaching beach zones through natural filtration abilities. One potential
way of developing green surface water storage is through the construction of wetlands (Fig. 3.11).
During the wet season, surface water storage areas can capture rain and supply water during the dry
season. Water is a limiting step in accommodating residential and commercial development and
maintenance in an area. Ensuring water availability would be a necessity for growing a tourism
economy. Green surface water storage areas can also be constructed in a manner that enhances aesthetics
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and attract visitors and residents. Examining possible scenarios for green surface water storage in Dania
Beach could help with defining actions and the potential identification of new objectives.
Figure 3.11 Dixie Ranch north of Lake Okeechobee is used for water storage to support the Everglades
restoration (Photo credit: South Florida Water Management District)
3.5,11 Adaption Action Areas
For protecting water supplies, adaptation action areas (AAAs) were chosen as a management action. The
AAA concept was initiated at the state level and Fort Lauderdale (Broward County) was one of the first
communities to implement AAAs for addressing SLR (Fig. 3.12) (SFRPC 2013). Fort Lauderdale
currently has 16 AAAs and 40 funded AAA projects to address flooding issues (City of Fort Lauderdale
2016). Adaptation in these contexts pertains to developing barriers (protection), improving stormwater
and elevation (accommodation), rezoning or moving areas at risk (managed retreat), and constraining
future development in high risk areas (avoid). Deciding where these actions could be optimally applied
is part of the AAA designation process and AAAs must meet certain criteria for designation and funding
prioritization. The AAAs in Fort Lauderdale were chosen with stakeholder and technical input on the
vulnerability of present and future assets and the strategies for addressing SLR impacts. Strategies in the
AAA toolbox include incentives, building codes, impact fees, conservation easements, real estate
disclosures, outreach campaigns, and land trust establishment.
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CITY OF FORT LAUDERDALE
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
PROPOSED GOAL, OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES TEXT
ADAPTATION ACTION AREAS
CITY OF FORT LAUDERDALE
EDGEWOOD
Figure 3.12 Since 2015, Fort Lauderdale has been using AAA project designations to focus resilience
projects that prevent coastal flooding. The map above delineates the River Oaks AAA and two projects
within River Oaks (a stormwater park (11419) and a stormwater neighborhood and preserve park
(11868)) (Figure from City of Fort Lauderdale, 2016).
3.5.12 Infrastructure: Reclaimed Water Produced
Reclaimed water actions were identified for water supply and tourism economic impacts and have been
in consideration by southeast Florida for ensuring the availability of future water supplies (RCAP.
2017). The City of Miramar in Broward has a reclamation facility that uses treated water for irrigating
landscapes (e.g., golf courses, public green spaces) (Fig. 3.13). Broward County undertook a feasibility
study that examined alternatives for expanding reclaimed water processing and usage for recharge
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and/or irrigation purposes (Broward County 2009). Dania Beach would currently require partnering with
a neighboring community, such as nearby Hollywood, as no reclaimed water facilities exist in the city
now although a feasibility study of reclaimed water production options was considered (City of Dania
Beach 2014). From workshop discussions, a means objective of minimizing beach pollution was
associated with the reclaimed water option and the fundamental objective related to tourism economic
impact.
Figure 3.13 Reclamation facility in Miramar that treats waste water and uses treated water for irrigation
(left photo). The entrance fountain to the facility uses reclaimed water (right photo) (Photos' credit: City
of Miramar, Florida I www.MiramarFL.gov)
3.5.13 Infrastructure: Septic Connection
Minimizing sewage and excess nutrient runoff could prevent water quality issues from harmful algal
blooms and sewage from impacting the desirability of the beach. Connecting septic systems was
discussed as important to maintain and enhance beach life and the tourism economy (both fundamental
objectives) by minimizing beach pollution (a means objective). This action could refer to connecting to
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safer and more effective disposal sites or to sanitary sewers. Well-maintained septic systems can be
effective, low-impact ways of cleaning household wastewater (Fig. 3.14) (USEPA 2006). Poorly
maintained, malfunctioning systems and drainage field failures can release nutrients and pathogens to
human drinking/ecological use water systems (USEPA 2006). For example, on site disposal too close to
irrigation wells can facilitate the dispersal of contaminated water on lawns and runoff (Rojas 2012).
Establishing a wastewater treatment connection might mitigate impacts from septic systems if they are
problematic. A recent report from Miami-Dade County found that SLR is threatening existing septic
tanks in some areas and this is likely to worsen in the future as groundwater levels rise (Miami-Dade
2018). Dania Beach provides guidance and inspections for septic to sewer conversions. In addition,
centralized sewage treatment capabilities have been expanding in Broward County which will provide
additional sewer waste disposal conversions in the future (BCBCC 2013). The Florida Department of
Health in Broward County oversees permitting for septic systems and inspections (BCBCC 2015). The
County grants exemptions for not connecting to sewers such as for homes located where no sewer mains
are available, for rural dwellers, or in cases where it would be unjust or unreasonable (Broward County,
n.d.).
DRINKING WATER WELL GROUNDWATER
Figure 3.14 Schematic of a residential septic system (Credit: Snohomish County, WA)
3.5.14 Nature: Breeding Ground Protection
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Breeding ground protection was also used for protecting fisheries. Recreational fishing is supported by
the City of Dania Beach at locations like the Dania Beach Fishing Pier (Fig. 3.15). Protection of fishes
would likely require coordination with state and federal agencies. For example, protecting fishing
grounds would be something the fisheries management councils and Florida Department of
Environmental Protection could assist with through programs like the essential fish habitat or Florida
Aquatic Preserves. For addressing fish population health, the Florida Department of Environmental
Protection has authorities for permitting land development that could affect marine fisheries in the state
(City of Dania Beach 2009b) and currently is working with Broward County to monitor fish populations
(fisheries-independent monitoring) in their Southeast Florida Fisheries-Independent Monitoring
Program. Broward County also oversees offshore artificial reef and habitat enhancement programs
(BCBCC 2015) and is working to monitor water quality in offshore reef areas (BCBCC 2013).
Figure 3.15 Fishing from the Dania Beach pier (Credit: The City of Dania Beach)
3.5.15 Nature: Mangrove Protection
To improve mangrove communities, the proposed action is focused on protective measures. Protection
could also extend to areas where mangroves could potentially move as sea levels change. Mangroves
would fall under wetlands which have some federal protections. Permitting for removing or killing
mangroves can require approval from county, state, and/or federal agencies. The U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency require permitting for coastal development projects
that could impact mangroves by excavation or dumping under the 404 program. About 1,500 acres of
mangrove ecosystem in West Lake Park are protected by Broward County and include areas shared by
Dania Beach and Hollywood (Fig. 3.16) (Broward County n.d.) Cities can also have permit requirements
for removing mangroves. In areas with high flooding potential, Dania Beach currently requires a
certification from a licensed engineer to implement mangrove alterations and proof that the alterations
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will not create "potential for flood damage" (Ord. No. 2014-007, §2, 6-24-14). Dania Beach contains
mangroves in the eastern region, between the barrier island beach zone and the urban zone, that are
currently regarded by the city as stressed but protected by federal, state, and county permitting
requirements (City of Dania Beach 2014).
Figure 3.16 Red mangroves at West Lake Park (Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the
Interior/USGS)
3.5.16 Additional Actions
Implementing a value-focused approach to generating alternatives can help identify potentially
important actions that might otherwise not be considered and ensure that actions important to experts
and stakeholders receive equitable consideration. Along with stakeholder workshops, actions can be
identified by speaking with experts and decision makers that faced similar contexts in other regions or
time periods. This is exemplified with the Southeast Florida Resilient Redesign workshop process, an
allied working group that developed strategies from working groups composed of experts from the
Netherlands and the South Florida regions. This workshop was initially convened in 2014 but a second
follow-up workshop was scheduled in 2015, and a third in 2016. The study areas that were focused on
for strategy development in 2014 were East Dania Beach Boulevard., Alton Road South Beach, and
West Dade. The 2014 workshop lead to planning coordination between Dania Beach and Broward
County and the workshop that this report describes. Key West, Hollywood and Delray Beach were
chosen in 2015 and Lower Matecumbe Key, Shorecrest, and Arch Creek in 2016. These areas are
characterized by their potential for flooding and property damage while representing several distinct
settings (e.g., urban, suburban) and locations throughout the South Florida region. For Dania Beach, the
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identified strategies included development of mixed-use green infrastructure such as parking garages
within dunes, improving interconnectivity to improve nature, economic benefits and social capabilities,
polders for active flood control in low lying regions, and building commercial zones on high elevation
areas (coastal ridge). More information can be found in the presentations from Dania Beach case study
seminar, available at: http://rcap.soiitheastfloridaclimatecompact.org/case-stiidies/resiliefit-redesigri-
dania-beach
3.8 Consequence Modelling and Data Sources
Modeling consequences for a decision problem provides quantifiable predictions on the impact of
implementing different alternatives (collections of management actions or options). In this section, we
discuss the results of a half-day consequence assessment workshop (Workshop 2) that was conducted to
understand and deliberate on the utilization of information sources available for quantifying the impacts
of Workshop I management actions on measures. Consequence modeling tools such as B aye si an
networks can accommodate the qualitative and quantitative information needed for both the factual side
of decision making and the values side of decision making. The consequence assessment workshop
focused on making the link between the qualitative sources of knowledge needed for examining the
quantitative impacts of the decisions on the measures (and by extension the objectives ).
During the consequence assessment workshop, conceptual models were built that connect the identified
management actions to the performance measures (Fig. 3.2). These connections were mediated by the
mathematical models or data that were recommended for predicting the impact of management actions
on the performance measures (Fig. 3.17). The models for quantifying the functional relationships were
recommended based on the knowledge and expertise of the workshop participants. Several models were
identified that connected multiple actions to multiple measures. Some of the models were general
quantitative concepts (e.g.. hydrodynamic model, inundation model, erosion model) where more specific
models could be identified or developed to meet assumptions for the management scenarios. Other
models were specific modeling tools that included government curated and commercial model products.
In practice, a model of this complexity would not be used for calculation. Specific sub-models would be
developed and run for a select group of measures with the results linked to the larger model for further
integrated analysis as necessary. The benefit of this exercise is to create pathway to use all the data,
modeling, and technical resources necessary to answer stakeholder concerns, and to communicate to
stakeholders how much is feasible given time and funding resources.
Most connections between management actions and measures were discussed in the workshop and at
least one useful model or potential data source was identified for predicting the relationship. For these
cases, the relationships between actions and measures were causally linked by nodes specifying the data
and model needs. However, some of the relationships between the actions and measures did not have an
identified data source or model for characterizing the relationship. For these relationships, a direct arc
tied the management action and the measures. This was the case for septic connection and beach
closures due to water quality violations, road development and hotel occupancy ("heads in beds"),
funding and management costs (project costs and maintenance costs), loans and low-income housing,
mobile solar power and user days without water or electricity. As mentioned in the management actions
section of the report, the performance measure for heat-related hospital visits did not have an attached
action. Also, the land use planning action was not attached to any of the measures. Future workshops
can cover these data gaps if needed for research or management decision making purposes.
Existing models, data, and results available for use at the time of the workshop (Table 3.5) were
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considered for inclusion and several were captured in the DASEES consequence network (Fig. 3.17) and
are briefly discussed below. The graphical approach (influence diagram) layout helped capture multiple
sources of information and expertise for consequence estimation. Additional steps might examine how
some of the chosen options could influence the non-targeted objectives/measures (i.e., unintended
consequences) and new objectives that might be important to consider from action implementation.
3.6.1 Variable Density Model
A variable density model was suggested for predicting impacts on potable water availability and
saltwater intrusion from agile water supply and reclaimed water production actions. The variable density
model would also be used to process SLR output and monitoring data on well pumping and precipitation
for assessing impacts on saltwater intrusion and water availability. A variable density model is used as
changes in salinity affect the density and resulting behavior of ground and surface water or cause it to
vary. This type of model was endorsed for analyzing risks to water supplies and infrastructure by the
Regional Climate Action Plan group (RCAP. 2017). Variable density model results have been obtained
for groundwater stage and saltwater intrusion across Broward County. A phased process was used for
examining saltwater intrusion scenarios at different coastal regions of Broward County (northeastern,
central, and south) and results were incorporated into an integrated water model for the entire county
(Broward County 2009). Changes in salinity levels at 16% of the water supply and 41% of the wells in
the county were found to have the potential to occur due to future SLR. The variable density model was
recently run to test several infrastructure mitigation action scenarios (establishing recharge wells,
moving established structures) (Hughes et al. 2016). Results from the model predicted the potential risks
for westward increase in groundwater salinity levels as sea levels rise. Mitigation benefits were
estimated to be spatially confined to adjacent regions to the action areas (Hughes et al. 2016).
Uncertainties and knowledge gaps were also identified for future iterations (Hughes et al. 2016).
3.6.2 IWRP Groundwater Regional Monitoring Network
A monitoring network was suggested to gather information on saltwater intrusion and indirectly on
potable water availability (through the variable density model). The USGS and partners in the state and
county maintain groundwater monitoring wells throughout South Florida with decades of historical data
for some sites (Bloetscher et al. 2016). Since the 1980s, Broward County's Water Resources Assessment
Program has been tracking chloride levels in groundwater to assess saltwater encroachment on
freshwater supplies (BCBCC 2015). The influence of groundwater fluctuations, tides and precipitation
on changes in salinity has been analyzed and tracked for regions with useful data (Broward County
2009). Broward County, along with Miami, was recognized by Prinos (2016) for having one of the more
advanced and useful saltwater intrusion monitoring systems.
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Table 3.5 Summary of Modeling Scenario Results and Data collected by Broward County available for use to assess and evaluate stakeholder identified
management actions for Dania Beach (2016).
Type ol" Model/
Dalaset
Output
Findings
Spatial Kxtent
Temporal
Scale
Study Name
Groundwater
Groundwater Level
Elevations; salinity as sea
level rises and rainfall
patterns change
Moving control structure inland has
only local impact on saltwater
intrusion. SLR increases rate of
intrusion. 41% of coastal wells will
be contaminated or 16% of total
County supply.
Countywide (two
model grids)
historic- 2100
Variable Density Models
Groundwater
Monitoring
Water level; salinity
Position of saltwater interface (<6.6
miles inland from coast)
Region-wide
1980-2016
IWRP- Groundwater
Regional Monitoring
Groundwater
Water availability as
population increases;
effects of offset strategies
10-year Water Supply Plan, Water
Reuse Master Plan
Countywide
2015- 2025
IWRP- Water Mgmt
Master Plan
Aquifer geology
substrate by depth
Porosity varies.
Countywide
2012- 2015
IWRP- Floridan Aquifer
Geotec
Surface Water
Flood elevations, canal
elevations under storm and
SLR scenarios
Groundwater rises at same rate as
sea level in coastal areas. Pump
stations will have to run more
frequently.
2 neighborhoods in
Fort Lauderdale
2015, 2030,
2060
Stormwater/ Climate
Inundation Study
Surface Water
Volume of C-51 reservoir
Productive adaptation scenario for
surface water storage.
2200 acres in Palm
Beach County
Not
constructed
Regional Reservoir
Feasibility
Surface Water
3D rendering of flooding
in neighborhoods
Inland communities will require
evacuation/ emergency response
assistance; homes flood under
certain storm scenarios
2 neighborhoods in
Fort Lauderdale
2015,2030,
2060
NEMAC Flood
Visualization
49
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Tvpo of Model/
Diilnsi't
Output
Findings
Spnlml Kxti'iit
Temporal
Sciik'
Study N il mo
Infrastructure-
Transportation
Elevations of existing county
roads/ bridges; rankings of
vulnerable road segments
under storm, surge and SLR
scenarios
Highlighted vulnerable evacuation
routes
Broward, Miami-
Dade, Palm Beach
2015- 2080
MPO/ FHWA Climate
Study
Infrastructure-
Flood Control
Elevations of seawalls and
coastal structures; vulnerable
seawall segments; water
levels under storm surge,
SLR and tidal scenarios
Regional resilience standard
recommendation of top elevation of 5
feet NAVD
Intracoastal and
Nearshore
Storm period
USACE Flood Risk Study
Rainfall
Rainfall Scenarios
10% increase; 2-20% decrease;
seasonal change
Region-wide
2000-2100
Downscaled Global Climate
Model Data
Surface Water
Base flood elevations
County-wide
2015
FEMA flood maps
Infrastructure-
Buildings
Damage costs of SLR, tidal
flooding, and storm surge
scenarios
Benefit-cost ratio of elevating and
flood-proofing is between 11 and 31;
BC of relocation is <0.6
Coastal Areas of
Dania Beach,
Hollywood, and Fort
Lauderdale
2015-2065
Metropole Coast Model
Infrastructure-
Natural systems
Density of urban canopy,
habitat, food deserts, dune
vegetation, parks and green
space by City
Dania Beach: Food Deserts 30-51%;
>85% within Vi mile of park; <10
habitats per square mile; Sea turtle
lighting intensity <-8 GiZ; Tree
Canopy: 20-39%; Dune Vegetation
>80%; Water Reuse <9%
County-wide
2015
Green Infrastructure Maps
Infrastructure-
Transportation
Limits of surge by hurricane
category; vulnerable
evacuation routes
Dania Beach Blvd and Sheridan St are
vulnerable. East of Federal Hwy is
vulnerable to surge flooding.
Region-wide
Storm period
SLOSH modeling, hazard
areas and Evacuation Maps
Infrastructure-
Natural systems
Environmental indicators
Climate and population pressures are
increasing. Air, water and marine
environments are healthy.
County-wide
1990-2014
Environmental Benchmarks
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Tvpo of Model/
Diilnsi't
Output
Findings
Spnlml Kxti'iit
Temporal
Sciik'
Study Nil 1110
Infrastructure-
Natural systems
Beach widths, erosion rates
Critical erosion areas need
nourishment.
County-wide
2015
Beach Management Plan
*This table was provided at the 2rd workshop by Samantha Danchuk, Ph.D., P.E., Assistant Director for Broward County's Environmental Protection and Growth
Management Department.
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FEMA Maps SLR Downscaled Global Climate Model Data
Figure 3.17 Influence diagram constructed at the consequences workshop. Yellow nodes are management actions. Green nodes are performance measures for
the fundamental objectives. Pink nodes are recommended models, data sources, or intermediate variables that connect the management actions to the
performance measures.
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3.6.3 Sand Model/ Erosion Model
A sand model was suggested for examining beach closure incidences. The sand model would process the
output of an erosion model to examine scenarios that improve beach features through education and
remediation. A sand model has currently not been developed for use by the county. For Santa Rosa
island, the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) model was modified by Chu et al. (2014) to
consider extreme storm event impacts on beach elevation with and without the availability of sand
nourishment activities. Efforts such as sand bypassing at Port Everglades are currently being undertaken
as the importance of reliable sources of sand gain in importance (Broward County 2013 ). An erosion
model was also suggested for indirectly examining beach closures (through the sand model) from
nourishing and building dunes, educating the public about the dunes, and building knee walls. Like the
sand model, beach erosion is currently not being examined by the county in their modeling efforts
though it has been identified as an important issue in Dania Beach. Recent storm events have indicated
that visible erosion occurs when beaches lack resilient characteristics such as the presence of healthy
dune systems (RCAP. 2017) Thus, it would be important to consider long term changes to the beach
profile and event-based changes to the integrity of the beach from storms. An erosion model can couple
these scenarios with management and nourishment actions to examine impacts on the integrity of the
beach. The Beach and Marine Resources Section of Broward County oversees programs for the
assessment and amelioration of erosion issues on beaches as well as assessing the impacts of erosion
(Broward County 2015).
3.6.4 Inundation Model
An inundation model was suggested for predicting impacts on flood deaths, affected properties, cost of
insurance (with EE MA CRS models), comparative property values (with the COAST damage model).
and on number of affected properties (with the ICPR model). SLR and down scaled global climate model
data would provide needed input data to the inundation model. Actions that would be used for scenarios
in the inundation model would be finish floor elevation changes, bioswale development, and drainage
adaptation. SLAMM output and mangrove protection scenarios would also be used by the inundation
model. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is currently partnered with Broward County to examine the
impacts of seawalls and other structures on flooding prevention in coastal regions. The USGS and
Broward County also work together to develop inundation models for water supply impacts and flooding
maps (Broward County 2015).
3.6.5 Hydrodynamic Model
A hydrodynamic model was suggested for predicting impacts on affected properties from seawall
development and enhancement. The current applications of hydrodynamic modeling are focused on
assessing the prevention of seawater inundation for at risk properties. Multiple surface water models
have been used by the county including ones to assess flooding and storm and SLR impacts, surface
water storage capabilities (C-51 reservoir), and household flooding under storm scenarios. Several
federal agencies are currently developing hydrodynamic models for assessing flooding in South Florida.
One example would be ADCIRC from EE MA which has been applied to predict tidal flooding or
flooding from storm surge. A US ACE flood modeling effort examined water levels given coastal
structure elevations. NO A A also generated tidal field estimations for South Florida that are used to
examine vulnerability for SLR (RCAP 2017).
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3.6.6 SLAMM
The Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) model was suggested for predicting mangrove
impacts along with comparative property values, flood deaths, and affected properties. Though SLAMM
is currently not in use for Broward County, it is a popular model for examining impacts of SLR on
wetlands and mangroves that has found worldwide application. SLAMM has recently been used to
examine SLR impacts on marshes, shoreline modifications and multiple natural land cover feature
changes in New York State (Clough et al. 2016). For Dania Beach, the SLAMM model could be
combined with estimates for SLR changes for predicting future erosion of mangroves. One benefit of
using SLAMM is the capability it has for representing uncertainties in the parameters of the model and
how the uncertainties can influence mangrove coverage predictions over time. This capability could
allow useful transfer of the output from the SLAMM model to a Bayesian network that would combine
the management predictions for mangroves with the output of predictive modeling for the other
objectives for a comprehensive trade-off analysis.
1 mage
The COAST Damage model (Coastal Adaptation to Sea Level Rise Tool ) was suggested for assessing
comparative property values. Output from the inundation model would be fed to the COAST Damage
model for expected real estate value loss predictions. Additional modeling may be necessary to translate
this to estimates of property value changes for some properties such as ones in regions with uncertainties
about inundation in future projections. The COAST model was used by Broward to examine storm surge
plus SLR instigated property damages and estimated land losses from SLR. Output from the model
provided map-based capabilities for viewing projected flood levels and economic damages and
adaptation cost/benefit analyses. Scenarios run with COAST looked at elevation and flood proofing,
relocation (voluntary) with and without buyouts for assessing potential and avoided damages and
comparisons with status quo scenarios.
3.6.8 ICPR
The Interconnected Channel & Pond Routing model (ICPR) was suggested for indirectly assessing the
number of affected properties from raising roads. A two-dimensional hydrologic framework is utilized
in ICPR for both surface and groundwater coupling to allow assessments of SLR interactions with
freshwater input, stormwater and irrigation management scenarios and groundwater in a region of
concern. Output from the inundation model and MIKE SHE would be input to ICPR for these
predictions. ICPR is in use by Broward County for surface water management purposes and was being
adapted to include Dania Beach stormwater infrastructure inputs at the time of this workshop. The
model has been adapted to previous infrastructure and road protection problems with flooding issues.
The State of Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) recommends applying ICPR for drainage
assessments of Florida roadways (FDOT 2017).
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3,6,3 Ml 1E
MIKE SHE is a coupled surface and groundwater model that includes ID. 2D. and 3D flow modeling
functions. MIKE SHE was suggested for indirectly assessing the number of affected properties. Output
from the inundation model would be used in MIKE SHE for predicting flooding on properties. MIKE
SHE is in use by Broward County along with the SFWMD for examining hydrologic issues as part of
the central, southern, and northern aquifer drainage assessments (Broward County 2009). In the Central
Aquifer Drainage Assessment, several scenarios have been examined for comparison with baseline
conditions using MIKE SHE including canal and lake water diversions for aquifer recharge purposes,
ecological impacts of canal diversions, storage and recovery options for dry season water resource uses,
and flooding prevention management (Broward County 2009). Hughes et al. (2016) discuss their use of
MIKE SHE results from Broward County's applications for water management assessments and model
building.
3.6.10 MPO/FHWA Climate Study
The MPO/FHWA Climate Study did not have a connection to the objectives but was discussed during
the workshop as important for assessing the vulnerability of existing roads. The county uses output from
this study to assess how road raising might assist in keeping open evacuation routes and protecting
transportation infrastructure from flooding. The MPO is the Broward Metropolitan Planning
Organization that examines transportation issues, including rush hour traffic and transportation
efficiency, across the county of which Dania Beach is a participating member. The MPO collects data,
develops and implements transportation plans for cities, and receives and distributes federal funding
(USEPA 2015). The FHWA is the Federal Highway Administration that oversees transportation plans
developed by the MPOs. The FHWA planning policy provisions for MPOs and state DOTs may help
facilitate climate change considerations in transportation plans (FHWA 2008).
\ i 1 of A National Flood Insurance Program Community Ratir • tem
The FEMA Community Rating System (CRS) was suggested for assessing cost of insurance. Output
from the inundation model would also be fed to the FEMA CRS. Dania Beach currently participates in
the CRS system, but its rating status has not changed since its entry in 1993 (class level 9). Participation
requires applying to FEMA and annual recertification based on flood prevention implementation.
Exceeding National Flood Insurance Program requirements provides additional insurance policy
premium reductions through FEMA. The FEMA CRS provides these discounts to flood insurance based
on a community's rating (1 to 9) which can be approved through compliance and implementing extra
flood protection activities in the community. The Fort Lauderdale adaptation action area strategic plan
(discussed in Section 3.5) has an objective of reducing flooding and adapting to SLR. By identifying and
implementing adaptation action areas, a target was set to reduce (improve) the CRS rating two levels.
The County itself also participates for communities in unincorporated areas and has achieved premium
reductions in flood insurance for these regions (Broward County 2016). County residents have saved
over a million dollars from maintaining the CRS and National Flood Insurance Program standing
(BCBCC 2015).
3.6.12 FEMA Maps
The FEMA maps were suggested as useful inputs for comparative property values, cost of insurance.
55
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and number of affected properties. The FEMA flood hazard maps identify high. low. and moderate
hazard areas based on the location in. near or outside of the Special Flood Hazard Area (i.e., 1% annual
chance flood event. 100-year flood). These maps might be used as baseline current flooding conditions
for comparison to future flooding scenarios with sea level and storm projections as well as
improvements to infrastructure. They do not include future scenarios such as SLR impacts to coastal
zone regions and land use changes. Properties that are subject to inundation based on different flood
occurrences (e.g.. 100-year. 500 year) can be examined with the usage of FEMA maps. The Dania
Beach area has a high hazard of coastal flooding according to FEMA maps (City of Dania Beach
2009a). Earlier work across the county estimated that 73.4% of residents live in flood hazard zones and
over 100,000 in areas at risk from storm surges (FDOCA 2006). FEMA maps can support seawall codes
in a manner that reduces property damage from flooding by setting the maximum height lower than the
finished floor elevation for residential structures (SAB 2016). The South Florida Regional Council
implemented a critical facilities vulnerability analysis with FEMA Flood Maps and the Critical Facility
Inventory maintained by the Florida Division of Emergency Management (SFRC 2010, 2016). They
combined this with storm surge modeling (SLOSH model) to provide useful information on potential
storm surge impacts that can be used by government agencies to design future options that prevent
damage to facilities or evacuation issues (SFRC 2010, 2016).
1 ensealed Global Climate Model Data
A down scaled global climate model data set was suggested for indirectly assessing comparative property
values, flood deaths, affected properties, and cost of insurance. Downscaling refines global scale data for
application in regional decision making. These data are used for establishing rainfall scenarios including
chances of increases or decreases in precipitation. Broward County is currently developing an Urban
Runoff Package to model storm and tidal impacts on flooding with down scaled climate data and SLR
projections (BCBCC 2015).
vel Rise
SLR predictions were suggested for inputs to the inundation model and the variable density model. SLR
projections are utilized with groundwater, flood and canal elevations to determine impacts on roads,
infrastructure, and public and private property. The Florida Department of Health has been working on
SLR projections (using a bathtub model) for the BRACE project with the CDC. A modified bathtub
method is also used by the Florida Institute for Health Innovation (FIHI) with LiDAR in their
assessments of health impacts from climate change (FIHI 2016). The modified bathtub method takes
into account groundwater levels along with elevation for assessing flooding due to SLR. Soil storage
capacity is a major factor considered and higher groundwater levels lead to greater inundation.
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! " ¦ i h r - i I " iii I ' ¦ li ' \ t 1' I I! ilh iii> ' \ 11 ;equence
aches
The focus of the work described thus far pertains mostly to the qualitative, problem structuring phases of
SDM (DASEES Steps 1-3 establishing the linkages among context, objectives, measures, and options,
i.e. decision sketching, with some preliminary planning for the more quantitative consequence
assessment and evaluation work (DASEES Step 4)). The first steps of consequence modeling were
started in Workshop 2 where technical experts began identifying data and modeling needed to more
systematically develop the causal and conceptual linkages between actions and results initially
developed by the stakeholders in Workshop I (Figs. 3.2 and 3.17). This chapter gives a brief overview
of SDM consequence assessment tools in DASEES and their potential benefits for evaluating coastal
community resilience and management decisions. The problem formulation phases of objective
elicitation. performance measure identification, and defining options are necessary for ensuring that
subsequent analytical work is applicable for the decision context. The tools that will be briefly reviewed
here for assessing consequences with qualitative and quantitative output are the consequence table,
influence diagram, and Bayesian network tools found in DASEES.
! i Consequen. , II hies in 11 ; I I
Consequence tables (CTs) are an easily understandable way to communicate the potential outcomes of
decisions and their impact on objectives to decision makers and stakeholders. In most contexts where
uncertainty or environmental variability are important. CTs can still present results from the analyses
and serve as a screening tool to eliminate dominated alternatives and objectives that do not differentiate
among the alternatives, ensuring that limited time and other resources are used for more detailed
analysis of better-quality solutions. In contexts where uncertainty is less important, output from
deterministic models or straightforward measurement can be directly entered into the CT in DASEES.
The CT in DASEES can accept information for categorical as well as continuous variables. These inputs
are translated from their initial measured value and units into a normalized score using a value function
(Fig. 4.1) ranging from zero to one reflecting the relative preference for different levels of the actual
measure which can be elicited from the stakeholders and decision makers. The shape of the value
function reflects decision-maker risk tolerance and other constraints such as regulatory compliance.
Working with the stakeholders to define that shape, provides opportunity to get group input on what it
should be. This calculation is repeated for all measures associated with objectives. This normalization
allows for all the results to be combined in DASEES for an overall multi-measure assessment of the
alternatives as well as giving a common measure to compare alternatives against each other.
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Objective Measures
Figure 4,1 Value function tool in DASEES Step 2 (lower right). For a given context, a possible best and
worst case is defined, and value ascribed across that range. Stakeholder (hypothetical) preference
indicates a normalized value of 1 (best case) for two affected property parcels and a value of 0 for the
opposite extreme. The path between the two extremes is adjustable per stakeholder preference.
An example CT was constructed (Fig. 4.2) demonstrating the integration of facts (science, data) and
values (stakeholder appraisal of science) for decision maker review. These illustrative example scenarios
represent suites of actions to achieve coastal resilience via natural infrastructure (mangroves) or by
coastal engineering (armor) approaches. For each of the measures and scenarios (combinations of
implemented options) information was input In the CT. The measures were then transformed using the
individual measure's value function and combined to give an overall bar length in the value graph that
extends horizontally at the top of the screen. The highest value scenario is the Status Quo strategy. Thus,
the Status Quo scenario's bar graph is the longest of the three. Likewise, the scenario with the lowest
expected value is Blended (referring to a judicious blend of green and hard infrastructure options). Status
Quo outperformed the other scenarios on costs and preventing electrical service interruptions but
performed worse on fisheries than the Natural strategy or the same for all others in at least one of the
other strategies. As demonstrated here, the CT in DASEES allows users to input each measure's
estimated consequence and combine this with the valuation information to differentiate the decisions by
their expected outcomes.
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Consequence Table
tn) Save Reload \w Charts'
Consequence Chart
Sort Chart * [H Chart Legend | X Reset Consequences
© Consequences
© Help
* Measures
Value Function (Natural
Bayesian Network Q
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Scenario Weighted Value ~ | Costs (Minimize costs)
Scenario 4-15 (Million Dollars)
Status Quo |
Natural
Blended
| Fish abundance (Maximize ecological health and services f..
| Mortality (Minimize flood-related injuries)
Number of affected properties (Preserve and protect priv..
Figure 4.2 Example (hypothetical) consequence table showing weighted values stacked for each of the
scenarios (horizontal bar chart) for the Consequence Chart and information input for the measure
mangrove areas for each scenario. The value function shows the graphed function for costs (in million
dollars) and the green circle indicates a normalized value of 0.82 resulting from an estimated value of 6
million dollars for the Natural scenario.
Results summarily communicated in a CT such as in Fig. 4.2 are often based on a more causal
understanding of how actions are expected to result in a desired outcome. A useful graphical way to
represent that understanding is through influence diagrams.
4.2 Influence Diagrams
Influence diagrams are a type of conceptual model used to graphically represent causal relationships
important to decisions and desired outputs and are useful for linking economic, environmental, and
social aspects of a system (Gregory et al.. 2012). Figure 3.17 (Section 3.6) shows an example of a
preliminary influence diagram for Dania Beach. A hypothetical and more tractable influence diagram
(Fig. 4.3) was created to highlight some of the potential cause and effect pathways from a subset of the
stakeholder-generated options and performance measures.
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connects options (yellow node), performance measures (green nodes), and other system level
components identified as necessary (pink nodes) to link the other two.
Deterministic modeling may be used to quantify these relationships and calculate potential consequences
on the performance measures from proposed actions. This can impart a deeper understanding of the
effect on system components from different options and can augment the communication process for
how and why decisions were made. However, in problems where uncertainties are significant,
deterministic modeling results may be insufficient for evaluating and communicating decisions.
Another analytical option available in DASEES which allows for the inclusion of variable data is the
Bayesian network feature (Step 4). Structuring probabilistic models to represent the causal influence of
decisions provides required depth for estimating the impacts of decisions on objectives. Causal
influences can be represented by ensuring that cause to effect directionality is maintained when
connecting arcs (arrows) between variables in the decision model. Thus, any parent node would be a
hypothesized causal factor for a child node which would represent a hypothesized effect of the parent.
DASEES initializes the structure of the network with cause-effect relationships between parent and child
nodes (Fig. 4.4). The parent nodes are the options and the child nodes are the affected measures.
4.3 Bayesian Networks in DASEES
For predictive environmental assessments, uncertainties are often important to weigh and consider in a
decision models (Pearl, 1988). Bayesian networks are an important tool for analyzing the uncertainty in
decision models. For the environmental field, several useful examples of BNs can be found in the risk
assessment work for polar bear populations (Armstrup et al. 2008), predicting water quality issues in
coastal regions (Femandes et al. 2012), fisheries recruitment (Shenton et al. 2011), effluents from
wastewater treatment plants (Li et al. 2013), and nanoparticle risk predictions (Money et al. 2012).
Bayesian networks are probabilistic graphical models that include the key pieces of a problem and their
relationship in the format of a directional graph. The influence diagram (Fig. 4.3) represents the
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graphical (qualitative) portion of the Bayesian network. The basic components of BNs are the variables
themselves (called nodes when graphically represented), their connections (depicted as a directed arrow
called an arc), and the probabilistic conditional and unconditional functions that underlie the
relationships in a BN. The probabilistic relationship between nodes can be estimated via modeling
output (e.g. deterministic), laboratory studies, literature results and/or field data collection. For data-poor
scenarios, expert opinion can be utilized as the best available input to characterize the uncertainties of
the relationships between the nodes.
In Step 4, DASEES creates a default influence diagram from the information input in previous steps
(Options- Step 3 and Measures -Step 2). An example diagram in DASEES is shown in Fig. 4.4. which
was derived from a subset of options and performance measures elicited in the Dania Beach workshops.
Figure 4.4 Initial Bayesian network constructed in the D ASEES tool with options (yellow nodes)
attached to performance measures (green nodes). The connections and component nodes are provided
based on the information input in previous steps of DASEES.
For complex environmental contexts with uncertainty, technical experts and analysts will then need to
include additional nodes and arcs that elucidate the causal relationships between the options and
performance measures. For example, the storm surge height could have detrimental effects on
beachfront properties but estimating these effects requires knowledge of a key intermediary such as the
overwash of the surge beyond the beach dunes. By representing the overwash as a key uncertainty in
the network, the impacts on beachfront properties can be more easily estimated from the known
relationship with the amount of overwash that leaves the beach area. This leads to a simple serial
connection (Fig. 4.5a) which is a useful start to developing a coherent causal network. Establishing the
probabilities among the nodes (from modeling, data, or expert knowledge) for surge height creates a
network with prior probabilities (Fig. 4.5b). Changing the probabilities in one node will update the
probabilities for all the nodes in the network that are affected to display the posterior probabilities given
these changes. This network says that the occurrence of high storm surge height is three times less likely
than low storm surge height. This storm will be likely to still lead to low or high overwash and high
beachfront property damage. As demonstrated here, the Bayesian network can display a lot of the
information available about the causal relationships and the probabilities of future occurrences for
61
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scenarios of concern.
(a)
(b)
Surge height
Overwash
Beachfront damage
0.77
0.23
Surge height
Low
Hiah
nzb
Overwash
None
IMS
1 1 1
Low
0.41
1 1 1
Hiah
0.44
1 1
Beachfront damage
None
0.0b
~
Low
0.15
1 1
Hiqh
0.81
1 " 1
Figure 4.5 Example of a Bayesian network in DASEES. (a) qualitative structure, (b)
network with numerical prior probabilities for the occurrences of each of the states of
each variable listed next to proportional probability bars in blue.
DASEES combines the pre-set Options-Measures linkages in a causal direction in the initial structure
(Fig. 4.6). In DASEES, all node types have the same shape, but default colors are used for
differentiating node types. The chance/causal pathway nodes are pink (e.g., storm scenario), decision
nodes (options) are gold (e.g., agile water supply), and performance measures are green (e.g., saltwater
intrusion).
Entering the probabilities for each nodal relationship and running the model yields results reported in a
fashion like the CT (Fig. 4.6). The probabilities can be developed from past data, simulation models
such as Monte Carlo analysis, and/or expert opinion. The difference being explicit consideration of
likely causal mechanisms and the related probability of occurrence. In this case, the inclusion of more
information indicates that the Blended scenario would bring about the highest overall expected value.
This is a change from the CT's recommendation (shown in Fig. 4.2). The sum of the individual expected
values in the weighted bar chart provides some information on the differences based on the expected
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values for individual objectives. Probability distributions for each scenario can also be examined for
causal factors and performance measures. Only one example is shown in Fig. 4.6, but more can be seen
by selecting the scenarios in DAS EES.
| Minimize flood-related injuries | Preserve and protect private structures
| Maximize ability to handle loss of water m Minimize costs
Jj Maximize ecological health and seivices from fisheries
~I Maximize ability to handle loss of electricity
Protect water supply
A Scenario Comparison
Status Quo -1
Natural
Blended
User days without electricity
Green surface water storage
I I I I I
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Scenario Weighted Value
Mobile solar power
n
Agile water supply
Figure 4.6 Expected results for each decision scenario calculated by the network and value functions
input in previous steps in DASEES. The bar length represents the overall expected value for a scenario
and colored bars represent the expected value for individual objectives,
4.4 Developing consequence models in DASEES
Consequence tables are useful in cases where only point estimates for values are available or required,
and where uncertainty can be reasonably ignored. The values for CTs should come from the best
available expertise as discussed in the workshops, or the output of model simulations. The output can
also be elicited from experts if models or data are not available, Gregory and Keeney (2017) describe a
process for developing a CT when there are uncertainties, but individual, representative numbers are
required. In the Gregory and Keeney (2017) approach, the CTs would be developed with individual
stakeholders or with groups of aligned stakeholders and the implications of the individual CTs would be
discussed across the group. Trade-off analysis would be done after the CT development if dominant
alternatives are not identified.
A Bayesian network in DASEES will show a range of probabilities for consequences with appreciable
uncertainty. Like CTs, influence diagrams and Bayesian networks can be developed throughout the
phases of the SDM process. These models are developed through first eliciting the structure through
causal mapping with experts and then populating them with data and probabilistic functions. The
breadth and the depth of the models are often developed based on elicitations that take the form of
expert workshops and cognitive mapping. Alternatively, one-on-one elicitations with domain experts for
the variables involved may be implemented with analysts building the decision model and incorporating
feedback. A combination of these two methods might also be used with one-on-one elicitations and
feedback from a group or expert panel on the initial structure. The use of influence diagrams and
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Bayesian networks can follow the application of consequence tables first. The use of consequence
tables can be used to help decide if influence diagrams/Bayesian networks are necessary based on the
difficulty of the trade-offs and the information loss from assuming individual (expected) value.
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5 I! lllh \\< \ II liiliillih\l K r ' ' h ! > i Iin| h 111-3111 tatIi0111
Chapters 1 and 2 describe the impetus and ongoing efforts for resilience planning in Southeast Florida
across several geographical and administrative scales. Working independently, each stakeholder group
(Compact, County, and City) has already demonstrated success in planning and implementing actions
aimed at resilience that is meaningful at that scale. Chapter 3 describes the application of a decision
process and tools for clarifying and linking objectives, performance measures and actions for Dania
Beach. The aim being to better enable the creation of implementation strategies that are more responsive
to objectives and acceptable to stakeholders at the city scale and to find connections to objectives at the
County and regional scales. The workshop results are direct responses from community members,
informed by attending regional Compact, County, City, and technical experts. This chapter compares the
Dania Beach workshop results both across regional Compact and County, and within City scales and to
find identified areas of overlapping interests. Finding areas of common interest and capacity across
scales of implementation will enable leveraging resources and expertise while strengthening
cooperation. Finding areas that are not in common is instructive as well. As Miles' Law observes,
"Where you stand on an issue depends on where you sit" (Britannica, 2018); being cognizant of
stakeholder constraints, duties, and the resultant objective preferences can avoid unnecessary
misunderstandings among collaborators and perhaps help develop new mutually beneficial objectives
and management actions.
5.1 Objectives and Actions aero; , lamentation Scales
The comparison of Dania Beach workshop identified objectives and action is not intended to be an
exhaustive review among the three implementation scales, but rather an example of what areas of
concordance can be found through a cursory review of regional Compact. County, and City resilience
planning resources and an understanding of how alignment changes with scope. The results of which
provide a jumping off point for more in-depth discussion with potential collaborators. The comparison
intent is two-fold: 1) to demonstrate how communities like Dania Beach can follow a similar process to
identify and clarify community resilience objectives, measures, and actions, and use that information to
find areas of common objectives with nearby communities, county governments, and larger regional
resilience-focused organizations, and 2) highlight EPA resources that communities can avail themselves
of for such endeavors.
theast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact scale comparison
The Dania Beach objective hierarchy (Tables 3.2 and 3.3) developed in the workshop (Chapter 3), has
six broad categories of emphasis (higher level objectives ) with 15 sub-objectives for assigning
performance measures and resilience actions for implementation. The Southeast Florida Regional
Climate Change Compact (Compact) provides the Regional Climate Action Plan (RCAP, 2017),
covering 12 focus areas and 142 action items (Appendix B; Table 2.1) developed by experts, and aimed
at broad public policy outreach for climate resilience. The RCAP has a web-based user interface. (Fig.
5.1) allowing viewers to explore and create preliminary implementation plans from the focus area
65
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organized action items. The Compact surveyed southeast Florida communities and asked them to self-
report which RCAP actions were completed. Dania Beach reported completing 28 actions across seven
focus areas.
Explore the RCAP
Browse the recommendations by focus area.
Filter the recommendations to build your own implementation plan.
• Choose one or more dropdowns to filter recommendations based on your priorities.
• Download a custom implementation plan for your future reference.
Municipality xj
AGRICULTURE
| City/County Administration x |
Compact Coordination
Energy and Fuel
Natural Systems
Public Health
Public Outreach and Engagement
Public Policy Advocacy
Regional Economic Resilience
Risk Reduction and Emergency Management
Ensure the continued viability of agriculture in Southeast Flor Social Equity ^ 3r,d
actions that encourage sustainable production, remove barriers to production, promote economic incentives, improve
A DOWNLOAD CUSTOM PLAN
Figure 5.1 The RCAP 2.0 interface allows users to search management actions by scale of
implementation, type of stakeholder, and by Focus Area. This example assumes someone from Dania
Beach city administration is searching for action suggestions.
http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/regional-climate-action-plan/
Table 5.1 provides a crosswalk of the objectives and action identified by Dania Beach and (where
applicable) corresponding focus area and action item from the regional Compact scale. Action in bold
are reported as complete by Dania Beach. In general, the description and scope of action implementation
at the city scale (Dania Beach) appears more oriented towards construction and developmental changes
leading to more immediate community level changes. The suggested actions from the Compact are
focused more on developing plans and policies leading to increased capacity for resilience across many
sectors, e.g. social equity, natural systems, economic resilience. Understanding actions and objectives at
different scales helps in finding common ground for united action. Linked Dania-Compact actions that
are not in bold are at this stage preliminary and serve as a point for further discussion.
5.1.2 Broward County scale comparison
Broward County is one of the signatories of the Compact and has its own county-level Climate Change
Action Plan (CCAP, 2015) covering six plan elements (Table 2.3) and nearly 100 actions to achieve the
elements.
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Table 5.1 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Compact Resilience Objectives and Possible Actions. Compact
Actions in bold are self-reported as complete by Dania Beach.
Dania Beach
Objectives:
Possible Actions
Compact
Focus Areas:
Possible Actions
Maximize affordable housing:
Loans
Sustainable Communities and Transportation:
ST-11 Modify local land use plans and ordinances to support compact development patterns,
creating more walkable and affordable communities.
ST-14 Adopt social equity policies that support equitable economic growth and increase affordable housing
opportunities near critical infrastructure.
Minimize flood related injuries:
Connect bioswales
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
Social Equity:
EQ-3 Support public infrastructure that enables economic mobility, health, and safety for all community
members.
EQ-4 Address the needs of socially vulnerable populations by engaging existing community leaders and
representative organizations in decision-making processes, particularly for critical public infrastructure.
Water:
WS-7 Modernize infrastructure development standards in the region.
WS-10 Integrate combined surface and groundwater impacts into the evaluation of at-risk infrastructure
and the prioritization of adaptation improvements.
WS-11 Encourage green infrastructure and alternative strategies.
WS-17 Advance capital projects to achieve resilience in water infrastructure.
Maximize ability to handle loss of
water and electricity:
Agile water supply
Mobile solar power
Energy and Fuel:
EF-4 Increase accessibility to distributed renewable energy technology.
EF-5 Utilize renewable and distributed energy technologies for emergency management and
disaster recovery.
EF-8 Build the capacity for distributed renewable energy and energy storage technologies in future building
stock.
Water:
WS-13 Practice integrated water management and planning.
WS-17 Advance capital projects to achieve resilience in water infrastructure
Minimize economic impacts on
business community:
Regional Economic Resilience:
ER-2 Advance regional resilience infrastructure standards.
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Dania Beach
Objectives:
Possible Actions
Compact
Focus Areas:
Possible Actions
Connect bioswales
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
ER-7 Engage in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) process.
Minimize cost to Dania Beach:
Federal grants
Regional Economic Resilience:
ER-5 Integrate resilience and economic development at the regional level.
ER-6 Establish funding strategies to provide for equitable investment.
ER-9 Strive for economic equity in adaptation planning.
Preserve private property values:
Connect bioswales
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
Finish floor elevation
Re-nourish and build dunes
Dunes Education
Natural Systems:
NS-l Foster public awareness of the impacts of climate change on the region's natural systems and
ecosystem services.
NS-7 Promote the protection and restoration of coastal natural systems and the creation of living shorelines at
the regional scale.
Sustainable Communities and Transportation:
ST-7 Incorporate strategies to reduce risk and economic losses associated with sea level rise and flooding
into local comprehensive plans, post-disaster redevelopment plans, building codes, and land development
regulations.
Water:
WS-ll Encourage green infrastructure and alternative strategies.
Protect water supply:
Green surface water storage
Adaption Action Areas
Connect bioswales
Finish floor elevation
Sustainable Communities and Transportation:
ST-4 Designate adaptation action areas, restoration areas, and growth areas as a priority setting tool for
vulnerable areas, and as a means to maximize benefits to natural systems while guiding people and
commerce to less vulnerable places in the region.
Water:
WS-1 Foster innovation, development, and exchange of ideas for managing water.
WS-4 Coordinate saltwater intrusion mapping across Southeast Florida.
WS-ll Encourage green infrastructure and alternative strategies.
WS-13 Practice integrated water management and planning.
WS-21 Expand regional surface water storage.
Protect water treatment:
Connect bioswales
Water:
WS-l Foster innovation, development, and exchange of ideas for managing water.
WS-ll Encourage green infrastructure and alternative strategies.
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Dania Beach
Objectives:
Possible Actions
Compact
Focus Areas:
Possible Actions
Preserve and protect private structures:
Knee walls
Re-nourish and build dunes
Natural Systems:
NS-1 Foster public awareness of the impacts of climate change on the region's natural systems and
ecosystem services.
NS-7 Promote the protection and restoration of coastal natural systems and the creation of living shorelines at
the regional scale.
Sustainable Communities and Transportation:
ST-7 Incorporate strategies to reduce risk and economic losses associated with sea level rise and flooding
into local comprehensive plans, post-disaster redevelopment plans, building codes, and land development
regulations.
Risk Reduction and Emergency Management
RR-11 Promote and leverage existing policies and programs designed to reduce flood risks
and economic losses.
Minimize tourism economic impact:
Beach nourishment
Roads
Connect bioswales
Green surface water storage
Reclaimed water produced
Natural Systems:
NS-7 Promote the protection and restoration of coastal natural systems and the creation of living shorelines at
the regional scale.
Sustainable Communities and Transportation:
ST-1 Incorporate unified sea level rise projections, by reference, into all city, county, and regional agency
comprehensive plans, transportation and other infrastructure plans, and capital improvement plans.
Water:
WS-13 Practice integrated water management and planning.
WS-21 Expand regional surface water storage.
Maximize beach life:
Septic connections
Sustainable Communities and Transportation:
ST-16 Phase out septic systems where necessary to protect public health and water quality.
Maximize fisheries:
Breeding ground protection
Natural Systems:
NS-11 Identify the effects of climate change on fish populations, the sustainability of key fisheries, and the
fishing industry, then develop adaptation plans as needed.
Maximize nursery and breeding
grounds:
Breeding ground protection
Natural Systems:
NS-11 Identify the effects of climate change on fish populations, the sustainability of key fisheries, and the
fishing industry, then develop adaptation plans as needed.
Maximize mangrove areas:
Breeding ground protection
Natural Systems:
NS-11 Identify the effects of climate change on fish populations, the sustainability of key fisheries, and the
fishing industry, then develop adaptation plans as needed.
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Like the Compact RCAP, Broward County's Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP, 2015) includes -100
actions to achieve the six plan elements. Broward County has already prioritized two objectives:
Overarching Goals of Broward County Climate Change Action Plan
1. Mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2% per year
by 2020 (leading to an 80% reduction by 2050)
2. Increase the resilience of our community to the effects of climate change.
Initially, to achieve these goals, the CCAP identified 20 High Priority Actions across the six plan
elements (Table 5.2). Similar to Table 5.1, Dania Beach objectives and actions are cross-walked against
the Elements and Prioritized Actions. The Dania Beach objectives do not include any objectives or
actions specifically aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The comparison in Table 5.2 will focus
on where Dania Beach and Broward might find common objectives for the second Broward objective of
increased community resilience. The prioritized Policy element action: Contribute to local, regional,
and state climate planning efforts was not specifically linked to a Dania Beach objective as it was and is
being achieved through actions like hosting and participating in the Dania Beach workshop and the
Resilient Redesign Charette described in Chapter 2.
From Table 5.2 there appears to be concordance between Dania Beach and Broward County for goals
that increase resilience to climate effects on water supply, quality, and water resources i.e. flood
management, including actions related to the Broward Elements of the Built Environment, Energy
Resources, and Natural Systems. Several of these actions link to regional Compact water resource
management goals as well, suggesting connections across levels of administration and avenues of
greater co-operation.
5.1.3 Dania Beach scale comparison
Within the scale of Dania Beach administration there are three sets of objectives and actions each
developed by a different set of stakeholders and organizational context. There are the 1) objectives from
the DASEES workshop representing a comprehensive cross-section of stakeholder interests, listed,
discussed, and compared in this report, the 2) the more economic and infrastructure re-vitalization
driven Dania Beach Community Redevelopment Agency (CRA, 2015) redevelopment goals and
implementation strategies and 3) the proposed climate effects driven resilient redesign concepts and
recommendations (objectives and actions) from the Resilient Redesign Charrette (Chap. 2; Compact,
2014).
The Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Plan has five goals with associated short and long-term actions.
1. Redevelopment Goal 1: To Enhance and Reinforce CRA sub Areas.
2. Redevelopment Goal 2: Affordable Housing
3. Redevelopment Goal 3: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
4. Redevelopment Goal 4: Business Attraction and Attention
5. Redevelopment Goal 5: Community Redevelopment Programs
70
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CRA sub Areas are sections of the larger municipal Dania Beach area divided and organized by land use
and zoning. The goals are tailored to the specific sub-area. Table 5.3 identifies the long and short-term
actions that are applicable across sub-areas and correlate with DASEES workshop objectives and
actions. The comparison found links to Goals 1-3 but not for Goals 4-5. These last two goals are focused
on enhancing the attractiveness of Dania Beach for local business development (Goal 4) and funding
mechanisms to do that (Goal 5). The first three goals in the CRA plan, the DASEES workshop goals.
Broward County, and Compact goals were more focused on funding and grants from State and Federal
sources for water infrastructure, housing, and other quality of life investments. Aside from the Goal 1
focus on the Marine sub-Area and Goal 4 on increasing coastal and shipping business, the CRA does not
emphasize protection or enhancement of natural systems for resilience.
The results of the Resilient Redesign Charrette were developed as concepts reflecting an underlying
objective of redesign for resilience to flooding and may not naturally correlate to an objectives-action
structure (Table 5.4). Nonetheless, there are some readily identifiable connections with the DASEES
workshop goals, the breadth of which seem to act as a complement to the CRA goals. Taken together, it
appears reasonable to interpret the CRA and Redesign objectives as meshing well with the DASEES
workshop goals as well as helping to provide greater specificity to the some of the DASEES-SDM
derived actions.
Part of the Redesign Charrette results includes implementation suggestions such as engaging the
community and using a decision-making process and making an implementation roadmap. This report
and its results demonstrate a way to do the first two recommendations via DASEES and SDM and
provide a starting point for the third recommendation. Through this crosswalk, discussions of objectives
and actions common across scales can be identified for further implementation feasibility and decision
consequence analyses. The measures associated with the identified objectives and actions provide
direction for prioritizing resources towards appropriate data collection, modeling, and analyses (Chapter
3), and subsequent evaluation of assessed or predicted results for tradeoff and uncertainty analysis
(Chapter 4) facilitating more informed decision-making promoting community resilience.
While many sources of information have been and continue to be identified and generated by the
Compact and Broward County for communities to use. other federal resources are also available in
addition to DASEES. The next chapter is an overview of such resources that the EPA provides to help
communities address their resilience challenges.
71
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Table 5.2 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Broward County Prioritized Actions for resilience from the Climate
Change Action Plan (CCAP. 2015).
Dania Beach
Broward CCAP
Objectives:
Elements:
Actions
Prioritized Actions
Maximize affordable housing:
Built Environment
Loans
71 Develop adaptive management strategies
#72 Apply models to develop resilient design standards
Minimize flood related injuries:
Built Environment:
Connect bioswales
#61 Encourage FEMA to consider sea level rise in flood map updates
Knee walls
#70 Analyze sea level rise, drainage and hurricane impacts
Raise roads
#71 Develop adaptive management strategies
Seawalls
#72 Apply models to develop resilient design standards
Maximize ability to handle loss of water and
Energy Resources:
electricity:
#50 Support third party retail power purchase agreements
Agile water supply
#51 Increase rooftop solar on county facilities
Mobile solar power
Minimize economic impacts on business
Built Environment:
community:
#61 Encourage FEMA to consider sea level rise in flood map updates
Connect bioswales
#70 Analyze sea level rise, drainage and hurricane impacts
Knee walls
#71 Develop adaptive management strategies
Raise roads
#72 Apply models to develop resilient design standards
Seawalls
Minimize cost to Dania Beach:
Built Environment
Federal grants
#72 Apply models to develop resilient design standards
Preserve private property values:
Natural Systems:
Connect bioswales
#19 Increase number of miles of living shorelines and dunes
Knee walls
Raise roads
Built Environment:
Seawalls
#61 Encourage FEMA to consider sea level rise in flood map updates
Finish floor elevation
#70 Analyze sea level rise, drainage and hurricane impacts
Re-nourish and build dunes
#71 Develop adaptive management strategies
Dunes Education
#72 Apply models to develop resilient design standards
Protect water supply:
Natural Systems:
72
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Dania Beach
Objectives:
Actions
Broward CCAP
Elements:
Prioritized Actions
Green surface water storage
Adaption Action Areas
Connect bioswales
Finish floor elevation
#16 Lessen cumulative impacts to natural systems
Water Supply:
#26 Continue local water conservation programs
#29 Monitor and protect wellfields
#30 Develop alternative water supply strategies
Protect water treatment:
Connect bioswales
Water Supply:
#29 Monitor and protect wellfields
#30 Develop alternative water supply strategies
Preserve and protect private structures:
Knee walls
Re-nourish and build dunes
Natural Systems:
#19 Increase number of miles of living shorelines and dunes
Built Environment:
#61 Encourage FEMA to consider sea level rise in flood map updates
#70 Analyze sea level rise, drainage and hurricane impacts
#71 Develop adaptive management strategies
#72 Apply models to develop resilient design standard
Minimize tourism economic impact:
Beach nourishment
Roads
Connect bioswales
Green surface water storage
Reclaimed water produced
Water Supply:
#26 Continue local water conservation programs
#29 Monitor and protect wellfields
#30 Develop alternative water supply strategies
Maximize beach life:
Septic connections
Natural Systems:
#16 Lessen cumulative impacts to natural systems
Water Supply:
#29 Monitor and protect wellfields
Maximize fisheries:
Breeding ground protection
Natural Systems:
#18 Develop habitat buffer zones
Maximize nursery and breeding grounds:
Breeding ground protection
Natural Systems:
#18 Develop habitat buffer zones
Maximize mangrove areas;
Natural Systems:
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Dania Beach
Objectives:
Actions
Broward CCAP
Elements:
Prioritized Actions
Breeding ground protection
#18 Develop habitat buffer zones
Table 5.3 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Plan short and long-term goals.
Dania Beach
Objectives:
Actions
Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Goals:
Short and Long-term Actions
Maximize affordable housing:
Loans
CRA Redevelopment Goal 2 Affordable Housing:
Short-term:
• Identify funding and implement a neighborhood vacant lot acquisition program for replacement and
infill housing
• Create a Housing Rehabilitation Program for owner occupied and rental properties
• Create an affordable housing trust fund that is tied to the mixed-use zoning districts that would allow
development of pay "in lieu" of providing affordable housing and that can be used to purchase vacant
residential lots or properties for infill housing and/or existing housing stock within the CRA
neighborhoods.
Minimize flood related injuries:
Connect bioswales
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Long-term:
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
Maximize ability to handle loss of
water and electricity:
Agile water supply
Mobile solar power
CRA Redevelopment Goal 1 Enhance and Reinforce CRA prioritized redevelopment areas
Short-term:
• Install solar lighting
Long-term:
• Install landscape, curb, and gutter drainage improvements
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Short-Term:
• Coordinate with FPL to encourage installation of solar or other alternate energy source infrastructure
within its existing transmission line easement
Minimize economic impacts on
business community:
Connect bioswales
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Long-term:
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
74
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Dania Beach
Objectives:
Actions
Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Goals:
Short and Long-term Actions
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
Minimize cost to Dania Beach:
Federal grants
CRA Redevelopment Goal 1 Enhance and Reinforce CRA prioritized redevelopment areas
Long-term:
• Pursue opportunities to engage in public-private partnerships to achieve redevelopment goals
Preserve private property values:
Connect bioswales
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
Finish floor elevation
Re-nourish and build dunes
Dunes Education
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Long-term:
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
Protect water supply:
Green surface water storage
Adaption Action Areas
Connect bioswales
Finish floor elevation
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Short-Term:
• Promote water reuse and recycling in all public and private developments and conduct community
water reuse and rain barrel workshops for residents.
Long-term:
• Identify areas in priority order as Adaption Action Areas (AAA) based on 1, 3, and 5foot sea level rise
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
Protect water treatment:
Connect bioswales
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Long-term:
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
Preserve and protect private structures:
Knee walls
Re-nourish and build dunes
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Long-term:
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
Minimize tourism economic impact:
Beach nourishment
Roads
CRA Redevelopment Goal 3 Redevelop the CRA in a manner that is Energy Efficient and Sustainable
Long-term:
• Implement mitigation strategies in terms of infrastructure upgrades based on AAA priority
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Dania Beach
Dania Beach CRA Redevelopment Goals:
Objectives:
Short and Long-term Actions
Actions
Connect bioswales
Green surface water storage
Reclaimed water produced
Maximize beach life:
CRA Redevelopment Goal 2 Affordable Housing:
Septic connections
Short-term:
• Create sewer hook-up funding and or financing program for residential properties
Maximize fisheries:
Breeding ground protection
Maximize nursery and breeding
grounds:
Breeding ground protection
Maximize mangrove areas:
Breeding ground protection
Table 5.4 Comparison of Dania Beach DASEES workshop and Resilient Re-design Charette Concepts and Recommendations
(Compact, 2014).
Dania Beach
Dania Beach Resilient Redesign Concepts:
Objectives:
Recommendations
Actions
Maximize affordable housing:
Loans
Minimize flood related injuries:
Urban Densification:
Connect bioswales
Include Evacuation shelter
Knee walls
Flood Control:
Raise roads
Raise perimeter roads to act as levees
Seawalls
Maximize ability to handle loss of
76
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Dania Beach
Dania Beach Resilient Redesign Concepts:
Objectives:
Recommendations
Actions
water and electricity:
Agile water supply
Mobile solar power
Minimize economic impacts on
business community:
Connect bioswales
Knee walls
Raise roads
Seawalls
Minimize cost to Dania Beach:
Federal grant
Preserve private property values:
Urban Densification at City Center:
Connect bioswales
Vertical Expansion
Knee walls
Invest along coastal ridge (higher elevation)
Raise roads
Seawalls
Flood Control:
Finish floor elevation
Raise Perimeter Roads to act as levees
Re-nourish and build dunes
Dunes Education
Protect water supply:
Green surface water storage
Flood Control:
Adaption Action Areas
Create a Polder (water storage structure)
Connect bioswales
Enhance Natural Infrastructure:
Finish floor elevation
Mangrove Restoration
Protect water treatment:
Flood Control:
Connect bioswales
Incorporate Canals
Add Pumping Station
Preserve and protect private structures:
Enhance Natural Infrastructure:
Knee walls
Dune Enhancement (Underground Parking)
77
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Dania Beach
Dania Beach Resilient Redesign Concepts:
Objectives:
Recommendations
Actions
Re-nourish and build dunes
Minimize tourism economic impact:
Beach nourishment
Roads
Enhance Natural Infrastructure:
Dune Enhancement (Underground Parking)
Mangrove Restoration
Connect bioswales
Green surface water storage
Reclaimed water produced
Flood Control:
Create a Polder (water storage structure)
Raise Perimeter Roads to act as levees
Incorporate Canals
Maximize beach life:
Septic connections
Maximize fisheries:
Enhance Natural Infrastructure:
Breeding ground protection
Mangrove Restoration
Reef Enhancement
Maximize nursery and breeding
grounds:
Breeding ground protection
Enhance Natural Infrastructure:
Mangrove Restoration
Reef Enhancement
Maximize mangrove areas:
Breeding ground protection
Enhance Natural Infrastructure:
Mangrove Restoration
Reef Enhancement
78
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6 I lllh li [ II liiliillih\l I III ill ,1 ' ill -! "I i, lln| Ih In I ill,' iill "lih ' I in 1
II I ;i-
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providing impetus to identify a starting place of common objectives and candidate resilience actions to
implement for objective attainment: leading to the second main step in SDM - create and evaluate
solutions. Implementing resilience actions can require significant commitment of resources and should
not be initiated before a prescriptive assessment of decision consequences is assessed and evaluated.
Broward County has and continues to conduct hydraulic, hydrologic. and oceanographic modeling
studies (Chapter 3) to provide the necessary scientific knowledge to assess the effectiveness of water
and shoreline management actions. Preliminary conceptual modeling with DASEES (Chapter 3)
captures the linkage of these actions to performance assessment measures. Examples of specific action
consequence modeling is demonstrated using the Consequence Table and Influence Diagram tools of
DASEES (Chapter 4). Important to note is that inclusion of needed economic assessment models and
studies for understanding the impact of actions on property values, flood insurance rates, and tourism.
Other socio-economic concerns captured in objectives may not be adequately represented in the current
conceptual modeling and should be re-visited.
6.2 Decision-Making Resources
The SDM process facilitated via tools like DASEES provide the organizational structure for more
clarified thinking about complex problems and the practical quantitative methods for integrating
multiple assessments and uncertainty, weighting priorities, and ranking alternatives. The relative ease of
use and methodological flexibility of the SDM process and DASEES features allow broad applicability
to a wide range of decision problems, with the caveat that the users must bring or develop needed
specific data, background information, and assessment results to DASEES for decision-focused
processing. This chapter presents previously referenced and new information sources useful for coastal
community resilience problems that may be applied by DASEES for subsequent decision-making for
Dania Beach and beyond by other communities facing similar issues.
6.2.1 Evaluati oan Resilience to Climate Change: A Multisector approach
In Chapter 1, an EPA report was referenced (USEPA. 2017) which provides working definitions for
climate related resilience planning, a conceptual framework for problem and solution formulation, and
indicators/indices for assessing the community/urban resilience to climate stressors such as increased
flooding (Fig. 6.1). The information within the report would be useful for establishing context, common
understanding of the problem leading to creative solutions, and potentially applicable performance
measures.
80
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Ba = Bridges to action
Bl= Barriers to learning
Br= Barriers to responding
a = These three elements—exposure, sensitivity, and response capacity—compose urban vulnerability,
p = Learning outcomes are on three levels: reacting, refraining, and transforming (see Figure 1-3. IPCC, 2012).
Examples: reacting = increase a levee height; refraining = realizing the need to assess new storm duration frequency
distributions; transforming = assessing societal constructs and migrating to a more robust and comprehensive risk
management strategy.
*Risk reduction capacity is the ability to reduce exposure, reduce sensitivity, and/or increase the system's inherent
recovery potential in anticipation of harmful climatic changes/events.
Figure 6.1 Urban climate resilience framework (Adapted from US EPA, 2017).
6.2.2 Climate Change Indicators in the United States 2016, 4th edition.
The Climate Change Indicators report (US EPA, 2016) is in its fourth edition since 2010, providing
continuous updates on 37 indicators (Fig. 6.2) across six areas related to climate and its effects. Each
indicator is selected based on usefulness for decision-making, data quality, and relevance to climate
change. Detailed information for each indicator, including downloadable data, data sources, collection
and analysis methods are available at http://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators.
81
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^ WHAT'S HAPPENING
« Relative sea level rose along
much of the U.S. coastline
between 1960 and 2015.
particularly the Mid-Atlantic
coast and parts of the Gulf
coast, where some stations
registered increases of more
than 3 inches. Meanwhile,
relative sea level fell at some
locations in Alaska and the
Pacific Northwest. At those
sites, even though absolute
sea level has risen, land eleva-
tion has risen more rapidly.
• Relative sea level also has not
risen uniformly because of
regional and local changes
in tend movement and
long-term changes in coastal
circulation patterns
This map stoHS cumulative
changes In restive sea ievel
!tom 1960 to 20IS at tide gauge
stations along U.S. coasts. Relative
sea fevel reflects changes In sag
level as weil as land eie/ation.
Data source: noaa, 2(.w
V
Figure 6.2 Indicator for relative sea level change along U.S. coasts 1960-2015 (US EPA, 2016).
6.2.3 Climate Ready Estuaries Program
The EPA Climate Ready Estuaries program supports the coastal management community and the
National Estuary Program in addressing climate change and its impacts to watersheds and coastal areas.
The resource provides tools, case studies, information, and assistance for coastal communities seeking to
assess climate vulnerability and develop adaptation plans. Additional information on these resources can
be found at: https://www.epa.gov/cre This report's Appendices contain a Dania Beach relevant
crosswalk to risk checklists from "Being Prepared for Climate Change: A Workbook for Developing
Risk-Based Adaptation Plans" (Appendix A; US EPA 2014) and adaptation options from a "Synthesis of
Adaptation Options for Coastal Areas" (US EPA 2009),
6.2.4 Climate Change Adaptation Resource Center (ARC-X)
The EPA's Adaptation Resource Center (ARC-X) https://www.epa.gov/arc-x is an online, interactive
resource for communities enabling them to find resources and develop adaption plans specific to their
region and needs.
Relative Sea Level Change Along U.S. Coasts, 1960-2015
Alaska
I I
II I
Hawalland
PMlfii Islands
I'f
tt
I
Relative sea level change (Inches):
si-8
-7.9-9
to-6
-5.99
to-4
-3.99
to-2
-1.99
toO
I J
0.01
to 2
2.01
to 4
4.01
to 6
6.01
to 8
82
-------
6,2,5 Climi , sil fence Evaluation and Awarenes Ik it (CI \ <
GREAT is a web-based tool that provides utilities with tools to explore consider how SLR, and other
climate related changes may impact their operation, https://toolkit.climate.gov/tool/climate-resilience-
evaluation-awareness-tool-creat
6.2.6 EPA Research Program Methods, Models, s, a " Iabases
EPA maintains a clearing house for highlighting methods, models, tools, databases and other resources
supporting environmental resilience assessment and planning needs. These resources cover support
decision-making across air. climate change, ecosystems, health, homeland security, human health risk
assessment, land and waste management, safer chemical, and water domains.
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Appendix A. Checklists of Potential Climate Change Risks
This Appendix is a reprinting of material from the EPA publication Being Prepared for Climate Change:
A Workbook for Developing Risk-Based Adaptation Plans (EPA 842-K-14-002, August 2014). The full
workbook is available through the Climate Ready Estuaries website, www.epa.gov/cre.
Appendix A Table 1. Potential climate change risks for pollution control
Clean Water Warmer
Warmer
Warmer
Increasing
Increasing
Sea level rise
Ocean
Act goals summers
winters
water
drought
storminess
acidification
Controlling
point
sources of
pollution
and cleaning
up pollution
~ Loss of
melting winter
snows may
reduce spring or
summer flow
volume, and
raise pollutant
concentration in
receiving waters
~ Temperature
criteria for
discharges may
be exceeded
(thermal pollution)
~ Warmer
temperatures may
increase toxicity of
pollutants
~ Critical-low-
flow criteria for
discharging may
not be met
~ Pollutant
concentrations
may increase if
sources stay the
same and flow
diminishes
~ Combined
sewer overflows
may increase
~ Treatment
plants may go
offline during
intense floods
~ Treatment
plants may not be
able to discharge
via gravity at
higher water levels
~ Treatment
infrastructure may
be susceptible to
flooding
~ Sewage may
mix with seawater
in combined sewer
systems
~ Contaminated
sites may flood or
have shoreline
erosion
~ Sewer pipes
may have more
inflow (floods) or
infiltration (higher
water table)
Controlling
nonpoint
sources of
pollution
~ Wildfires
may lead to soil
erosion
~ Longer
growing season
can lead to more
lawn
maintenance
with fertilizers
and pesticides
~ Higher
solubility may lead
to higher
concentration of
pollutants
~ Water may
hold less
dissolved oxygen
~ Higher surface
temperatures may
lead to
stratification
~ Greater algae
growth may occur
~ Parasites,
bacteria may have
greater survival or
transmission
~ Pollution
sources may build
up on land,
followed by high-
intensity flushes
~ Streams may
see greater
erosion and scour
~ Urban areas
may be subject to
more floods
~ Flood control
facilities (e.g.,
detention basins,
manure
management) may
be inadequate
~ High rainfall
may cause septic
systems to fail
~ Tidal flooding
may extend to new
areas, leading to
additional sources
of pollution
~ Decomposing
organic matter
releases carbon
dioxide, which
may exacerbate
the ocean
acidification
problem in coastal
waters
91
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Appendix A Table 2. Potential climate change risks for habitat
Clean Water
Warmer
Warmer
Warmer
Increasing
Increasing
Sea level rise Ocean
Act goals
summers
winters
water
drought
storminess
acidification
~ Higher
~ Less snow,
~ Warmer
~ Groundwater
~ The number of
~ Shoreline
temperatures
more rain may
water may lead
tables may drop
storms reaching
erosion may lead
may lead to
change the
to greater
an intensity that
to loss of
greater
runoff/infiltration
likelihood of
~ Base flow in
causes problems
beaches,
evaporation and
balance; base
stratification
streams may
may increase
wetlands and
lower
flow in streams
decrease
salt marshes
groundwater
may change
~ Stronger
tables
~ Stream water
storms may cause
~ Saline water
~ A spring runoff
may become
more intense
may move
~ Switching
pulse may
warmer
flooding and runoff
farther upstream
Restoring and
between surface
disappear along
and freshwater
and
with the snow
~ Increased
~ Coastal
habitat may
protecting
groundwater
human use of
overwash or island
become brackish
physical and
sources for
~ Rivers may no
groundwater
breaching may
hydrologic
public water
longer freeze; a
during drought
occur
~ Tidal
features
supplies may
spring thaw would
may reduce
influence may
affect the
be obsolete
stream baseflow
~ Turbidity of
move farther
integrity of water
surface waters
upstream
bodies
~ Marshes and
~ New water
may increase
beaches may
supply reservoirs
~ Bulkheads,
~ Greater
erode from loss of
may affect the
~ Increased
sea walls and
electricity
protecting ice
integrity of
intensity of
revetments may
demand may
freshwater
precipitation may
become more
affect operation
streams
yield less
widespread
decisions at
infiltration
hydropower
dams
~ Desired fish
~ Stream
~ Light may
~ Long-term
may no longer be
erosion may lead
not penetrate
shellfish
present
to high turbidity
through deeper
sustainability may
Constructing
~ Warmer
and greater
water
be an open
reefs to
sedimentation
~ Higher
question
water may
promote fish
promote invasive
~ Lower pH from
salinity may kill
~ Fish may be
and shellfish
species or
NPS pollution may
targeted species
adversely affected
disease
affect target
during
species
development
stages
92
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Appendix A Table 3. Potential climate change risks for fish, wildlife and plants
Clean Water Warmer
Warmer
Warmer
Increasing
Increasing
Sea level
Ocean
Act goals summers
winters
water
drought
storminess
rise
acidification
~ Species that
~ Species that
~ Newly
~ Species may
~ Greater soil
~ Sea level
~ Corrosive
won't tolerate
used to migrate
invasive species
not tolerate a
erosion may
may push saltier
waters may
warmer
away may stay
may appear
new drought
increase turbidity
water farther
impact shellfish
summers may
all winter
regime
and decrease
upstream
development
die/migrate; biota
~ Habitat may
water clarity
(especially of
at the southern
~ Species that
become
~ Native
interest with
~ Shellfish
limit of their
once migrated
unsuitably warm,
habitat may be
~ Greater soil
regard to
predators may
Protecting
range may
through may
for a species or
affected if
erosion may
shellfish habitat)
not survive the
disappear from
stop and stay
its food
freshwater flow
increase
disappearance of
and
ecosystems
in streams is
sediment
~ Light may not
shellfish
propagating
~ Species may
~ Pests may
~ Heat may
diminished or
deposition in
penetrate
~ Fish may be
fish, shellfish
and wildlife
survive winters
stress immobile
eliminated
estuaries, with
through the full
be weakened by
that used to kill
biota
~ Changing
consequences
depth of deeper
adversely
heat and
them
forbenthic
water
affected during
become out-
~ Dissolved
freshwater inputs
species
development
competed
~ Invasive
oxygen capacity
may affect
~ Greater
stages by
Controlling
species may
of water may
salinity
coastal wetland
changes to water
nonnative
~ Essential
move into places
drop
distribution in
losses may
chemistry
and invasive
food sources
that used to be
estuaries
occur
may die off or
too cold
~ Some fish
(especially of
~ The effect of
species
disappear,
reproduction
interest with
ocean
affecting the food
~ Some plants
may require cold
regard to
acidification on
web
may need a
temperatures;
shellfish habitat)
calcifying
Maintaining
~ Species may
"setting" cold
other
plankton may
biological
temperature
reproductive
lead to
need to consume
cycles are tied to
cascading
integrity and
more water as
~ A longer
water
effects in the
reintroducing
temperature
growing season
temperature
food chain
native
rises
may lead to an
species
extra
~ Coral
reproductive
cycle
~ Food
supplies and bird
migrations may
be mis-timed
bleaching
episodes may
increase
~ Parasites
and diseases are
enhanced by
warmer water
93
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Appendix A Table 4. Potential climate change risks for recreation and public water supplies
Clean Water Warmer
Warmer
Warmer
Increasing
Increasing
Sea level rise
Ocean
Act resource summers
winters
water
Hdrought
storminess
acidification
goals
Restoring and
maintaining
recreational
activities, in
and on the
water
~ More people
using water for
recreation may
raise the
potential for
pathogen
exposure
~ Harmful algal
blooms may be
more likely
~ Jellyfish may
be more
common
~ Fishing
seasons and fish
may become
misaligned
~ Desired
recreational fish
may no longer
be present
~ Invasive
plants may clog
creeks and
waterways
~ Freshwater
flows in streams
may not support
recreational uses
~ Increased
estuary salinity
may drive away
targeted
recreational fish
~ More frequent
or more intense
storms may
decrease
recreational
opportunities
~ Greater NPS
pollution may
impair recreation
~ Beaches or
public access sites
may be lost to
coastal erosion or
inundation
~ Clearance
under bridges may
decrease
~ Eco-tourism
resources or
attractions (e.g.,
birding, diving,
fishing) maybe
degraded
~ Recreational
shellfish
harvesting may be
lost
Protecting
public water
supplies
~ Warmer
temperatures
may drive
greater water
demand
~ Evaporation
losses from
reservoirs and
groundwater
may increase
~ Summer
water supplies
that depend on
winter snow
pack may
disappear
~ Cold places
may see more
freeze/thaw
cycles that can
affect
infrastructure
~ Changes in
treatment
processes may
be required
~ Increased
growth of algae
and microbes
may affect
drinking water
quality
~ Lower
freshwater flows
may not keep
saltwater
downstream of
intakes
~ Groundwater
tables may drop
~ Coastal
aquifers may be
salinized from
insufficient
freshwater input
~ Coastal
aquifers may be
salinized from
higher demand
on groundwater
~ Maintaining
passing flows at
diversions may
be difficult
~ Water
infrastructure may
be vulnerable to
flooding
~ Flood waters
may raise
downstream
turbidity and affect
water quality
~ Sea level may
push salt fronts
upstream past
water diversions
~ Water
infrastructure may
be vulnerable to
inundation or
erosion
~ Saltwater
intrusion into
groundwater may
be more likely
94
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;'| | I in" I I ,, I," If J i •; ' ! i, I I- Mi IfJ I U 15' II ' I Mir II, ' II i' I in
' ¦ iii| • ' i « i i 1 < hi-111 IIin iiii ,
These 142 action items are from "A Region Responds to a Changing Climate; Southeast Florida
Regional Climate Change Compact Counties Regional Climate Action Plan 2; October 2017." These
action items are sorted into the plan's twelve goal areas: 1) Agriculture, 2) Compact Coordination, 3)
Energy and Fuel, 4) Natural Systems, 5) Public Health, 6) Public Outreach and Engagement, and 7)
Public Policy Advocacy, 8) Regional Economic Resilience, 9) Risk Reduction and Emergency
Management, 10) Social Equity, 11) Sustainable Communities and Transportation, and 12) Water. More
information can be found at: http://www.soiitheastfloridaclimatecompact.org/
Agriculture
GOAL: Ensure the continued viability of agriculture in Southeast Florida in the face of
climate change through policies and actions that encourage sustainable production,
remove barriers to production, promote economic incentives, improve water reliability,
and promote best management practices.
AG-1 Promote policies that preserve the economic viability of agriculture.
AG-2 Continue to meet the water needs of agriculture.
AG-3 Promote locally produced foods and goods.
AG-4 Align research and extension with climate-related needs of agriculture.
AG-5 Maintain or create agriculture purchase of development rights programs.
AG-6 Assess opportunities for growers and agricultural landowners to manage land to lessen the impacts
of climate change and incentivize those actions.
AG-7 Seek a national designation for Southeast Florida as a critical source of domestic agricultural
products.
AG-8 Identify and reduce obstacles for enabling urban agriculture, gardening, and other backyard
agricultural practices.
AG-9 Increase resources for the study and implementation of invasive, non-native pest and pathogen
prevention; early detection; and rapid response.
AG-10 Promote sustainable aquaculture, perennial crops, diversified farming systems, precision
agriculture, and re-contouring field elevations.
AG-11 Assess and address public health risks of more frequent and intense high-heat days to agriculture
and farm workers.
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Compact Coordination
GOAL: Strengthen coordination and collaboration in Southeast Florida on climate
change issues by building the capacity of the Compact to meet evolving regional needs.
CC-1 Establish and implement a regional communications strategy among business, government, and
community leadership.
CC-2 Update regional unified sea level rise projections.
CC-3 Explore opportunities to better coordinate cross-agency and cross-jurisdiction reviews of major
infrastructure projects.
CC-4 Continue to provide high-quality implementation support resources for jurisdictions seeking to
implement the Regional Climate Action Plan and other sustainability and resilience measures.
CC-5 Develop and track regional indicators of climate change impacts, emissions reduction, and
adaptation action.
CC-6 Create a Compact advisory group composed of organizations that represent the region's climate
work, equitable community development, and vulnerable populations in order to track and share
best practices on equitable climate action with the region.
Energy and Fuel
GOAL: Reduce consumption of electricity a > I and increa. 1 ewable energy
capacity to increase regional resilience, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
improve emergency management and disaster recov
EF-1 Promote renewable energy through policies and technological development in order to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
EF-2 Advance energy efficiency and conservation through technological solutions, behavioral strategies,
and policies in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
EF-3 Increase accessibility to energy efficiency solutions for limited-income families.
EF-4 Increase accessibility to distributed renewable energy technology.
EF-5 Utilize renewable and distributed energy technologies for emergency management and disaster
recovery.
EF-6 Streamline permitting and administrative processes to reduce the soft costs associated with
renewable energy technologies.
EF-7 Establish financing mechanisms for current homeowners to invest in renewable energy and energy
efficiency.
EF-8 Build the capacity for distributed renewable energy and energy storage technologies in future
building stock.
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EF-9 Enable grid-independent energy and waste-to-energy systems.
EF-10 Enable a fuel-efficient public vehicle fleet.
EF-11 Establish a fuel-efficient municipal vehicle fleet.
EF-12 Promote community use of electric vehicles (EV).
Natural Systems
GOAL: Implement monitoring, management, and conservation programs designed to
protect natural systems and the services they provide to society while improving their
capacity for climate adaptation.
NS-1 Foster public awareness of the impacts of climate change on the region's natural systems and
ecosystem services.
NS-2 Promote collaborative federal, state, and local government conservation land acquisition and
easement programs.
NS-3 Support regional wildland fire management coordination efforts.
NS-4 Develop sustainable financing for the monitoring, protection, restoration, and management of
natural areas and ecosystem services.
NS-5 Identify or create a regional group to coordinate a plan to create adaptation corridors, living
collections, and other approaches to species dispersal and conservation.
NS-6 Conduct a predictive assessment of current and potential invasive species ranges and impacts.
NS-7 Promote the protection and restoration of coastal natural systems and the creation of living
shorelines at the regional scale.
NS-8 Support coral reef protection, restoration, and sustainable-use initiatives to help Florida's sensitive
reefs adapt to the changing climate and ocean acidification.
NS-9 Advocate for federal and state funding for applied monitoring and climate-related science,
conducted in partnership with the Florida Climate Institute.
NS-10 Examine and propose revisions to environmental regulations to account for the effects of climate
change.
NS-11 Identify the effects of climate change on fish populations, the sustainability of key fisheries, and
the fishing industry, then develop adaptation plans as needed.
NS-12 Promote the protection, restoration, and creation of freshwater wetlands, open space buffer areas,
and connectivity between freshwater and estuarine waters.
NS-13 Develop and implement long-term, sustainable, regional solutions to beach erosion and sediment
supply.
NS-14 Maintain, create, and/or restore urban tree canopy.
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NS-15 Support and advocate for continued implementation and funding on the state and federal levels
for the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.
Public Health
GOAL: Build capacity to proactively mitigate climate-related public health risks in
theast Florida.
PH-1 Understand and communicate public health risks associated with climate change.
PH-2 Adopt and update all Florida Department of Health plans to reflect climate and sea level rise
impacts on public health.
PH-3 Adapt federal and state public health resources to support specific community needs.
PH-4 Reduce extreme heat exposure to promote public health.
PH-5 Advocate for policy changes and funding for local health departments to collect data more
frequently to influence public health plans.
PH-6 Increase reporting of health data monitoring systems to evaluate emerging diseases related to
climate change.
PH-7 Develop tools to assess the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on existing chronic
conditions and to report trends or concerns for action.
Public Outreac gagement
GOAL: Build public awareness of the climate-related risks facing Southeast Florida and
the opportunities for early, coordinated action to address these risks.
PO-1 Assess community needs to guide local government communications.
PO-2 Promote public awareness and understanding of climate impacts, as well as the personal actions
and public policy options available to respond to climate change.
PO-3 Inspire community action to address the causes and impacts of climate change.
PO-4 Create open data platforms and digital tools.
PO-5 Create culturally- and linguistically-appropriate information gathering tools and strategies to help
inform decision-makers of the priorities and concerns in communities.
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Public Policy Advocacy
GO A rcfe and influence all levels of government to address climate change in
relevant policies, programs, and legislation.
PP-1 Support—at all levels of government—policy, legislation, and funding to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in all sectors, use less energy and water, deploy renewable energy and low-carbon
transportation, prepare for and adapt to climate impacts, build community resilience, and study
climate and earth science.
PP-2 Develop common positions on climate, energy, and resilience issues, and advocate jointly as the
Compact for those positions before state and federal legislatures, regulatory bodies, and the
executive and judicial branches of government.
PP-3 Urge federal, state, regional, and local partners to prioritize climate change considerations in the
planning, construction, and operation of the regional water management and flood control
system.
PP-4 Participate in coalitions of public-, private-, nonprofit-, and/or academic-sector actors dedicated to
climate, energy, and resilience issues.
PP-5 Coordinate climate, energy, and resilience policies among counties, municipalities, school districts,
and other units of government in the region.
PP-6 Prioritize climate policies that advance social and economic equity for high vulnerability
populations and limited-income residents
PP-7 Consider the direct and indirect impacts of projects, policies, and investments on relevant
stakeholders.
PP-8 Encourage the general public to engage in civic discourse regarding climate, energy, and resilience
issues.
Regional Economic Resilience
GOAL: Estab> ion • , liet , ategy involving elected and business
leadership, inclusive of funding mechanisms to guide, incentivize, protect, and promote
public and private investments and the economic integr lion.
ER-1 Establish a regional economic resilience communications strategy.
ER-2 Advance regional resilience infrastructure standards.
ER-3 Seek federal and state engagement to develop a resilience strategy.
ER-4 Pursue the development of regional water models.
ER-5 Integrate resilience and economic development at the regional level.
ER-6 Establish funding strategies to provide for equitable investment.
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ER-7 Engage in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) process.
ER-8 Serve as a model for regional resilience.
ER-9 Strive for economic equity in adaptation planning.
Risk Reduction and Emergency Management
GOAL: Prepare for the inevitable shocks and stresses experienced in Southeast Florida
through coordinated and interdisciplinary risk reduction and emergency management
planning and investment.
RR-1 Identify and quantify infrastructure and populations at risk to sea level rise and storm surge.
RR-2 Integrate climate scenarios into emergency planning, evacuation training, and exercises.
RR-3 Integrate climate vulnerability analysis data, as well as climate adaptation planning and funding,
into existing emergency planning and funding documents.
RR-4 Create and invest in strategic pre-disaster plans for post-disaster recovery.
RR-5 Identify the most advanced insurance coverage models to reduce exposure in the face of climate-
related risks.
RR-6 Prioritize adaptation investments to reduce the impact of flooding and sea level rise on
transportation infrastructure, particularly on evacuation routes.
RR-7 Ensure local comprehensive plans align with the state Coastal Construction Control Line.
RR-8 Continue to adopt and update consistent plans at all levels of government in the region that
address and integrate mitigation, sea level rise, and climate change adaptation.
RR-9 Review the Florida Building Code through the lens of climate vulnerability.
RR-10 Understand and communicate risk information to all residents.
RR-11 Promote and leverage existing policies and programs designed to reduce flood risks and
economic losses.
RR-12 Increase long-term community resilience and disaster recovery through distributed renewable
energy and battery storage systems.
RR-13 Use effective social media for emergency messaging, public health updates, and tidal flooding
updates.
RR-14 Encourage individual small business recovery plans and personal home adaptation plans.
RR-15 Support disaster planning and preparedness training for city and county staff.
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RR-16 Connect with members from highly vulnerable populations to build trust and inform emergency
management planning.
RR-17 Ensure the emergency management definition of "communities at risk" includes economically
vulnerable people.
RR-18 Align and integrate emergency management staff and responsibilities with chief resilience officer
roles to bolster long-term plans
Social Equity
GOAL: Guide and support municipalities and counties in the Compact region to create
equitable climate policies, programs, and decision-making processes that consider
local socio-economic and racial inequities and ensure all can participate and prosper.
EQ-1 Encourage dialogue between elected officials, staff, and socially vulnerable populations about
local climate impacts and community priorities to inform leaders of community needs.
EQ-2 Integrate social vulnerability data into all local government processes.
EQ-3 Support public infrastructure that enables economic mobility, health, and safety for all community
members.
EQ-4 Address the needs of socially vulnerable populations by engaging existing community leaders and
representative organizations in decision-making processes, particularly for critical public infrastructure.
EQ-5 Build the capacity of existing and future leaders of socially vulnerable populations to ask, analyze,
and communicate about their community's climate resilience.
EQ-6 Partner with intermediary organizations that have deep community ties with socially vulnerable
populations to co-create engagement and outreach strategies.
EQ-7 Provide equity and social justice training for local government staff.
Sustainable Communities ai nsportation
GOAL: Adapt to the impacts of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by reshaping where and how to build and move from place to place.
ST-1 Incorporate unified sea level rise projections, by reference, into all city, county, and regional
agency comprehensive plans, transportation and other infrastructure plans, and capital improvement
plans.
ST-2 Ensure locally produced maps for planning and project documents include the latest storm surge
and sea level rise projections.
ST-3 Use vulnerability and risk assessment analyses and tools to identify priorities for resilience
investments.
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ST-4 Designate adaptation action areas, restoration areas, and growth areas as a priority setting tool for
vulnerable areas, and as a means to maximize benefits to natural systems while guiding people and
commerce to less vulnerable places in the region.
ST-5 Ensure beneficial social equity outcomes in considering the impacts of land use policy, public
infrastructure, and public service decisions on high-vulnerability populations.
ST-6 Develop localized adaptation strategies for areas of greatest climate-related vulnerability in
collaboration with appropriate agencies and jurisdictions to foster multi-jurisdictional solutions and
maximize co-benefits.
ST-7 Incorporate strategies to reduce risk and economic losses associated with sea level rise and
flooding into local comprehensive plans, post-disaster redevelopment plans, building codes, and land
development regulations.
ST-8 Consider the adoption of green building standards to guide decision-making and development and
to provide an incentive for better location, design, and construction of residential, commercial, and
mixed-use developments and redevelopment.
ST-9 Implement best practices for the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of threatened
resources to preserve historic and archaeological resources and increase resource resilience.
ST-10 Employ transit-oriented developments and other planning approaches to promote higher-density
development capable of supporting more robust transit.
ST-11 Modify local land use plans and ordinances to support compact development patterns, creating
more walkable and affordable communities.
ST-12 Develop and implement policies and design standards that recognize the transportation system's
most vulnerable users and incorporate sustainable elements.
ST-13 Conduct an assessment of unused or underutilized properties and develop an approach for
utilizing such properties that enhances overall resilience goals.
ST-14 Adopt social equity policies that support equitable economic growth and increase affordable
housing opportunities near critical infrastructure.
ST-15 Develop policies to enhance the urban tree canopy to protect pedestrians and bicyclists from heat
and pollution exposure.
ST-16 Phase out septic systems where necessary to protect public health and water quality.
ST-17 Ensure investments reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase the resilience of the
transportation system to extreme weather and climate impacts.
ST-18 Increase the use of transit as a transportation mode for the movement of people in the region.
ST-19 Expand, connect, and complete networks of bicycle and pedestrian facilities, including those
supporting access to transit.
ST-20 Expand the use of transportation demand management strategies to reduce peak period and
single-occupant vehicle travel.
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ST-21 Address resilience, maximize efficiency, and increase the use of low-carbon transportation modes
for the movement of freight in the region.
ST-22 Implement transportation system management and operations strategies to maximize the
efficiency of the existing transportation system in a coordinated manner across local governments and
agencies in the region.
ST-23 Use evidence-based planning and decision-making for transportation system investments and
management.
Water
GOAL: Advance the water management strategies and infrastructure improvements
needed, in parallel with existing water conservation efforts, to mitigi itential
adverse impacts of climate change and sea level rise on water supplies, water and
wastewater infrastructure, and water management systems, inclusive of regional canal
networks, pumps, control structures, and operations.
WS-1 Foster innovation, development, and exchange of ideas for managing water.
WS-2 Ensure consistency in water resource scenarios used for planning.
WS-3 Plan for future water supply conditions.
WS-4 Coordinate saltwater intrusion mapping across Southeast Florida.
WS-5 Maintain regional inventories of water and wastewater infrastructure.
WS-6 Develop a spatial database of resilience projects for water infrastructure.
WS-7 Modernize infrastructure development standards in the region.
WS-8 Address the resilience of the regional flood control system.
WS-9 Update the regional stormwater rule.
WS-10 Integrate combined surface and groundwater impacts into the evaluation of at-risk infrastructure
and the prioritization of adaptation improvements.
WS-11 Encourage green infrastructure and alternative strategies.
WS-12 Integrate hydrologic and hydraulic models.
WS-13 Practice integrated water management and planning.
WS-14 Advance comprehensive improvements to regional and local stormwater management practices.
WS-15 Foster scientific research for improved water resource management.
WS-16 Expand partnerships and resources to further innovation in water resource management.
WS-17 Advance capital projects to achieve resilience in water infrastructure.
WS-18 Coordinate innovation and regional funding.
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WS-19 Recognize adaptable infrastructure.
WS-20 Support the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP).
WS-21 Expand regional surface water storage.
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Appendix C. Broward County FY2016-2020 Strategic Plan
The Broward Cou ard of County Commissioners envisions:
• From our Sawgrass to our Seagrass, a home for everyone seeking a sense of community
and an exceptional quality of life, and a destination for visitors from every corner of the
globe.
• A model County, governed in an open and ethical manner, where innovative ideas are
encouraged, and public and private sectors work collaboratively to achieve shared goals.
• A vibrant economy with a diverse, skilled workforce, in a County offering unique
advantages that attract all types of businesses to create equitable, countywide prosperity.
• A sustainable system of world-class intermodal transportation, infrastructure, quality
human services, public safety, affordable housing, recreation, arts and culture,
complementing and balancing our natural resources and environment.
A. VALi lsuring economic opportunities for Broward's diverse
population and businesses
Goals:
1. Attract and retain all types of business, especially high-wage industries that offer
employee benefits, through partnerships with the Alliance, chambers of commerce,
colleges and universities, CareerSource, and any other available avenues.
2. Increase the economic strength and impact of revenue-generating County enterprises
balancing economic, environmental, and community needs.
3. Diversify the local economy, attract industries offering high-wage jobs with benefits
while balancing economic, educational, environmental, and community needs.
4. Utilize policies and strategies to create employment opportunities and supports for
economically disadvantaged members of the community (e.g., Workforce Investment
Program, quality and affordable child care, trainee and internship opportunities tied to
Skills Gap Assessment by Alliance, better collaboration with colleges and universities,
and construction projects using small and certified businesses).
1 > "< s\ , inently marketi 1 jws • unty a 1 md, while increasi ,
public understanding of programs and services
Goals:
1. Consistently and effectively market and brand Broward County programs and services,
locally and globally, through effective collaboration
2. Promote to the public, through effective diversification of mediums and messages, the
County's positive works and efforts to improve the quality of life for all residents.
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C, VAU oaching human services collaboratively and compassionately,
with special emphasis on the most vulnerable
Goals:
1. Effectively advocate for and acquire municipal, state and federal financial support to
equitably address health and human services needs of the entire community, through a
truly coordinated system of care.
2. Deliver evidence-based services to the public, and connect customers and their family
members, to sustainable support, with special emphasis on financial supports
3. Collaborate with public and private partners to find creative, equitable, and responsible
solutions to systemic community problems, especially permanent, supportive housing for
persons experiencing, or at risk of, homelessness.
-' . '1 (N , eratively delivering an efficient and accessible regional
intermodal transportation network
Goals:
1. Actively seek through an effective marketing plan, a full penny transportation surtax in
2018 to support a world-class intermodal transportation system including: a robust and
reliable transit level of service, rail, intersection reconfiguration, adaptive signalization,
and congestion relief.
2. Seek local, state, federal funding and public support for transportation projects that
connect to existing transportation corridors, balancing ridership with community
redevelopment demands.
3. Support the development, design and construction of sustainable, multi-modal
transportation facilities throughout the County, to meet the demands of residents,
travelers, and businesses.
E. VAU mouraging investments in renewable energy, sustainable practices
and environmental protection
Goals:
1. Seek funding for, implement policies and pursue projects promoting, the use of
alternative energies and sustainable practices.
2. Proactively lead in the planning, design and construction of projects supporting resilience
and climate adaptation, including coordination with other entities to foster resilient design
as part of local and regional projects, especially shore protection efforts.
3. Increase water quality protection efforts and lead creative approaches to water storage
and aquifer recharge, as well as diversification of water supplies, regionally.
4. Educate the public about the fragile South Florida ecosystems, impacts of severe weather,
sea level rise, and climate change, with special emphasis on the coral reef ecosystem.
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5. Support and seek local, state, and federal funds for coastal management of coral reefs
through collaboration with other governmental jurisdictions.
> . '1 * titivating community culture, arts, recreation and life-long learning
Goals:
1. Provide diverse artistic, cultural, educational, and historical amenities and programs that
contribute to a vibrant, multi-cultural and economically-viable community, including an
annual signature event.
2. Improve access to business development, educational, cultural, and recreational
opportunities and amenities to the economically disadvantaged.
3. In coordination with our community partners, market and deliver world-class recreational
opportunities.
4. Enhance funding for Library programs and various life-long-learning opportunities for
our residents and visitors.
; S • {' ing sustainable, compatible, innovat, • using options for all
income-levels, including integrated, permanent supp using
Goals:
1. Facilitate a regional approach to growth and redevelopment through coordination and
collaboration at the federal, state, and local levels.
2. Increase the availability of affordable housing of all types, countywide, in every
community using effective, uniform criteria, policies and strategies.
3. Identify affordable workforce housing funding, to include a local, dedicated source of
revenue.
4. Develop, through municipal collaboration, neighborhoods and communities
connecting affordable housing to reliable, accessible modes of transportation.
5. Promote housing and community redevelopment that integrates energy efficiency,
community resilience, and other livability standards and initiatives.
H. VAU insistently delivering responsive, efficient, quality services to the
public and internal customers
Goals:
1. Create a system of expectation and accountability across the institution that assures
effective communication, continuous performance review and improvement.
2. Offer effective mandatory and optional coursework, addressing the lines of business and
needs of the entire organization.
3. Grounded in the intrinsic value of quality Public Service, respond to every customer,
internal or external, expeditiously, thoroughly and professionally.
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4. Build into every process and service effective checks and balances that do not
cause inefficiency, but rather ensure consistency, continuity, and quality.
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Appendix D. DASEES Workshop Materials
Workshop Participants
September 21, 2015, C % Dania Beach, FL
Name
Affiliation
Category
Sandy- Michael McDonald
Broward County
Economic Development/Small Business
Samantha Danchuk
Broward County
Engineering
Lenny Vialpando
Broward County
Environmental Licensing & Permitting
Carol Morgenstern
Broward County
Parks
Jill Horwitz
Broward County
Planning
Maribel Feliciano
Broward County
Planning
Jason Liechty
Broward County
Public Policy
Kristen Carter
Broward County
Public Policy- County Commissioner's
Aide
Jennifer Jurado
Broward County
Water Resources
John Kraus/ Susan
Bodman
Broward County Utilities/
WWS
Engineering- Water Supply/
Wastewater
Buffy Sanders
Broward MPO
Transportation
Greg Stuart
Broward MPO
Transportation
James Cromar
Broward MPO
Transportation
Peter Gies
Broward MPO
Transportation
Sue Gallagher
Children's Services Council
Social Issues/ Education
Mark Laferrier
City of Dania Beach
Community Development
Rachel Bach
City of Dania Beach
Community Redevelopment
Dan Murphy
City of Dania Beach
Economic Development
Eleanor Norena
City of Dania Beach
Engineering- Floodplain Management
Fred Bloetscher
City of Dania Beach
Engineering- Stormwater
Ronnie Navarro
City of Dania Beach
Engineering/ Public Services
Anna Christine Carrie
City of Dania Beach
Planning
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Corinne Lajoie
City of Dania Beach
Planning
Mariluz Maldonado
City of Dania Beach
Planning
City of Dania Beach
Planning & Zoning Board
Mayor Marco Salvino, Sr.
City of Dania Beach
Public Policy- City Mayor
Colin Donnely
City of Dania Beach
(Assistant City Manager)
Public Administration
Bob Shapiro
Developer
Stakeholder- Developer
Brian Dyson
EPA/ORD
Structured Decision Making
Tammy Newcomer-
Johnson
EPA/OW
Water Resources
Lois Bush
FDOT
Transportation
Green Advisory Board
Stakeholder- Sustainability
Marine Advisory Council
Stakeholder- Marine Economy
Kelly Black
Neptune
Structured Decision Making
Richard Grosso
Nova University Law School
Public Policy- Land Use
Peter Flynt
Owner
Stakeholder- Land Owner
Anne Castro
Planning Council (former
City Commissioner)
Public Policy
Courtney Biscardi
Urban League
Social Programs
September 22, 2015, City Hall, Dania Beach, FL
Name
Affiliation
Category
Samantha Danchuk
Broward County
Engineering
Jennifer Jurado
Broward County
Water Resources
Mike Zygnerski
Broward County
Water Resources
Buffy Sanders
Broward MPO
Transportation
Eleanor Norena
City of Dania Beach
Engineering- Floodplain Management
Fred Bloetscher
City of Dania Beach
Engineering- Stormwater
no
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Ronnie Navarro
City of Dania Beach
Engineering/ Public Services
Corinne Lajoie
City of Dania Beach
Planning
Mark Laferrier
City of Dania Beach
Community Development
Brian Dyson
EPA/ORD
Structured Decision Making
Tammy Newcomer-
Johnson
EPA/OW
Water Resources
Kelly Black
Neptune
Structured Decision Making
Marc '• \ ' ' \,; Broward County Government Offices, ¦ ^ • uderdale, FL
Name
Affiliation
Expertise
Samantha Danchuk
Broward County
Engineering
Jennifer Jurado
Broward County
Water Resources
Mike Zygnerski
Broward County
Water Resources
Lenny Vialpando
Broward County
Water Resources
Albert Lee
Broward County
Planning/Sustainability
Buffy Sanders
Broward MPO
Transportation
Anne-Christine
Carrie
City of Dania Beach
Zoning
Kelly Ray
City of Dania Beach
Planning
Leslie Kerr
City of Dania Beach
Planning
Brian Dyson
EPA/ORD
Structured Decision Making
Tammy Newcomer-
Johnson
EPA/OW
Water Resources
Kelly Black
Neptune
Structured Decision Making
Dorothy Sifuentes
USGS
Hydrologic Modeling
ill
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Workshop Agenda <, ptembc i i :2, 2015
Dania Beach Resiliency Planning Workshop
September 21-22, 2015
City Hall,
Dania Beach, FL
Stakeholder Preference Workshop Agenda
08:30 - 08:40 Welcome (J Jurado)
08:40 - 08:50 EPA Region 4 Overview (R Moura)
08:50 - 09:00 Preparing for Climate Change (T Newcomer-Johnson)
09:00 - 09:15 Workshop goals (B Dyson)
09:15 - 09:45 Introductions (K Black)
09:45 - 10:15 Dania Beach Resiliency background (J Jurado, S Danchuk)
10:15-10:30 Break
10:30 - 12:00 What are your preferences and concerns? (K Black, T Stockton)
12:00-01:00 Lunch
01:00 - 02:30 How do we measure success? (T Stockton, K Black)
02:30-02:45 Break
02:45 - 04:15 How do we achieve success? (T Stockton, K Black)
04:15-04:30 Wrap up (B Dyson)
Consequences Workshop Agenda
08:30 - 08:45 Welcome & Introductions (S Danchuk)
08:45 - 09:15 Structuring decisions (B Dyson)
09:15 - 09:45 Stakeholder objectives hierarchy, performance measures and alternatives
outcomes of Day 1 (B Dyson)
09:45 - 10:30 Influence Diagram Development (T Stockton, K Black)
10:30-10:45 Break
10:45 - 12:00 Model Structuring (T Stockton, K Black)
12:00-01:00 Lunch
01:00 - 02:00 Model Structuring (T Stockton, K Black)
02:00-02:15 Break
02:15 - 03:00 Identification of Resources (T Stockton, K Black)
03:00 - 04:00 Identification of Technical Gaps (T Stockton, K Black)
04:00 - 04:30 Wrap up (B Dyson, J Jurado)
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Workshop Description - Septemlfai 2015
Dania Beach Resilience Planning Workshop
Purpose:
This two-day meeting will bring stakeholders together to develop common objectives and solutions for
the resilience challenges facing Dania Beach and identify the technical needs to evaluate those solutions.
Workshop Objectives
• Bring stakeholders together to develop a shared understanding of the inter-related economic,
social, and environmental challenges facing Dania Beach.
• Identify resilience goals for the region, including health & safety, community well-being,
ecological integrity, and economic competitiveness.
• Devise management actions responsive to identified goals
• Develop conceptual models to evaluate proposed resilience management actions, and identify
scientific, technical, and socio-economic data/information needs.
Day l:The aims of Day 1 are to help stakeholders develop clear, comprehensive, objectives and
performance measures, and identify practical solutions that help achieve objectives.
Day 2: The activities of Day 2 include applying the tools of systems thinking and structured decision-
making in a participatory modeling process. It will focus on the technical/scientific needs to assess how
well proposed actions identified in Day 1 meet objectives. This in turn, will allow subsequent
development of an implementation plan for the resilient redesign of Dania Beach.
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Speaker Biographies - September >, 2015
Ms. Kelly Black is an environmental statistician and decision analyst with over two decades
experience supporting the U.S. EPA in data quality and usability issues. Kelly works to integrate
stakeholder opinions into optimal solutions for complex problems. President, Neptune and
Company, Inc., kblack@neptuneinc.org, 720-746-1803, ext. 1005.
Dr. Samantha Danchuk, P.E., is responsible for implementation of the County's priority actions
pertaining to energy, climate action and resilience, sustainability, and urban lands
enhancement. Since joining Broward County in 2014, Samantha has overseen the update of the
County's Climate Action Plan, the installation of the County's first Community Solar
Demonstration Project, the launch of Plan It Green, the County's event-based local carbon
offset program, and provided support for the Compact's Resilient Redesign Workshops and Sea
Level Rise Working Group, the Climate Change Task Force and Government Operation Climate
Change Working Group. Environmental Planning & Community Resilience Division, Broward
County, SDANCHUK@broward.org, (954) 519-1295.
Dr. Brian Dyson is a researcher in the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development, and is
the Lead for the Decision Science and Support Tools Project in the Sustainable and Healthy
Communities Research Program. Operations Research Analyst National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, dyson.brian@epa.gov, (513) 569-7789.
Dr. Jennifer Jurado is responsible for county wide water resource policy and planning;
implementation of the County's regional climate initiatives; administration of beach, marine and
land stewardship programs; and environmental monitoring. Since joining Broward County in
2002, Jurado has overseen development of Broward's county wide integrated water resources
plan, the convening of regional water and climate change task forces, and advancement of
multi-jurisdictional initiatives focused on water conservation, alternative water supply planning,
and climate adaptation. Director, Environmental Planning & Community Resilience Division,
Broward County, JJURADO@broward.org, (954) 519-1295.
Ms. Rafaela Moura is the Energy and Climate Change Coordinator for EPA Region 4
(http://www.epa.gov/climatecharige/impacts-adaptatiori/southeast.html) with over 15 years of
sustainable community development experience. She has extensive experience in pollution and
mitigation control projects. Rafaela has been involved in a plethora of community and
stakeholder outreach consultations focused on addressing community needs and strengthening
community participation. Environmental Protection Specialist, Region IV Energy and Climate
Change Coordinator, Office of the Regional Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, moura.rafaela@epa.gov, (404) 562-9607.
Dr. Tammy Newcomer Johnson supports the Climate Ready Estuaries (CRE) Program
(http://wwwZ.epa.gov/cre) in EPA's Oceans and Coastal Protection Division. CRE works with the
National Estuary Programs and the coastal management community to: (1) assess climate
change vulnerabilities, (2) develop and implement adaptation strategies, and (3) engage and
educate stakeholders. Postdoc ORISE Participant, Oceans and Coastal Protection Division,
Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Water, Newcomer-Johnson. Tammy@epa.gov, (202) 566-1653.
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Dr. Tom Stockton is an environmental statistician, decision analyst, and modeler with Neptune
and Company. Tom's work focuses on facilitating environmental decision-making by integrating
environmental spatial and temporal statistical modeling, process modeling, and economics
under a common structured decision-making framework. Principal Scientist, Neptune and
Company, Inc., Stockton@neptuneinc.org, (505) 662-0707, ext. 17.
YOU! This workshop depends on the active involvement of all participants. Please be sure to
speak up and share your opinions. We won't be successful without your input, so both to
increase your enjoyment and to make our planning more robust, please express your opinions
freely and constructively. Various City, County, and
Community representatives, Dania Beach Stakeholders, (555) 555-5555,
stakeholders@imaginarydaniabeachURL.
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