May 2019
Emission Factors from AVERT
Estimating the emission benefits of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy
(RE) policies and programs
What is AVERT?
The AVoided Emissions and geneRation Tool (AVERT) is a free EPA tool with a simple user interface.
Environmental agency staff, air quality planners, energy officials, public utility commission staff, and others
can use AVERT to evaluate the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions avoided at electric power plants by EE/RE policies and programs. AVERT
calculates displaced emissions based on actual historical hourly patterns in generation by electric power
plants within the contiguous 48 states and DC.
Emission Factors
AVERT uses a peer-reviewed methodology to analyze
electric power sector impacts on an hour-by-hour basis,
but it can also produce average emission factors for each
AVERT region and for the nation. The tables in this file
provide marginal emission factors for specific EE/RE
resources, which EPA pre-generated by running AVERT
with data for each year from 2007 to 2018.
V { 1 ,
When to Use AVERT Emission Factors
The emission factors presented here are intended for quick estimates of avoided emissions from EE/RE
programs, policies, or projects. For more detailed planning, download and use AVERT to generate a custom
analysis that accounts for seasonal and time-of-day variations or to analyze different EE/RE combinations.
The emission factors in this compendium were calculated by assuming a 0.5% displacement of the existing
demand in each AVERT region. They are divided into four categories: wind, utility photovoltaic (PV), portfolio
EE, and uniform EE. Use the portfolio EE factors if you are assessing a wide range of EE programs. Use the
uniform EE factors if energy savings are consistent throughout the year. If you have a RE project, use the
appropriate renewable energy technology type: utility PV or wind. Emission factors should not be used to
examine the emission impacts of changes that extend more than 5 years into the future. All avoided
emission rates in this document were produced on a net generation basis, incorporating the latest historical
estimates of transmission and distribution line losses where appropriate.
AVERT Regions
Northwest
(NW)
Midwest
Rocky
Atlantic (EMW)
¦fiMrTi
Mountains
Lower
Midwest
(SC)
Southeast
(SE)
California1
(CA)
ffUBfl 1
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May 2019
Using Capacity Factors for Wind and PV Power Generation
Estimating avoided emissions of wind and solar projects involves multiplying the appropriate emission factor
from this document (in pounds per megawatt-hour [MWh]) by the size of the RE resource and the RE
technology's capacity factor. It is not appropriate to simply multiply the emission factor by the size of the RE
installation because a wind turbine or PV panel rarely (if ever) achieves its maximum possible output under
actual operating conditions. This is a consequence of natural
hourly, daily, and seasonal fluctuations in wind speed, cloud
cover, the sun's angle of incidence, and hours of sunlight per
day. These factors all vary regionally; for example, the
Southwest has more sunny days per year than the Northeast.
To estimate avoided emissions from wind or PV, multiply the
RE capacity by an additional capacity factor that reflects actual
operating conditions. If actual capacity factors are unavailable,
the table at right provides an average capacity factor for wind
and PV resources for each AVERT region as well as the
contiguous 48 states, for national-scale analysis. These factors
reflect annual averages based on the hourly RE profiles
embedded in AVERT. Appendix C of the AVERT User Manual
describes how these hourly profiles were developed.
Example
For illustration, consider the avoided PM2.5 emissions from a project to add 100 MW of wind capacity in the
Texas region:
Annual generation = capacity factor for RE technology (0.3386) x installed capacity (100 MW) x hours in
a year (8,760 h, except leap years) = 296,614 MWh
Avoided PM2.5 emissions = avoided electricity generation (296,614 MWh) x emission factor (0.06
lb/MWh) = 17,797 lb
Unit Conversions
Annual Average Capacity Factors
Wind
Utility PV
Northeast
19.93%
17.93%
Great Lakes / Mid-Atlantic
26.00%
17.69%
Southeast
13.75%
19.35%
Lower Midwest
40.14%
21.51%
Upper Midwest
41.22%
19.26%
Rocky Mountains
35.04%
22.48%
Texas
33.86%
20.85%
Southwest
24.45%
25.80%
Northwest
25.24%
19.90%
California
17.32%
22.18%
Contiguous 48 states
27.70%
20.70%
1 MW = 1,000 kW = 0.001 GW,
To convert units from power (kW, MW, GW) to energy (kWh, MWh,
GWh), multiply by the total number of hours in the year.
To convert in the other direction, divide by the total number of hours
in the year. There are 8,760 hours in a non-leap year and 8,784 hours
in a leap year.
For More Information
• Visit the AVERT website at
www.epa.gov/avert.
. Contact EPA's AVERT
manager at avert(5)epa.gov.
ffUBfl 2
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May 2019
Emissions Accounting and Claims
Although the avoided emission estimates provided by AVERT are intended to support RE initiatives, AVERT is
a marginal emissions assessment tool and not a tool for emissions accounting. EPA cautions RE users and
retailers from using AVERT's avoided emissions estimates to take or give credit for emission reductions,
particularly in corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and reporting. While RE users that own
renewable energy certificates (RECs) or similar market-based energy attribute certificates have unique
ownership and claim to the emissions attributes of the associated electricity generation, they generally do
not have a unique claim to the impacts on regional grid operations and emissions.
Corporate GHG accounting typically includes an inventory of emissions associated with purchased electricity,
but not an assessment of the impact of an organization's purchased electricity on regional grid emissions.
Organizations interested in quantifying RE's impact on regional grid emissions should consider project
accounting. This type of emissions accounting is designed to quantify the benefits of emission mitigation
projects.
3
&EPA
State and Local Energy
and Environment Program
epa.gov/statelocaleriergy
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May 2019
Data Year: 2018
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,460
1,450
1,559
1,562
Avoided NOx Rate
0.88
0.91
0.97
0.95
Avoided S02 Rate
0.99
0.92
1.02
1.04
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2018
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,077
1,105
1,199
1,163
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,558
1,560
1,671
1,668
Southeast
1,412
1,399
1,505
1,507
Lower Midwest
1,604
1,605
1,717
1,721
Upper Midwest
1,822
1,759
1,914
1,942
Rocky Mountains
1,622
1,576
1,723
1,758
Texas
1,275
1,264
1,326
1,336
Southwest
1,248
1,250
1,377
1,375
Northwest
1,531
1,534
1,634
1,665
California
999
1,008
1,107
1,097
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.40
0.46
0.53
0.44
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.21
1.19
1.28
1.29
Southeast
0.81
0.76
0.83
0.84
Lower Midwest
1.38
1.36
1.47
1.47
Upper Midwest
1.89
1.64
1.88
1.98
Rocky Mountains
0.50
0.47
0.51
0.53
Texas
0.96
0.78
0.87
0.96
Southwest
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.14
Northwest
0.95
0.87
0.98
0.99
California
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.08
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.42
0.54
0.61
0.50
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0,96
0.94
1.02
1.00
Southeast
0.85
0.90
0.94
0.92
Lower Midwest
1.15
1.24
1.31
1.26
Upper Midwest
1.26
1.21
1.32
1.34
Rocky Mountains
1.08
0.99
1.08
1.14
Texas
0.55
0.70
0.70
0.62
Southwest
0.72
0.76
0.84
0.82
Northwest
1.16
1.17
1.24
1.26
California
0.33
0.32
0.40
0.37
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.19
Southeast
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
Lower Midwest
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
Upper Midwest
0,09
0.09
0.09
0.09
Rocky Mountains
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
Texas
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
Southwest
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
Northwest
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
California
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
Sin 4
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May 2019
Data Year: 2017
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,485
1,486
1,592
1,598
Avoided NOx Rate
0.88
0.94
0.99
0.96
Avoided S02 Rate
1.00
0.96
1.05
1.07
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2017
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,057
1,075
1,163
1,140
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,596
1,595
1,712
1,709
Southeast
1,406
1,452
1,548
1,534
Lower Midwest
1,747
1,667
1,809
1,855
Upper Midwest
1,884
1,794
1,966
2,009
Rocky Mountains
1,612
1,562
1,702
1,738
Texas
1,329
1,266
1,361
1,395
Southwest
1,264
1,268
1,359
1,365
Northwest
1,558
1,591
1,653
1,697
California
1,034
1,051
1,136
1,127
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.27
0,30
0.33
0.28
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.08
1.20
1.28
1.25
Southeast
0.73
0.75
0.79
0.79
Lower Midwest
1.80
1.61
1.77
1.88
Upper Midwest
1.94
1.67
1.91
2.03
Rocky Mountains
0.58
0.52
0.57
0.60
Texas
1.31
1.05
1.18
1.32
Southwest
0.27
0.22
0.20
0.24
Northwest
0.83
0.86
0.93
0.92
California
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.37
0.46
0.51
0.43
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0,93
0.94
1.01
0.99
Southeast
0.83
0.96
0.97
0.93
Lower Midwest
1,10
1.17
1.24
1.20
Upper Midwest
1.31
1.23
1.35
1.38
Rocky Mountains
1.33
1.27
1.38
1.42
Texas
0.60
0.66
0.69
0.65
Southwest
0,90
0.94
1.00
0.99
Northwest
1.18
1.22
1.24
1.29
California
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.34
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0,04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
Southeast
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.10
Lower Midwest
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
Upper Midwest
0,09
0.09
0.10
0.10
Rocky Mountains
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
Texas
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
Southwest
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
Northwest
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Sin 5
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May 2019
Data Year: 2016
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,562
1,561
1,680
1,681
Avoided NOx Rate
1.07
1.12
1.18
1.16
Avoided S02 Rate
1.52
1.44
1.56
1.60
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2016
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,078
1,136
1,215
1,175
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,718
1,707
1,836
1,838
Southeast
1,472
1,50:9
1,616
1,602
Lower Midwest
1,677
1,665
1,788
1,798
Upper Midwest
1,913
1,845
1,999
2,038
Rocky Mountains
1,840
1,779
1,974
2,001
Texas
1,478
1,436
1,5:47
1,571
Southwest
1,442
1,411
1,505
1,543
Northwest
1,644
1,619
1,774
1,797
California
1,000
1,012
1,119
1,106
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.33
0.41
0.44
0.37
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
2.11
2.03
2.20
2.23
Southeast
1.38
1.39
1.46
1.46
Lower Midwest
1.83
1.73
1.86
1.93
Upper Midwest
2.31
2.02
2.25
2.41
Rocky Mountains
0.74
0.74
0.82
0.83
Texas
1.66
1.48
1.63
1.73
Southwest
0.44
0.38
0.37
0.42
Northwest
0.92
0.88
0.99
1.00
California
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.07
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.43
0.59
0.63
0.52
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.35
1.33
1.42
1.41
Southeast
0.93
1.06
1.10
1.05
Lower Midwest
1.18
1.32
1.38
1.31
Upper Midwest
1.50
1.46
1.56
1.60
Rocky Mountains
1.30
1.23
1.36
1.39
Texas
0.67
0.78
0.80
0.75
Southwest
1.36
1.28
1.29
1.38
Northwest
1.31
1.29
1.42
1.43
California
0.34
0.36
0.43
0.39
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
Southeast
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,10
0.09
0.10
0.10
Rocky Mountains
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
Texas
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
Southwest
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
Northwest
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Sin 6
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May 2019
Data Year: 2015
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,570
1,561
1,688
1,689
Avoided NOx Rate
1.13
1.15
1.23
1.21
Avoided S02 Rate
2.10
1.96
2.12
2.17
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.12
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2015
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,145
1,156
1,250
1,231
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,778
1,755
1,894
1,903
Southeast
1,510
1,509
1,629
1,630
Lower Midwest
1,770
1,731
1,874
1,897
Upper Midwest
1,879
1,827
1,990
2,013
Rocky Mountains
1,837
1,782
1,966
1,998
Texas
1,403
1,426
1,509
1,498
Southwest
1,243
1,234
1,348
1,354
Northwest
1,527
1,552
1,706
1,691
California
1,043
1,054
1,158
1,148
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.71
0.69
0.75
0.71
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
3.84
3.63
3.92
3,99
Southeast
1.92
1.79
1.91
1.95
Lower Midwest
2.16
1.98
2.14
2.26
Upper Midwest
2.60
2.37
2.65
2.74
Rocky Mountains
0.87
0.80
0.91
0.93
Texas
1.42
1.35
1.45
1.48
Southwest
0.71
0.62
0.65
0.72
Northwest
0.62
0.71
0.79
0.73
California
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.07
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.62
0.68
0.74
0.69
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.54
1.48
1.60
1.60
Southeast
1.00
1.03
1.10
1.08
Lower Midwest
1.27
1.37
1.44
1.40
Upper Midwest
1.49
1.39
1.53
1.57
Rocky Mountains
1.82
1.73
1.92
1.97
Texas
0.65
0.82
0.82
0.74
Southwest
0.93
0.95
0.99
1.01
Northwest
1.12
1.20
1.34
1.29
California
0.51
0.47
0.50
0.54
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.23
0.21
0.23
0.24
Southeast
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Upper Midwest
0,09
0.09
0.10
0.10
Rocky Mountains
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
Texas
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
Southwest
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
Northwest
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
Sin 7
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May 2019
Data Year: 2014
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,548
1,502
1,640
1,660
Avoided NOx Rate
1.23
1.21
1.31
1.31
Avoided S02 Rate
2.33
2.19
2.41
2.47
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.12
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2014
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,177
1,156
1,264
1,247
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,745
1,705
1,853
1,874
Southeast
1,487
1,424
1,566
1,584
Lower Midwest
1,732
1,661
1,818
1,854
Upper Midwest
1,895
1,820
1,996
2,034
Rocky Mountains
1,813
1,769
1,964
1,986
Texas
1,307
1,268
1,358
1,378
Southwest
1,169
1,136
1,261
1,273
Northwest
1,586
1,593
1,703
1,753
California
1,019
1,028
1,134
1,129
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1.05
0.99
1.08
1.00
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
4.06
3.90
4.27
4.36
Southeast
2.23
2.15
2.35
2.38
Lower Midwest
2.19
2.01
2.21
2.31
Upper Midwest
2.95
2.71
3.03
3.14
Rocky Mountains
1.10
1.00
1.13
1.18
Texas
1.50
1.28
1.44
1.54
Southwest
0.32
0.24
0.28
0.31
Northwest
0.98
0.99
1.03
1.09
California
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.79
0.82
0.89
0.84
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.62
1.59
1.72
1.73
Southeast
1.10
1.11
1.19
1.17
Lower Midwest
1.51
1.52
1.63
1.63
Upper Midwest
1.63
1.56
1.72
1.75
Rocky Mountains
1.61
1.51
1.70
1.73
Texas
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.72
Southwest
0.75
0.68
0.78
0.79
Northwest
1.38
1.40
1.47
1.53
California
0.64
0.59
0.62
0.67
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.23
Southeast
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,10
0.09
0.10
0.10
Rocky Mountains
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
Texas
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
Southwest
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.06
Northwest
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Sin s
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2013
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,510
1,495
1,626
1,633
Avoided NOx Rate
1.23
1.24
1.34
1.33
Avoided S02 Rate
2.28
2.19
2.41
2.44
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2013
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,171
1,203
1,294
1,270
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,680
1,668
1,811
1,820
Southeast
1,427
1,446
1,562
1,555
Lower Midwest
1,700
1,613
1,780
1,817
Upper Midwest
1,893
1,819
2,000
2,029
Rocky Mountains
1,807
1,717
1,923
1,959
Texas
1,360
1,313
1,404
1,427
Southwest
1,166
1,151
1,267
1,272
Northwest
1,450
1,443
1,569
1,592
California
1,012
1,026
1,131
1,118
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1.01
1.07
1.13
1.08
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
3.96
3.84
4.23
4.28
Southeast
2.09
2.24
2.37
2.31
Lower Midwest
2.23
1.92
2.17
2.32
Upper Midwest
3.02
2.72
3.08
3.20
Rocky Mountains
1.33
1.17
1.36
1.42
Texas
1.60
1.27
1.44
1.60
Southwest
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
Northwest
0.86
0.86
0.90
0.95
California
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.08
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.74
0.86
0.91
0.81
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.48
1.49
1.60
1.59
Southeast
1.00
1.08
1.14
1.10
Lower Midwest
1.64
1.69
1.81
1.80
Upper Midwest
1.85
1.74
1.93
1.96
Rocky Mountains
1.83
1.70
1.92
1.96
Texas
0.71
0.75
0.78
0.77
Southwest
0,84
0.75
0.85
0.87
Northwest
1.67
1.62
1.85
1.83
California
0.70
0.65
0.71
0.74
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.19
0.18
0.21
0.21
Southeast
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.10
Upper Midwest
0,13
0.13
0.14
0.14
Rocky Mountains
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
Texas
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
Southwest
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
Northwest
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
Sin 9
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2012
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,566
1,558
1,691
1,696
Avoided NOx Rate
1.30
1.33
1.43
1.42
Avoided S02 Rate
2.44
2.43
2.65
2.66
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2012
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,102
1,176
1,269
1,224
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,751
1,742
1,889
1,895
Southeast
1,513
1,534
1,656
1,650
Lower Midwest
1,670
1,593
1,761
1,794
Upper Midwest
1,913
1,834
2,009
2,046
Rocky Mountains
1,880
1,784
2,001
2,042
Texas
1,379
1,383
1,444
1,444
Southwest
1,300
1,201
1,349
1,385
Northwest
1,663
1,645
1,802
1,831
California
1,029
1,073
1,179
1,152
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.65
0.91
0.94
0.79
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
4.34
4.33
4.72
4.74
Southeast
2.25
2.46
2.63
2.55
Lower Midwest
1.96
1.62
1.91
2.05
Upper Midwest
3.60
3,23
3.64
3.80
Rocky Mountains
1.49
1.28
1.49
1.57
Texas
1.32
1.19
1.26
1.33
Southwest
0.60
0.49
0.54
0.60
Northwest
1.41
1.26
1.47
1.50
California
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.11
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.51
0.73
0.77
0.64
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.68
1.69
1.82
1.82
Southeast
1.09
1.18
1.26
1.23
Lower Midwest
1.88
1.93
2.08
2.05
Upper Midwest
1.69
1.66
1.80
1.82
Rocky Mountains
2.09
1.93
2.19
2.25
Texas
0.60
0.74
0.73
0.67
Southwest
1.37
1.01
1.20
1.32
Northwest
1.58
1.55
1.72
1.74
California
0.55
0.55
0.61
0.60
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.21
0.21
0.23
0.23
Southeast
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,14
0.14
0.15
0.15
Rocky Mountains
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
Texas
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
Southwest
0.09
0,07
0.08
0.09
Northwest
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
California
0.06
0,07
0.07
0.07
Sin 10
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2011
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,618
1,583
1,723
1,742
Avoided NOx Rate
1.46
1.44
1.55
1.57
Avoided S02 Rate
3.39
3.14
3.46
3.57
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.16
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2011
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,223
1,275
1,355
1,329
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,815
1,775
1,929
1,945
Southeast
1,598
1,580
1,706
1,718
Lower Midwest
1,649
1,544
1,714
1,759
Upper Midwest
1,989
1,874
2,074
2,116
Rocky Mountains
1,878
1,792
2,041
2,083
Texas
1,310
1,285
1,358
1,372
Southwest
1,302
1,217
1,383
1,417
Northwest
1,676
1,644
1,778
1,864
California
981
976
1,091
1,096
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1.85
1.96
2.03
1.97
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
5.72
5.45
5.95
6.06
Southeast
3.51
3.28
3.62
3.73
Lower Midwest
2.23
1.71
2.07
2.29
Upper Midwest
4.66
4,12
4.67
4.87
Rocky Mountains
1.80
1.64
1.89
1.96
Texas
1.43
1.01
1.18
1.38
Southwest
0.53
0.38
0.46
0.52
Northwest
1.40
1.34
1.36
1.52
California
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.08
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.63
0.80
0.83
0.74
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.77
1.71
1.86
1.88
Southeast
1.43
1.41
1.51
1.53
Lower Midwest
1.94
1.95
2.13
2.11
Upper Midwest
1.89
1.75
1.94
1.99
Rocky Mountains
2.10
1.96
2.25
2.31
Texas
0.70
0.83
0.85
0.78
Southwest
1.22
0.99
1.15
1.25
Northwest
1.61
1.55
1.64
1.78
California
0.51
0.39
0.42
0.51
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.25
Southeast
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.18
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.10
Upper Midwest
0,14
0.14
0.15
0.15
Rocky Mountains
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
Texas
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
Southwest
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.09
Northwest
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
California
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
Sin u
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2010
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,595
1,539
1,669
1,694
Avoided NOx Rate
1.44
1.40
1.51
1.52
Avoided S02 Rate
3.43
2.99
3.37
3.54
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.21
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2010
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,255
1,278
1,371
1,357
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,804
1,744
1,888
1,917
Southeast
1,558
1,510
1,634
1,654
Lower Midwest
1,636
1,527
1,679
1,729
Upper Midwest
1,959
1,847
2,026
2,072
Rocky Mountains
1,715
1,646
1,804
1,831
Texas
1,363
1,310
1,421
1,448
Southwest
1,322
1,225
1,339
1,368
Northwest
1,464
1,472
1,554
1,588
California
942
968
1,033
1,012
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1.35
1,39
1.49
1.47
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
5.81
5.19
5.74
5,98
Southeast
3.60
3.28
3.62
3.73
Lower Midwest
2.60
1.93
2.34
2.62
Upper Midwest
4.74
4,10
4.67
4.93
Rocky Mountains
1.37
1.28
1.40
1.44
Texas
1.70
1.1-1
1.40
1.68
Southwest
0.58
0.43
0.51
0.56
Northwest
0.91
0.92
0.93
1.01
California
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.60
0.78
0.83
0.71
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.84
1.76
1.90
1.93
Southeast
1.33
1.34
1.44
1.43
Lower Midwest
2,10
1.99
2.17
2.23
Upper Midwest
1.88
1.72
1.90
1.96
Rocky Mountains
1.96
1.79
1.98
2.03
Texas
0.67
0.74
0.77
0.74
Southwest
1.27
0.97
1.12
1.20
Northwest
1.48
1.54
1.58
1.63
California
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.22
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0,06
0.08
0.08
0.07
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.42
0.37
0.41
0.43
Southeast
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,13
0.13
0.14
0.14
Rocky Mountains
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.10
Texas
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
Southwest
0.10
0,07
0.08
0.09
Northwest
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Sin 12
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2009
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,597
1,541
1,687
1,711
Avoided NOx Rate
1.42
1.42
1.53
1.53
Avoided S02 Rate
4.10
3.86
4.24
4.35
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.20
0.19
0.21
0.21
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2009
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,271
1,237
1,357
1,348
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,825
1,782
1,947
1,966
Southeast
1,552
1,487
1,636
1,658
Lower Midwest
1,683
1,565
1,744
1,791
Upper Midwest
1,997
1,919
2,109
2,141
Rocky Mountains
1,750
1,672
1,864
1,904
Texas
1,322
1,264
1,348
1,378
Southwest
1,312
1,221
1,369
1,394
Northwest
1,378
1,383
1,463
1,525
California
1,015
1,046
1,139
1,119
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1.83
1.67
1.85
1.80
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
7.82
7,67
8.33
8.42
Southeast
4.06
3.89
4.26
4.34
Lower Midwest
2.45
1.91
2.28
2.50
Upper Midwest
5.35
5,02
5.54
5.68
Rocky Mountains
2.37
2.08
2.40
2.48
Texas
1.65
1.08
1.29
1.57
Southwest
0.57
0.40
0.48
0.54
Northwest
0.94
0.96
0.87
1.06
California
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.07
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.69
0.75
0.81
0.73
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1.69
1.69
1.82
1.81
Southeast
1.32
1.33
1.44
1.43
Lower Midwest
2.07
2.02
2.21
2.23
Upper Midwest
1.94
1.85
2.03
2.07
Rocky Mountains
2.06
1.90
2.13
2.22
Texas
0.80
0.93
0.95
0.89
Southwest
1.29
0.95
1.16
1.26
Northwest
1.34
1.34
1.41
1.51
California
0.48
0.48
0.52
0.52
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.45
0.44
0.48
0.48
Southeast
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.19
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,14
0.13
0.15
0.15
Rocky Mountains
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
Texas
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
Southwest
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.09
Northwest
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
California
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
Sin 13
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2008
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,592
1,530
1,685
1,708
Avoided NOx Rate
1.98
1.73
1.96
2.02
Avoided S02 Rate
4.75
4.03
4.67
4.93
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.21
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2008
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,219
1,241
1,341
1,326
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,817
1,743
1,923
1,951
Southeast
1,558
1,469
1,634
1,665
Lower Midwest
1,622
1,529
1,694
1,732
Upper Midwest
1,921
1,840
2,034
2,062
Rocky Mountains
1,788
1,707
1,912
1,943
Texas
1,388
1,351
1,440
1,457
Southwest
1,199
1,190
1,302
1,305
Northwest
1,488
1,462
1,592
1,625
California
999
1,058
1,137
1,109
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1.38
1,32
1.46
1.45
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
9.00
7,93
9.07
9.41
Southeast
5.36
4.19
5.02
5.44
Lower Midwest
2.67
2.14
2.55
2.75
Upper Midwest
4.75
4,29
4.91
5.06
Rocky Mountains
1.83
1.73
1.93
1.96
Texas
1.55
1.01
1.30
1.54
Southwest
0.35
0.30
0.32
0.34
Northwest
1.97
2.26
2.13
2.34
California
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.68
0.80
0.85
0.76
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
3.05
2.44
2.85
2.95
Southeast
1.92
1.62
1.84
1.93
Lower Midwest
2.23
2.15
2.37
2.40
Upper Midwest
2.40
2.17
2.49
2.53
Rocky Mountains
2.38
2.15
2.47
2.54
Texas
0.77
0.94
0.94
0.86
Southwest
1.09
1.08
1.17
1.17
Northwest
1.54
1.49
1.62
1.69
California
0.34
0.36
0.39
0.37
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.07
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.43
0.39
0.44
0.45
Southeast
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.20
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,12
0.12
0.13
0.13
Rocky Mountains
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.09
Texas
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
Southwest
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
Northwest
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
California
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Sin 14
-------
May 2019
Data Year: 2007
National Emission Factors
National Weighted Averages
Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Avoided C02 Rate
1,574
1,513
1,661
1,682
Avoided NOx Rate
2.08
1.83
2.04
2.10
Avoided S02 Rate
4.99
4.07
4.73
5.04
Avoided PM2.5 Rate
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.20
• Wind = Wind power generation
• Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation
• Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types
• Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year
National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2007
fossil generation in each region.
Regional Emission Factors
Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
1,295
1,311
1,409
1,391
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
1,777
1,702
1,867
1,893
Southeast
1,571
1,486
1,641
1,669
Lower Midwest
1,613
1,500
1,667
1,714
Upper Midwest
1,909
1,818
2,011
2,040
Rocky Mountains
1,675
1,598
1,788
1,808
Texas
1,263
1,227
1,343
1,354
Southwest
1,118
1,111
1,217
1,215
Northwest
1,529
1,561
1,627
1,667
California
1,064
1,092
1,175
1,160
Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
2.04
1.96
2.08
2.08
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
9.42
7.87
9.01
9.49
Southeast
5.64
4.33
5.19
5.63
Lower Midwest
2.86
2.09
2.60
2.88
Upper Midwest
5.20
4.61
5.28
5.46
Rocky Mountains
1.50
1.24
1.52
1.60
Texas
1.14
0.72
1.00
1.13
Southwest
0.20
0.24
0.24
0.24
Northwest
1.41
1.31
1.17
1.38
California
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
Avoided NOx Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.96
1.10
1.13
1.05
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
3.14
2.49
2.85
2.97
Southeast
2.05
1.78
1.99
2.07
Lower Midwest
2.48
2.33
2.57
2.64
Upper Midwest
2.55
2.33
2.62
2.67
Rocky Mountains
1.83
1.65
1.90
1.96
Texas
0.71
0.83
0.85
0.80
Southwest
0,95
0.99
1.07
1.05
Northwest
1.65
1.81
1.71
1.85
California
0.42
0.40
0.43
0.44
Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)
Wind
Utility PV
Portfolio EE
Uniform EE
Northeast
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.08
Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic
0.39
0.34
0.39
0.40
Southeast
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.20
Lower Midwest
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.11
Upper Midwest
0,14
0.13
0.14
0.15
Rocky Mountains
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.13
Texas
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
Southwest
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.06
Northwest
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
California
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
Sin 15
------- |