EPA/600/R-19/116
December 2019
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
xvEPA
Laboratory Analytical Waste
Management and Disposal
Information Document
Companion to Selected Analytical Methods
for Environmental Remediation and Recovery
(SAM) 2017
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and
Disposal Information Document
Companion to Selected Analytical Methods for
Environmental Remediation and Recovery
(SAM)
Kathy Hall
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
Homeland Security & Materials and Management Division
Disaster Characterization Branch
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Eric Boring, Yildiz Chambers, Joan Cuddeback, Marti Sinclair, Larry Umbaugh
CSRA; Alexandria, VA 22310
EPA Contract No. EP-C-10-060 and EP-C-15-012.
December 2019
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
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Disclaimer
This document is intended to provide general guidelines for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and EPA-contracted laboratories when managing and disposing of analytical waste
following use of the methods listed in EPA's Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental Remediation
and Recovery (SAM) 2017. It includes information regarding laboratory waste management
responsibilities; waste minimization; federal and state regulations; and waste treatment, storage,
packaging, disposal and decontamination procedures. This document is not intended to be a complete
compilation of all the regulatory requirements with which the laboratory may have to comply to meet
local, state and federal mandates. It is the laboratory's responsibility to ensure that their programs and
procedures are in full compliance with the applicable regulations. It should also not be used as a
substitute for the actual requirements. EPA hazardous waste regulations are located in Title 40 of the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 260 to 299. While the document mentions state regulations
generally, many states have their own hazardous waste regulations based on the federal hazardous
waste regulations. In some of these states, the requirements are the same as the federal standards and
definitions. Other states, however, have developed more stringent requirements than the federal
program. If this is the case in your state, you must comply with the state regulations. To become familiar
with your state's requirements, consult your state hazardous waste agency. This document has been
reviewed by the EPA Office of Research and Development and approved for publication. Mention of
trade names, products, or services does not convey EPA approval, endorsement or recommendation.
Questions concerning this document, or its application should be addressed to:
Kathy Hall
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
Office of Research and Development (NG16)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 379-5260
hall.kathv(a)epa.gov
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AEA Atomic Energy Act
ALARA As Low as Reasonably Achievable
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)
BSL Biosafety Level
CAA Clean Air Act
CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CESER Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (EPA)
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CG phosgene
CI chlorine
CWA Clean Water Act
DAC derived air concentration
DDESB Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board
DoD U.S. Department of Defense
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
g gram(s)
GA tabun
GB sarin
GD soman
GF cyclohexylsarin
HAZMAT hazardous materials
HD sulfur mustard
HDPE high density polyethylene
HN-1 nitrogen mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine)
HN-2 nitrogen mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine)
HN-3 nitrogen mustard (tris(2-chloroethyl)amine)
HSRP Homeland Security Research Program
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICS Incident Command System
L-l lewisite 1
L-2 lewisite 2
L-3 lewisite 3
LLRW low-level radioactive waste
LLRWPA Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act
LMW low molecular weight
LQG Large Quantity Generator
mCi millicurie(s)
mg milligram(s)
mm millimeter(s)
mR milliroentgen(s)
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mrem millirem(s)
mSv millisievert(s)
MTRU mixed transuranic
N normal - 1 equivalent weight per liter
NARM naturally occurring, and/or accelerator-produced radioactive material
NaOCI sodium hypochlorite
nCi nanocurie(s)
NIMS National Incident Management System
nm nanometer(s)
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRC U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NWPA Nuclear Waste Policy Act
OSC On-Scene Coordinator
OSHA U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCB(s) polychlorinated biphenyl(s)
PPE personal protective equipment
ppm parts per million
POTW publicly owned treatment works
PSN Proper Shipping Name
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SAM Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental Remediation and Recovery
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDS Safety Data Sheet
SHEM Safety, Health, and Environmental Management
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
spp. Several species
SQG Small Quantity Generator
TBq terabecquerel(s)
TNT trinitrotoluene
TRU transuranic
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSDF treatment, storage and disposal facility
piCi microcurie(s)
pirn micrometer(s)
UN United Nations
UN ID United Nations identification number
piR microroentgen(s)
URL Uniform Resource Locator
UV ultraviolet
VSQG Very Small Quantity Generator
VX 0-ethyl-S-[2-diisopropylaminoethyl]methyl-phosphonothiolate
WHO World Health Organization
WMP Waste Management Plan
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Acknowledgments
This document was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Center for
Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER) within EPA's Office of Research and
Development, as a companion to NHSRC's Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental Remediation
and Recovery (SAM). We wish to acknowledge the peer reviews conducted by Paul Lemieux (EPA CESER)
and Mario lerardi (EPA Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, retired) whose thoughtful
comments contributed greatly to the quality of the information. We also wish to acknowledge Eric
Boring, Yildiz Chambers, Joan Cuddeback, Marti Sinclair and Larry Umbaugh (of CSRA) for technical and
editorial support. The document was prepared by CSRA under EPA Contract No. EP-C-10-060 and EP-C-
15-012.
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer i
Acronyms and Abbreviations ii
Acknowledgments iv
1.0 Background 1
2.0 Scope and Application 1
3.0 Overview of Laboratory Responsibilities 2
3.1 Waste Management 2
3.1.1 Waste Management Plan 2
3.1.2 Waste Management Administrator 3
3.1.3 Generator Status 5
3.1.4 Waste Broker 5
3.1.5 Documentation 5
3.2 Guidelines for Waste Minimization 6
3.3 Waste Categorization and Segregation 6
3.3.1 Regulatory Exemptions 6
3.3.2 Method Selection 7
3.3.3 Sample Amounts 7
3.3.4 Reagent Procurement Controls 8
3.3.5 Re-Use of Materials 8
3.4 Packaging 8
3.5 Safety 8
3.6 Primary Organizations and Acts that Dictate Waste Management and Disposal 10
3.6.1 U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 10
3.6.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) 10
3.6.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) 11
3.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 11
3.7.1 RCRA Laboratory Wastewater 13
3.7.2 U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Directives 13
3.7.3 Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) Transportation Act 14
3.7.4 State Regulations 15
4.0 Management and Disposal of Analytical Waste Containing Chemical Hazards 16
4.1 Regulations 17
4.2 Storage 17
4.3 Treatment 19
4.3.1 Aqueous and Water Soluble Waste 19
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4.3.2 Non-Aqueous Liquid Waste 19
4.3.3 Air Sample Waste 20
4.3.4 Solid Waste 20
4.3.5 Re-useable and Disposable Containers and Equipment 20
4.3.6 Wastes Containing Chemical Warfare Agents 21
4.3.7 Decontamination Waste 21
4.3.8 Recycling 21
4.4 Packaging 21
4.5 Off-Site Disposal 23
4.5.1 Incineration 23
4.5.2 Land Disposal 23
4.5.3 Military Return 24
4.5.4 Transfer to Origin 24
5.0 Management and Disposal of Analytical Waste Containing Radiological Hazards 24
5.1 Regulations 25
5.1.1 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 25
5.1.2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 26
5.1.3 The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) 26
5.1.4 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 27
5.2 Storage 28
5.2.1 Waste Containers 28
5.2.2 Storage Areas 28
5.2.3 Storage Area Posting Requirements 29
5.2.4 Monitoring and Documentation 31
5.3 Treatment 31
5.4 Packaging 32
5.5 Disposal 33
6.0 Management and Disposal of Analytical Waste Containing Biological Hazards 33
6.1 Regulations 34
6.2 Storage 35
6.2.1 Treatment 36
6.2.2 Pathogens 36
6.2.3 Biotoxins 37
6.2.4 Non-Chemical Treatment 38
6.2.5 Chemical Treatment 39
6.3 Packaging 39
6.3.1 Preparation of Treated Waste for Off-site Disposal 40
6.3.2 Preparation of Untreated Waste for Off-site Treatment and Disposal 40
6.4 Disposal 40
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6.4.1 Treated Waste 40
6.4.2 Untreated Waste 40
7.0 Management and Disposal of Samples and Analytical Waste Containing Mixed Hazards 41
7.1 Multi-hazardous Samples and Wastes 42
7.1.1 Handling 42
7.1.2 Disposal 42
7.2 Mixed Waste Samples and Waste 44
7.2.1 Regulations 44
7.2.2 Handling and Storage 44
7.2.3 Disposal 46
8.0 Shipping 46
9.0 Disposal Sites 47
9.1 Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) 47
9.1.1 TSDF Permits 47
9.1.2 TSDF Waste Acceptance Criteria 48
9.2 Radiological Waste Disposal Sites 48
9.3 Biological Waste Disposal Sites 48
10.0 References and Resources 49
10.1 General Resources 49
10.2 Regulatory Resources 49
10.3 Resources for Wastes Containing Chemical Hazards 55
10.4 Resources for Wastes Containing Radiological Hazards 55
10.5 Resources for Wastes Containing Biological Hazards 56
Appendix A A-l
Appendix B B-l
Appendix C C-l
Appendix D D-l
List of Tables
Table 3-1. RCRA Waste Generator Status Requirements 11
Table 3-2: EPA and DOT Shipping Regulations 15
Table 5-1: External Radiation Standards for Packages 27
Table 5-2: Posting Requirements for Storage of Radioactive Samples and Waste 30
Table 6-1: Comparison of Decontamination Procedures 37
Table 6-2: Comparison of Decontamination Procedures for Biotoxins 37
Table 7-1: Guidelines for Disposal of Multi-Hazardous Laboratory Wastes 43
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1.0 Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) has
been working with experts from across EPA and its sister agencies since 2004 to develop a compendium
of procedures to be used when EPA is tasked with environmental remediation following national
homeland security related incidents, such as an attack or natural disaster resulting in contamination.
Analytical methods have been selected for chemical, radiochemical, pathogen, and biotoxin analytes of
concern for the environmental sample types that are anticipated in such incidents. These sample types
include water, soil, surface wipes, air particulate filters and building materials. The most recent result of
this effort is published in EPA's Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental Remediation and
Recovery (SAM).
During development of SAM, EPA recognized the need for companion documents, including a document
to provide guidelines regarding management and disposal of wastes resulting from samples that have
been analyzed by the methods listed in SAM.
This document addresses management of laboratory analytical waste unique to remediation
activities following a homeland security incident when SAM methods would be applied, and assumes
that specific environmental sample types (i.e., water, soil, surfaces wipes, air particulates and
building materials) will be analyzed by laboratories using the methods listed in SAM.
2.0 Scope and Application
This document is intended to provide general guidelines for use by EPA and EPA-contracted laboratories
when managing and disposing of analytical waste following use of the methods listed in SAM.
The document includes information regarding laboratory waste management responsibilities; waste
minimization; federal and state regulations; and waste treatment, storage, packaging, disposal and
decontamination procedures. This document is not intended to be a complete compilation of all the
regulatory requirements with which the laboratory may have to comply to meet local, state and federal
mandates. It is the laboratory's responsibility to ensure that their programs and procedures are in full
compliance with the applicable regulations. The internet Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) found
throughout this document provide the most currently available information at the time of document
preparation. Please note that these links will be reviewed and updated periodically, following
publication of updated SAM documents.
It is assumed that laboratories using this document will be handling environmental samples (e.g., water,
soil, surfaces wipes, air particulate filters, outdoor building and infrastructure materials) containing one
or more of the chemical, biological, or radiochemical analytes listed in SAM at levels that would be
expected to be found in samples collected in support of site remediation and clearance. It is also
assumed that these samples and the corresponding analytical waste are thoroughly characterized, and
the hazardous components and concentration levels understood. Guidelines are provided for
management and disposal of waste samples that may contain SAM chemical (Section 4), radiochemical
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(Section 5), and biological hazards (Section 6), as well as mixed and multiple-hazards sample waste
(Section 7).
Although samples received by laboratories are not considered to be regulated waste while awaiting
testing, while stored after testing, or while being transported back to the sample collector (40 Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) 261.4(d)). all samples should be treated as potentially hazardous. Once
samples are analyzed, the concentration of contaminants determines appropriate disposal procedures.
Samples designated for waste treatment, disposal or decontamination should be treated as a regulated
waste, and sample handling should meet all federal and state requirements. Although the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT) provides information regarding the packaging, labeling and
transport of biological waste at 49 CFR, it should be noted that there is no federal framework for
management of bio-incident waste, potentially including laboratory-generated waste; these activities
fall under the purview of state regulatory programs.
The information provided in this document is intended only as a guide and is based on the current
federal and state regulations cited. Laboratories must consult and comply with these regulations prior
to initiating analytical waste management and disposal activities. This document is not intended to be
a complete compilation of all the regulatory requirements with which laboratories may have to comply
to meet local, state and federal mandates. It is the laboratory's responsibility to ensure that their
programs and procedures are in full compliance with the applicable regulations.
3.0 Overview of Laboratory Responsibilities
This section summarizes laboratory responsibilities and strategies for management and disposal of
analytical waste resulting from analysis of samples containing chemical, radiological or biological
contaminants. In some cases, multiple management strategies may be required, such as when a
biological laboratory uses an analytical technique with a chemical component, thus requiring a chemical
disposal plan.
3.1 Waste Management
3.1.1 Waste Management Plan
Laboratories managing and disposing of analytical waste are responsible for complying with all
federal, state, and local regulations governing waste management. A Waste Management Plan
(WMP) will help laboratories ensure compliance with all applicable regulations. Laboratories
also should be able to demonstrate that this plan is being followed by personnel for the safe
handling and disposal of all waste materials generated. A laboratory's WMP should include
information and instructions regarding:
Plan implementation
- Types of wastes expected to be generated at the laboratory
- Responsibilities of laboratory personnel
- Management authorization (signatures)
- Information accessibility by staff
- Laboratory accountability
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- Permit and reporting requirements
- Decontamination materials (storage)
- Health and safety for storage and transportation areas
- Training requirements
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Exposure monitoring
- Requirement for review and updates (e.g., at least annually)
- Audits
- Record keeping requirements
- Contingency plan(s) with alternatives to decontamination, storage and off-site treatment
and disposal
Waste storage
- Primary containment
- Requirements for satellite waste accumulation areas (e.g., decontamination and spill kits,
power source, fresh water source)
- Accumulation and storage of spent decontamination materials
- Waste classification and segregation
- Identification and inspection of waste storage areas
- Waste neutralization requirements
- Maximum amount of time that waste can be stored
For the purposes of this document, it is assumed that laboratory storage of analytical
waste will be only temporary, until further disposition is determined or addressed.
Treatment options
- Neutralization/decontamination (Section 4.3)
- Solidification, compaction, storage (Section 5.3)
- Sterilization/deactivation (Section 6.2.1)
Disposal options
- Identification of key waste disposal regulatory agencies and contacts
- Publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) disposal
- Landfill (land-ban restrictions, acceptable wastes, packing requirements)
- Incineration (acceptable wastes, packing requirements)
Waste shipment
- Federal and state regulations
- Waste container packaging and labeling
- Packaging requirements
- Arranging for shipment and preparation of shipment papers
Requirements for review and updates
3.1.2 Waste Management Administrator
In addition to a WMP, laboratories should have a Waste Management Administrator with
knowledge of all regulations concerning waste handling, shipping, treatment and disposal. As
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laws and statutes are periodically updated and modified with respect to hazardous waste
identification, shipment, treatment and disposal, the administrator must periodically review
regulations concerning contaminants and different levels of contamination, packaging,
markings, shipping regulations, and safety requirements as prescribed by the U.S. Department
of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In most states, Waste
Management Administrators are required to attend and pass a one to two-day training course,
and are responsible for the following:
Plan implementation
- Maintaining a Waste Management Plan and/or a Chemical Hygiene Plan, Radiological
Safety Plan, and/or Biological Safety Plan
- Identifying waste-generating processes, type of waste generated, expected contaminant
concentrations, and expected amounts generated during a specified time period
- Reviewing laboratory procedures for waste minimization and reduction
- Completing annual reports for regulatory agencies (see Appendices A and B for
appropriate agency contact information)
Waste storage
- Identifying proper storage containers for each waste type
- Completing labels for each waste storage container
- Completing required waste treatment or neutralization
- Tracking opening and closing dates for each storage container at satellite locations and in
bulk waste storage location
- Tracking the duration of waste storage, and ensuring it does not exceed the allowable
storage time
Disposal options
- Identifying the local POTW and ensuring proper communication and permit requirements
- Receiving and maintaining copies of waste hauler identification documents and certified
driver's licenses; and treatment, storage and disposal facility (TSDF) permits as required
for each waste type. Also maintaining copies of hauler and TSDF insurance and any
manifests or tracking forms that are required.
- Coordinating with waste brokers; waste haulers; and TSDFs approved to handle each
waste identified and ensuring that such entities have the appropriately trained
personnel, capacity and resources to manage the waste
- Visiting TSDFs
- Verifying that TSDFs (both the actual facility and its owners) are willing to accept the
waste materials (i.e., the government cannot force a facility to accept waste), have the
appropriate authorizations to accept the waste and that the local government where the
facility is located, is aware and in agreement with receipt of the waste
Waste shipment
- Completing waste profiles with the waste broker, and receiving TSDF acceptance for each
waste prior to shipment
- Ensuring wastes are properly packaged and labeled for transportation using Packing
Groups and Proper Shipping Names (PSNs)
- Completing the waste manifest and bill of lading for each waste shipment (see Appendix
D for example waste manifest and bill of lading)
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- Submitting copies of the waste manifest to each required government office (see
Appendices A and B for appropriate agency contact information)
- Ensuring transportation vehicles are appropriate for the waste and meet placard
requirements; wastes are properly segregated and secured; and vehicles are in good
working condition and, if necessary, are decontaminated following each shipment
- Ensuring waste shipments arrive as specified and are accepted at the approved TSDF
- Receiving and maintaining treatment and/or disposal certificates documenting that the
TSDF has completed treatment (if applicable) and disposal, and containing dates, batch
identification, and disposal location
3.1.3 Generator Status
Laboratories with chemical and/or radiological waste must have a waste generator status, an
understanding of the required limits, and documentation to maintain this status (see Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act and Table 3-1). Unlike processors and manufacturers, which
generate large amounts of consistent waste types, most laboratories typically generate small
amounts of varying wastes and therefore face challenges in costs and planning. Although
laboratories likely will be small quantity generators, management and disposal of highly
contaminated sample wastes might alter this status for a specific period. The Waste
Management Administrator must review the appropriate regulations carefully to ensure records
and reporting is completed properly. Subpart K of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) hazardous waste generator regulatory requirements in Part 262 apply to colleges,
universities, and teaching hospitals and to nonprofit research institutes that are either owned by
or affiliated with a college or university. This subpart allows eligible academic entities the
flexibility to make hazardous waste determinations in the laboratory, at an on-site central
accumulation area, or at an on-site TSDF.
3.1.4 Waste Broker
Laboratories with chemical waste can use the services of a waste broker. Laboratories seeking to
dispose of radiological waste must use the services of a licensed waste broker. The Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) provides information about waste brokers who can assist in
profiling, manifesting, and inspecting laboratory waste prior to shipment; and low-level
radioactive waste disposal facilities that can receive the waste that can be expected following
analysis of samples containing the SAM analytes. Many states require waste brokers to attend
and pass a hazardous materials disposal training course for chemical wastes. In most states a
waste broker may not be needed for disposal of treated, non-infectious biological waste.
Depending on state and local regulations, a waste broker also might not be required for disposal
of biological waste.
3.1.5 Documentation
RCRA subtitle C (40 CFR Parts 261 and 262) requires laboratories to maintain accurate, up-to-
date and easily retrievable records of sample and waste handling. The documentation is
required to meet state regulations, for planning and tracking sample disposition, for reducing
liability, for facilitating inspections, and for responding to inquiries and information requests.
Many regulations and regulatory authorities require comprehensive documentation of these
waste handling activities to assure compliance. Each agency has unique and specific reporting
periods and submission dates, data reporting formats, and record retention times.
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Documentation requirements and procedures must be included in the laboratory's WMP. These
requirements typically include:
Preliminary documentation of sample or site characterization
Waste profile acceptance
Open/close dates for storage containers
Shipping container purchase records
Waste manifests and bill of lading
Disposal certificate
Waste minimization review findings
3.2 Guidelines for Waste Minimization
Waste avoidance and pollution prevention can significantly reduce the amount of waste a laboratory
handles, and are a critical part of any laboratory WMP. The following guidelines are suggested for waste
minimization.
3.3 Waste Categorization and Segregation
Proper waste categorization can help avoid unnecessary, inappropriate, and costly waste handling,
treatment, storage and disposal. For example, the processes and definitions that the laboratory uses to
determine that a waste is radioactive or non-radioactive will have a great influence on the amount of
radioactive waste that the laboratory must manage. Once a waste has been properly categorized, the
laboratory can prioritize the waste options for elimination, reduction or modification.
Laboratory waste can typically be segregated into the following categories: radioactive solid waste,
radioactive liquid waste, RCRA waste. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) waste, mixed waste,
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) waste and biological hazards. Depending on individual state
requirements, biological waste can be classified as medical waste, infectious waste (Categories A or B),
or biohazardous waste; in general, these three classifications require that the waste be sterilized prior to
disposal, unless incinerated. Segregating wastes by the appropriate category allows them to be
managed by the most cost-effective option. Combining highly regulated waste streams with less
stringently regulated waste streams usually requires the total waste stream to meet the most stringent
waste management requirements. For example:
Non-hazardous waste mixed with hazardous waste is managed as hazardous waste.
Non-radioactive waste mixed with radioactive waste is managed as radioactive waste.
Hazardous waste mixed with radioactive waste (referred to as mixed waste) is managed in
compliance with requirements of the Atomic Energy Act (AEA), RCRA and TSCA.
Biohazardous waste mixed with solid waste is managed as biohazardous waste.
3.3.1 Regulatory Exemptions
Some wastes may be exempt from regulations because of the production process, level of
contaminants, volume of waste, or the waste management option chosen. For example:
In cases where contaminants are regulated and are below regulatory levels (see 40 CFR
parts 136 and 403), wastes can be incorporated into a laboratory's wastewater stream
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A hazardous waste generator that produces less than 100 kg of waste in a month may be a
conditionally exempt small quantity generator and thus be exempt from many of the
requirements of the RCRA
Some radioactive waste may be managed as non-radioactive if the total level of radioactivity
is below exempted quantities (10 CFR 30.70). or if the activity for specific radionuclides is
below established levels as described in 10 CFR Part 61. Certain states have entered into
agreements with NRC that give them the authority to license and inspect byproduct, source,
or special nuclear materials used or possessed within their borders. In some cases, states
with these agreements might have more restrictive requirements. The NRC website should
be reviewed to determine which states have agreements.
3.3.2 Method Selection
The analytical method selected for sample analysis or handling determines the type and volume
of waste generated. If two methods will achieve the required measurement quality objectives,
the laboratory might select the method that produces the least amount or most easily managed
waste. For example, biological laboratories can minimize the use of chemical disinfectants that
require management and disposal as hazardous substances waste by considering alternative
disinfection procedures, such as autoclaving. Current laboratory guidelines for working with
infectious microorganisms at Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories recommend that waste be
decontaminated before disposal and that select agents be destroyed using a steam autoclave.
Method selection for disposal of analytical waste containing biological hazards is discussed in
greater detail in Section 6.0.
It also may be possible to replace hazardous analytical reagents with non-hazardous reagents
and still meet method requirements and data quality objectives (refer to analytical methods
listed in SAM for information regarding alternative reagents and materials). Laboratories should
consult with analytical service requestors regarding whether methods can be adjusted. EPA also
recommends that the contacts identified in Section 4.0 of SAM be consulted before
implementing method modifications or deviations. In addition, substituting a short-lived
radionuclide for a long-lived radionuclide may ultimately result in reducing radioactive waste.
Methods that are recommended for analysis of environmental samples for confirmatory
identification and measurement of SAM analytes are listed in the SAM document. Guidance
regarding analytical methods and discharge limitations corresponding to analytes regulated by
EPA in wastewater discharges is provided in 40 CFR Part 136.
3.3.3 Sample Amounts
If possible, laboratories can request that excess sample material not be collected or received. To
minimize the amount of sample waste, laboratories should receive only the amount of sample
needed for sample analysis and analytical quality control, and a limited amount of excess in case
of sample loss or other unforeseen problems or uses. For example, laboratories might request
approximately two times the amount of sample required by the analytical method.
Approximately four times the amount required may be needed if the laboratory will be
analyzing matrix spikes and matrix spike duplicates. Reserve sample amounts should be
minimized with up-front planning. It may also be possible to convert a method to a micro-scale
method that uses significantly less sample and reagents. Laboratories should consult with
analytical service requestors regarding whether sample sizes can be adjusted. EPA also
recommends that the contacts identified in Section 4.0 of SAM be consulted before adjusting
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sample sizes. For example, to optimize method sensitivity in the situation of evaluating the
effectiveness of decontamination, it may be necessary to use large quantities of sample
material.
3.3.4 Reagent Procurement Controls
Amounts of reagents and materials purchased by a laboratory often are determined by price
discounts available on large quantities, instead of the amount required. The real cost of
purchasing these materials should include the initial purchase price plus disposal costs (lifetime
costs). Procurement of hazardous material should be initiated only if a non-hazardous substitute
is not available. Rotating chemical stock (first in, first out) also can help avoid expiration.
3.3.5 Re-Use of Materials
Some materials may be recovered from the analytical process and re-used in subsequent
analyses. For example, distillation of certain used organic solvents may purify them sufficiently
for reuse. Glassware and some disposable equipment can often be decontaminated and re-used
or disposed of as non-hazardous waste. Pre-use of materials is discussed further in the
Treatment subsections of Sections 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0.
3.4 Packaging
Each hazardous compound is grouped into a common characteristic hazardous class (49 CFR 172.101)
for shipment. Samples and sample wastes must be packaged for shipment according to the packing
group criteria for the hazard class (49 CFR 173.2). Small quantities of material (as defined at 49 CFR
173.4) that meet the definition of one or more of the following hazard classes are not subject to any
special requirements:
Class 3: Flammable and combustible liquid (see 49 CFR 173.120)
Class 4, Division 1 (Division 4.1): Flammable solid (see 49 CFR 173.124)
Class 4, Division 2 (Division 4.2): Packing Groups II and III: Spontaneously combustible material (see
49 CFR 173.124)
Class 5, Division 1 (Division 5.1): Oxidizer (see 49 CFR 173.127)
Class 5, Division 2 (Division 5.2): Organic peroxide (see 49 CFR 173.128)
Class 6, Division 1 (Division 6.1): Poisonous materials (see 49 CFR 173.132)
Class 6, Division 2 (Division 6.2): Infectious substances (see 49 CFR 173.134)
Class 7: Radioactive material (see 49 CFR 173.403)
Class 8: Corrosive material (see 49 CFR 173.136)
Class 9: Miscellaneous hazardous material (see 49 CFR 173.140)
The requirements for these exceptions are strictly monitored and many transporters will not accept
packages for shipment. Each hazard class is divided into three packing groups with Level 1 (I) being
greatest degree of danger and Level 3 (III) being least degree of danger.
3.5 Safety
Laboratories must have a Chemical Hygiene Plan, Radiological Safety Plan or Biological Safety Plan, as
appropriate, covering all aspects of sample and waste management specific to the target contaminants.
This plan must encompass personnel responsibilities, engineering controls, monitoring, emergency
response, spills or releases and special handling criteria for samples containing significantly elevated
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contaminant levels. Many of the contaminants included in SAM are not routinely handled by
laboratories, and hygiene and safety plans must address samples and analytical materials containing
these contaminants.1 These plans provide guidelines for the protection of employees from health
effects associated with hazardous chemicals and biological agents used in the laboratory, and include
information regarding:
Responsibilities of laboratory personnel
Avoidance of routine exposures
Housekeeping
Chemical procurement and storage
Chemical inventory
Staff training
Hazards identification and monitoring
Environmental maintenance and monitoring
Maintenance and inspections
Medical monitoring of personnel
Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
PPE
Emergency equipment
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for health and safety
Employee training, including dry runs for handling hazardous samples
Waste handling, treatment and disposal procedures (included in the WMP)
Chemical or biological handling procedures (e.g., flammable, corrosive, reactive chemicals;
compressed gases; radioactivity; carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive toxins)
Working with moderate to highly chronic toxic substances
Working with highly acute toxic substances
Autoclave validation and routine testing with biological indicators and preventative maintenance
Laboratory and surface decontamination
Security
All laboratory staff requires training related to the tasks that they perform in relation to hazardous
substances. This training will vary greatly by the tasks performed, the type(s) of hazardous substance(s),
and the intensity of the hazard (e.g., low-level vs. high-level). Regardless of these factors, OSHA
regulations at 29 CFR 1910.132(f) require that staff be trained in the use of PPE. (EPA conducts internal
initial 24-hour training with annual 4-hour refresher courses for its laboratory personnel to meet these
requirements.) Training should be completed in a non-hazardous environment prior to PPE use, and
should be repeated at the frequency required in OSHA and Superfund Amendments and Authorization
Act (SARA), Title III. At a minimum, the training must include:
Proper use and maintenance of selected protective clothing
Nature of hazards and the consequences of not using the protective clothing
Instructions in inspecting, donning, checking, fitting, and using protective clothing
PPE user's responsibility (if any) for decontamination, cleaning, maintenance, and repair of
protective clothing
1 OSHA requirements for chemical hygiene and safety plans can be found at 29 CFR 1910.1450 Appendix A, Part D
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Emergency procedures and self-rescue in the event of protective clothing/equipment failure
The buddy system
3.6 Primary Organizations and Acts that Dictate Waste Management and Disposal
The guidelines provided in this document are not intended to be used without knowledge and
comprehension of applicable federal, state, or local regulations. These regulations must be consulted
prior to development and implementation of a laboratory's waste management activities. Summary
information regarding general waste management regulations is provided in this subsection. Summary
information regarding regulations applying to chemical, radiological, biological, and multi-hazardous
wastes is provided in Sections 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0, respectively. In preparing this document, the U.S.
CFR and U.S. DOT directives were reviewed for regulations having provisions that pertain to laboratory
management and disposal of analytical waste expected to be generated by laboratories analyzing
samples during remediation activities following homeland security events. Wastes generated from
samples and sample analysis must comply with EPA regulations at 40 CFR Part 260 and with DOT
regulations at 49 CFR Parts 171 - 199 which regulate packaging, handling, labeling, marking, placarding,
and routing of all hazardous shipments within the U.S. The location of this information in the CFR is
provided in Table 3-2. A condensed summary of these regulations and of U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) directives is provided below. This section provides only summary information; it is the
laboratory's responsibility to have a Waste Management Administrator (see Section 3.1, Waste
Management) who is fully aware of and familiar with federal, state, and local regulations affecting
management and disposal of hazardous waste.
3.6.1 U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
OSHA regulations (29 CFR Part 1960) provide for the safety of personnel working with hazardous
materials and wastes. Training requirements for handling sample wastes and for general safety
also are covered. Laboratories using this document must have an approved Health and Safety
Plan and laboratory staff must be trained in procedures and requirements for handling
hazardous materials, samples and waste. The health and well-being of laboratory staff is
paramount in handling and disposing of these potentially hazardous environmental samples and
associated analytical waste. Accordingly, OSHA regulations pertaining to PPE must be reviewed
in Sections 132 - 138 of 29 CFR 1910. as well as Section 22 for general "housekeeping" and
Section 141 for general environmental controls.
Regulations involving safety and emergency response under the Incident Command System (ICS)
and National Incident Management System (NIMS) are covered in 29 CFR 1910.120 and 1926.65.
OSHA does not provide blanket exemptions or waivers to regulations involving personal safety,
even during emergency conditions and operations. However, as part of the ICS, the Incident
Commander must consider the risks associated with operations that have the potential to result
in exposures exceeding permissible exposure limits and manage the response accordingly.
3.6.2 Clean Water Act (CWA)
The Clean Water Act (CWA) provides for the protection and maintenance of the chemical,
physical, and biological integrity of the nation's water. CWA regulations (40 CFR Parts 112 - 503)
address the control of discharges into U.S. waterways, including direct and indirect discharges,
as well as the injection of wastewater into the ground. Direct discharges into surface waters are
regulated by National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit conditions.
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Indirect discharges to a POTW is controlled under the National Pretreatment Standards (Part
403).
3.6.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
Regulations under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) (40 CFR Subchapter J) provide a mechanism for the federal government to respond to
hazards posed by uncontrolled release of hazardous substances. As a laboratory may be held
responsible for the entire costs associated with a cleanup of a hazardous material, all aspects of
processing, handling and disposal (e.g., selecting the proper waste transporter and disposal
facility) should be undertaken with great care.
3.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA provides for tracking of all hazardous substances from "cradle to grave" (generation to final
disposal), and provides regulations at 40 CFR Parts 239 - 299. This Act is intended not only to protect
human health and the environment by prohibiting open dumping, but also to conserve materials and
energy resources by encouraging waste recycling, reuse and treatment. Pursuant to RCRA, EPA
developed hazardous waste management regulations for generators and for TSDFs. In 1984, Congress
expanded the scope of RCRA with passage of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, which
directed EPA to adopt regulations governing small quantity generators (SQGs) of hazardous waste, such
as many small laboratories. Most laboratories routinely generate hazardous waste and, therefore, are
subject to RCRA hazardous waste management regulations at 40 CFR Parts 260 - 270. These regulations
include requirements governing waste classification, accumulation, treatment, disposal, recordkeeping
and emergency preparedness. This Act addresses sample wastes by regulating the identification of the
hazardous constituent, storage of the sample waste, and proper shipment and disposal of the sample
waste. Although RCRA and the implementing federal regulations at 40 CFR govern hazardous waste
management, many states also have their own regulations, which will be equal to or more stringent
than federal regulations, and can vary from state to state.
Under RCRA regulations, there are three classes of generators: (1) Very Small Quantity Generator
(VSQG); (2) SQG; and (3) Large Quantity Generator (LQG). Each level has specific accumulation levels,
holding times, disposal options, and reporting criteria. Information regarding these criteria, including
changes needed when status is increased, is provided in Table 3-1. Laboratories accepting samples in
large quantities might change generator status, requiring an increase in both reporting requirements
and training of staff. Many states have modified these requirements and often have removed the lowest
level (VSQG).
Table 3-1. RCRA Waste Generator Status Requirements
Requirement
(40 CFR)
Very Small Quantity
Generator (VSQG)
Small Quantity
Generator (SQG)
Large Quantity
Generator (LQG)
Waste Determination
(262.11)
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Generation Rate Limits
(262.13 )
<100 kg/month
100-1,000 kg/month
1,000 kg/month or
greater
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Requirement
(40 CFR)
Very Small Quantity
Generator (VSQG)
Small Quantity
Generator (SQG)
Large Quantity
Generator (LQG)
Accumulation Quantity
Limit at or near the
point of generation
(262.15)
Waste collected at or near any point of generation where initially
accumulated may not exceed 55 gallons of hazardous waste or 1 quart of
acutely hazardous or extremely hazardous waste.
Accumulation Quantity
Limit w/o permit
(262.14. 262.16.
262.17)
Total waste may not
exceed 1,000 kg
hazardous waste or 1
kg acutely hazardous
waste at any time.
Total waste may not
exceed 6,000 kg at
any time.
May accumulate any
quantity of waste in
containers, tanks, drip
pads, and containment
buildings for up to 90
days.
Accumulation Time
(262.14. 262.16.
262.17)
No limit
180 days (or 270 days
if waste is to be
transported over 200
miles)
90 days
EPA ID Number
(262.18)
Not required (possible
state requirement)
Required
Required
Mark Containers with
Start Date (262.14,
262.16. 262.17)
Not applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Mark Containers
"Hazardous Waste"
262.14. 262.16. 262.17)
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Air Emission Standards
(265, Subpart CC)
Not applicable
Not applicable
Applicable
Satellite Accumulation
(262.15)
Not applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Use Manifests
(262, Subpart B)
Not required, possible
state requirement
Required
Required
Exception Reporting
(262.42)
Not required
Required after 45
days
Required after 35 days
Biennial Report
(262.41)
Not required
Not required;
possible state
requirement
Required
Contingency Plan
(262.16, 262.17, 265,
Subpart D)
Not required, but OSHA
(29 CFR 1910.38)
requires emergency
planning
Basic planning
required in
accordance with
262.16b(8) and 265,
Subpart C as well as
OSHA regulations
Full written plan, in
accordance with
262.17a(6) and 265,
Subpart D, is required
by OSHA regulations
RCRA Personnel
Training
(265.16)
Not required, but
recommended
Basic training
required
Full compliance with
training requirements
in 265.16
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Requirement
(40 CFR)
Very Small Quantity
Generator (VSQG)
Small Quantity
Generator (SQG)
Large Quantity
Generator (LQG)
Storage Requirements
(without permit)
(265 and 262)
None, but OSHA
regulations under 29
CFR 1910, Subparts H
and N, apply,
particularly 29 CFR
1910.106. Exemption in
40 CFR 262.14.
Compliance with
technical standards in
Part 265, Subparts 1
and J for containers
and tanks, is required
by OSHA regulations.
Exemption in 40 CFR
262.16.
Compliance with
technical standards, in
Part 265, Subparts 1, J,
W and DP. is required
by OSHA regulations.
Exemption in 40 CFR
262.17.
Recordkeeping
Requirements (262.40)
Waste determinations
and generation log
required (notification
of regulated waste
activity, training
records, manifests, and
land disposal
restriction notifications
recommended)
Notification of
regulated waste
activity, waste
determinations,
generation log,
manifests, land
disposal restriction
notifications,
exception reports,
and correspondence
with local emergency
responders
Notification of
regulated waste
determinations,
activity, generation,
manifests, land
disposal restrictions,
exception reports,
biennial reports,
correspondence with
local responders, RCRA
training records, and
contingency plan;
weekly container
inspection is required;
equipment
maintenance logs
recommended.
Waste "Designated
Facility" (264 and 172)
State-approved or
RCRA permitted facility
or legitimate recycler
RCRA-permitted
facility or legitimate
recycler
RCRA-permitted
facility or legitimate
recycler
Land Disposal
Restrictions (268)
Possible state
requirement
Applicable
Applicable
3.7.1 RCRA Laboratory Wastewater
Under 40 CFR 261.3(E). wastewater that is generated by laboratory operations, and that
contains toxic wastes listed in Subpart D of 40 CFR Part 261. is not considered a hazardous waste
if it meets the following conditions: the annualized average flow of laboratory wastewater does
not exceed one percent of total wastewater flow into the head works of the facility's
wastewater treatment or pre-treatment system, or the wastes combined annualized average
concentration does not exceed one part per million in the head works of the facility's
wastewater treatment or pre-treatment facility. Toxic wastes used in laboratories that are
demonstrated not to be discharged to wastewater are not to be included in this calculation.
3.7.2 U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Directives
The DoD has been implementing an Installation Restoration Program since the mid-1970's,
which was formalized by statute with the passage of SARA in 1986, amending CERCLA. Section
211 of SARA established the Defense Environmental Restoration Program to be carried out in
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consultation with the Administrator of the EPA and the states. The program has three goals: (1)
identification and cleanup of contamination from hazardous substances consistent with CERCLA
cleanup requirements; (2) correction of environmental damage, such as detection and disposal
of unexploded ordnance, that creates an imminent and a substantial endangerment to public
health and the environment; and (3) demolition and removal of unsafe buildings and structures,
including those at Formerly Used Defense Sites.
The DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) provides an objective expert to advise the Secretary of
Defense and the Service Secretaries on matters concerning explosives safety, as well as to
prevent hazardous conditions for life and property (both on and off DoD installations) that result
from the presence of explosives and the environmental effects of DoD munitions. The roles and
responsibilities of the DDESB were expanded in 1996 with the issuance of DoD Directive 6055.9
on July 29, 1996, and modified in 2004. The directive provides the DDESB with responsibility for
serving as the DoD advocate for resolving issues between explosive safety standards (DoD-
Directives) and environmental standards (EPA-RCRA regulations). DDESB is responsible for
promulgating safety requirements and overseeing their implementation as necessary to protect
human welfare and the environment. These requirements provide for extensive management of
explosive materials.
3.7.3 Hazardous Materials (HAZMA T) Transportation Act
Wastes generated from samples and sample analysis must comply with EPA regulations at 40
CFR Part 260 and with DOT regulations at 49 CFR Parts 171 - 199. which regulate packaging,
handling, labeling, marking, placarding, and routing of all hazardous shipments within the U.S.
The location of this information in the CFR is provided in Table 3-2.
Waste Management Administrators and other staff responsible for preparing waste for
shipment must be trained in waste handling, packaging, and corresponding regulations (49 CFR
172.704). Training must be repeated every three years. Many states offer a course and/or have
a certification process. DOT regulations also require that each shipment must be certified by the
person offering hazardous material for transportation (49 CFR Part 172), to certify that the
materials are properly classified, described, packaged, marked, and labeled, and are in proper
condition for transportation according to DOT. Many laboratories have a certified TSDF pick up
their hazardous waste. Thus, often laboratory staff are not certified to ship hazardous waste. In
this scenario, hazardous waste shipments are certified by the shipper who picks up the waste,
not a laboratory employee. Some states require certification for laboratories that store waste,
but this requirement can only be detailed on a state-by-state basis. In this case, the state offers
a course and/or has a certification process for the laboratory waste management administrator.
The following general practices provide a summary of DOT requirements (at 49 CFR 173.24) for
packaging wastes for disposal:
Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, there will be no identifiable (without the
use of instruments) release of hazardous materials to the environment
The effectiveness of the package will not be substantially reduced; for example, impact
resistance, strength, and packaging compatibility must be maintained for the minimum and
maximum temperatures, changes in humidity and pressure, and shocks, loadings, and
vibrations normally encountered during transportation
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There will be no mixture of gases or vapors in the package which could, through any credible
spontaneous increase of heat or pressure, significantly reduce the effectiveness of the
packaging
There will be no hazardous material residue adhering to the outside of the package during
transport
In certain situations, a USDOT special permit may be required that requires alternative
packaging, labeling and transport
Table 3-2: EPA and DOT Shipping Regulations
Topics
EPA 40 CFR Regulations
DOT 49 CFR Regulations
Definitions
Section 260.10
Section 171.8
Identification and listing of
hazardous materials
Part 261
Section 172.1
Characteristic of hazardous
materials
Sections 261.20 to 261.24
Sections 171.8, Part 173
Compliance with manifesting
Sections 262.20 to 262.23
and 263.20 to 263.21
Section 172.205
Packaging and containers
Section 262.30
Parts 173 . 178 and 179
Labeling requirements
Section 262.31
Section 172.400
Marking requirements
Section 262.32
Sections 172.300 to 172.330
Placarding requirements
Section 262.33
Sections 172.500 to 172.558,
and 172.560
Hazardous material and waste
discharge incidents
Sections 263.30 and 263.31
Sections 171.15 and 171.16
Storage
Part 370 - reporting
requirements to local and
state government
Section 171.1 for storage while
in transit
3.7.4 State Regulations
State regulators can incorporate, and even increase, the level of compliance needed in the
federal regulations. RCRA regulations in 40 CFR Parts 256 and 271 provide guidelines to states
for producing acceptable WMPs. In addition to complying with federal regulations, laboratories
must comply with all pertinent state regulations impacting laboratory waste management and
disposal. EPA listings of state Internet sites and regulation sources are provided in Appendix A
for chemicals, Appendix B for radiologicals, and Appendix C for biologicals. Information also can
be found at:
Chemicals (http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/universal/statespf.htm)
Radiologicals (https://scp.nrc.gov/rulemaking.html)
Biologicals (http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/medical/programs.htm)
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4.0 Management and Disposal of Analytical Waste Containing
Chemical Hazards
Hazardous waste contains properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or
the environment, and is regulated under RCRA Subtitle C. A RCRA hazardous waste is a waste that
appears on one of four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list or U-list), or exhibits at least one of four
characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity). RCRA lists are organized into three
categories:
The F-list (non-specific source wastes) identifies wastes from common manufacturing and
industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or degreasing operations.
Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-
listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources. Wastes included on the F-list can
be found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.31.
The K-list (source-specific wastes) includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as
petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Certain sludges and wastewaters from treatment
and production processes in these industries are examples of source-specific wastes. Wastes
included on the K-list can be found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.32.
The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products) include specific commercial
chemical products in an unused form. Some pesticides and pharmaceutical products become
hazardous waste when discarded. Wastes included on the P- (acute hazardous waste) and U-
(non-acute) lists can be found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.33.
Waste that does not meet any of the lists above may still be considered a hazardous waste if it exhibits
one of the four characteristics defined in 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart C (commonly referred to as the RCRA
D List).
Ignitability (D001) - Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are
spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 ฐC (140 ฐF). Examples include
waste oils and used solvents. For more details, see 40 CFR 261.21. Many military munitions are
hazardous via this characteristic, even without a detonation source being present.
Corrosivity (D002) - Corrosive wastes include acids or bases (pH < 2 or > 12.5) that are capable
of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums, and barrels. Battery acid is an
example. For more details, see 40 CFR 261.22.
Reactivity (D003) - Reactive wastes are unstable under "normal" conditions, and can cause
explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water.
Examples include lithium-sulfur batteries and explosives. For more details, see 40 CFR 261.23.
There are currently no test methods available.
Toxicity (D004 through D043) - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed
(e.g., containing mercury, lead). When toxic wastes are disposed of on land, contaminated liquid
can leach from the waste and pollute ground water. For more details, see 40 CFR 261.24.
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The United Nations (UN) Chemical Weapons Convention defines a chemical warfare agent as "any
chemical which, through its chemical effect on living processes, may cause death, temporary loss of
performance, or permanent injury to people and animals." Nerve and blister agents are the two classes
of chemical warfare agents that have been most widely manufactured and used for military purposes.
Common blistering agents include sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3) and
lewisites (L-l, L-2, L-3). Common choking agents include chloropicrin, chlorine (Cl2), phosgene (CG) and
diphosgene. Common organo-phosphorous nerve agents are GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GF
(cyclohexylsarin) and VX (0-ethyl-S-[2-diisopropylaminoethyl]methyl-phosphonothiolate).
Note: Laboratory waste containing chemical warfare agents must be handled only by trained
personnel, using appropriate safety precautions. In all cases, laboratories must contact appropriate
authorities identified by the EPA On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) or project manager and should follow
procedures that have been approved specifically for handling these wastes and that are included in
the laboratory's WMP. Small-scale treatment of waste containing dilute chemical warfare agent is
discussed in Section 4.3.
4.1 Regulations
In addition to the regulations summarized in Primary Organizations and Acts that Dictate Waste
Management and Disposal subsection (Section 3.6), the laboratory must be aware of requirements
included in Title III of SARA for notification of municipalities. The Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA or Title III of SARA) requires all facilities storing or producing hazardous
materials to inform local and state communities. This requirement is necessary if the laboratory meets
the quantities of any one or more chemicals on the list of "extremely hazardous substances" at 40 CFR
Part 372. The owner of the laboratory must report the chemical to the state and local emergency
response commission and must have prepared action plans to respond to a release.
4.2 Storage
The operator of a hazardous waste storage area must inspect areas in which waste containers are
stored, at least weekly, looking for leaks and deterioration caused by corrosion or other factors (40 CFR
265.174). Requirements for prevention and preparedness, contingency plans, and emergency
procedures that may apply to a laboratory that stores RCRA waste are addressed in 40 CFR 262.16.
262.17 and 262. Subpart M. Laboratory management should review 40 CFR Part 262 prior to storing
these wastes.
Samples and analytical wastes containing reportable levels of RCRA hazardous chemical analytes (RCRA
List D) must be stored between 4ฐC and 6ฐC and must be segregated from lower level contaminated
samples and from non-environmental samples. However, once designated for management and disposal
by the laboratory, the samples must be treated as a regulated waste, meeting all RCRA and generator
status requirements. Table 3-1 lists quantity storage limitations and reporting information for each level
of generation status. A generator may store hazardous waste up to 90 days, 180 days, or 270 days
depending on its status as defined by the regulations or the distance the generator is from the disposal
facility (40 CFR 262.15). A generator may accumulate as much as 55 gallons of hazardous waste or one
quart of acutely hazardous waste in containers at or near the point of generation where wastes initially
accumulate, which is under the control of the operator of the process generating the waste (40 CFR
262.15). The storage time clock (90, 180, or 270 days) does not begin until the waste volume reaches 55
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gallons (or one quart, in the case of acutely hazardous waste), or whenever waste is stored in a 90-day
accumulation area. A small laboratory may require additional training, reporting, and time management
if large amounts of contaminated wastes are generated during a short time period. A summary of
requirements for storage of these waste materials is provided below.
All sample and sample preparation (extraction) wastes should be segregated according to chemical
class. Acidic wastes should be stored separately from basic wastes, oxidizers should be stored separately
from organics, and cyanide positive wastes should be stored separately from acids to reduce the
possibility of inadvertent potentially dangerous releases/exposures, fires, or increased hazardous status.
Each type of waste (based on the specific chemical contamination, level, and initial generation site) must
be stored in a separate, labeled container to help reduce multi-hazardous wastes and to assist in source
reduction. The label must identify the chemical contaminant, the waste generation point, the date of
generation, and the initials of the technician responsible for the initial generation of the waste.
The laboratory must use proper storage containers, limiting the container size to properly reflect the
amount of sample and sample waste expected to be generated. The storage container must be properly
designed, meeting Packing Group I, II, or III criteria (49 CFR Part 173, Subpart D). to double as the correct
transport/disposal container (e.g., drum, Packing Group) to reduce handling of the waste materials.
Storage containers must be made of proper materials with sealable lids.
Once analytical wastes are designated for waste management by the laboratory, all waste locations that
have not been identified as the main storage location must meet the satellite location rules (40 CFR Part
262) and waste holding times determined by the generator status. Storage locations should be properly
labeled and documented. Storage precautions are also provided in the Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for each
compound component of the waste.
Special storage precautions must be taken for analytical waste containing military ordnance2 or chemical
warfare agents. These storage precautions include:
Limiting potential contact and increased secondary containment. The secondary containment must
contain an excess of absorbent that would absorb all of the liquid if spilled from the primary
container.
Wearing protective covering, such as lab-coats, safety goggles/glasses, appropriate gloves (e.g.,
nitrile gloves, and a pair of butyl rubber gloves over the nitrile gloves when handling waste
containing chemical warfare agents)
Limiting volumes of samples and all related wastes, if possible, to those deemed non-explosive by
contact or impact
Familiarizing all employees with SDSs and special handing requirements. For example,
soils with a 12 percent or greater concentration of secondary explosives [such as
trinitrotoluene (TNT)] are capable of propagating (transmitting) a detonation if initiated by
flame. Soils containing more than 15 percent secondary explosives by weight are
susceptible to initiation by shock. To be safe, the U.S. Army Environmental Center
2 EPA's Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Actions (Interim Final. EPA 505-B-01-001) defines
military munitions and their constituents
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considers all soils containing 10 percent or more of secondary explosives or mixtures of
secondary explosives to be reactive or ignitable soil.2
The laboratory must designate a labeled container for wastes containing RCRA List D levels of hazardous
materials. This container must be labeled with all information necessary to completely identify the
original sample or site location (e.g., the accumulation start date; location information, including room
number where the container is located; substances in the container and their estimated proportions;
the physical state of the waste; and the primary hazard category of the waste). All solid wastes
generated during the sample preparation phase of analysis must be placed in this container, and the
container must be stored with the original sample(s) to reduce the amount of waste needing to comply
with increased levels of sample handling requirements and disposal criteria. Sample extract waste must
be contained and maintained with the original sample or, if appropriate (see Section 4.3.1, Aqueous and
Water Soluble Waste), discharged to the municipal water treatment system.
To minimize sample extract waste, the laboratory may, in some cases, evaporate solvents in a hood with
appropriate safety considerations, leaving only a residue. This container should be placed with the solid
sample waste or liquid sample for disposal (40 CFR 264.1030). Evaporation is not always a legal form of
treatment. Consult 40 CFR 264.1030 before using this waste minimization technique.
4.3 Treatment
4.3.1 Aqueous and Water Soluble Waste
It may be possible to treat aqueous and water-soluble wastes for disposal through discharge to
a POTW. The laboratory must notify the POTW of potential discharges prior to using this option
and must have gained a permit, if applicable, that meets municipality requirements. If the
laboratory disposes of more than 15 kg of hazardous waste (or any acute wastes) per month to a
POTW, the EPA, state waste authority, and POTW must be notified (40 CFR 403.12). Discharges
to storm drains or septic systems are prohibited.
To effectively manage its wastewater program, the laboratory must develop a wastewater
management system that includes:
An inventory of wastewater (samples and contaminants) discharges
Programs and practices for minimizing wastewater
Operating and maintenance procedures for wastewater discharge systems (collection and
treatment, if required by permit)
Monitoring to check operations (as required by permit)
Recordkeeping to document compliance with permits
Procedures to respond to emergencies
A training program to ensure operators meet regulatory requirements and operational
requirements
Procedures to assess planned changes
Procedures for hold and haul contingencies, if necessary
4.3.2 Non-Aqueous Liquid Waste
The treatment of non-aqueous liquid wastes is strictly regulated by RCRA regulations (40 CFR
Part 260). The fine for violations is significant, and laboratory personnel must be familiar with
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the correct procedure for pretreatment and disposal. Liquid sample preparation wastes must be
neutralized prior to disposal. Evaporation of liquid waste solvents is not considered a treatment
option.
Hazardous Waste Mixed with Domestic Sewage. EPA's hazardous waste management
regulations exclude from the definition of hazardous waste any wastes mixed with domestic
sewage that enters a POTW (40 CFR 261.4(a)(1)). In most cases, laboratories must avoid
discharging regulated hazardous waste down the drain. Generally, any laboratory that
discharges down the drain more than 15 kg of hazardous waste per month (40 CFR
403.12(d)(2)). or acutely hazardous waste in any amount, is required to notify the EPA regional
office, the state hazardous waste authorities, and the POTW of such discharges.
Neutralization. Prior to use of this treatment option, it is important to consider that, in some
cases, neutralization can result in an increase in the amount of waste. In most states, it is
acceptable to neutralize acidic and caustic liquid sample wastes and to dispose of the
neutralized solution down the drain if it has no other hazardous characteristics. Where
permissible, it is important that only elementary neutralization occurs and that it is under a
RCRA exemption for hazardous waste treatment without a permit. Non-exempted treatment,
without a RCRA permit, is a serious RCRA violation. The local POTW can assist with this action
and provide additional resources or necessary permits.
4.3.3 Air Sample Waste
Some air samples with elevated contamination can be forced through carbon media to absorb
contaminants. The carbon material is disposed of as a solid. Air filters also can be disposed of as
solids with other samples of the same hazard class.
4.3.4 Solid Waste
Solid wastes should be collected and segregated. Most solid wastes cannot be treated at the
laboratory and should be properly characterized and disposed of at an approved disposal
facility. All free liquids should be removed prior to disposal and treated according to the
information in Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, as appropriate.
4.3.5 Re-useable and Disposable Containers and Equipment
Empty containers that once held hazardous materials are not regulated as hazardous waste if
they meet the definition of "empty." Empty means that all hazardous materials have been
removed from the container and, for containers of 110 gallons or less, residue is no more than
3% by weight of the total capacity; for containers greater than 110 gallons, residue is no greater
than 0.3% by weight of the total capacity. Containers that held acutely hazardous waste are
considered empty only after being triple rinsed with a solvent capable of removing the acutely
hazardous waste residue. Disposable laboratory equipment also can be decontaminated by
triple rinsing with a solvent capable of removing residue. The solvent rinse then must be
managed as acutely hazardous waste.
Laboratory glassware and other re-useable equipment can be decontaminated using the same
procedures used to decontaminate empty containers and cleaned in the same manner used to
clean glassware for laboratory use. Cleaning solvents and procedures for these materials are
somewhat dependent on the intended use. Glassware intended for use during analysis of
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metals, for example, is cleaned differently than glassware intended for use in analyzing organic
compounds.
4.3.6 Wastes Containing Chemical Warfare Agents
Small amounts of chemical warfare agents and glassware contaminated with chemical warfare
agents can be neutralized prior to disposal, using a solution of 5-10% sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCI). Reactions between NaOCI and waste, particularly solvents, can be highly exothermic
and the bleach must be added to and mixed with the waste slowly in a hood while wearing
proper PPE. Complete neutralization may require mixing times from several hours to overnight.
Approximately 200 mL 5 - 10% NaOCI solutions can be added to small amounts of waste (<4
liters or <200 g solids) to result in a waste stream that is primarily an aqueous solution of NaOCI.
When neutralizing waste containing chemical warfare agents, the resulting waste should be
analyzed and handled as hazardous waste as defined by the results of analysis.
4.3.7 Decontamination Waste
Most decontamination wastes are solvents or aqueous solutions that have been used to rinse or
wash contaminated materials. This rinse material should be treated as contaminated waste.
Waste that the laboratory cannot treat should be stored and segregated by contaminant (see
Section 4.2, Storage), and disposed of by a licensed TSDF and hauler.
4.3.8 Recycling
Wastes that meet specific requirements can be sent for recycling within the laboratory or off-
site. For example, some solvents can be purified and reused for sample extraction; mercury can
be sent for recycling. Material to be recycled is no longer considered waste. According to 40 CFR
261.6(a)(1). it is considered to be recyclable materials. Although no longer waste, it may still be
considered hazardous material if shipped off site for recycling, depending on the substance. This
disposal option is not easily completed and often requires individual approval from permitting
agencies.
4.4 Packaging
The laboratory should apply for a waste profile from the selected TSDF. Waste profiles typically cover a
period of one year. However, other periods may be used depending on TSDF requirements. The waste
profile lists the contaminant concentration, contaminant by shipping name, frequency in shipping,
generator ID, disposal method, land ban information, and selected other information. This profile helps
to ensure the TSDF is capable of proper disposal. The TSDF will provide the generator with a Profile ID
(Approval Code) to be listed on the shipping manifest for the specific waste. Additional waste types
cannot be shipped for disposal without modifying or preparing a new profile.
Individuals involved in packaging hazardous laboratory waste for shipment must have successfully
completed DOT HAZMAT training. Applicable regulations include 49 CFR Part 172. Subpart H regarding
DOT training regulations, 49 CFR 173.12b regarding regulations governing "lab-packs," and 49 CFR Part
173. Subpart B regarding regulations governing packaging of hazardous materials. Many laboratories
contract hazardous material disposal companies that have completed DOT HAZMAT training. Laboratory
waste brokers (discussed in the Waste Management subsection of Section 3.0) that work in the
laboratory often are required to pass a state training course; EPA employees should contact their Safety,
Health, and Environmental Management (SHEM) program contact for appropriate training. This
requirement is state-specific. A summary of information provided in these regulations is provided below.
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Sample wastes must be separated by hazard class and then by analyte of concern for disposal (see
Section 3.4).
Packing materials and containers are manufactured to meet performance standards described in 49 CFR
173.4. The laboratory must determine that the packaging or container is consistent with the
requirements for the respective packing group, and that the package has been manufactured,
assembled, and marked in accordance. The manufacturer's marking requirement is contained in 49 CFR
178.503 and consists of the following:
UN symbol
Packaging identification code designating:
- Type of packaging
Material of construction
Category of packaging (when appropriate)
A letter identifying the performance standard under which the packaging design has been tested:
- X: Packages meeting Packing Group I, II, and III tests (great danger, medium danger and minor
danger, respectively)
- Y: Packages meeting Packing Group II and III tests
- Z: Packages meeting only Packing Group III tests
Specific gravity or mass for which the packaging design type has been tested
Test pressure (for packaging intended to contain liquids); the letter "S" for packaging intended to
contain solids
Last two digits of the year of manufacture, and (in some cases) the month of manufacture
Authorizing state
Name and address, or symbol, of manufacturer or approval agency
Packaging thickness (for metal or plastic drums or jerrycans intended for reuse)
Rated capacity
For example, most laboratory waste drums will be UN1A1 (Liquids) or UN1A2 (Solids) steel or stainless
steel drums that resist impact and corrosion damage, with these codes indicating first the United
Nations standard symbol (UN), followed by the type of packaging (1 for drum), the package material (A
for steel), and the category of packaging (1 for closed head and 2 for open head packaging). High density
polyethylene (HDPE) should be labeled UN1H2 (Solids) or UN1H1 (Liquids), and can be incinerated
without removing wastes. Overpack drums might be required for DOT Shipments and should be sized to
most closely secure the original shipping container.
Note: Although lab packs eliminate the need to transfer wastes and reduce the
occurrence of dangerous reactions resulting from mixing incompatible materials, this
packing procedure is also often the most expensive.
Most laboratory hazardous sample wastes can be packaged in "lab packs" due to the small quantity. This
process uses smaller shipping containers (30 gallons or less) that meet the specified packaging
requirements (49 CFR 173.2). The initial sample containers are placed in the shipping container and
surrounded with absorbent materials, and the outside container is sealed. Each lab pack must be labeled
with the proper Hazard Chemical name, the UN ID, the total weight, and the closing date. An inventory
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containing the weight of each internal container, and the Proper Shipping Name (PSN) and level of
contamination of each internal container, must be attached to the shipping container and shipping
manifest. Each lab pack containing aqueous materials must be enclosed in a plastic bag, and contain
twice the amount of absorbent material necessary to absorb the entire liquid content in the event of
leakage.
If larger containers are used, the laboratory should limit the size to 55 gallons. A solid 55-gallon drum
can weigh more than 350 pounds, requiring a forklift to load it onto a truck.
Solid material requires passing a paint filter test (EPA SW-846 Method 9095B) specifying no "free liquid"
is present. If the waste material fails the paint filter test, additional absorption materials should be
added.
4.5 Off-Site Disposal
Prior to disposal or transfer to a waste hauler, laboratories must identify whether the waste is (1) a solid
waste and/or (2) a hazardous waste. The term solid waste is used broadly in RCRA and refers to both
nonhazardous and hazardous waste including solids, liquids, semi-solids, sludges and compressed gases.
EPA defines hazardous waste in 40 CFR Part 261 as consisting of or partially containing a "listed" waste
or if it demonstrates any one or more of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity
or toxicity (see introduction to Section 4.0). The laboratory should use either documented analytical
results or manufacturer's certifications of reagents to determine the hazard characteristics of samples
and related waste.
The selection of a proper waste hauler is important. The laboratory is responsible for waste shipments
and should expect proper documentation from the transporter for all shipments. The waste hauler
should assist in properly completing the documentation for shipment, manifest, or bill of lading, and in
outfitting the truck in accordance with the correct hazard class.
The selection of a proper TSDF is also important. The TSDF must forward a copy of the approved Part A
or B permits (see Section 9.0) to the laboratory. The facility must be willing to accept the waste, and
must be capable of completing the required disposal activities and associated requirements. Waste
packed in a lab pack will be unpacked, checked against the manifest/bill of lading, and then placed into a
disposal stream. When the waste is disposed of, the TSDF will issue a disposal certificate to the
laboratory. The laboratory must maintain this documentation indefinitely.
4.5.1 Incineration
Waste is removed to a certified incinerator (typically in bulk shipping containers) and destroyed
by burning. Each incinerator operator is certified to accept specific wastes in composition,
quantity, and concentration. The laboratory will need to ensure proper disposal can be met and
that the shipped material meets the requirements of the incinerator permit.
4.5.2 Land Disposal
Waste is removed to a certified landfill facility (typically in bulk shipping containers) and buried
in a matrix system. Each landfill operator is certified to accept specific wastes in composition,
quantity, and concentration. The laboratory will need to ensure proper disposal requirements
can be met and that the shipped material meets the requirements of the landfill permit. Most
hazardous wastes have been designated under RCRA's list of compounds that cannot be
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landfilled (i.e., the Land Disposal Restrictions at 40 CFR Part 268) and cannot be buried.
4.5.3 Military Return
Wastes that are identified as military wastes or military explosives may need to be sent to a
military facility for final disposal. The EPA on-scene coordinator or project manager must
provide additional information if this disposal option is required. Information is also provided by
the EPA in the Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Action (see Resources for
Wastes Containing Chemical Hazards in Section 10.0).
4.5.4 Transfer to Origin
In some specific incidences, samples and sample wastes will be returned to the point of origin.
This return will require interfacing with the EPA On-Scene Coordinator or project manager.
5.0 Management and Disposal of Analytical Waste Containing
Radiological Hazards
Any activity that uses or produces radioactive materials generates radioactive waste. This waste can
exist in gas, liquid, or solid form with varying levels of radioactivity, and can remain radioactive for a few
hours, several months, or hundreds of thousands of years. The NRC separates radioactive wastes into
two broad classifications: high-level or low-level. High-level waste includes (1) irradiated reactor fuel, (2)
liquid wastes resulting from the operation of the first cycle solvent extraction system, or equivalent, and
the concentrated wastes from subsequent extraction cycles, or equivalent, in a facility for reprocessing
irradiated reactor fuel, and (3) solids into which such liquid wastes have been converted. Low-level
waste includes items that have become contaminated with radioactive material or have become
radioactive through exposure to neutron radiation. This waste typically consists of contaminated
protective shoe covers and clothing, wiping rags, mops, filters, reactor water treatment residues,
equipment and tools, luminous dials, medical tubes, swabs, injection needles, syringes, and laboratory
animal carcasses and tissues. The radioactivity can range from just above background levels found in
nature to very highly radioactive. Low-level waste is typically stored on-site by licensees, either until it
has decayed away and can be disposed of as ordinary trash, or until amounts are large enough for
shipment to a low-level waste disposal site in containers approved by DOT.
It is assumed that samples analyzed by laboratories supporting EPA remediation activities will not
include high-level radiation, therefore, this document provides guidelines for handling samples
containing low-level radioactive contamination and associated analytical waste. A radioactive sample is
defined by NRC as either:
Any sample with activity concentrations greater than the "Exemption Concentration" limits
specified: 10 CFR 30.70, Schedule A
Any sample containing a quantity of activity greater than the "Exempt Quantity" limits specified in
10 CFR 30.71. Schedule B
Laboratory samples containing radiation levels that are greater than background (i.e., ambient level of
radioactivity occurring at a site or in the laboratory) must be treated as radioactive. Waste material
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containing licensable quantities of radioactivity (as indicated in the laboratory's radioactive materials
license) must be disposed of in accordance with applicable federal and/or state regulations.
5.1 Regulations
Any person or laboratory possessing, using, storing, or transporting quantities of radioactive materials
must have a radioactive materials license in accordance with applicable state and/or NRC regulations
(http://www.nrc.gov/materials/miau/regs-guides-comm.html. contact number 1-800-368-5642, or 301-
415-7000). Laboratories disposing of radioactive waste must have a Radiation Safety Officer on staff, as
required by their radioactive materials license, with knowledge of all regulations concerning
radioactivity. To obtain a license, laboratories must submit an application to NRC and/or the applicable
state. This application must demonstrate how the handling of these materials will meet the safety
requirements in NRC regulations found in 10 CFR Parts 19-21 and 30-39, or applicable state
regulations. Guidelines for obtaining a state license can be found using the state Web site sources listed
in Appendix B. Items typically addressed in a radioactive materials license include:
Types and quantities of licensable radioactive materials
Waste storage volume and time constraints
Waste survey requirements
Personnel monitoring requirements
Management and disposal of radioactive waste is a complex issue, not only because of the nature of the
waste, but also because of the complicated regulatory structure and the limited number of facilities
permitted to manage this type of waste. There are a variety of stakeholders affected, and a number of
regulatory entities involved. Government agencies involved in radioactive waste management include
the U.S. EPA, NRC, Department of Energy (DOE) and DOT; states and affected tribes. Responsibilities of
these agencies include the following:
5.1.1 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
The NRC has regulatory authority over storage and disposal of radiological wastes generated in
the United States. Part 61 of the NRC regulations (10 CFR) sets forth the procedures, criteria,
terms and conditions for licensing sites for land disposal of low-level waste. The requirements
also provide the basis for agreement with state regulations, since state rules must be
compatible with NRC requirements. Additionally, 10 CFR 20.2002 is available for use by licensees
for disposal of low-level wastes for which the extensive controls in Part 61 are not needed to
ensure protection of public health and safety and the environment. Regulations require
conformance with criteria for waste management activities. NRC's regulations are found in 10
CFR Chapter I. which is divided into Parts 1 through 199. The following are the principal
requirements governing the licensing of laboratory handling and use of nuclear materials:
Part 19 - Notices, Instructions and Reports to Workers: Inspection and Investigations
Part 20 - Standards for Protection Against Radiation
Part 21 - Reporting of Defects and Noncompliance
Part 30 - Rules of General Applicability to Domestic Licensing of Byproduct Material
Part 32 - Specific Domestic Licenses to Manufacture or Transfer Certain Items Containing
Byproduct Material
Part 33 - Specific Domestic Licenses of Broad Scope for Byproduct Material
Part 40 - Domestic Licensing of Source Material
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Part 70 - Domestic Licensing of Special Nuclear Material
Part 71 - Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material
Section 150.20 - Recognition of Agreement State Licenses (Reciprocity)
Additional NRC requirements in 10 CFR that are pertinent to laboratories disposing of
radioactive waste include:
Part 2 - Specifies the licensing process and requires an electronic record-keeping system to
preserve data needed for licensing
Section 20.2002 - General provision that allows for alternative disposal methods, provided
that doses are maintained As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) and within the dose
limits of Part 20 see 10 CFR Part 20. Subpart D for radiation dose limits for individual
members of the public
Part 61 - Licensing requirements for land disposal of radioactive waste
Part 62 - Criteria and procedures for emergency access to non-federal and regional low-level
waste disposal facilities
Part 74 - Establishes requirements for control and accounting of special nuclear material,
including documentation of transfer of material
NRC also provides guidance to licensees and other stakeholders regarding transportation of
packages containing radioactive material in its Standard Review Plan for Transportation
Packages for Radioactive Material (NUREG-1609).
5.1.2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Under Section 121(a) of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA), EPA is required to promulgate
generally applicable standards for protection of the environment from off-site releases of
radioactive materials in repositories. The standards are intended to limit the amount of
radioactivity entering the biosphere outside the boundaries of a facility and the radiation
exposure to the public from management of waste prior to disposal, and provide criteria to be
followed for disposal of these wastes. These standards are found at 40 CFR Part 191
(Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear
Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes).
5.1.3 The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
DOT regulates packaging and transport of all hazardous materials including nuclear waste.
Packaging must meet NRC regulations, which are compatible with and generally derived from
internationally developed standards (e.g., International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA]), and the
package design must be reviewed and certified by NRC. DOT prescribes limits for external
radiation levels and contamination, and controls the mechanical condition of carrier equipment
and qualifications of carrier personnel. The maximum external radiation limits are listed at 10
CFR 71.47. based on the type of transport. On October 2018, these limits were listed as
described in Table 5-1.
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Table 5-1: External Radiation Standards for Packages
Reading Location
Common carrier
non-exclusive use:
Open or closed transport
Contract carrier
exclusive use:
Closed transport
Contract carrier
exclusive use:
Open transport
Reading on surface of the
package
2mSv /hour
(200 mrem/hour)
10 mSv/hour
(1000 mrem/hour)
2 mSv/hour
(200 mrem/hour)
Reading at 1 meter from any
surface of the package
O.lmSv/hour
(10 mrem/hour)
Not Applicable (NA)
NA
Reading at the surface of the
vehicle or any imaginary surface
of the vehicle for open transport
NA
2mSv/hour
(200 mrem/hour)
2 mSv/hour
(200 mrem/hour)
Reading 2 meters from any
surface of the vehicle or any
imaginary surface of the vehicle
for open transport
NA
0.1 mSv/hour
(10 mrem/hour)
0.1 mSv/hour
(10 mrem/hour)
Reading in the vehicle cab
NA
0.02 mSv/hour
(2 mrem/hour)
0.02 mSv/hour
(2 mrem/hour)
DOT regulations at 49 CFR Parts 171 - 179 (Hazardous Materials Regulations) specify
requirements for the transportation of radioactive materials.
Although the type of package required for transporting radioactive material is based on the
activity inside the package, the required label is based on the radiation hazard outside the
package. For radioactive material there are three possible labels, depending on the external
levels of radiation. The three labels are commonly called White I, Yellow II and Yellow III. The
required label is determined by radiation readings at the surface of the package and at 1 meter
from the surface of the package:
White I: Surface radiation level does not exceed 0.5 mrem/hour
Yellow II: Surface radiation level does not exceed 50 mrem/hour, and the radiation level at 1
m does not exceed 1 mrem/hour
Yellow III: Surface radiation level exceeds 50 mrem/hour or radiation level at 1 m exceeds 1
mrem/hour
Most laboratory waste will fall into the categories needing White I or Yellow II labels.
5.1.4 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
DOE Order 435.1 (Radioactive Waste Management) describes requirements and procedures to
ensure that DOE radioactive waste is managed in a manner that is protective of worker and
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public health, worker and public safety, and the environment. The Order applies to all high-level
waste, transuranic waste, and low-level waste, including the radioactive component of mixed
waste, for which DOE is responsible. Attachment 1 of the Order sets forth requirements that are
applicable to contractors performing work that involves management of DOE radioactive waste
at DOE-owned or leased facilities. The Order requires that radioactive waste shall be managed
to:
Protect the public from exposure to radiation from radioactive materials (DOE 5400.5,
Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment)
Protect the environment (DOE 5400.1. General Environmental Protection Program and DOE
5400.5. Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment)
Protect workers (10 CFR Part 835. Occupational Radiation Protection)
Comply with applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations
5.2 Storage
Storage of low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) requires an NRC or agreement state license. NRC or
agreement state regulations generally require that waste be stored in a manner that keeps radiation
doses to workers and the public below NRC-specified levels. Licensees must further reduce these doses
to levels that are ALARA. Actual doses, in most cases, are a small fraction of the NRC limits.
5.2.1 Waste Containers
LLRW is packaged in containers appropriate to its level of hazard. Some LLRWs require shielding
with lead, concrete, or other materials to protect workers and the public. Laboratory staff must
be trained to maintain a safe distance from more highly radioactive materials, to limit the
amount of time near the materials, and to monitor the waste to detect any releases. Radioactive
waste storage areas are posted to identify the waste so that workers and the public will not
inadvertently enter the area. Low-level waste may be stored to allow short-lived radionuclides
to decay to innocuous levels and to provide safe-keeping when access to disposal sites is not
available. The NRC believes storage can be safe over the short term as an interim measure, but
favors disposal rather than storage over the long term. Waste must be stored in an appropriate
container (e.g., 55-gallon drum; carboy; or DOT-approved B-12, B-25 or B-52 container) that
complies with the laboratory's radioactive materials license.
In addition to DOT requirements summarized in the Hazardous Material Transportation Act
subsection of Section 3.0, radiological waste containers must be labeled in accordance with
requirements at 10 CFR Part 61.
5.2.2 Storage Areas
According to NRC regulations at 10 CFR 20.1801 and 1802. all samples containing radioactive
contamination and all licensed material possessed by the laboratory must be stored in a
designated storage location that is secure from unauthorized access or removal. The storage
location must, at a minimum, be posted as described in the Storage Area Posting Requirements
subsection in Section 5.0. General storage requirements include:
Waste containing gamma exposure rates > 5,000 piR/hour (hr) or with individual
radioisotope activity levels > 1 piCi/gram must be segregated from waste with lesser gamma
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exposure rates (< 5,000 piR/hr or activity levels < 1 piCi/gram), and must be stored in an area
posted or otherwise identified for "High Activity Sample Storage."
Radioactive and mixed wastes awaiting disposal must be segregated from non-radioactive
process wastes. Liquid waste must be stored in closed containers.
The total used volume of these containers must not exceed 55 gallons.
Time constraints for storing radioactive waste are contained in the laboratory's radioactive
material license, which generally contain language similar to the following:
Waste generated during sample preparation, analysis, and cleanup operations containing
licensable quantities of radioactive material shall be returned to the client submitting the
sample as soon as practicable, or shall be shipped to a licensed disposal facility. Waste
material containing licensable quantities of radioactive material, which is to be shipped to a
disposal facility, must be stored in closed containers. The activity of waste material awaiting
shipment shall not exceed 100 mCi per single radionuclide (mass number 3 through 247) or a
total of 2,000 mCi for all radionuclides combined.
5.2.3 Storage Area Posting Requirements
Areas or rooms where contamination exists due to handling of radioactive material must be
posted with appropriate caution signs in accordance with 10 CFR 20.1902 and containers
labelled in accordance with 10 CFR 20.1904. The signs must bear the conventional radiation
colors (magenta, purple, or black on a yellow background) and the three-blade tri-foil design.
Postings must be the size and quantity needed to properly alert personnel of the radiological
hazards. All radiological postings must be conspicuously posted so that personnel engaged in
work activities in the area can readily view them. When possible, the size of the posted area will
be limited to the immediate area of concern, rather than posting large non-specific areas, to
provide more specific worker guidelines while limiting the chance of causing undue worker or
public alarm. Table 5-2 provides a summary of area posting requirements. The following
exceptions may apply to the requirements listed in Table 5-2:
Caution signs are not required in areas or rooms containing sources of radiation for periods of
less than eight hours if each of the following conditions are met:
sources of radiation are constantly attended by an individual who takes precautions to
prevent exposure of individuals to radiation in excess of limits established in 10 CFR Part 20
the area or room is under the control of the laboratory
A room or area containing a sealed source is not required to be posted with a caution sign
provided that the radiation level at 30 centimeters from the surface of the sealed source
container or housing does not exceed 5 mrem/hour.
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Table 5-2: Posting Requirements for Storage of Radioactive Samples and Waste
Area
Area Posting Requirements
Restricted Area
A Restricted Area is defined as "any area, access to which is controlled by the
licensee for the purpose of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation
and radioactive materials." The immediate area in which radiological activities are
taking place (i.e., areas where contaminated land is being remediated or where
decontamination is taking place) shall be considered a restricted area.
The maximum dose rate allowed at the boundary of a restricted area is 2 millirem
per hour (mrem/hr), or an exposure rate that could result in more than 100
millirem per year (mrem/yr), whichever is more restrictive.
Radiation Area
Areas, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an
individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 5 mrem in 1 hour at 30
centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation
penetrates, or in any 5 consecutive days a dose in excess of 100 mrem, shall be
posted "Caution: Radiation Area."
High Radiation
Areas
Areas accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an
individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 100 mrem in 1 hour at 30
centimeters from the source or 30 centimeters from any surface that the
radiation penetrates shall be posted "Caution: High Radiation Area."
Very High
Radiation Areas
Areas, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an
individual receiving an absorbed dose in excess of 5 mR in 1 hour at 1 meter from
a source of radiation or from any surface that radiation penetrates shall be
posted "Grave Danger: Very High Radiation Area."
Airborne
Radioactive
Materials
An area, room, or enclosure shall be posted "Caution: Airborne Radioactive
Materials" when airborne radioactive materials exist in concentrations that are:
- in excess of the derived air concentrations (DACs) specified in 10 CFR Part
20, Appendix B, or
- to such a degree that an individual without respiratory protective
equipment could exceed, when an individual is present in a week, an intake
of 0.6 percent of the annual limit on intake (ALI) or 12 DAC-hours
Radioactive
Materials Areas
Each area or room in which there is used or stored an amount of licensed or
registered source of radiation exceeding 10 times the quantity of such source of
radiation specified in 10 CFR Part 20, Appendix C shall be posted with a
conspicuous sign or signs bearing the radiation symbol and the words "Caution:
Radioactive Material(s)."
Hot Particle Areas
Each area, room, or enclosure that contains hot particles shall be posted with a
conspicuous sign or signs bearing the radiation symbol and the words "Caution:
Hot Particles" or "Caution: Hot Particle Area."
Temporary
Storage Areas
In the event the laboratory designates an area as a temporary "Radioactive
Material Storage Area," the storage area shall be posted with a conspicuous sign
or signs bearing the radiation symbol and, at a minimum, the words "Caution:
Radioactive Materials, Restricted Area."
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5.2.4 Monitoring and Documentation
Radioactive waste storage areas must be surveyed, and personnel monitored in accordance with
the laboratory's radioactive material license which must specify requirements for surveys,
personnel monitoring, and storage of radioactive material.
An inventory of analytical sources and radioactive tracers must be performed in accordance with
the laboratory's radioactive material license, at least semi-annually, and a written inventory
must be maintained. A written inventory also must be maintained of all radioactive samples
received by the laboratory for analysis. This inventory must, at a minimum, include the following
information:
Date of sample receipt
Sample origin
Date samples returned to sample owner or shipped for disposal
Inventory records of analytical source standards, tracers, and samples received must be
maintained by the laboratory for a minimum of three years.
5.3 Treatment
Both radioactive and mixed waste may require treatment to meet one or more objectives prior to final
disposal (see Section 7.0 regarding mixed waste). Treatment involves physical or chemical processes
that result in a waste form that is acceptable for disposal or further treatment. Treatment objectives
include:
Producing a waste form acceptable for land disposal
Volume/mobility reduction through possible solidification or sizing
Producing a waste more amenable for further treatment
Separating radioactive components from RCRA or TSCA components
Another treatment objective is to convert a radioactive RCRA regulated waste to a radioactive non-RCRA
waste. Laboratory management should determine if special permits or licenses are required from
various regulatory agencies prior to the treatment of waste.
Radioactive wastes may require treatment to meet the waste characteristics provided in 10 CFR 61.56
prior to disposal. The following types of treatment may be used to meet those requirements:
Non-solid radioactive waste may be treated with various solidification agents (such as cement,
asphalt, or polymers) to immobilize waste or sludge not otherwise acceptable for disposal. LLRW
may be absorbed onto a porous material, such as silica, vermiculite, or organic materials to reduce
the liquid volume.
Dry radioactive waste may be treated with compaction or super-compaction to reduce the waste
volume. Compaction is a concern only when there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of
decontamination and the potential for release of air-borne contamination.
Glassware, disposable laboratory equipment, and other radioactive waste may be decontaminated
for unrestricted release by removal of surface radioactivity through chemical (e.g., weak nitric acid
rinse) or physical means. The residue from the decontamination of a surface may require disposal as
a radioactive waste.
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Since the level of radioactivity decreases with time, it may be possible to store samples or materials
containing a short-lived radionuclide (e.g., Se-75, Ru-103, Ru-106, lr-192, Po-210) until the natural-
decay process reduces the radioactivity to a level at which the waste can be considered non-
radioactive for waste management purposes.
5.4 Packaging
Packaging of LLRW for disposal must be in accordance with 10 CFR 20.2006(d) requirements. Each
container of low radioactive waste must be clearly labeled to identify whether the waste is Class A, Class
B or Class C, as defined at 10 CFR 61.55. Containers must be labeled in accordance with requirements at
10 CFR Part 71 and 49 CFR Part 172. The following minimum requirements for all classes of LLRW are
intended to facilitate handling and to provide health and safety protection of personnel at a disposal
site:
Wastes must be packaged in conformance with the conditions of the disposal site license. Where
conditions of the laboratory license are more restrictive than the disposal site license, the laboratory
license conditions must be followed.
Wastes must not be packaged for disposal in cardboard or fiberboard boxes.
Liquid waste must be packaged in sufficient absorbent material to absorb twice the volume of the
liquid.
Solid waste containing liquid must contain as little free-standing and non-corrosive liquid as is
reasonably achievable, but in no case shall the liquid exceed one percent of the volume.
Waste shall not be readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction at
normal pressures and temperatures, or of explosive reactions with water.
Waste shall not contain, or be capable of generating, quantities of toxic gases, vapors, or fumes
harmful to persons transporting, handling, or disposing of the waste.
Waste must not be pyrophoric.
Waste in a gaseous form shall be packaged at an absolute pressure that does not exceed 1.5
atmospheres at 20ฐC. Total activity shall not exceed 3.7 TBq (100 Ci) per container.
Wastes containing hazardous, biological, pathogenic, or infectious material shall be treated to
reduce, to the maximum extent practicable, the potential hazard from the non-radiological
materials.
Package must be sufficiently stable to ensure that the waste does not degrade and affect overall
stability of the disposal site through slumping, collapse, or other failure and thereby lead to water
infiltration. The following requirements should be followed to provide stability of the waste at the
disposal site:
Waste packaging must have structural stability, allowing it to maintain its physical dimensions
and its form, under the expected disposal conditions such as weight of overburden and
compaction equipment, the presence of moisture, microbial activity, and internal factors such as
radiation effects and chemical changes. Structural stability can be provided by the waste form
itself, processing the waste to a stable form, or placing the waste in a disposal container or
structure that provides stability after disposal.
Wastes containing liquid should be converted to a form that contains as little freestanding liquid
as is reasonably achievable, but in no case shall the liquid exceed one percent of the volume of
the waste when the waste is in a disposal container designed to ensure stability, or 0.5 percent
of the volume of the waste for waste processed to a stable form.
Void spaces within the waste and between the waste and its package should be reduced to the
extent practicable.
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5.5 Disposal
Disposal of radioactive wastes generated by the laboratory is regulated by the NRC, regulating state,
and/or other agreement state. Records of all waste disposed of must be maintained in accordance with
10 CFR 20.2108 until termination of the laboratory's license.
Sample and analytical waste generated during sample preparation, analysis, and cleanup operations
containing licensable quantities of radioactive material must either be returned to the client submitting
the sample (or site of sample origination) as soon as practicable or shipped to a licensed disposal facility
that is willing to accept the waste. Wastes containing licensable quantities of radioactive material, which
is to be shipped to a disposal facility, must be stored in closed containers. The requirements of Waste
Disposal (10 CFR Part 20. Subpart K) must be followed, when applicable, when solid waste material
cannot be returned to a client and must be disposed of. A sample of all liquid waste must be taken and
analyzed for radioactive contents and activity prior to disposal. In general:
Radioactive Solid Waste - Radioactive solid waste shall be disposed of at a facility licensed by the
regulatory state for such disposal, another agreement state, or the NRC.
Radioactive Liquid Waste - Certain water-soluble liquid wastes may be disposed of by release into
sanitary sewage systems in accordance with the laboratory's radioactive material license. Sewage
disposal is commonly used for low-level radioactive liquid waste (usually in the form of pH-
neutralized waste) as long as it is readily soluble in water and meets requirements and limits set
forth in 10 CFR 20.2003.
6.0 Management and Disposal of Analytical Waste Containing
Biological Hazards
Microorganisms are a natural part of the environment and are found in soil, water, air, and on plants
and animals. Most organisms are harmless or may be beneficial to humans or the environment;
however, some microorganisms can cause disease (pathogens) and their dissemination in the
environment and disease transmission to human and animal populations must be either reduced or
eliminated. Samples and waste containing pathogenic microorganisms require treatment either with
chemicals such as bleach or with the use of non-chemical procedures, such as autoclaving or ultraviolet
radiation, to render them non-infectious prior to disposal.
EPA's SAM recognizes the following categories of pathogens for remediation:
Bacteria (vegetative and spores): (1 - 10 pim) single cells lacking complex internal structures
(prokaryotes)
Viruses: (0.005 - 0.300 pim) particles incapable of replicating except within a host cell
Protozoa: (1 - 300 pim) single cells with complex internal structures (eukaryotes)
Helminths: parasitic worms (20 pim - greater than 50 mm)
Some microorganisms produce metabolic products (biotoxins) that can cause disease even if the
microorganism is not present or is no longer viable (e.g., botulinum neurotoxin). Biotoxins also can be
produced by plants (e.g., ricin from castor beans) as well as animals (a-conotoxin from snails). Biotoxins
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can be proteins that are readily destroyed by addition of bleach, or they can be small molecules that
may require an extreme treatment such as incineration.
The management of waste resulting from analysis of samples containing biological contamination can be
complex, due to the limited number of facilities that are able to handle it. Some states have state-
specific regulations pertaining to this waste, and these regulations should be consulted. In most states,
biological contaminants and the associated analytical waste are regulated as infectious or biomedical
waste. Specific federal regulations and procedures are summarized below.
6.1 Regulations
In 1988, Congress passed the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988. which resulted in Standards for the
Tracking and Management of Medical Waste and was in effect for two years. At its expiration, individual
states and localities implemented a variety of similar rules and regulations applying to non-household-
generated (e.g., laboratory and hospital) biomedical waste. Currently, there are no federal biomedical
waste tracking and management regulations in effect. As state and local requirements vary
considerably, laboratories must consult individual agencies governing their locality. A list of the agencies
governing medical and biological waste management and disposal for each state and supporting
documents can be found at https://www.epa.gov/rcra/medical-waste and
https://www.epa.gov/home/health-and-environmental-agencies-us-states-and-territories. Guidance on
regulations is also provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its "Guidance on Regulations for
the Transport of Infectious Substances 2017-2018" (WHO, 2017, in Section 10.5). In addition to the
regulations summarized in Section 3.4, the regulations summarized below must be considered by
laboratories generating biological waste.
Employee safety while handling and disposing of biological samples is addressed under OSHA
regulations 29 CFR Part 1910. These regulations include general hazardous materials sections on
employee training (29 CFR 1910.1200(h)), written hazard communication (29 CFR 1910.1200(e)),
and SDS requirements (29 CFR 1910.1200(g)). The bloodborne pathogens regulations (29 CFR
1910.1030) are specific for exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials containing
pathogens and do not apply to environmental samples.
While medical and biological waste is not regulated under current federal RCRA regulations, there
are federal requirements for incineration of medical waste under the Clean Air Act (CAA Sections
129 and 130). Incineration is the method of choice for large amounts of infectious waste, and
incinerator operators must comply with EPA standards for clean air and emissions. If chemicals or
pesticides are used in the treatment of medical waste, the appropriate Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) regulations must be followed. Section 18 of FIFRA provides
procedures and authorizes the EPA Administrator to exempt state and federal agencies from
provisions of the Act if it is determined that emergency conditions exist that require an exemption.
Many states have specific requirements for the chemical treatment of medical waste as an
alternative treatment technology.
42 CFR Part 73 describes the possession, use and transfer of select agents and toxins (see Resources
for Waste Containing Biological Hazards in Section 10.0; Richmond and Nesby-O'Dell, 2002, in
Section 10.5). Select agent pathogens are handled and disposed of under BSL-2, BSL-3 or BSL-4
conditions (see Resources for Waste Containing Biological Hazards in Section 10.0; National
Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002 and Richmond and Nesby-O'Dell, 2002, in Section
10.5). Clinical or diagnostic laboratories that possess, use, or transfer a select agent or toxin that is
contained in a specimen presented for diagnosis or verification are exempt from the requirements
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provided that within seven calendar days after identification, the select agent or toxin is transferred
in accordance with 42 CFR 73.16 or destroyed on-site by a recognized sterilization or inactivation
process. If exempted, the select agent or toxin is reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) or other appropriate agencies using Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS)/CDC Form 4) within seven calendar days after identification and a copy of the form
maintained for three years. Under extraordinary circumstances, such as a widespread outbreak, less
stringent reporting may be required. Laboratories performing regular testing and using control
stocks containing a select agent or toxin must conform to all regulations for select agents. These
regulations should be consulted for the proper accounting and record keeping requirements. The
following select agent pathogens are listed in SAM:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Brucella spp.
- Burkholderla mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Coxiella burnetii
- Francisella tularensis
- Yersinia pestis
Biotoxins are regulated as select agents only if the aggregate amount of the biotoxin exceeds a
threshold level. Select agent toxins are handled and disposed of under BSL-2 or BSL-3 conditions
(e.g., see Richmond and Nesby-O'Dell, 2002, in Section 10.5). The following select agent biotoxins
and associated threshold are listed in SAM:
Abrin (100 mg)
Botulinum neurotoxins (0.5 mg)
Diacetoxyscirpenol (1000 mg)
Ricin (100 mg)
Saxitoxin (100 mg)
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (5 mg)
Tetrodotoxin (100 mg)
T-2 toxin (1000 mg)
6.2 Storage
Prior to storage, samples and associated waste must be clearly identified and segregated by placement
in leak-proof bags or containers. Disposable, puncture-resistant containers and leak-proof bags are
commercially available, as well as reusable plastic and metal pans. Many states require that biological
waste have a primary and secondary container (e.g., either a bag within a box, or double-bagged).
Biological waste storage facilities or areas must have appropriate state and local permits, and must be
fully enclosed, secured to prevent entry of unauthorized persons, not used for other purposes, and
operated in such a manner as to minimize odor and entry by rodent and insect vectors. These areas
must be conspicuously identified with signs containing the International Biological Hazard Symbol or
phrases such as "Infectious Waste" or "Biohazard." Waste storage containers must be handled in a
manner that does not affect the integrity of the packaging. Containers or packaging must remain intact
without signs of leakage. Damaged or leaking containers may be over packed into appropriately labeled
and constructed containers. Waste held for more than seven days must be maintained at temperatures
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below 10 ฐC. Records should contain the name and location of the waste generator, quantity of waste
generated, date accepted, contact person for waste, and quantity removed.
Containerized treated solid waste can be mixed with other solid waste for storage prior to transport and
disposal. Relevant health department or environmental agency requirements must be met for solid
waste storage.
Note: The terms decontamination, disinfection and treatment, as discussed in this document, are
consistent with the CDC. Definitions of these terms, however, can vary across different organizations
and agencies. The State of New York (6 CRR-NY 360.2 Definitions; Subchapter B. Solid Wastes), for
example, defines decontamination as a method that results in the reduction in the concentration of
microorganisms or toxins of concern to a level that is considered safe for the intended use, handling or
disposal; disinfection as a procedure involving application of an antimicrobial agent; and treatment as a
method, technology or process designed to change the character or composition of medical or
infectious waste.
6.2.1 Treatment
Laboratories can meet waste decontamination objectives by selecting acceptable treatment
techniques approved by their state and applying them diligently. Prior to decontamination,
samples and associated waste (e.g., glassware or disposable equipment such as micro-pipette
tips) must be clearly identified and segregated by placement in leak-proof bags or containers.
Disposable, puncture-resistant containers and leak-proof bags are commercially available, as
well as reusable plastic and metal pans. If samples are not decontaminated within 48 hours,
consideration must be given to storage in appropriate containers at reduced temperatures (i.e.,
below 10ฐC). In many states, decontaminated materials can be disposed of along with
associated solid hazardous waste; decontaminated re-useable equipment can be cleaned as
required for its intended use. Information regarding the effectiveness of procedures for
decontamination of laboratory waste containing specific pathogens and biotoxins (i.e., listed in
SAM) is provided in Tables 6-1 and 6-2.
Category A and Category B infectious substances are not subject to dangerous goods
regulations in cases where they are present in a form that has been neutralized or
inactivated such that they no longer pose a health risk, unless they meet criteria for
inclusion in another class. Environmental samples, which are not considered to pose a
significant risk of infection, also are not subject to dangerous goods regulations, unless they
meet criteria for inclusion in another class. (WHO, 2017, in Section 10.5)
6.2.2 Pathogens
Sterilization and inactivation techniques and their applicability to various pathogens, protein
biotoxins and equipment (see Resources for Waste Containing Biological Hazards in Section
10.5) are provided in Table 6-1. Autoclave conditions are provided as guidance and may need to
be adjusted to account for challenges posed by waste conditions, such as porous or dense
materials.
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Table 6-1: Comparison of Decontamination Procedures
Source: Adapted from information in Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
Laboratories (BMBL), 5th Edition.
Parameter
Autoclave
(121-132ฐC
15 lb/in2)
Dry-heat
Oven
(160-180ฐC)
Incinerator
UV
(253.7
nm)
Chlorine
(5% NaOCI
or 52,500
ppm CL)
Phenolic
Compounds
Alcohol
(70-85%)
Duration of
Treatment
50-90
minutes
180-240
minutes
NA
10-30
minutes
10-30
minutes
10-30
minutes
10-30
minutes
Vegetative
Bacteria
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Bacterial
Spores
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
Protein-Capsid
Viruses
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Lipid-
Enveloped
Viruses
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+ Effective treatment
- Non-effective or not applicable treatment
ฑ Somewhat effective treatment
6.2.3 Biotoxins
Decontamination parameters for non-protein (low molecular weight [LMW]) biotoxins are
provided in Table 6-2. Do not use steam sterilization (autoclave) for destruction of non-protein
(LMW) biotoxins. Unless otherwise stated, contact time for chemical inactivation is 30 minutes.
Some non-protein biotoxins are extremely resistant to inactivation and should be treated only
by incineration (see Resources for Waste Containing Biological Hazards in Section 10.0).
Table 6-2: Comparison of Decontamination Procedures for Biotoxins
Source: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), 5th Edition.
Parameter
Incinerator
(> 815ฐC)
Autoclave
Dry-heat Oven
(160-180ฐC)
2.5% NaOCI
with
0.25 N NaOH
2.5% NaOCI
Duration of Treatment
NA
60-120
minutes
10-60 minutes
30 minutes
30 minutes
Botulinum neurotoxin
+
+
+
+
+
Staphylococcal
enterotoxin
+
+
-
+
+
Ricin
+
+
+
+
+
Brevetoxin
+
-
-
+ (4 hr)
+
Microcystins
+
-
-
+
+
Picrotoxin
+
-
-
-
-
Saxitoxin
+
-
-
+
+
T-2 Mycotoxin
+
-
-
+ (4 hr)
-
Tetrodotoxin
+
-
-
+
+
NA = Not applicable
+ Effective treatment
- Non-effective or not applicable treatment / Treatment results unknown
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6.2.4 Non-Chemical Treatment
Steam sterilization - All laboratories handling moderate- to high-risk agents (BSL-3 and BSL-
4) must have a steam autoclave within the restricted area. For low-risk agents (BSL-2), an
autoclave must be available, preferably on the same floor and in the general vicinity of the
laboratory. The processing time will depend upon the type of autoclave, the number of
vacuum pulls, loading factors such as the type of waste and autoclave pan (metal versus
polypropylene), the use of autoclavable waste bags, the amount of water in the waste, and
the weight of the waste load. The moisture content of saturated steam at 121ฐC - 132ฐC is
responsible for the rapid destruction of microbes. Thus, if sufficient water is not present,
water should be added. Steam sterilizers must be equipped to continuously monitor and
record temperature and pressure. Alternative methods of evaluating effectiveness, such as
the use of biological indicators placed in "cold spots" (areas where the temperature is the
lowest during sterilization) of the autoclave, temperature-sensitive tape affixed to each
container, may also be used. Sterilizers must be periodically evaluated for effectiveness.
Dry heat - Dry-heat ovens are used for glassware, instruments, and anhydrous materials
such as oils, greases, and powders, as the moisture component of saturated steam will not
adequately penetrate anhydrous materials and closed containers. Temperatures of 160 -
180 ฐC can be selected. Contact time of 180 - 240 minutes takes into account the lag time
for certain materials to reach the temperature in the oven and may or may not be
applicable to all situations. Good examples of the times required to decontaminate various
materials are presented in Rutala et al., 1982 (see Resources for Waste Containing Biological
Hazards, subsection in Section 10.5).
Incineration - Incineration is the method of choice for large amounts of infectious waste.
Non-protein toxins that are resistant to other methods of decontamination can be disposed
of by incineration. Difficulty in building, running, and meeting regulatory guidelines for
incinerators prevents many laboratories from using this method. Where available, however,
samples and waste can be outsourced to commercial facilities with approved incinerators.
The Preparation of Untreated Waste for Off-site Treatment and Disposal section below
(Section 6.3.1), describes the storage conditions, containers, and labeling of untreated
waste prior to pick up by the waste transport facility.
Ultraviolet radiation - Germicidal ultraviolet (UV) radiation at 253.7 nm is effective against
most vegetative microbial cells and some bacterial spores, but has limited penetrating
power. It is used primarily with vegetative cells on exposed surfaces or in the air. Germicidal
UV will not penetrate accumulated organic material, opaque liquids, packaging material,
soil, dust, or other solids. The intensity, or destructive power, of the lamp decreases by the
square of the distance from the lamp; thus, effectiveness is related to exposure time and
distance from the UV source. The intensity of the lamp will also decrease with time and
should be checked yearly with a UV meter. The intensity of the lamp also is drastically
affected by the accumulation of dust and dirt; the surface of the lamp should be wiped
weekly with alcohol. UV lights are not intended to replace routine decontamination
processes for the interior of a biosafety cabinet and must be used in conjunction with
established disinfection procedures. This restriction is especially important to note when
working with unknown and/or possibly resistant microorganisms such as spores. Due to the
short time for UV overexposure (e.g., 1.3 - 6.7 minutes at the face of a biological safety
cabinet), it is recommended that neither laboratory nor maintenance personnel work in a
room with UV lighting.
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6.2.5 Chemical Treatment
Chlorine compounds - Inexpensive treatments can be made from commercial products
such as Cloroxฎ (NaOCI, 5% or 52,500 ppm Cl2). Non-protein biotoxins are more readily
inactivated by the addition of NaOH (final concentration 0.25 N) to the chlorine solution.
These compounds are quickly inactivated by organic matter, work best at pH 6.0 - 8.0, and
perform most rapidly at higher temperatures. Chlorine solutions are skin irritants and
corrosive to metal. Hence, they should be used with caution and in well-ventilated areas.
Phenolic and phenolic-detergent based compounds - These compounds have a broad
microbicidal spectrum and are less affected by organic matter than are other chemical
treatments. However, phenolic and phenolic-detergent based compounds can corrode some
plastics and very high concentrations are needed to inactivate hydrophilic viruses.
Commercially available products include Lysolฎ and Pine-Solฎ.
Alcohol - Ethyl or isopropyl alcohol (70 - 85%) is used to disinfect contaminated surfaces.
Paper towels and wipes that have been used to apply and remove alcohol solutions should
be decontaminated prior to disposal. As alcohol is combustible, make sure that it has
evaporated if a heat treatment is used for decontaminating used towels and wipes. Alcohols
are ineffective against spores, hydrophilic viruses, parasite cysts and ova and toxins.
Other compounds - Various other chemicals also are available and used for
decontamination. Quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., benzalkonium chloride) are
odorless and non-irritating, but some formulations are inactivated by soap and soap
residues. Glutaraldehyde is used as a 2% solution for re-usable instruments that cannot be
autoclaved. Glutaraldehyde has been implicated as an occupational hazard due to sensitivity
problems in workers using it as a high-level disinfectant. Iodine compounds are available as
iodophors, which are combinations of elemental iodine and a substance that makes the
iodine soluble in water. Iodine compounds are effective against many microbes, but do not
work well in the presence of organic material and can stain clothing and surfaces. Bromine
also is a known biocide and can be used for disinfection, sometimes as a substitute for
chlorine. Stabilized bromine biocide is used for industrial water treatment to control
microbiological activity. Chlorine dioxide is often used to decontaminate medical waste.
Ozone has been used for treatment of both sludge and water.
6.3 Packaging
During and following analytical procedures in the laboratory, analytical solid waste and residual samples
are accumulated in red leak-proof bags with identifying markings such as "Biohazard." Markings must be
indelible and permanent. Many states require that biological wastes have a primary and secondary
container such as a second bag (double-bagging), or a labeled, puncture-resistant cardboard container.
Specific requirements for labeling biological wastes are regulated and vary by state. An example general
biohazard waste label is provided below.
BIOHAZARD
WASTE
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Containers holding sharp objects must also be rigid and puncture-resistant. Liquid waste is accumulated
in leak-proof plastic, metal, or glass containers. Waste can either be decontaminated on-site or
transported off-site for treatment. Disposal is the same whether the material has been treated on- or
off-site. Select agents must be handled separately from other biological wastes, and handling
procedures must comply with requirements at 42 CFR Part 73.
6.3.1 Preparation of Treated Waste for Off-site Disposal
Treated waste can be mixed with other solid waste for landfilling. Decontaminated biological
waste containing free liquids that would prevent blade mixing at the disposal facility must be
further processed to eliminate the liquids. Treated waste containers that have identifying
phrases such as "Infectious Waste" or "Biohazard," are red in color, or display the International
Biological Hazard Symbol, must be processed by grinding (post treatment), incineration, or other
method to remove such markings.
6.3.2 Preparation of Untreated Waste for Off-site Treatment and Disposal
Small containers may be combined and placed inside larger containers as long as the identifiable
markings are repeated on the exterior of the larger container. The outermost packaging must
have the International Biological Hazard Symbol and an identifying phrase such as "Infectious
Waste" or "Biohazard," the date of packaging, and the name and address of the packager.
Single-use containers must be burnable if destined for incineration. Multiple-use containers
must be smooth, cleanable, and resistant to corrosion. After pickup, emptied containers must
be cleaned at a site next to the pickup area with a disinfectant-detergent, such as a phenolic or
iodophor compound, followed by steam, if compatible.
6.4 Disposal
Waste disposal regulations vary from locality to locality, and laboratories must understand the
applicable state and local requirements for proper disposal (Appendix C). Common procedures for
disposal of treated and untreated waste are described in Treated Waste and Untreated Waste
subsections, respectively.
6.4.1 Treated Waste
Transportation - Decontaminated biological waste may be transported with other solid
waste. State or local regulations may require that written certification (stating that the
waste has been rendered non-infectious or inactivated) be given to the transporter on a per
load, annual, or other basis. In some states, a waste transporter and the disposal facility
may need to be authorized to accept the waste.
Disposal - Solid waste can be disposed of either by incineration or by landfilling. As with
transportation, state or local regulations may require written certification that the waste
has been rendered non-infectious or inactivated. Most sewer authorities allow
appropriately treated biological wastes resulting in water-soluble liquids to be disposed of in
the sanitary sewer system, with the permission of the system authorities.
6.4.2 Untreated Waste
Transportation - Untreated biological waste must not be transported with solid waste, and
must be transported to an approved storage or disposal facility that is willing to accept it.
Vehicles must be enclosed to prevent escape of waste into the environment, with
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notification of authorities if a spill occurs. Transport vehicle surfaces must be capable of
being easily cleaned and decontaminated if they come in contact with untreated waste. The
vehicle must be identified with the name of the transporter, name and telephone number of
a contact person, and the International Biological Hazard Symbol and/or phrase such as
"Infectious Waste." Transport personnel must wear impermeable gloves and protective
clothing. Transporters also must have the appropriate state and local permits and maintain
applicable records. If waste is shipped to a disposal facility, shipping regulations must be
followed. Select agents must be handled separately from other biological waste, and
handling procedures must comply with requirements at 42 CFR Part 73.
Disposal - Untreated biological waste must be treated before disposal. Biological waste not
treated at the point of generation can be treated by incineration or steam sterilization at an
authorized off-site facility. After incineration, all combustible waste must be reduced to ash
and non-combustible waste such as metal must be processed by grinding or shredding to
render the waste unrecognizable as biological waste. If steam sterilization is used, similar
additional processing also may be required to render the waste unrecognizable as biological
waste. After treatment, incineration ash or treated waste may be disposed of in a landfill.
7.0 Management and Disposal of Samples and Analytical
Waste Containing Mixed Hazards
Multi-hazardous waste is waste that contains two or more of the following: radioactive, infectious
agent(s) or hazardous chemical(s). Mixed waste is one type of multi-hazardous waste, and contains both
a chemical component (regulated by the EPA as a hazardous waste) and radioactive material (regulated
by the NRC). Mixed transuranic waste (MTRU or mixed TRU) is waste that has a hazardous component
and contains radioactive elements that are heavier than uranium. The radioactivity in the MTRU must be
greater than 100 nCi/g, and the waste must include RCRA hazardous constituents. These wastes typically
are classified according to the highest applicable hazard type, which are listed below in descending
order of hazard:
Radioactive materials, other than limited quantities (Class 7)
Poisonous gases (Class 2, Division 3)
Flammable gases (Class 2, Division 1)
Nonflammable gases (Class 2, Division 2)
Poisonous liquids (Division 6.1, Packing Group I, poisonous-by-inhalation only)
Waste meeting the definition of a pyrophoric material in 49 CFR 173.124(b)(1) (Class 4, Division 2,
Packing Group 1, liquids only)
Waste meeting the definition of a self-reactive material in 49 CFR 173.124(a)(2) (Class 4, Division 1)
Flammable liquids (Class 3), corrosive materials (Class 8), flammable solids (Class 4, Division 1),
spontaneously combustible materials (Class 4, Division 2), dangerous materials when wet (Class 4,
Division 3), oxidizers (Class 5, Division 1) or poisonous liquids or solids other than Packing Group I,
poisonous-by-inhalation (Class 6, Division 1). The hazard class and packing group for a material
meeting more than one of these hazards is determined using the precedence table in 49 CFR 173.2.
Combustible liquids
Class 9 (miscellaneous hazardous materials)
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The NRC and DOE regulate the radioactive portion of mixed waste under Atomic Energy Act (AEA)
authority, while EPA regulates the hazardous waste portion of mixed waste under RCRA authority.
Therefore, all AEA and RCRA requirements for waste generation, storage and disposal must be met for
each sample or waste defined as a "mixed waste." In cases where this waste contains chemical warfare
agents, laboratories must contact the EPA coordinator for instructions.
7.1 Multi-hazardous Samples and Wastes
Multi-hazardous waste typically contains two or more RCRA contaminants and/or infectious agents and
is regulated as a hazardous waste based on the higher applicable hazard class listed above. EPA
regulates multi-hazardous wastes under RCRA requirements for generation, storage and disposal for
each waste component.
7.1.1 Handling
Samples and analytical materials designated as multi-hazardous waste must be handled as a
RCRA-contaminated waste and handling procedures must follow requirements noted in Section
4.0 for each waste component. Each compound contained in the waste must be documented,
and special notice must be made if the two (or more) chemical compounds are incompatible or
if degradation products can increase the hazard or instability of the waste. This waste must be
treated only with careful consideration of the impact on all components of the waste, including
potential byproducts. Procedures for handling this type of waste must be included in the
laboratory's WMP. Recommended general practices include:
If possible, generation of multi-hazardous wastes should be avoided; management and
disposal can be difficult and expensive.
If generation cannot be avoided, minimize volumes generated.
If multi-hazardous waste contains an infectious agent(s), inactivation of the agent may be
possible with proper consideration of other hazardous components of the waste.
Segregate the waste as much as possible, for example: liquid from solid waste; non-water-
soluble waste from aqueous waste; by isotope half-life - short (< 120 days) or long (> 120
days); oxidizers from organic compounds, flammable, combustible, and reducing agents
(e.g., zinc, alkaline metals).
7.1.2 Disposal
Multi-hazardous waste is disposed of using technologies that are compatible with the
destruction or containment of all contaminants without increasing the hazard of the waste.
Some multi-hazardous wastes may require multiple steps or increased environmental
monitoring for complete disposal. Table 7-1 presents information provided by the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) for disposal of multi-hazardous waste
(http://orf.od.nih.gov/EnvironmentalProtection/WasteDisposal/Pages/multiwaste.aspx).
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Table 7-1: Guidelines for Disposal of Multi-Hazardous Laboratory Wastes
Waste Description
Disposal Method
Hazardous chemical(s)
and
Radioactive material
"Mixed Waste"
Use the smallest non-glass container possible.
Complete and attach to container:
ฆA chemical waste label
ฆA radioactive waste pickup receipt
ฆA radioactive material label
Infectious agent(s)
and
Hazardous chemical(s)
and
Radioactive material
Infectious agent
inactivated
"Mixed Waste"
Use the smallest non-glass container possible.
Complete and attach to container:
ฆA chemical waste label
ฆA radioactive waste pickup receipt
ฆA radioactive material label
Infectious agent
not inactivated
Contact regulatory authority.
Infectious agent(s)
and
Hazardous chemical(s)
Infectious agent
not inactivated
Contact regulatory authority.
Infectious agent
inactivated
Treat as chemical waste. Follow chemical waste procedures.
Infectious agent(s)
and
Radioactive material
Infectious agent
inactivated
Treat as radioactive waste. Follow radioactive waste
procedures.
Infectious agent
not inactivated
Treat as radioactive biological waste.
Follow radioactive biological waste disposal procedures
included in Waste Management Plan.
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7.2 Mixed Waste Samples and Waste
Mixed waste is composed of radioactive waste defined under the AEA and hazardous waste as defined
under RCRA. As a result, treatment and regulation of these wastes is complex. In general, the
requirements of RCRA and AEA are consistent and compatible. However, in cases where requirements of
the two acts are found to be inconsistent, the AEA takes precedence. Laboratories should contact the
NRCto develop the information that should be included in a plan to store mixed waste.
EPA's Mixed Waste Rule, finalized on May 16, 2001, provides increased flexibility to generators and
facilities that manage low-level mixed waste (LLMW) and technologically-enhanced, naturally-occurring,
and/or accelerator-produced radioactive material (NARM) containing hazardous waste. LLMW is exempt
from some RCRA storage and treatment regulations, and LLMW or eligible NARM are exempt from RCRA
hazardous waste transportation and disposal regulations. These wastes are exempt from RCRA Subtitle
C requirements, including permitting, provided they meet specific conditions (e.g., see U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers Management Guidelines for Working with Radioactive and Mixed Waste). The exempt
wastes must then be managed as radioactive waste in accordance with NRC or NRC agreement state
regulations.
7.2.1 Regulations
To remain in compliance with regulatory requirements for mixed-waste storage, the laboratory
may need to obtain an EPA (or authorized state) storage permit and/or amend their NRC (or
agreement state) license. Examples of instances where an NRC license amendment may be
needed include:
If the total activity of the radioactive material at the facility (in use, in storage, or in waste)
would exceed the activity authorized by the facility license
If the laboratory intends to store the waste in a portion of the facility not authorized by the
license
If the chemical or physical form of the waste is not authorized by the license
If the storage program is not specifically included within the scope of the authorization
If a laboratory is required to amend its radioactive materials license, NRC will require the
laboratory to provide sufficient information to evaluate the request and determine if the
proposed amendment impacts the level of protection afforded by the existing license. If a
laboratory stores mixed-waste containing special nuclear material, it must address the special
properties of the fissile radioisotopes in the waste. The laboratory's mixed-waste storage
program must address the spatial distribution, geometry, volume, and the concentration of this
waste at the storage facility. Strict controls must be implemented and documented to assure
the safe storage of mixed-waste containing special nuclear material. Appropriate security
measures are to be taken, and documented, to ensure the physical security of special nuclear
material at the storage facility. The laboratory must comply with all requirements stipulated in
their license and with the requirements in 10 CFR Part 70. "Domestic Licensing of Special
Nuclear Material."
7.2.2 Handling and Storage
Procedures for handling and storing mixed wastes must follow requirements for labeling,
storing, packaging, and monitoring noted in Sections 4.0 and 5.0 of this document. Container
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labels must indicate the RCRA chemical contaminant(s) and list the associated UN ID(s). All
safety concerns specific to both the radiological and RCRA chemical compounds must be
observed. In general, mixed-waste must be stored in a manner that ensures the waste does not
create a radiological hazard to surrounding areas, increase the potential for a release of
radioactive materials to unrestricted areas, or pose an increased hazard to facility personnel.
The physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of the waste, as well as any other
characteristics that could pose a potential health and safety problem in the storage area, must
be identified and evaluated.
The NRC generally allows facilities to store waste containing radionuclides with half-lives of less
than 65 days until 10 half-lives have elapsed and the radiation emitted from the unshielded
surface of the waste (as measured with an appropriate survey instrument) is indistinguishable
from background levels. The waste may then be disposed of as non-radioactive, but still RCRA
waste, after ensuring that all radioactive material labels are rendered unrecognizable (see 10
CFR 35.92). Radioactive waste may also be stored for decay under certain circumstances in
accordance with 10 CFR 20.2001. For mixed waste, storage for decay is particularly
advantageous, since the waste may be managed solely as a hazardous waste after the
radionuclides decay to background levels. Thus, the management and regulation of these mixed
wastes are greatly simplified.
Before disposing of this waste after decay, the licensee must survey the waste using an
appropriate survey instrument and technique, and demonstrate that any radiation emitted is
indistinguishable from background levels. Laboratories that are not already authorized to hold
wastes for decay-in-storage, but that wish to hold mixed waste for decay-in-storage, may need
to obtain a license amendment from NRC prior to storing the mixed waste. Many licensees in
possession of mixed waste and using decay-in-storage options will be required to obtain an
amendment to store the mixed waste as hazardous waste.
The following must be included in a license amendment request to NRC:
a description of the survey procedures to be used during storage and prior to release of the
waste to a hazardous waste-only facility
a description of the procedures for segregating and tracking waste, from storage to release
to a hazardous waste-only facility
a commitment that waste will be held for a minimum of ten half-lives prior to performing
the final radiation survey before release to a hazardous waste-only facility
a statement that the decayed radioactive waste will not be released to a hazardous waste-
only facility unless the radiation emitted from the waste is indistinguishable from
background radiation
While NRC licensing amendments address the management of the radioactive component of
these wastes, they generally have no effect on the applicable RCRA storage provisions. Storage
requirements under RCRA should be implemented in a manner that provides appropriate
protection of health and the environment, without setting up undue impediments to well-
conducted decay programs.
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7.2.3 Disposal
Mixed waste and mixed transuranic wastes are disposed of in a limited number of facilities in
the U.S. It is typically the responsibility of the laboratory's waste broker (see the Waste Broker
subsection in Section 3.0) to identify appropriate disposal sites or facilities that are willing to
accept these waste types.
If a laboratory generates a quantity of low-level mixed waste that, combined with on-site RCRA
non-mixed hazardous waste generation, does not exceed 100 kg/month (or one kilogram of
acutely hazardous waste as defined in 40 CFR 261.11(a)(2) and listed in 40 CFR 261.31-33), it
qualifies as a conditionally-exempt SQG. As a result, it can dispose of the low-level mixed waste
as LLRW, if these materials meet the disposal site's waste acceptance criteria (40 CFR 262.13).
RCRA disposal permit requirements are unit-specific (i.e., dependent on compound and
concentration) and are described in 40 CFR Part 264 for permitted facilities and 40 CFR Part 265
for interim status facilities. Interim status requirements are self-implementing waste
management requirements that are limited to facilities that were already in existence on the
date that a new regulation or statutory requirement took effect, and that subjected the facility
to RCRA. For mixed-waste facilities in authorized states, this date generally corresponds to the
date that the state received authorization for a mixed-waste program, although state
requirements may differ.
Mixed waste is sent to a limited number of facilities that are licensed under both of the
appropriate laws. For example, radioactive RCRA waste cannot go to a RCRA landfill that is not
licensed under the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA) nor can it be disposed of at
a LLRW site that is not licensed. No treatment or disposal options exist for certain classes of
mixed waste, such as a mixture of radiation and PCB wastes or radiation and long-lived warfare
agents. Indefinite storage is the only option for these waste streams with no treatment or
disposal capacity.
8.0 Shipping
Shippers are responsible for ensuring compliance with DOT, UN, and International Air Transport
Association (IATA) regulations regarding the transfer of hazardous substances and environmental
samples. These regulations (49 CFR Parts 171 through 180 for DOT, 49 CFR Part 172 specific for the UN,
and the Dangerous Goods Regulations for IATA), provide specific details regarding proper marking,
labeling, placarding, packaging, and shipment of hazardous materials, substances and wastes, and
regulatory exceptions, and must be consulted prior to preparation of or planning for sample shipment.
IATA and DOT both require specific training for anyone directly involved in the shipping of dangerous
goods (IATA 1.5, 49 CFR 172.700). IATA requires training and re-certification every two years, while DOT
requires training and re-certification every three years. Recent changes in DOT shipping regulations
(October 1, 2006) and United Nations (January 1, 2007) require retraining of personnel as of these dates
under 49 CFR 172.702 and 49 CFR 172.704.
The laboratory is responsible for ensuring that transport drivers are properly licensed and that the route
selected is correct for the type of hazard being shipped. Laboratories should obtain and keep copies of
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all driver endorsement licenses, and most haulers will provide this information when asked. All waste
shipments must be properly documented with a manifest and bill of lading. Laboratories should file the
correct manifesting forms with the appropriate state and disposal agencies.
9.0 Disposal Sites
Laboratories are responsible for the proper transport and disposal of its solid waste. If using a private
hauler, laboratory staff must make sure the vehicles being used are enclosed or can otherwise prevent
spills, and that they are adequately maintained. Laboratory staff also must make sure that the waste is
being disposed of at a permitted facility.
9.1 Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs)
RCRA provides direction and requirements that must be followed by chemical TSDFs. U.S. Army
guidelines (based on 50 U.S.C. Chapter 32 Sec. 1512-1521) express a preference for on-site treatment of
chemical warfare munitions. A military fixed treatment and disposal facility differs from commercial
TSDF, as commercial TSDFs cannot be used to treat these munitions. Commercial TSDFs, however, can
accept secondary waste generated by either mobile systems or individual treatment technologies if the
waste no longer contains agent (except at de minimis levels). It must be noted that the TSDF must be
willing to accept the waste (i.e., the government cannot force a facility to accept a given waste, even if
the facility is allowed to accept that waste by their regulatory decision makers).
9.1.1 TSDF Permits
Owners and operators of hazardous waste management units must have permits (40 CFR Part
264) during the active life (including the closure period) of the unit. Each TSDF site requires an
EPA ID and a Part A or Part B permit. TSDFs are authorized to accept and dispose of wastes as
indicated by the facility's permit. If a TSDF does not have an applicable permit in place, the
permitting process should be initiated as soon as possible. General information on hazardous
waste permitting can be found on the EPA Web page: https://www.epa.gov/hwpermitting. A
Type A permit requires specification of the hazardous wastes listed or designated under 40 CFR
Part 261 to be treated, stored, or disposed of at the facility; an estimate of the quantity of such
wastes to be treated, stored, or disposed of annually; and a general description of the processes
to be used for such wastes, along with location of facility, owner information, obtained permits,
and building/construction designs for the facility. The TSDF can modify permit acceptances
(quantity and concentration of chemicals accepted) with EPA approval (40 CFR 270.42).
A Type B permit requires specification of the hazardous wastes listed or designated under 40
CFR Part 261 to be treated, stored, or disposed of at the facility; an estimate of the quantity of
such wastes to be treated, stored, or disposed of annually; a general description of the
processes to be used for such wastes; and the location of the facility, including a full geologic
assessment, plans for release prevention and containment, structural engineering studies for
plant development and containment, responses to cover 100-year environmental events,
groundwater evaluation and monitoring plans, owner information, and obtained permits. The
TSDF can modify their permit acceptances with the approval of EPA (40 CFR 270.42).
The TSDF must maintain the ability to properly dispose of the individual waste in an EPA
approved manner with completed disposal actions certified. The TSDF can apply to modify their
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permit with EPA when necessary. The laboratory will be responsible to meet all generator status
requirements even if the selected TSDF fails to gain the modification.
9.1.2 TSDF Waste Acceptance Criteria
Each TSDF has criteria and limits for acceptance of wastes as delineated by the facility's EPA Part
A or Part B permit. Waste profiles are approved by the TSDF prior to acceptance of the
laboratory's waste for disposal at the facility. Waste profiles typically include information
regarding the following:
Waste generator (laboratory) by proper company name, address, phone, and EPA ID
Generator contact information, including a 24-hour phone number
Type of waste (solid, liquid, aqueous, mixed material, etc.)
Amount expected to be disposed of and frequency of shipment
Chemical composition, including all UN IDs and Proper Shipping Names (PSNs)
Land ban notification
Hazard class and shipping container regulations
Any other information considered critical to disposal
9.2 Radiological Waste Disposal Sites
Low-level radiological wastes are commonly disposed of in a limited number of near-surface facilities
rather than in geologic repositories, such are those required for high-level wastes. Once disposed of,
there is no intent to recover these wastes. The waste must meet site waste acceptance criteria prior to
disposal. Burial of transuranic waste is limited at all sites. In 2000, low-level waste disposal facilities
received approximately 3.3 million cubic feet of commercially-generated radioactive waste. Of this, 8.2%
came from nuclear reactors, 83.8% from industrial users, 7.6% from government sources (other than
nuclear weapons sites), 0.2% from academic users, and the rest (0.2%) was undefined.
9.3 Biological Waste Disposal Sites
Laboratory biological wastes must be rendered non-infectious (pathogens) or inactivated (biotoxins)
prior to disposal at a landfill or in a sanitary sewer. Waste must also be de-identified as infectious/
medical waste. This de-identification includes using processes such as shredding and grinding to
obliterate the International Biohazard Sign, intact red biohazard bags, and phrases on waste such as
"Biohazard" or "Medical Waste." Generators of biological waste may be asked to provide transporters
and site authorities with written certification for these steps.
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10.0 References and Resources
The resources listed in this section were used in preparing this document and/or are recommended for
additional information and guidelines regarding laboratory waste handling and disposal.
10.1 General Resources
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2012. Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved
GuidelineThird Edition. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2014. Protection of Laboratory Workers from
Occupationally Acquired Infections; Approved GuidelineFourth Edition. Wayne, PA: National
Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Wooley, D. P. and Byers, K. B. (eds.) 2017. Biological Safety, Principles and Practices. 5th Edition.
Washington, D.C., ASM Press.
International Organization for Standardization. 2003. Medical Laboratories - Requirements for
Safety. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, ISO 15190:2003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 2000. Environmental Management Guide for Small
Laboratories. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 233-B-00-001.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/36530923/Environmental-Management-Guide-for-Small-Lab
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2017. Learn the Basics of Hazardous Waste.
https://www.epa.gov/hw/learn-basics-hazardous-waste (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2017. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) Regulations, https://www.epa.gov/rcra/resource-conservation-and-recovery-act-rcra-
regulations#haz (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2017. Regulations for Hazardous Waste
Generated at Academic Laboratories - Alternative Requirements for Eligible Academic Entities.
https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/regulations-hazardous-waste-generated-academic-
laboratories (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental
Remediation and Recovery (SAM), https://www.epa.gov/esam/selected-analvtical-methods-
environmental-remediation-and-recoverv-sam (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. November 2004. SW-846 Test Method 9095B: Paint Filter
Liquids Test, https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-9095b-paint-filter-liquids-
test (accessed 12/2019).
10.2 Regulatory Resources
Code of Federal Regulations: Title 10
U.S. Government Publishing Office. CFR Title 10 Chapter 1: Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idxPtph/ecfrbrowse/Titlel0/10tab 02.tpl (accessed
12/2019).
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 2: Agency Rules of Practice and Procedure.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/cloc-collections/cfr/part002/ (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 19: Notices, Instructions and Reports to
Workers: Inspection and Investigations, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/cfr/part019/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 20: Standards for Protection Against Radiation.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 20: Appendix B to Part 20-Annual Limits on
Intake (ALIs) and Derived Air Concentrations (DACs) of Radionuclides for Occupational Exposure;
Effluent Concentrations; Concentrations for Release to Sewerage, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-
rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-appb.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 20: Appendix C to Part 20-Quantities of
Licensed Material Requiring Labeling, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/cfr/part020/part020-appc.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 21: Reporting Of Defects And Noncompliance.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part021/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 30: Rules Of General Applicability To Domestic
Licensing Of Byproduct Material, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/cfr/part030/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 31: General Domestic Licenses for Byproduct
Material, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=fa98a0681489e2a2edfdl77a3cla5ce9&mc=true&node=ptl0.1.31&rgn=div5 (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR 30.70: Schedule AExempt Concentrations.
https://www.nrc.gOv/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part030/full-text.html#part030-0070
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR 30.71: Schedule B (Byproduct Materials.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part030/part030-0071.html (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 32: Specific Domestic Licenses to Manufacture
or Transfer Certain Items Containing Byproduct Material, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/cfr/part032/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 33: Specific Domestic Licenses of Broad Scope
for Byproduct Material, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/cfr/part033/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 35: Medical Use of Byproduct Material.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=fa98a0681489e2a2edfdl77a3cla5ce9&mc=true&node=ptl0.1.35&rgn=div5 (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR 35.92: Decay-in-storage.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part035/part035-0092.html (accessed
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12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 36: Licenses and Radiation Safety
Requirements for Irradiators, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=88ddd0c65b729d85ea7dlbf98185ebdd&mc=true&node=ptl0.1.36&rgn=div5 (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 37: Physical Protection of Category 1 and
Category 2 Quantities of Radioactive Material, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=88ddd0c65b729d85ea7dlbf98185ebdd&mc=true&node=ptl0.1.37&rgn=div5 (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 40: Domestic Licensing of Source Material.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part040/index.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 61: Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal
of Radioactive Waste, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part061/full-
text.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 62: Criteria and Procedures for Emergency
Access to Non-Federal and Regional Low-Level Waste Disposal Facilities.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part062/ (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 70: Domestic Licensing of Special Nuclear
Material, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part070/index.html (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 71: Packaging and Transportation of
Radioactive Material, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part071/index.html
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 74: Material Control and Accounting of Special
Nuclear Material, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part074/ (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR Part 110: Export and Import of Nuclear Equipment
and Material. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/partllO/index.html
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 10 CFR 150.20: Recognition of Agreement State licenses.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/partl50/partl50-0020.html (accessed
12/2019).
Code of Federal Regulations: Title 29
U.S. Government Publishing Office. CFR Title 29 Part 1910: Occupational Safety and Health
Standards, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=e57d6ab43bef3e240eb8623d350f7c8a&mc=true&node=pt29.5.1910&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 Part 1960:
Basic Program Elements for Federal Employee Occupational Safety and Health Programs and
Related Matters, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
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idx?SID=16446c585208646f63f5e3401595a71d&mc=true&node=pt29.9.1960&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
Code of Federal Regulations: Title 40
U.S. Government Printing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40: Protection of
Environment, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=7012349622154a03d4c8e6ce04348a5f&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40tab 02.tp
I (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Printing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 136:
Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfrl36 main 02.tpl (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Printing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 172:
Experimental Use Permits, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=55ba3e639f97d78afdl607d0f0f62cc4&mc=true&node=pt40.26.172&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Printing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 173:
Procedures Governing the Rescission of State Primary Enforcement Responsibility for Pesticide
Use Violations, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=55ba3e639f97d78afdl607d0f0f62cc4&mc=true&node=pt40.26.173&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Printing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 191:
Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear
Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=7dll62c7bbd4el8eec922c39d3eb21bd&mc=true&node=pt40.27.191&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Printing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 256:
Guidelines for Development and Implementation of State Solid Waste Management Plans.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=7dll62c7bbd4el8eec922c39d3eb21bd&mc=true&node=pt40.27.256&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 260:
Hazardous Waste Management System: General, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=1454fab31568f37afab5e8819997f48f&mc=true&node=pt40.28.260&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 261:
Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=al23e42a907091e860ecd2d6b851dld8&mc=true&node=pt40.28.261&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 262:
Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=al23e42a907091e860ecd2d6b851dld8&mc=true&node=pt40.28.262&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
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U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 263:
Standards Applicable to Transporters of Hazardous Waste, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=b7f5ccdfe513032a7a605abl7c44b48a&mc=true&node=pt40.28.263&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 264:
Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=b7f5ccdfe513032a7a605abl7c44b48a&mc=true&node=pt40.28.264&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 265:
Interim Status Standards for Owners And Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
and Disposal Facilities, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=ddd5ac2d343c32cd68d7ec57748e3d09&mc=true&node=pt40.28.265&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 268:
Land Disposal Restrictions, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=ddd5ac2d343c32cd68d7ec57748e3d09&mc=true&node=pt40.29.268&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 270:
EPA Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous Waste Permit Program.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=4735b215fa98989917dl6442780573db&mc=true&node=pt40.29.270&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 271:
Requirements for Authorization of State Hazardous Waste Programs, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/text-
idx?SID=4735b215fa98989917dl6442780573db&mc=true&node=pt40.29.271&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 370:
Hazardous Chemical Reporting: Community Right-To-Know. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=eecd79317b040bl344c81ec7d48007ab&mc=true&node=pt40.30.370&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 372:
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-To-Know. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/text-
idx?SID=eecd79317b040bl344c81ec7d48007ab&mc=true&node=pt40.30.372&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 403:
General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idxPtph/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr403 main 02.tpl
(accessed 12/2019).
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Code of Federal Regulations: Title 42
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 42 Part 73:
Select Agents and Toxins, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=c91b4be6c4044b86347a27641759f59e&mc=true&node=pt42.1.73&rgn=div5 (accessed
12/2019).
Code of Federal Regulations: Title 49
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49:
Transportation. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idxPtph/ecfrbrowse/Title49/49tab 02.tpl
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 171:
General Information, Regulations, and Definitions, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=c7698ce6f4009eabd0e001b7ef6449eb&mc=true&node=pt49.2.171&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 172:
Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials Communications,
Emergency Response Information, Training Requirements, and Security Plans.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=c7698ce6f4009eabd0e001b7ef6449eb&mc=true&node=pt49.2.172&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 173:
ShippersGeneral Requirements for Shipments and Packagings. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/text-idx?SID=c7698ce6f4009eabd0e001b7ef6449eb&mc=true&node=pt49.2.173&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 174:
Carriage by Rail, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=91df7191edc57006ab5ef732430aa4bd&mc=true&node=pt49.2.174&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 175:
Carriage by Aircraft, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=91df7191edc57006ab5ef732430aa4bd&mc=true&node=pt49.2.175&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 176:
Carriage by Vessel, htips://www, ecfr. gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=91df7191edc57006ab5ef732430aa4bd&mc=true&node=pt49.2.176&rgn=d\v5 (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 177:
Carriage by Public Highway, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=91df7191edc57006ab5ef732430aa4bd&mc=true&node=pt49.2.177&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 178:
Specifications for Packagings. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
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idx?SID=c7698ce6f4009eabd0e001b7ef6449eb&mc=true&node=pt49.3.178&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 179:
Specifications for Tank Cars, https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=c7698ce6f4009eabd0e001b7ef6449eb&mc=true&node=pt49.3.179&rgn=div5
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Part 180:
Continuing Qualification and Maintenance of Packagings. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=5aaa06ef06125412bedcbcca6f836de8&mc=true&node=pt49.3.180&rgn=div5 (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Government Publishing Office. 50 U.S.C. 1512 - Transportation, open air testing, and
disposal; Presidential determination; report to Congress; notice to Congress and State Governors.
https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2015-title50/USCQDE-2015-title50-chap32-
sec!512 (accessed 12/2019).
10.3 Resources for Wastes Containing Chemical Hazards
Armour, M.A. 2003. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, 3rd Edition. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press. http://chemistrv-chemists.com/chemister/Spravochniki/hazardous-laboratorv-
chemicals-disposal-guide-2003.pdf (accessed 12/2019).
Keegan, R.J. IV, and R.J. Keegan. 1997. Hazardous Materials, Substances and Wastes Compliance
Guide. Kutztown, PA: Hazardous Materials Publishing Co.
James Lieberman. 1994. A Practical Guide for Hazardous Waste Management, Administration
and Compliance. ISBN: 9781566701150.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 2005. Handbook on the Management of Munitions
Response Action. Interim Final. EPA 505 B-01-001.
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZvPURL.cgi?Dockev=P100304J.txt (accessed 12/2019).
10.4 Resources for Wastes Containing Radiological Hazards
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. Management Guidelines for Working
with Radioactive and Mixed Waste. Manual No. 1110-35-1. July 1, 2005.
(https://www.publications.usace.armv.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM 1110-
35-l.pdf) (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Radioactive Waste. flittp://www.nrc.gov/waste.html)
(accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. March 2017. Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW)/Disused
Sources Toolbox for Materials Users -1 Need Help Disposing of My LLRW. What Can I Do?.
https://scp.nrc.gOv/llrw.html#need (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. August 2017. Agreement State Program.
https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/state-tribal/agreement-states.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. May 2002. Radioactive Waste: Production, Storage,
Disposal, Revision 2. NUREG/BR-0216. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1512/ML15127A029.pdf
(accessed 12/2019).
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Low-Level Waste Disposal, http://www.nrc.gov/waste/llw-
disposal.html (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. February 2007. Standard Review for Transportation
Packages for Radioactive Material (NUREG-1609). Supplements 1 and 2.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/srl609/ (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Final Rules and Policy Statements.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/ (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NRC Regulatory Guides - Environmental and Siting
(Division 4). http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/environmental-
siting/rg/ (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NRC Regulatory Guidelines - Transportation (Division 7).
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/transportation/rg/ (accessed
12/2019).
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NRC Regulatory Guides - General (Division 10).
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/general/rg/ (accessed 12/2019).
10.5 Resources for Wastes Containing Biological Hazards
National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 2011. Clinical Laboratory Waste
Management; Approved GuidelineThird Edition. Wayne, PA: NCCLS.
Reddish, G. F. (ed.). 1957. Antiseptics, Disinfectants, Fungicides, and Chemical and Physical
Sterilization. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
Richmond, J.Y., and Nesby-O'Dell, S.L. 2002. "Laboratory Security and Emergency Response
Guidance for Laboratories Working with Select Agents." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
(MMWR). 51(RR-19): 1-8. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5119al.htm
(accessed 12/2019).
Rutala, W.A., Stiefel, M.M., and Sarubbi, F.A., Jr. 1982. "Decontamination of Laboratory
Microbiological Waste by Steam Sterilization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 43(6):
13311-1316. https://aem.asm.Org/content/aem/43/6/1311.full.pdf (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and
National Institutes of Health. Revised 2009. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
Laboratories (BMBL), 5th Edition. Atlanta, GA: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
and Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health.
https://www.cdc.gov/biosafetv/publications/bmbl5/ (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, CDC. 240 FR 76886,
December 13, 2002. "Possession, Use, and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; Interim Final
Rule" (42 CFR Parts 73 and 1003).
http://oig.hhs.gov/authorities/docs/SelectAgentsToxinsCMPAuthoritylF.pdf (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 70 FR 13294, March 18, 2005. "Possession, Use,
and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; Final Rule." (42 CFR Part 73 and 42 CFR Part 1003).
http://oig.hhs.gov/authorities/docs/05/032905FRselectagents.pdf (accessed 12/2019).
U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document
2006. Transporting Infectious Substances Safely. Federal Register: Infectious Substances;
Harmonization with the United Nations Recommendations.
https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/sites/phmsa.dot.gov/files/docs/Transporting Infectious Substanc
es brochure.pdf (accessed 12/2019).
Wannemacher, R.W. 1989. Procedures for Inactivation and Safety Containment of Toxins.
Proceedings Symposium on Agents of Biological Origin. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S.
Army Research, Development and Engineering Center. 115-122.
World Health Organization. 2017. Guidance on Regulations for the Transport of Infectious
Substances 2017-2018. WHO/WHE/CPI/2017.8. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix A
Appendix A
State Regulatory Information Sources for
Management and Disposal of Waste Containing Chemical Contamination
State
State Web Address - Chemistry
State Admin. Code
Location
Alabama
http://adem.alabama.gov/programs/land/default.cnt (accessed 12/2019)
Division 14; Code งง22-
30-1 to 22-30-24
Alaska
https://dec.alaska.gov/media/1043/18-aac-62.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Title 18; 18 AAC 62.010
-18 AAC 62.990)
Arizona
https://www.azleg.gov/arsDetail/?title=49 (accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 5; 49-901 to
49-944
Arkansas
https://www.adea.state.ar.us/regs/files/reg23 final 151018.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
Regulation 23
California
http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/Title22/index.cfm
https://dtsc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2018/04/2014-Health-and-
Title 22, Division 4.5
and HSC-2014
Safetv-Code-FINAL.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Colorado
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/hazardous-waste-regulations
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 6,1007-3
Connecticut
https://eregulations.ct.gov/eRegsPortal/Browse/RCSA (accessed 12/2019)
Title 22a
Delaware
http://delcode.delaware.gov/title7/c063/sc01/index.shtml
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 7 > Chapter 63
District of Columbia
https://www.dcregs. dc.gov/Common/DCMR/RuleList. aspx?ChapterNum=20-
Title 20; Chapter: 20-
42&Chapterld=483 (12/2019)
42
Florida
https://www.fi rules.org/gatewav/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=62-730
(accessed 12/2019)
FAC, Chapters 62-730
Georgia
http://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/391-3-ll (accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 391-3-11
Hawaii
http://health.hawaii.gov/shwb/hazwaste/ (accessed 12/2019)
HAR Chapter 11
Idaho
https://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/58/580105.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
IDAPA 58; Chapter 05;
58.01.05
Illinois
https://pcb.illinois.gov/SLR/IPCBandlEPAEnvironmentalRegulationsTitle35
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 35 III. Adm. Code,
Parts 700-739
Indiana
http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/title329.html (accessed 12/2019)
Title 329
Iowa
http://www.iowadnr.gov/lnsideDNR/RegulatorvLand/SolidWaste/SolidWaste
Solid Waste Policy &
PolicvRules.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Rules
Kansas
http://www.kdheks.gov/waste/regsstatutes/sw laws.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
KSA Chapter 65 Article
34 and KAR Article 29
Kentucky
https://apps.legislature.kv.gov/law/kar/TITLE401.HTM (accessed 12/2019)
Title 401,
Chapters 31-39
Louisiana
http://dea.louisiana.gov/page/hazardous-waste (accessed 12/2019)
LAC Title 33 PartV
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix A
State
State Web Address - Chemistry
State Admin. Code
Location
Maine
http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/rules/06/chaos06.htm (accessed 12/2019)
Chapters 850-857
Maryland
http://www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle chapters/26 Chapters.aspx
Title 26; Part 3 -
Subtitles 13-15
(accessed 12/2019)
Massachusetts
https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/Partl/Titlell/Chapter21c
General Laws, Part 1,
Title II, Chapter 21C
(accessed 12/2019)
Michigan
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dea/dea-whm-hwp-
PartlllRules 248146 7.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Rules 299.9101-
299.11107
Minnesota
https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/?id=7045 (accessed 12/2019)
MAR: Chapter 7045
Mississippi
http://www.mdea.ms.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Title-ll-Part-3-Ch.-
Title 11; Part 3,
Chapter 1
1-Final-Filing.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Missouri
https://www.sos.mo.gOv/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10csr.asp#10-25
Title 10, Division 25
(accessed 12/2019)
Montana
http://dea.mt.gov/DEQAdmin/dir/legal/Chapters/ch53-toc
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 17; Chapter 53
Nebraska
http://dea.ne.gov/RuleAndR.nsf/Title 128.xsp (accessed 12/2019)
Title 128
Nevada
https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac-444.html (accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 444; 842-848
and 850-8746
New Hampshire
https://www.des.nh.gOv/organization/commissioner/legal/rules/index.htm#
Env-Hw
Chapters 100-1000
waste (accessed 12/2019)
New Jersey
http://www.state. ni.us/dep/dshw/resource/rules.html#rules
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 7; N.J.A.C. 7:26G
New Mexico
https://www.env.nm.gov/waste/
http://164.64.110.239/nmac/parts/title20/20.004.0001.htm
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 20; Chapter 4
New York
http://www.dec.nv.gov/chemical/100401.html (accessed 12/2019)
6 NYCRR
North Carolina
https://files.nc.gov/ncdea/WasteManagement/DWM/HW/Proposed Rules/R
Title 15A; Chapter 13;
Subchapter 13A
ulesListwithStateandFederal.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
North Dakota
http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/html/33-24.html
(accessed 12/2019)
NDAC Article 33-24
Ohio
http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/3745-51 (accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 3745-51
Oklahoma
http://www.dea.state.ok.us/rules/205.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Title 252; Chapter 205
Oregon
https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displavChapterRules.action7selectedChap
Chapter 340; Divisions
100-104
ter=80 (accessed 12/2019)
Pennsylvania
https://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/025toc.html
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 25; Subpart D;
Article VII; Chapters
260-270
Rhode Island
http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/waste/hwregsl4.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
DEM OWM-HW-Ol-14
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix A
State
State Web Address - Chemistry
State Admin. Code
Location
South Carolina
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/coderegs/Chapter61Word.php
(accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 61-79 (Parts 1
and 2)
South Dakota
http://www.sdlegislature.gov/Rules/DisplavRule.aspx?Rule=74:28
Rule 74: Article 74:28
(accessed 12/2019)
Tennessee
http://publications.tnsosfiles.com/rules/0400/0400-12/0400-12.htm
Chapter 0400-12-01
(accessed 12/2019)
Texas
http://texreg.sos. state. tx.us/public/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac view=4&ti=30
Title 30, Part 1,
Chapter 335
&pt=l&ch=335 (accessed 12/2019)
Utah
https://rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r315/r315.htm (accessed 12/2019)
R315
Vermont
http://dec.vermont.gov/waste-management/hazardous/regulations
Chapter 7
(accessed 12/2019)
Virginia
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title9/agencv20/chapter60/
Title 9; Agency 20;
Chapter 60
(accessed 12/2019)
Washington
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=173-303 (accessed 12/2019)
Title 173; Chapter 173-
303
West Virginia
http://apps.sos.wv.gov/adlaw/csr/rule.aspx?rule=33-20 (accessed 12/2019)
33 CSR 20
Wisconsin
https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin code/nr/600/662.pdf
Chapter NR662; NR
662.010
(accessed 12/2019)
Wyoming
https://rules.wvo.gov/Search.aspx?mode=4 (accessed 12/2019)
Reference Number:
020.0003.1.03182015
Note: Links to hazardous waste programs and environmental agencies for U.S. Territories can be accessed using:
https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/links-hazardous-waste-programs-and-us-state-environmental-agencies. Links are
provided for: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Puerto Rico and Trust
Territories. Information is not available for the U.S. Virgin Islands.
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Appendix B
State Regulatory Information Sources for
Management and Disposal of Waste Containing Radioactive Contamination
State
State Addresses & Website URLs (if available)
Alabama
Department of Environmental Management
1400 Coliseum Boulevard
Montgomery, AL 36110-2400
Mailing address:
P.O. Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
http://www.adem.state.al.us/alEnviroRegLaws/files/Divisi
Office of Radiation Control
Alabama Department of Public Health
The RSA Tower
201 Monroe Street
Montgomery, AL 36104
Mailing address:
P.O. Box 303017
Montgomery, AL 36130-3017
http://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/radiation/in
dex.html (accessed 12/2019)
onl4.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Alaska
Department of Environmental Conservation
Division of Environmental Health
Solid Waste Program
555 Cordova St,
Anchorage, AK 99501
httDs://dec.alaska.gov/ (accessed 12/2019)
Radiological Health Program
Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
Division of Public Health, State Public Health
Laboratories
Anchorage Laboratory
5455 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue
PO Box 196093
Anchorage, AK 99507
http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Labs/Pages/radiologica
l/default.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Arizona
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Programs Division
1110 West Washington Street
Phoenix, Arizona 85007
https://azdea.gov/HazWaste (accessed 12/2019)
Arizona Department of Health Services
Bureau of Radiation Control
150 North 18th Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona 85007
https://arra.az.gov/ (accessed 12/2019)
Arkansas
Department of Environmental Quality
Hazardous Waste Division
5301 Northshore Drive
North Little Rock, AR 72118-5317
https://azdea.gov/HazWaste
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health
Division of Radiation Control and Emergency
Management
4815 West Markham Street, Slot 30
Little Rock, AR 72205
http://www.healthv.arkansas.gov/programs-
services/topics/radiation-control
(accessed 12/2019)
B-l
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
California
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
10011 Street
Sacramento, CA 95814-2828
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 806
Sacramento, CA 95812-0806
https://dtsc.ca.gov/managing-hazardous-waste/ (accessed
California Department of Public Health
Radiation Safety and Environmental Management
Division
Radiologic Health Branch
1500 Capitol Avenue, 5th Floor, Building 172
Sacramento, CA 95814-5006
Mailing Address:
PO Box 997377, MS 0500
Sacramento, CA 95899-7377
https://www.cdph.ca.gOv/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/P
12/2019)
ages/RHB.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Colorado
Department of Public Health and Environment
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246
https://www. colorado.gov/oacific/cdDhe/hm
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Public Health and Environment
Radiation Management Division
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/categorie
s/services-and-
information/environment/radiation-management
(accessed 12/2019)
Connecticut
Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2713&a=324812
&depNav GID=1639 (accessed 12/2019)
Hazardous Waste Program:
http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2718&a=32542
Department of Energy and Environmental
Protection
Radiation Division
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2713&a
=324824&deepNav GID=1639 (accessed 12/2019)
O&deepNav GID=1967 (accessed 12/2019)
Delaware
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Control
Division of Air and Waste Management
Solid & Hazardous Waste
89 Kings Highway
Dover, DE 19901
https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/waste-hazardous-
substances/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health & Social Services
Division of Public Health
Office of Radiation Control
Jesse S. Cooper Building
417 Federal Street
Dover, DE 19901
http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/hsp/orc.
html (accessed 12/2019)
District of
Columbia
Department of Energy and Environment
1200 First Street NE,
Washington, DC 20002
http://ddoe.dc.gov/service/hazardous-waste
(accessed 12/2019)
Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste
Management Officials
110117th St NW #707,
Washington, DC 20036
http://www.astswmo.org/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health
Radiation Protection Division
899 North Capitol Street, NE,
Washington, DC 20002
https://dchealth.dc.gov/service/radiation-
protection (accessed 12/2019)
B-2
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Florida
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Waste Management
2600 Blair Stone Road, MS #4500
Tallahassee, FL 32399
Department of Health
Bureau of Radiation Control
4052 Bald Cypress Way
Tallahassee, FL 32399-1741
http://www. deo.state.fi. us/waste/default, htm
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/radiation
(accessed 12/2019)
/index.html (accessed 12/2019)
Georgia
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Land Protection Branch
Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management Program
2 Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr.
Atlanta, GA 30334
https://epd. georgia.gov/hazardous-waste
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Natural Resources
Air Protection Branch; Environmental Protection
Division
Radioactive Materials Program
4244 International Parkway, Suite 120,
Atlanta, GA 30354
https://epd.georgia.gov/air/radioactive-materials-
program (accessed 12/2019)
Hawaii
Department of Health
Environmental Health Division
Solid and Hazardous Waste Branch
2827 Waimano Home Road
Pearl City, HI 96782
Department of Health
Indoor and Radiological Health Branch
Radiation Section
99-945 Halawa Valley Street
Aiea, HI 96701
http://health.hawaii.gov/shwb/
(accessed 12/2019)
http://health.hawaii.gov/irhb/radiation/
(accessed 12/2019)
Idaho
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management & Remediation
1410 N. Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
Department of Environmental Quality
INL Oversight; Radiation
900 N. Skyline Drive, Suite B
Idaho Falls, ID 83402
http://www.dea.idaho.gov/waste-mgmt-
remediation/hazardous-waste.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
http://www.dea.idaho.gov/inl-oversight/radiation/
(accessed 12/2019)
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Hazardous Waste
1021 North Grand Avenue East
Springfield, IL 62702
Illinois Emergency Management Agency
Nuclear & Radiation Safety
2200 South Dirksen Parkway
Springfield, Illinois 62703
Illinois
Mailing Address
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/hazardous-
waste/reports/summarv/index.html (accessed 12/2019)
https://www2.illinois.gov/iema/NRS/RadSafety/Pa
ges/default.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Indiana
Department of Environmental Management
Indiana Government Center North
100 N. Senate
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Mailing Address
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
http://www.in.gov/idem/ (accessed 12/2019)
State Department of Health
Health Care Quality & Regulatory
Medical Radiology Services
2 N. Meridian Street
Indianapolis, IN 46204-3003
http://www.in.gov/isdh/23279.htm
(accessed 12/2019)
B-3
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Iowa
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
Land Quality, Contaminated Sites
Wallace State Office Building
502 East 9th Street, 4th Floor
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
http://www. iowadnr.gov/Environmental-Protection/Land-
Qualitv/Contaminated-Sites (accessed 12/2019)
Bureau of Radiological Health
Iowa Department of Public Health
Lucas State Office Building, 5th Floor
Des Moines, IA 50319-6075
http://idph.iowa.gov/radiological-health
(accessed 12/2019)
Kansas
Department of Health and Environment
Bureau of Waste Management
Curtis State Office Building
1000 SW Jackson, Suite 320
Topeka, KS 66612-1366
http://www. kdheks.gov/waste/ (accessed 12/2019)
Kansas Department of Health & Environment
Bureau of Community Health Systems
Radiation Control Program
Curtis State Office Building
1000 SW Jackson, Suite 330
Topeka, KS 66612-1366
http://www.kdheks.gov/radiation/index.html
(accessed 12/2019)
Kentucky
Energy and Environment Cabinet
Department for Environmental Protection
Division of Waste Management
300 Sower Blvd., 2nd Floor
Frankfort, KY 40601
https://eec.kv.gov/Environmental-
Protection/Waste/Pages/default.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Cabinet for Health and Family Services
Department for Public Health
Radiation Health Branch
275 East Main Street
Mailstop HS1C-A
Frankfort, KY 40621
https://chfs.kv.gov/agencies/dph/dphps/rhb/Pages
/default.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Louisiana
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Land
Hazardous Waste
602 N. Fifth Street
Baton Rouge, LA 70802
http://dea.louisiana.gov/page/hazardous-waste
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Radiation Response
Emergency & Radiological Services Division
602 N. Fifth Street
Baton Rouge, LA 70802
http://dea.louisiana.gov/page/emergencv-
radiological-services-division (accessed 12/2019)
Maine
Department of Environmental Protection
Waste Management
17 State House Station
Augusta, Maine 04333-0017
http://www.maine.gov/dep/waste/index.html
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Human Services
Division of Environmental Health
Radiation Control Program
Key Plaza Building
286 Water St. 3rd Floor
11 State House Station
Augusta, Maine 04333-0011
http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/environmenta
l-health/rad/rules.htm (accessed 12/2019)
B-4
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Maryland
Department of the Environment
Hazardous Waste Program
1800 Washington Boulevard,
Baltimore, MD 21230
Department of the Environment
Radiological Health Program
1800 Washington Boulevard
Baltimore, MD 21230
http://mde.marvland.gov/programs/LAND/HazardousWast
http://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Air/Radiologic
e/Pages/index.asox (accessed 12/2019)
alHealth/Pages/index.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering
Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
Massachusetts Department of Public Health
Radiation Control Program
Schrafft Center, Suite 1M2A
529 Main Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129
httDs://www. mass.gov/hazardous-waste-management
http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/gov/departments/dp
(accessed 12/2019)
h/programs/environ mental-health/exposure-
topics/radiation/ (accessed 12/2019)
Michigan
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management and Radiological Protection Division
(WMRPD)
Constitution Hall
525 West Allegan Street
P.O. Box 30473
Lansing, Ml 48909-7973
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management and Radiological Protection
Division
Constitution Hall
525 West Allegan Street
P.O. Box 30473
Lansing, Ml 48909-7973
http://www.michigan.gov/dea (accessed 12/2019)
http://www.michigan.gOv/dea/0,4561,7-135-
3312 4120,00.html (accessed 12/2019)
Minnesota
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155
https://www.pca. state, mn. us/waste/hazardous-waste-
Minnesota Department of Health
Radiation Control
Freeman Building
625 Robert St. N
PO Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
and-problem-materials (accessed 12/2019)
http://www. health, state, mn.us/divs/eh/radiation/i
ndex.html (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Pollution Control, Waste Division
P. 0. Box 2261
Jackson, MS 39225
Division of Radiological Health
State Department of Health
3150 Lawson Street, P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39215-1700
Mississippi
Street Address
Office of Pollution Control, Waste Division
515 Amite St
Jackson, MS 39201
http://www.mdea.ms.gov/land/waste-division/
http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/ static/30,0,102.ht
ml (accessed 12/2019)
(accessed 12/2019)
B-5
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Missouri
Department of Natural Resources, Division of
Environmental Quality, Solid Waste Management Program
205 Jefferson Street,
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/index.html
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Senior Services
Radiation Control
P.O. Box 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102-0570
http://health.mo.gOv/safety/radprotection/index.p
hp (accessed 12/2019)
Montana
Department of Environmental Quality Sciences
Waste Management & Remediation Division
Hazardous Materials Section
1225 Cedar Street
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Mailing Address
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
http://deq.mt.gov/Land/hazwaste (accessed 12/2019)
Radiological Health Program
Department of Public Health & Human Services
P. 0. Box. 202953, Helena, MT 59620-2953
http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title 0500/chapter 07
90/parts index.html (accessed 12/2019)
Nebraska
Department of Environmental Quality
Air & Waste Management Division
1200 N Street, Suite 400,
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509
http://www.dea.state.ne.us/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Human Services
Office of Radiological Health
301 Centennial Mall South
Lincoln, Nebraska 68509
http://dhhs.ne.gov/publichealth/Pages/puh enh r
ad overview.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Nevada
Division of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Waste Management
Carson City
901S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Las Vegas
2030 E. Flamingo Rd.
Suite 230
Las Vegas NV 89119
https://ndep.nv.gov/land/waste/hazardous-waste-
management (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Human Services
Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health
(DPBH)
Radiation Control Program
Carson City
675 Fairview Drive, Suite 218
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Las Vegas
2080 E. Flamingo Road, Suite 319
Las Vegas, Nevada 89119
http://dpbh.nv.gov/Reg/Radiation Control Progra
ms/ (accessed 12/2019)
New
Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Waste Management Division
29 Hazen Drive
PO Box 95
Concord, NH 03302-0095
http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/index.htm
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Human Services
Division of Public Health Services
Radiological Health Section
129 Pleasant Street
Concord, NH 03301-3852
https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/dphs/radiological/
(accessed 12/2019)
New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Solid & Hazardous Waste
401 E. State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
http://www.state.ni.us/dep/dshw/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Environmental Protection
Radiation Protection Element
25 Arctic Parkway
Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0415
http://www.state.ni.us/dep/rpp/index.htm
(accessed 12/2019)
B-6
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
New Mexico
Environment Department
Waste Management
2905 Rodeo Park Dr. E., Bldg.l
Santa Fe, NM 87505
https://www. env.nm.gov/waste/ (accessed 12/2019)
Environment Department
Radiation Control Bureau
Montoya Building
1100 St. Francis Drive, Suite 1211
Santa Fe, NM 87505
Mailing Address
PO Box 5469
Santa Fe, NM 87502-5469
https://www.env.nm.gov/rcb/ (accessed 12/2019)
New York
Department of Environmental Conservation
Division of Environmental Remediation
Chemical and Pollution Control
Waste Management
625 Broadway
Albany, NY 12233-7015
http://www. dec. nv.eov/chemical/292. html
Department of Environmental Conservation
Division of Environmental Remediation
Chemical and Pollution Control
Radiation
625 Broadway
Albany, NY 12233-7015
http://www.dec.nv.gov/chemical/296.html
(accessed 12/2019)
(accessed 12/2019)
North Carolina
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Waste Management
217 West Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27603
https://dea.nc.gov/about/divisions/waste-
management/about-waste-management
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Human Services
Division of Health Service Regulations
Radiation Protection Section
1645 Mail Service Center,
Raleigh, NC 27699-1600
http://www.ncradiation.net/ (accessed 12/2019)
North Dakota
Department of Health
Environmental Health Section
Division of Waste Management
918 E. Divide Ave, 3rd Floor
Bismarck, ND 58501
https://dea.nd.gov/WM/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health
Environmental Health Section
Division of Air Quality
Radiation Control
918 E. Divide Ave
Bismarck, ND 58501
https://dea.nd.gov/AQ/Radiation/
(accessed 12/2019)
Ohio
Ohio EPA
Division of Materials and Waste Management
Lazarus Government Center
50 W. Town St., Suite 700
Columbus, OH 43215
Mailing address
Ohio EPA - DMWM
Lazarus Government Center
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/Home.aspx
(accessed 12/2019)
Ohio Department of Health
Bureau of Environmental Health and Radiation
Protection
Radiation Protection Programs
246 North High Street
Columbus, Ohio 43215
https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/about-
us/offices-bureaus-and-departments/bureau-of-
environmental-health-and-radiation-protection
(accessed 12/2019)
B-7
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Oklahoma
Department of Environmental Quality
Land Protection Division
Hazardous Waste
PO Box 1677
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677
https://www.dea.ok.gov/land-protection-division/waste-
management/hazardous-waste/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Environmental Quality
Land Protection Division
Radiation Management
P.O. Box 1677
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677
https://www.dea.ok.gov/land-protection-
division/radiation/
(accessed 12/2019)
Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality
Hazards and Clean Up
Hazardous Waste
700 NE Multnomah Street, Suite 600
Portland, OR 97232-4100
http://www.oregon.gov/dea/Hazards-and-
Cleanup/hw/Pages/default.aspx
(accessed 12/2019)
Oregon Health Authority
Public Health Division
Environmental Public Health
Radiation Protection Services
800 NE Oregon St. #640
Portland, OR 97232-2162
https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/HEALTHYENVIRO
N ME NTS/RADIATION PROTECTION/Pages/index.asp
x (accessed 12/2019)
Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Waste Management
Rachel Carson State Office Building
400 Market Street
Harrisburg, PA 17101
http://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Land/Waste/Services/Pa
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Radiation Protection
Radiation Control Division
Rachel Carson State Office Building
P.O. Box 8469
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8469
http://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/RadiationProtect
ges/default.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
ion/RadiationControl/Pages/default.aspx
(accessed 12/2019)
Rhode Island
Department of Environmental Management
Office of Waste Management
235 Promenade Street
Providence, Rl 02908-5767
http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/wastemanagement/
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health
Radiation Control
Radiological Health Program
3 Capitol Hill, Room 206
Providence, Rl 02908-5097
http://www.health.ri.gov/programs/detail.php7pg
m id=161 (accessed 12/2019)
South Carolina
Department of Health and Environmental Control
Hazardous Waste
J. Marion Sims Building
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/land-
management/hazardous-waste (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health & Environmental Control
Radioactive Waste Management
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/land-
management/radioactive-waste
(accessed 12/2019)
South Dakota
Department of Environmental & Natural Resources
Waste Management Program
Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501
http://denr.sd.gov/des/wm/wmp/wmpmainpage.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
B-8
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
Tennessee
Department of Environment and Conservation
Division of Solid Waste Management (DSWM)
Hazardous Waste Management
312 Rosa L. Parks Ave
Nashville, TN 37243
https://www. tn.gov/envi ron ment/program-areas/solid-
waste/hazardous-waste-management.html
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Environment and Conservation
Division of Radiological Health
William R. Snodgrass TN Tower
312 Rosa L. Parks Avenue, 15th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243
https://www.tn.gov/environment/program-
areas/rh-rad iological-healthl.html
(accessed 12/2019)
Texas
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Industrial and Hazardous Waste
12100 Park 35 Circle
Austin, TX 78753
https://www.tcea.texas.gov/oermitting/waste permits/ih
w permits (accessed 12/2019)
Texas Department of State Health Services
Radiation Control Program
The Exchange Building
8407 Wall Street
Austin, Texas 78754
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/radiation/default.sht
m (accessed 12/2019)
Utah
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Waste Management and Radiation Control
State Office Building
195 North 1950 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116
https://dea.utah.gov/Divisions/dwmrc/index.htm (accessed 12/2019)
Vermont
Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Conservation
Waste Management Division
Davis Building - 1st Floor
One National Life Drive
Montpelier, VT 05620-3704
http://dec.vermont.gov/waste-management
(accessed 12/2019)
Environmental Health Division
Radiological Health Program
108 Cherry Street
P.O. Box 70 - Drawer 30
Burlington, VT 05402-0070
http://www.healthvermont.gov/environment/radi
ological (accessed 12/2019)
Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality
Land Protection and Revitalization
Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulatory Programs
1111 East Main St., Suite 1400
Richmond, VA 23219
http://www.dea.virginia.gov/Programs/LandProtectionRev
Virginia Department of Health
Office of Radiological Health
109 Governor Street, 7th Floor
Richmond, VA 23219
http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/radiological-health/
(accessed 12/2019)
italization/SolidHazardousWasteRegulatorvPrograms.aspx
(accessed 12/2019)
Washington
Department of Ecology
Waste and Toxics
300 Desmond Drive SE
Lacey, WA 98503
Mailing Address
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504
https://ecologv.wa.gov/Waste-Toxics (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health
Environmental Public Health
Division of Radiation Protection
309 Bradley Boulevard
Richland, WA 99352
http://www.doh.wa.gov/AboutUs/ProgramsandSer
vices/EnvironmentalPublicHealth/RadiationProtecti
on (accessed 12/2019)
B-9
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix B
West Virginia
Department of Environmental Protection
Hazardous Waste Section
60157th Street SE
Charleston, WV 25304
https://dep. wv.gov/WWE/ee/hw/Pages/default.asox
(accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health and Human Resources
Bureau for Public Health
Office of Environmental Health Services
Radiation, Toxics and Indoor Air (RTIA) Division
Radiological Health Program
350 Capitol Street, Room 313
Charleston, West Virginia 25301- 3713
https://www.wvdhhr.org/rtia/radiological health.a
s|3 (accessed 12/2019)
Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources
Waste Management Program
101 South Webster Street
Madison, Wl 53703
http://dnr. wi.gov/tooic/waste/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Health Services
Radiation Protection Section
P.O. Box 2659
Madison, Wl 53701-2659
https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/radiation/index.ht
m (accessed 12/2019)
Wyoming
Department of Environmental Quality
Solid & Hazardous Waste Division
200 West 17th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
http://dea.wvoming.gov/shwd/ (accessed 12/2019)
Department of Transportation
Roadway Evaluation Materials Laboratory
5300 Bishop Blvd.
Cheyenne, WY 82009-3340
http://www.dot.state.wv.us/files/live/sites/wvdot/
files/shared/Materials/Radiation/WYDOT%20RADI
ATION%20PROTECTION%20PROGRAM%20(Rev.%2
003-24-2015).pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Note: Links to hazardous waste programs and environmental agencies for U.S. Territories can be accessed using:
https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/links-hazardous-waste-programs-and-us-state-environmental-agencies. Links are
provided for: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Puerto Rico and Trust
Territories. Information is not available for the U.S. Virgin Islands.
B-10
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix C
Appendix C
State Regulatory Information Sources for Management and Disposal of Waste
Containing Biological Contamination
State
Web Address
Administrative Code
/ Document
Alabama
http://www.adem.state.al.us/alEnviroRegLaws/files/Division 17.pdf
1975, งง 22-27-1 to
7/ADEM Admin. Code r.
335-17-7
(accessed 12/2019)
Alaska
httDs://dec.alaska.gov/media/1042/18-aac-60.Ddf
(accessed 12/2019)
Title 18 AAC 60.030
Arizona
http://apps.azsos.gov/Dublic services/Title 18/18-13.pdf
Title 18, Chapter 13,
Supp. 17-4, Article 14,
Sections R18-13-1401-
R18-13-1420
(accessed 12/2019)
Arkansas
http://www.healthv.arkansas.gov/images/uploads/pdf/Medical Wa
Rules and Regulations
Pertaining to the
Management of Medical
Waste from Generators
and Health Care Related
Facilities
ste Regs 2017 FINAL.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
California
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/CDPH%20Docume
Medical Waste
Management Act,
California Health and
Safety Code, Sections
117600 -118360
nt%20Librarv/EMB/MedicalWaste/MedicalWasteManagementAct.p
df (accessed 12/2019)
Colorado
https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2016-
Title 25 Article 15 Part 4
- Infectious Waste;
6 CCR 1007-2 Section
13- Medical Waste
title-25.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/Upload/AGOReauest/AdoptedRul
es02011-00441.RTF (accessed 12/2019)
Connecticut
http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?A=2718&Q=325340&deepN
Biomedical Waste
Frequently Asked
Questions
Sections 22a-208a-l,
22a-209-15, Sections
22a-208a-l, 22a-209-15,
and 22a-449(c)-ll
av GID=1646 (accessed 12/2019)
Delaware
http://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title7/1000/1300/130
Section 11 Part 1 Special
Waste Management
2/index.shtml (accessed 12/2019)
Florida
http://www.floridahealth.gov/%5C/environmental-
health/biomedical-waste/index.html (accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 64E-16
Georgia
https://epd.georgia.gov/sites/epd.georgia.gov/files/Chapter391-3-
391-3-4, Rule 15
4 SolidWasteStrawman 81517.docx (accessed 12/2019)
Hawaii
https://health.hawaii.gov/shwb/files/2013/06/ll-5811.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
11-58.1-52
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December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix C
State
Web Address
Administrative Code
/ Document
Idaho
http://www. dea.idaho.gov/waste-mgmt-remediation.asDX
(accessed 12/2019)
None
Illinois
https://www2.illinois.gov/epa/topics/waste-management/waste-
disposal/special-waste/Pages/pimw.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
35 Illinois Admin. Code:
Subtitle M, and
1420.102
Indiana
http://iga.in.gOv/legislative/laws/2018/ic/titles/001#IC16-41-16-4
(accessed 12/2019)
IC-16-41-16
Iowa
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/ACO/chapter/567.109.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
Rule 567, Chapter 109,
Special Waste
Authorizations
Kansas
http://www.kdheks.gOv/waste/p regsandstatutes.html
(accessed 12/2019)
K.A.R.28-29
https://eec.kv.gov/Environmental-Protection/Waste/recvcling-and-
Medical Waste in
Kentucky
Kentucky
local-assistance/Pages/medical-waste.aspx
(accessed 12/2019)
L.A.C. Title 33 Part VII
Louisiana
http://wwwl.dea.louisiana.gov/portal/Default.aspx?tabid=264
(accessed 12/2019)
Chapter 13 Paragraphs
1350.D. 1(a) and
13305.1.1(a)
Maine
http://www.maine.gov/dep/waste/laws/index.html
(accessed 12/2019)
38 M.R.S.A. Sec. 1319-0
06-096 C.M.R. 900
Maryland
https://phpa.health.marvland.gov/OEHFP/EH/Pages/special-
medical-waste.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
COMAR 26.04.07
Massachusetts
http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/gov/departments/dph/programs/env
State Sanitary Code Title
ironmental-health/comm-sanitation/medical-waste.html
(accessed 12/2019)
VIII, 105 CMR 4800.00
and 310 CMR 19.000
http://www.michigan.gOv/dea/0.1607.7-135-3312 4119.00.html
MWRA Part 138 Sec.
333.13801-333.13831
Michigan
http://www.dea.state.mi.us/documents/dea-whm-hwrp-
mwRegAct-Rules.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Minnesota
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/view-
document.html?gid=13329 (accessed 12/2019)
Minnesota Statutes Sec.
116.76 -116.82
Mississippi
http://www.mdea.ms.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2010/07/MedWasteFactSheet.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
Medical Waste Fact
Sheet; no applicable
state regulations
Missouri
http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10csr.asp
(accessed 12/2019)
10 CSR 807.010
Montana
http://dea.mt.gov/Land/hazwaste (accessed 12/2019)
Title 75, Chapter 10,
Part 1002
Nebraska
http://dea.ne.gov/RuleAndR.nsf/Title 132.xsp (accessed 12/2019)
Title 132, Chapter 1 and
Chapter 13
Nevada
https://ndep.nv.gov/land/waste/solid-waste/special-waste-
management (accessed 12/2019)
N.A.C. 444.646 and
444.662
C-2
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix C
State
Web Address
Administrative Code
/ Document
New Hampshire
https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/legal/rules/ind
NHCAR Part Env-Sw 904
ex.htm#waste (accessed 12/2019)
New Jersey
http://www.ni.gov/dep/dshw/rrtp/rmw.htm (accessed 12/2019)
http://www.ni.gov/dep/dshw/resource/rules.html
(accessed 12/2019)
N.J.A.C. 7:26
New Mexico
https://www.env.nm.gov/waste/ (accessed 12/2019)
20 NMAC 9.1.706
Paragraph F
New York
http://www.health.state.nv.us/facilities/waste/ (accessed 12/2019)
Title 10 NYCRR Part 70
North Carolina
https://files.nc.gov/ncdea/Waste%20Management/DWM/SW/Progr
15A NCAC 13B Section
1200
ams%20and%20Planning/MedicalWaste/Section. 1200.pdf
(accessed 12/2019)
North Dakota
http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-20-12.pdf
Title 33, Article 20,
Chapter 12 (33-20-12)
and 23-29-03.5 NDCC
(accessed 12/2019)
Ohio
http://www.epa.ohio.gOv/dmwm/dmwmnonhazrules.aspx#126793
OAC Chapter 3745.27
969-effective-rules (accessed 12/2019)
Oklahoma
http://www.dea.state.ok.us/rules/515.pdf (accessed 12/2019)
Title 252.515
Oregon
http://public.health.oregon.gov/DiseasesConditions/Communicable
Oregon Law 1989,
Chapter 763 and ORS
459
Disease/Pages/infectw.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
Pennsylvania
http://www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Land/Waste/Services/Pages/defa
Title 25 PAC 284
ult.aspx (accessed 12/2019)
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter284/chap284toc.
html (accessed 12/2019)
Rhode Island
http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/wastemanagement/facilities/me
DEM-DAH-MW-01-92
dical-waste.php (accessed 12/2019)
South Carolina
https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/land-
R 61-1-5
S.C. Code Ann. 44-93-10
management/infectious-waste (accessed 12/2019)
South Dakota
https://denr.sd.gov/des/wm/sw/swmedicalwaste.aspx (accessed
12/2019)
Article 74:35 (repealed
September 19, 2011)
Tennessee
http://publications.tnsosfiles.eom/rules/0400/0400-ll/0400-
Chapter 0400-11-01;
Solid Waste Program
Policy and Guidance
Manual
11.htm (accessed 12/2019)
https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/solid-
waste/documents/sw-solid-waste-policv-manual.pdf (accessed
12/2019)
Texas
https://www.tcea.texas.gov/permitting/waste permits/msw permi
30 TAC, Chapter 330, ง
330.3(148); ง330.171;
and ง330.173
ts/msw specialwaste.html (accessed 12/2019)
Utah
https://rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r315/r315-316.htm
(accessed 12/2019)
Title R315-316
Vermont
https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/chapter/10/159
(accessed 12/2019)
VSA Title 10 Chapter
159
C-3
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix C
State
Web Address
Administrative Code
/ Document
Virginia
http://www.dea.virginia.gov/Programs/LandProtectionRevitalizatio
Title 9 VAC 20-120
n/SolidHazardousWasteRegulatorvPrograms/MedicalWaste.aspx
(accessed 12/2019)
http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?000+reg+9VAC20-120-
300_(accessed 12/2019)
Washington
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70.95K
(accessed 12/2019)
RCW Chapter 70.95K
West Virginia
http://www.wvdhhr.org/wvimw/index.asp (accessed 12/2019)
Code of State Rules,
Title 64-56
Wisconsin
http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin code/nr/500/526/Title
WAC NR526
(accessed 12/2019)
Wyoming
http://www.hercenter.org/rmw/wv-rmw.cfm (accessed 12/2019)
WS 35-11-101, 102, 109,
and 501
Note: Links to hazardous waste programs and environmental agencies for U.S. Territories can be accessed using:
https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/links-hazardous-waste-programs-and-us-state-environmental-agencies. Links
are provided for: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Puerto Rico
and Trust Territories. Information is not available for the U.S. Virgin Islands.
C-4
December 2019
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Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix D
Appendix D
Example Hazardous Waste Manifest Form and Bill of Lading
An example Waste Manifest Form and Bill of Lading are provided in this appendix. Also see
https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/hazardous-waste-electronic-manifest-system-e-manifest for
information about EPA's Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest System.
Please print 01 type. (Form designed for use on elite {12-pitchf typewriter.!
Fon... ^proved. QMBNo. 205Q-QC39. Expires 9-&W
UNIFORM HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANIFEST
3. Generator's pfame and Mailing AclSe*ฎ""
1. Generator's US EPA (O No.
Manifest
Document No.
TK!
areas
ป* not required by Federat
tew.
A State Menifcst Document Number
6. &tam GwwWl to
Generator's Phone (
>
Transporter\ Company Name
6. US EPA ID Number
ฆ I, I I I UJ.JJ J I
C. Stat* Tfliiiv^orfef^s'']
7. Transporter 2 Company ^Jame
~D. Transporter7* Phone"
US EPA ID Number
^ US EPA ID Number
E State Transporter's {0
9. Designated Facility Name ami Site Address
JJLL
"nr
F. transport#^* Phone
G State FปeHป{y's lO
H. Fadfcty's Phone
I I l [( I II
11. US DOT Description (Including Proper Shipping Name, Hazard Class, end ID Number}
12. Containers
No. Type
13,
Total
Quantity
Unit
Wt/Vo
i i i i
J. Additional tWnpt.sns
Handling''insi'fucitonWarid Additional Information
_L
16 GENE^AtORS CERTIFICATION: I hereby declare that the contents of this consignment are fully and accurately described above by
proper shipping name and ere classified, packed, marked, end labeled, end ere in aH respects in proper condition for transport by highway
according to applicable international and national government regulations
-------
Laboratory Analytical Waste Management and Disposal Information Document - Appendix D
U.S. GOVERNMENT BILL OF LADING
INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC OVERSEAS SHIPMENTS
TRANSPORTATION COMPANT TEMPERED TO
mm
DATE BiL PREPARED
QEST!fWi#l NAME AND ADDRESS
SR.C JDesfc/
splc
QR1QN NAME AMD ADORESฉ
CONSIGNEE ({Nune ftrf-Mftfres o'if:**a\saoiS
<3 BLOC fCarm,!
shippo? name aป address
affskspshatjqn chargeable
VIAiWoutie sc&rwt wtsen
BILL CHANGES TO flDepCAauqf,, i
attest mat BP atief
ASEWCV L0
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