User's Guide for Estimating
Methane and Nitrous Oxide
Emissions from Wastewater
Using the State Inventory
Tool
January 2017
Prepared by:
ICF
Prepared for:
State Climate and Energy Program,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
This section of the User's Guide provides instruction on using the Wastewater module of the
State Inventory Tool (SIT), and describes the methodology used for estimating greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions from the treatment of wastewater at the state level.
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Table of Contents
1.1 Getting Started 2
1.2 Module Overview 3
1.2.1 Data Requirements 4
1.2.2 Tool Layout 5
1.3 Methodology 6
1.4 Uncertainty 17
1.5 References 17
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.1
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
1.1 Getting Started
The Wastewater module was developed using Microsoft® Excel 2000. While the module will
operate with older versions of Excel, it functions best with Excel 2000 or later. If you are
using Excel 2007, instructions for opening the module will vary as outlined in the Excel
basics below. Before you use the Wastewater module, make sure your computer meets the
system requirements. In order to install and run the Wastewater module, you must have:
• IBM-PC compatible computer with the Windows 95 operating system or later;
• Microsoft® Excel 1997 or later, with calculation set to automatic and macros
enabled;
• Hard drive with at least 20MB free; and
• Monitor display setting of 800 x 600 or greater.
Microsoft Excel Settings
Excel 2003 and Earlier: For the SIT modules to function properly, Excel must be set to
automatic calculation. To check this setting, launch Microsoft Excel before opening the
Wastewater module. Go to the Tools menu and select "Options..." Click on the
"Calculations" tab and make sure that the radio button next to "Automatic" is selected, and
then click on "OK" to close the window. The security settings (discussed next) can also be
adjusted at this time.
Excel 2007: For the SIT modules to function properly, Excel must be set to automatic
calculation. Go to the Formulas ribbon and select "Calculation Options." Make sure that the
box next to the "Automatic" option is checked from the pop-up menu.
Microsoft Excel Security
Excel 2003 and Earlier: Since the SIT employs macros, you must have Excel security set
to medium (recommended) or low (not recommended). To change this setting, launch
Microsoft Excel before opening the Wastewater module. Once in Excel, go to the Tools
menu, click on the Macro sub-menu, and then select "Security" (see Figure 1). The Security
pop-up box will appear. Click on the "Security Level" tab and select medium. When set to
high, macros are automatically disabled; when set to medium, Excel will give you the choice
to enable macros; when set to low, macros are always enabled.
When Excel security is set to medium, users are asked upon opening the module whether to
enable macros. Macros must be enabled in order for the Wastewater module to work. Once
they are enabled, the module will open to the control worksheet. A message box will
appear welcoming the user to the module. Clicking on the "x" in the upper-right-hand
corner of the message box will close it.
Excel 2007: If Excel's security settings are set at the default level a Security Warning
appears above the formula box in Excel when the Wastewater module is initially opened.
The Security Warning lets the user know that some active content from the spreadsheet has
been disabled, meaning that Excel has prevented the macros in the spreadsheet from
functioning. Since SIT needs macros in order to function properly, the user must click the
"Options" button in the security message and then select, "Enable this content" in the pop-
up box. Enabling the macro content for the SIT in this way only enables macros temporarily
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.2
-------
Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
in Excel but does not change the macro security settings. Once macros are enabled, a
message box will appear welcoming the user to module. Click on the "x" in the upper right-
hand corner to close the message box.
If the Security Warning does not appear when the module is first opened, it may be
necessary to change the security settings for macros. To change the setting, first exit out
of the Wastewater module and re-launch Microsoft Excel before opening the Wastewater
module. Next, click on the Microsoft Excel icon in the top left of the screen. Scroll to the
bottom of the menu and select the "Excel Options" button to the right of the main menu.
When the Excel Options box appears, select "Trust Center" in left hand menu of the box.
Next, click the gray "Trust Center Settings" button. When the Trust Center options box
appears, click "Macro Settings" in the left hand menu and select "Disable all macros with
notification." Once the security level has been adjusted, open the Stationary Combustion
module and enable macros in the manner described in the preceding paragraph.
Viewing and Printing Data and Results
The Wastewater module contains some features to allow users to adjust the screen view
and the appearance of the worksheets when they are printed. Once a module has been
opened, you can adjust the zoom by going to the Module Options Menu, and either typing in
a zoom percentage or selecting one from the drop down menu. In addition, data may not
all appear on a single screen within each worksheet; if not, you may need to scroll up or
down to view additional information.
You may also adjust the print margins of the worksheets to ensure that desired portions of
the Wastewater module are printed. To do so, go to the File menu, and then select "Print
Preview." Click on "Page Break Preview" and drag the blue lines to the desired positions
(see Figure 2). To print this view, go to the File menu, and click "Print." To return to the
normal view, go to the File menu, click "Print Preview," and then click "Normal View."
Figure 1. Changing Security Settings
E3 Microsoft Excel - Bookl
0 File Edit
A1
View Insert Format
f*
Tools | Data Window Help
^ Spelling... F
a Research,.. Alt+Clic
"p Error Checking,..
Speech
Shared Workspace.,,
Share Workbook,,,
Irack Changes
I Compare arid Merge Workbooks,,.
Protection
Online Collaboration
Goal Seek,.,
ScHWios...
Formula Auditing
l-Ins...
-/ AutoCorrect Options...
Customize...
Options.,,
Macros...
Record New Macro,.,
j*] Visual Basic Editor Alt+Fl 1
Microsoft Script Editor Alt+Shift+Fll
sure 2. Adjusting Print Margins
Drag cursor to
resize page
\Control/ Municipal WW, CH4 / Municip
1.2 Nodule Overview
This User's Guide accompanies and explains the Wastewater module of the SIT. The SIT
was developed in conjunction with EPA's Emissions Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP).
Prior to the development of the SIT, EPA developed the States Workbook for estimating
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1,3
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
greenhouse gas emissions. In 1998, EPA revisited the States Workbook and expanded it to
follow the format of EIIP guidance documents for criteria air pollutants. The result was a
comprehensive, stepwise approach to estimating greenhouse gas emissions at the state
level. This detailed methodology was appreciated by states with the capacity to devote
considerable time and resources to the development of emission inventories. For other
states, the EIIP guidance was overwhelming and impractical for them to follow from scratch.
EPA recognized the resource constraints facing the states and developed the SIT. The ten
modules of the SIT corresponded to the EIIP chapters and attempted to automate the steps
states would need to take in developing their own emission estimates in a manner that was
consistent with prevailing national and state guidelines.
Since most state inventories developed today rely heavily on the tools, User's Guides have
been developed for each of the SIT modules. These User's Guides contain the most up-to-
date methodologies that are, for the most part, consistent with the Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Volume VIII of the EIIP guidance is a historical
document that was last updated in August 2004, and while these documents can be a
valuable reference, they contain outdated emissions factors and in some cases outdated
methodologies. States can refer to Volume VIII of the EIIP guidance documents if they are
interested in obtaining additional information not found in the SIT or the companion User's
Guide.
The Wastewater module calculates
methane (Cl-k) and nitrous oxide
(N2O) emissions from the treatment of
municipal and industrial wastewater.
The module provides default data for
most inputs, however other more
state-specific data may be used if available (see Box 1 for suggestions on where to find
data). If using outside data sources, or for a more thorough understanding of the tool,
please refer to the Methodology section below for data requirements and methodology.
Disposal and treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater often result in ChU emissions.
Wastewater may be treated using aerobic and/or anaerobic technologies, or if untreated,
may degrade under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. ChU is produced when organic
material is treated in anaerobic environment and when untreated wastewater degrades
anaerobically, i.e., in the absence of oxygen.
N2O is emitted from both domestic and industrial wastewater containing nitrogen-rich
organic matter. N2O is produced through the natural processes of nitrification and
denitrification. Nitrification occurs aerobically and converts ammonia into nitrate, whereas
denitrification occurs anaerobically, and converts nitrate to N2O. Human sewage is believed
to constitute a significant portion of the material responsible for N2O emissions from
wastewater (Spector 1997).
1.2.1 Data Requirements
To calculate greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater, the data listed in Table 1 are
required inputs (again, note that defaults are available for most of these data).
Box 1: Wastewater Data Sources
In-state sources, such as state departments of
environmental protection, should be consulted first.
Otherwise, default data provided by the Wastewater
module mav be used.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.4
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Table 1. Required Data Inputs for the Wastewater Module
Wastewater Sectors
Input Data
Municipal Wastewater: ChU
Emissions
Per capita 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODs) (kg/day)
Fraction of wastewater BODs anaerobically digested
Emission factor (Gg CFU/Gg BODs)
State population
Municipal Wastewater: Direct
N2O Emissions
Factor for non-consumption nitrogen
Fraction of population not on septic
Direct wastewater treatment plant emissions (g INhO/person/year)
Municipal Wastewater: N2O
Emissions from Biosolids
Emission factor (kg INhO-N/kg sewage N produced)
Fraction of nitrogen in protein (FracNPR)
Protein content (kg/person/year)
Biosolids used as fertilizer (percentage)
Industrial Wastewater: Fruits
and Vegetables
Wastewater Outflow (m3/metric ton)
WW organic content - chemical oxygen demand (COD) (g/L)
Fraction of COD anaerobically degraded
Emission factor (g ChU/g COD)
Production processed (metric tons)
Industrial Wastewater: Red Meat
Industrial Wastewater: Poultry
Industrial Wastewater: Pulp and
Paper
Wastewater Outflow (m3/metric ton)
WW organic content - chemical oxygen demand (COD) (g/L)
Fraction of COD anaerobically degraded
Emission factor (g ChU/g COD)
Production processed of woodpulp and paper & paperboard
(metric tons)
1.2.2 Tool Layout
Since the methodology for estimating emissions from Wastewater treatment is complex,
users will benefit from an understanding of the module's overall design. The layout of the
Wastewater module and the purpose of its worksheets are presented in Figure 3.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.5
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 3. Flow of Information in the Wastewater Module
Control Worksheet
Individual Sector Worksheets
1. Select Sources to Analyze
4. Municipal Wastewater CH4 Emissions
2. Select a State
1 Enter state population
3. Select emission factors and other variables for/
5. Direct N20 Emissions from Municipal Wastewater
Municipal Wastewater
J, State population from previous worksheet used
CH4 Emissions
6. Municipal Wastewater N20 Emissions
Direct N20 Emissions
1 Enter protein consumption and percentage used as fertilizer
N20 Emissions from Biosolids
7. Industrial Wastewater CH4 - Fruits and Vegetables
Industrial Wastewater
1 Enter the amount of fruits and vegetables produced
Fruits and Vegetables
8. Industrial Wastewater CH4 - Red Meat
Red Meat /
J. Enter the amount of red meat produced
Poultry /
9. Industrial Wastewater CH4 - Poultry
Pulp and Paper /
I Enter the amount of poultry produced
4. -10. Complete Sector Worksheets *
10. Industrial Wastewater CH4 - Pulp and Paper
I Enter the amount of pulp and paper produced
11. View Summary Data <
12. Export Data
>
Summary Data
| Presented in both table and graphical formats in MMTC02E
Uncertainty
Review information on uncertainty associated with the default data
1.3 Methodology
This section provides a guide to using the Wastewater module of the SIT to estimate
greenhouse gas emissions from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The
methods used in this module are taken from the report by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) entitled IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
(IPCC/UNEP/OECD/IEA 2006) and are presented as used in the Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (U.S. EPA 2016).
There are twelve general steps involved in estimating emissions using the Wastewater
module: (1) select industrial wastewater sources; (2) select a state; (3) select emission
factors and other variables used throughout the module; (4) complete municipal wastewater
worksheet; (5) review direct N2O emissions from municipal wastewater treatment
worksheet; (6) complete municipal wastewater N2O emissions worksheet; (7) complete
industrial wastewater ChU- fruits and vegetables worksheet; (8) complete industrial
wastewater ChU- red meat worksheet; (9) complete industrial wastewater ChU- poultry
worksheet; (10) complete industrial wastewater ChU - pulp and paper worksheet; (11)
review summary information; and (12) export data. The Wastewater module will
automatically calculate emissions after you make choices on the control worksheet and
enter the required data on the individual sector worksheets. The tool provides default data
for most sectors.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.6
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Step (1) Select Industrial Wastewater Sources
To begin, select the industrial wastewater sources you would like to analyze in step 1 of the
control worksheet. Check the box to the left of the following industrial wastewater sectors
you would like to analyze: fruits and vegetables, red meat, poultry, and pulp and paper.
Step (2) Select a State
Next, select the state you are interested in evaluating. By selecting a state, the rest of the
tool will automatically reset to reflect the appropriate state default data and assumptions for
use in subsequent steps of the tool. Figure 4 shows an example of the control worksheet.
Figure 4. Example of the Control Worksheet in the Wastewater Module
E State Inventory Tool - Wastewater Module
File Edit Module Options
Type a question for help
A_
J
H
K
IX
State Inventory Tool - Wastewater Module
1. Select those sources you wish to analyze.
Cti- from industrial ivastetvafcr
I* - Fruits and Vegetables
- Red Meat
I* - Poultry
* - Pulp and Paper
2. Choose a State
This is very important- it selects the correct default variables for your state.
3. Select emission factors and other variables used throughout this module:
u I or a do
Municipal Wastewater CHj Emissions
Per capita 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD;) (kg/day)
Fraction of wastewater BOD5 anaerobically digested
Emission Factor (Gg CH/Sg BOD5)
Municipal Wastewater Direct M~Q Emissions
Factor non-consumption nitrogen
Fraction of population not on septic
Direct wastewater treatment plant emissions (g N jO/persons/ear)
Municipal Wastewater ll-O Emissions from Biosolids
Emission Factor (kg N^O-N/kg sewage N-produced)
Fraction of nitrogen in protein (Frac,PP)
Industrial Wastewater CH^ Emissions - Fruits and Vegetables
Wastewater Outflow (m Anetric ton)
VWV Organic Content - Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (gfl)
1.75
75%
0.01
16%
| Consult EIIP guidance |
Select Industrial Sectors
Choose a state
Reset ALL!
Clear / Select
All Defaults
Default Values
0.09 1
16.25% ^
0.6
Use the Default
Values Used (CftecA for Yes)
verify/Enter
~I \ Control / Municipal VWV, LH4 / Municipal WW. N2Q. direct I Municipal WW, N2Q. effluent I Ind WW Fruit / Ind WW Meat / Ind WW Poultry I <
>L
Step (3) Select Emission Factors and Other Variables Used Throughout the
Module
The next part of the control worksheet involves selecting default variables or entering state
specific variables in the yellow cells on the control worksheet, as seen in Figure 4. The
required inputs for each sector are discussed further in following steps. Box 2 explains
terminology used throughout the module. Default factors for all parameters are provided in
the control worksheet, and may be selected by clicking the gray "Clear / Select All Defaults"
at the top of the worksheet. These factors are drawn from the Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (U.S. EPA 2016) and are used to estimate emissions
from industrial wastewater. If the user-specific inputs do not match the default data in the
control worksheet (i.e., the default value is overwritten), the text will appear red.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.7
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Box 2: Wastewater Terminology
In highly organic wastewater streams, e.g., streams from food processing plants or pulp
and paper plants, the available oxygen in the water is rapidly depleted as the organic
matter decomposes. The organic content (sometimes known as "loading") of these
wastewater streams is expressed in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD. BOD
represents the amount of oxygen taken up by the organic matter in the wastewater during
decomposition. Alternatively, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is often used to
characterize industrial wastewater. COD refers to the amount of oxygen consumed during
the oxidation of both organic matter and oxidizable /'^organic matter. Under the same
conditions, wastewater with a higher BOD or COD will produce more ChU than wastewater
with a lower BOD/COD.
Cm from Municipal Wastewater
In the yellow cells for this sector on the control worksheet, enter total biochemical oxygen
demand (BODs)1 produced, the fraction of wastewater BODs anaerobically digested, and the
ChU emission factor for municipal wastewater emissions.
Direct N2O from Municipal Wastewater
In the yellow cells for this sector on the control worksheet, enter the factor for non-
consumption nitrogen2, the fraction of your state population not on septic systems, and the
direct wastewater treatment plant emissions per person per year.
N2O from Biosolids
In the yellow cells for this sector on the control worksheet, enter the N2O emission factor for
biosolids (the solid potion of human sewage) and the fraction of nitrogen in protein
(FRACnpr).
Industrial Wastewater: Fruits and Vegetables, Red Meat, Poultry, and Pulp
and Paper
In the yellow cells for these sectors on the control worksheet, enter the waste water outflow
of the particular industrial facility, the organic content of the wastewater, the fraction of
COD anaerobically degraded, and the ChU emission factor.
Step (4) Complete Municipal Wastewater Worksheet
Click on the gray navigational arrow in step 4 of the control worksheet to complete sector
worksheets and continue to the ChU from Municipal Wastewater worksheet. On this
worksheet, the annual state population is entered into the blue cells as seen in Figure 5.
Default data from U.S. Census (2014) is provided, if the "Select Default Data" button is
selected.
1 BOD represents the amount of oxygen that would be required to completely consume the organic
matter contained in the wastewater through aerobic decomposition processes (U.S. EPA 2016). A
standardized measurement of BOD is the "5-day test" denoted as BOD5.
2 This factor represents the nitrogen loading occurring from wastewater going directly into the waste
stream from residences (i.e. bathwater, laundry, and use of garbage disposals) as well as industrial
wastewater that is not included in the four industries analyzed in this module.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.8
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 5. Example of the Municipal Wastewater ChU Emissions Worksheet
~ State Inventory Tool - Wastewater Module
File Edit Module Options
Type a question for help ¦» _ S x
A B C D E F G H I J K l_| M
, 4. Colorado Municipal Wastewater Methane Emissions
T U V W |>*
Click here to find
where these data
are avai lable
2000
2001
2002
To calculate methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment, the total annual BOD;
production in metric tons is multiplied by the fraction that is treated anaerobically and by the
CHt produced per metric ton of BODSl converted to million metric tons carbon equivalent
(MMTCE), and converted to million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO-E). The
methodology and factors used for these calculations are discussed in detail in the
Wastewater Chapter of the User's Guide.
Continue
Next Sheet
to the\
heet /
\ Select Default Data j
State Per Capita Unit
Population BODi Dags per Year Conversion
(kg/d^y) (days) (metric tons/kg)
VV BOD,
anaerobicall)
Emission Factor digested Emissions
(Gg ChUGg BODs) (percent) (metric tons CH<)
Enter Population
Data
0.60
10,551.5
Select Default
Data
Emissions
(MMTCE)
]-
I 0271'
I 0271'
I 027 I-
I 0271-
I 0271"
I 027 I"
I 027 I'
I 027 I'
I 027 I'
I 027 I'
I 027 l°
I 027 I'
~ H \ Controls Municipal WW. CH4/ Municipal WW, N20, direct / Municipal WW, PJ20, effluent / Ind WW Fruit / Ind WW Meat / Ind WW Poultry |<
The CH4 emissions from municipal wastewater treatment are calculated by multiplying the
state population by the total annual BODs production in metric tons, by the fraction that is
treated anaerobically, and by the ChU produced per metric ton of BODs (i.e. the emission
factor); the total is then converted to million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent
(MMTCO2E). This calculation is shown in Equation 1.
Equation 1. ChU Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Treatment
CH4 Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
State Population x BOD5 Production (kg/day) x 365 days/year x
0.001 (metric ton/kg) x Fraction Treated Anaerobically x Emission Factor (Gg
ChU/Gg BODs) x 10"6 (MMT/metric ton) x 25 (GWP)
Click on the gray navigational arrow to estimate direct N2O emissions from municipal
wastewater treatment.
Step (5) Review Direct N2O Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Worksheet
There is no required data for this worksheet since the annual state population was entered
in Step (4). Direct N2O emissions from municipal wastewater treatment are calculated by
multiplying total population served, by the fraction of the population not using septic
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.9
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
systems, by an N2O emission factor per person per year, and then converting to MMTCO2E
as seen in Equation 2.
Equation 2. Direct N2O Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Direct N2O Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
State Population x Fraction of Population not on Septic (%) x
Emission Factor (g N20/person/year) x 10"6 (metric ton/g) x
10"6 (MMT/metric ton) x 298 (GWP)
Click on the gray navigational arrow to estimate direct N2O emissions from biosolids in
municipal wastewater treatment.
Step (6) Complete Municipal Wastewater N2O Emissions Worksheet
Municipal wastewater N2O emissions from biosolids are calculated by multiplying the state
population by the total annual protein consumption, by the nitrogen content of protein and
fraction of nitrogen not consumed, and by an N2O emission factor per metric ton of nitrogen
treated, then subtracting direct emissions as well as the percentage of biosolids used as
fertilizer, and finally converting to MMTCO2E. Direct and biosolids N2O emissions are then
added to produce an estimate of total municipal wastewater treatment N2O emissions. This
calculation is shown below in Equation 3. Data on annual per capita protein consumption
for the United States have been published by the United States EPA in Table 8-14 of the
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (U.S. EPA 2013).
Equation 3. N2O Emissions from Biosolids Municipal Wastewater Treatment
N2O Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
[State Population x Protein Consumption (kg/person/year) x
FRACnpr (kg N/kg protein) x Fraction of Nitrogen not Consumed
0.001 (metric ton/kg) - Direct N Emissions (metric tons)] x
[1 - Percentage of Biosolids used as Fertilizer (%)] x
Emission Factor (kg N20-N/kg sewage N produced) x
44/28 (kg N2O /kg N) x 10"6 (MMT/metric ton) x 298 (GWP) +
Direct N2O Emissions
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.10
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 6. Example of the Municipal Wastewater N2O Emissions Worksheet
~ State Inventory Tool - Wastewater Module
Sj pile Edit Module Options
D
F
J
"TT
p
rZ
Type a question for help » _ S x
T ~U a
6 Colorado Municipal Wastewater Nitrous Oxide Emissions (formerly Human Sewage)
Click here to find
where these data
areavai lable.
Municipal wastewater N jD emissions from biosolids are calculated by multiplying the total annual protein consumption by the nitrogen
content of protein and fraction of nitrogen not consumed, an NjD emission factor per metric ton of nitrogen treated, subtracting direct
emissions, converted to million metric tons carbon equivalent (MMTCE), and converted to million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent
(MMTCO^). Direct and biosolids N-G emissions are then added to produce an estimate of total municipal wastewater treatment N2O
emissions. The methodology and factors used for these calculations are discussed in detail in the Wastewater Chapter of the User's
Guide. Sewage sludge is often applied to agricultural fields as fertilizer. Emissions from this use should be accounted under Agricultural
Soil Management. The Agriculture Module of the SIT is designed to calculate emissions from sewage sludge applied to land, but to be
consistent, users should enter the percentage of sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils in Column S so that emissions are not
double-counted. Currently, there are no default data for this percentage.
Continue
Next Sheet
! Select Default Data
to the^\
heet_/-/>
ata
State Population
Protein
(kg/ person/
Hiii]
(kgNfkg
proteinl
Fraction Non-
Consumption
Unit
Conversion
(metric tons/kg]
Domestic
Wastewater
(metric tons)
Direct N
Emissions from
Domestic
Vastevater
(metric tons)
Biosolids
Available N
(metric tons)
Percentage
of Biosolids
Used as
Fertilizer
Emission Facta
(kg NiO-Nf kg sewa
M-produced)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
199<
1997
1998
1999
16% x
0.001 =
36,194
36,1 S3
0.001 =
3/ 54 c!
37.542
Enter Protein Consumption
:;y H7
38.714
40.15
0.001 =
4U.IJ 31
413.UJ-
X (1 -
x (1 -
X (1 -
x(1 -
X(1 -
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
~26~1 2000 I 4327 409 Ixl 4194lyl 16%lxl 1.751x1 0.001 l=l 50 816 l-f~ 8 1= I 50.808 I x (] - f
h * ~ m \ Control / Municipal WW, CH4 / Municipal WW, N20, direct \ Municipal WW, N20, effluent / Ind WW Fruit / Ind WW Meat / Ind WW Poultry
Enter Percentage of Biosolids
Used as Fertilizer
X (1 -
x (1 -
X(1 -
X (1 -
Sewage sludge is often applied to agricultural fields as fertilizer. Emissions from this use
should be accounted for under Agricultural Soil Management. The Agriculture module of the
SIT is designed to calculate emissions from sewage sludge applied to land, but to be
consistent, users need to enter the percentage of sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils
in the second column of orange cells in order to not double-count emissions, as shown in
Figure 6. At this time, there is no default data for the percentage of biosolids used as
fertilizer.
Click on the gray navigational arrow to estimate ChU emissions from the industrial
wastewater sectors selected on the control worksheet.
Step (7) Complete Industrial Wastewater ChU - Fruits and Vegetables
Worksheet
This worksheet calculates emissions from wastewater used for fruits and vegetables. Please
enter the amount of fruits and vegetables processed in metric tons in the yellow cells, as
shown in Figure 7.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.11
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Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 7. Example of Industrial Wastewater ChU - Fruits and Vegetables
Worksheet
E3 State Inve
ntory Tool -
Wastewater Module
dl@®
¦a;
File Edi
Module Options
Type a question for help
' _ t?
A B
C
D
E |F|
G H
i j
K | L
M N
0
P
q |r| s |t
u
M
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|X| Y A I
1
7 Colorado Industrial Wastewater Methane -
Fruits and Vegetables
Emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from fruit and vegetables is based annual metric tons produced and
Continue to the"\
Next Sheet
2
f Click here to find
\
factored by the volume of wastewater produced per unit production, the average organic matter content of wastewater
\. are available.
>
)
equivalent (MMTCE), and converted to million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO-E). The methodology and
factors used for these calculations are discussed in detail in the Wastewater Chapter of the User's Guide.
Clear All Data
J
3
Production
Processed
VV Unit
Outflov Conversion
COD
Emission
COD
Degraded
Emissions
Unit
Conversion Emissions
CH,
GVP
CfCO,
Fmiss
4
(metric ions)
(mVmetric (on)
lm')
(qCODfll
fq CHjfq COD)
(percent)
[gCH.l
(g'Tq) (TgorMMTCH,)
[COi Eq.)
fMMT
b
6
1**0
X
5.6|x|
1,000 | X
51 x
0.25 | X
5%| = |
H
1E-12|=|
21
X
0.27
-di
/
8
19*1
X
5.6|x|
1,000 | X
51 x
0.25 | x
5%| = |
H
1E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
y
10
1*92
X
5.6M
1,000 | X
51 x
0.25 | x
5%|=|
H
1E-12I"I
21
X
0.27
11
12
1*93
X
5.6M
1,000 | X
51 x
0.25 | x
5%| = |
H
1E-12|=|
21
X
0.27
13
14
1994
5.61 x |
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | X
5%|-|
H
1E,2|.|
21
X
0.27
1b
5
16
1995
X
S^JxP1^
' '
-
M
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
= | (
1/
Enter Production Processed
18
199<
X
5.61 x |
_
-
H
1 E-121 = |
|x
21
X
0.27
= l (
19
20
1997
X
5.61 x |
1,000 | X
51 x
0.25 | x
=*1-1
M
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
¦C3
21
22
1998
X
c
~H]x|
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | x
5%1-r
>C
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
-d
23
24
1999
X
c
~ii]x|
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | x
5%1-r
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
-d
25
26
2000
X
c
"ii|x|
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | x
5%1-r
>~
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
-U3
27
28
2001
X
c
~Tg\x\
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | x
5%1-r
>C
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
]¦~
"291
30
2002
X
c
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | x
5%1-r
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
]-d
~3i1
32
2003
X
\z
13*111
1,000 | x
51 x
0.25 | x
5%1-C
1 E-121 = |
21
X
0.27
¦LJ
N <
~ m \ Control / Municipal WW, CH4 / Municipal WW, N20, direct / Municipal WW, N20, effluent \lnd WW Fruit / Ind WW Meat / Ind WW Poultry
ISj |
Emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from processing fruits and vegetables are
based on annual production in metric tons, multiplied by the volume of wastewater
produced per unit production, the average organic matter content of wastewater from those
processes, the ChU emission factor, the percent treated anaerobically, and then converted to
MMTCO2E as shown in Equation 4.
Equation 4. ChU Emissions from Industrial Wastewater for Fruits and Vegetables
CH4 Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
Production Processed (Metric Tons) x Wastewater Produced (m3/metric ton) x
1,000 (L/m3) x Organic Matter Content (g COD/L) x
Emission Factor (g ChU/g COD) x Percent Treated Anaerobically (%) x
1012 (MMT/g) x 25 (GWP)
Step (8) Complete Industrial Wastewater ChU - Red Meat Worksheet
This worksheet calculates emissions from wastewater from red meat processing. In the
pink cells, enter the amount of red meat processed in metric tons, as shown in Figure 8.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.12
-------
Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 8. Example of Industrial Wastewater ChU - Red Meat Worksheet
pile Edit Module Options
Type a question for help ¦» _ S x
A B
c
F
J K L M N
R
T U V W X Y A
8 Colorado Industrial Wastewater Methane - Red Meat
Click here to find
where these data
are avai lable
Emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from red meat is based annual metric tons produced and factored by the volume of
wastewater produced per unit production, the average organic matter content of wastewater from those processes, a CHt emission
factor, the percent treated anaerobically, converted to million metric tons carbon equivalent (MMTCE), and converted to million metric
tons carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO-E). The methodology and factors used for these calculations are discussed in detail in the
Wastewater Chapter of the User's Guide. USD A default data are unavailable for the following states: CT, DC, ME, MA, NH, Rl, and VT.
Continue to the
Next Sheet
>
I Select All Defaults
3
~4~~
Production
Processed
(metric tonsl
VV
Outflow
(mVmetric ton)
Unit
Conversion
[I'm']
COD
fqCODM)
Emission
fq CH,fq COD)
COD
Degraded
Emissions
(qCH,)
Unit
Conversion
fg'Tq]
Emissions
fTqor MMTCH,)
CH,
GVP C/CO,
fCOi Eq.)
Emissio
(MMTCE
5
6
1990 1
720,997.20
8
X
1,000
"l
4l|x|
0.25
33% | =
1,926,630,693
X
1E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
/
8
1991 |
795,523.68
X
8
X
1,000
¦I
4.1 |x|
0.25
X
33% | =
2,125,778,490
X
1E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
y
10
1992 |
878,577.84
*
8
X
1,000
*l
4.1 m
0.25
*
33% | =
2,347,713,740
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
11
12
1993 |
861,522.48
*
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x|
0.25
33% | =
2,302,138,833
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
13
14
1994 I
885.74422
X
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x|
0.25
33% | =
2,366,864,897
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
1b
16
1995 |
917,26?92
X
X
1,000
A
4.1 III
0.25
33% | =
2,451,105,748
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
17
Enter Production Processed
18
1996 |
921,034.80
*
8
2,461,166,167
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
iy
20
1997 |
919,311.12
*
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x|
0.25
33% | =
2,456,560,192
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
21
22
1998 |
887,014.80
8
X
1,000
»l
4.11 x |
0.25
X
33% | =
2,370,258,773
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
23
24
1999 |
969,751.44
8
X
1,000
»l
4.11 x |
0.25
33% | =
2,591,345,554
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
2b
26
2000
975,421.44
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x |
0.25
*
33% | =
2,606,496,786
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
21
28
2001
969,887.52
*
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x |
0.25
*
33% | =
2,591,709,184
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
29
30
2002
991,070.64
*
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x |
0.25
*
33% | =
2,648,314,187
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
31
32
2003
898,989.84
8
X
1,000
»l
4.1 |x |
0.25
33% | =
2,402,258,176
X
1 E-121 =
0.00
X
21 |x| 0.27 | =
0.0
M
~ ~! \ Control / Municipal WW, CH4 / Municipal WW, N20, direct / Municipal WW, N20, effluent / Ind WW Fruit \lnd WW Meat/ Ind WW Poultry | <
i£
Emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from red meat are based on annual
production in metric tons, multiplied by the volume of wastewater produced per unit
production, the average organic matter content of wastewater from those processes, the
ChU emission factor, the percent treated anaerobically, and then converted to MMTCO2E as
shown in Equation 5. Default data on red meat production are available from USDA (2016).
Equation 5. ChU Emissions from Industrial Wastewater for Red Meat
CH4 Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
Production Processed (Metric Tons) x Wastewater Produced (m3/metric ton) x
1,000 (L/m3) x Organic Matter Content (g COD/L) x
Emission Factor (g ChU/g COD) x Percent Treated Anaerobically (%) x
1012 (MMT/g) x 25 (GWP)
Step (9) Complete Industrial Wastewater ChU - Poultry Worksheet
This worksheet calculates emissions from wastewater used for poultry. The required input
is amount of production processed in metric tons in the purple cells, as shown in Figure 9.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.13
-------
Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 9. Example of Industrial Wastewater ChU - Poultry Worksheet
E3 State Inventory Tool -
Wastewater Module
•a;
File Edit
Module Options
1 Type a question for help
J- &
X
A B
C
Id
E F
G H
j
K L
M | N|
0 p
Q R
s
T U V W X
V
A
1
9 Colorado Industrial Wastewater Methane -
Poultry
/—
Emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from poultry is based annual metric tons produced and factored by
Continue to the\
Next Sheet
f Click here to find
the volume of wastewater produced per unit production, the average organic matter content of wastewater from
2
\. are available.
J
equivalent (MMTCE), and converted to million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO^). The methodology and
Clear All Data
3
Production
Processed
VV Unit
Outflow Conversion
COD
Emission
COD
Degraded
Unit CH,
Emissions Conversion Emissions GVP CICOi
Emission
4
r
f metric tonsi
I fm'ftnetric ton]
fl'm'l
fq COD/ll
fq Cl-Vq CQD1
(percent)
fq CH(]
fq'Tq] fTq
or MMT CHd fCO, Eq.l
(MMTCE
b
6
1990 [
M
171 x |
1,000 | x |
4.1 |x |
0.25 | X |
25.0%|= |
- M
1E-121 = |
|X | 21 |X | 027 -
0.0(
/
8
1991 [
M
171 x |
1,000 | x |
4.1 |x |
0.25 | x |
25.0%|= |
- M
1E-121 = |
|X | 21 |X | 027 -
0.0(
y
10
1992 [
M
171 x |
1,000 | x |
4.1 |x |
0.25 | x |
25.0%|= |
- M
1 E-121 = |
|X | 21 |X | 0.27 =
0.0(
11
12
1993 [
H
171 x |
1,000 | x |
4.1 |x |
0.25 | x |
25.0%|= |
- M
1 E-121 = |
|X | 21 |x | 0.27 -
0.0(
13
-
14
1994 [
1
— 17l=l
1,000 | x |
4.1 |x |
0.25 | x |
25.0%|= |
- M
1 E-121 = |
|X | 21 |x | 0.27 -
0.0C
1b
16
199S [
H
"\*r
Enter Production Processed
- I>l
1 E-121 = |
~ > 21 |x| 0-27
0.0C
1/
IB
199* 1
M
1 71 X I
'I.UUU |X|
4.I|X|
U.2b |X|
2b.U%|= |
- I»l
1 E-121 = |
J> 21 |«| 0.27
0.0(
iy
20
1997 [
M
17|x|
1,000 | x |
4.11 x |
0.25 |x|
25.0%|= |
- H
1 E-121 = |
~ > 21 I'I 027 I"
0.0(
21
22
1998 [
H
1,000 | x |
4.1 |x|
0.25 |x|
25.0%| = |
- H
1 E-121 = |
~ " 21 H 0 27 h
0.0c
23
24
1999 [
>L
1,000 |x|
4.1 |x[
0.25 |x|
25.0%|= |
- «r
1 E-121 = |
~ ' 21 H °2TI'
0.0(
25
26
2000 [
>L
1,000 |x|
4.1 |x[
0.25 |x|
25.0%|= |
- «r
iE-i2i=r
~ ' 21 N °2TI°
0.0(
"27
28
2001 [
>L
I^3*C
1,000 I x I
4.1 |x[
0.25 |x|
25.0%| = |
- I»L
1 E-121 = I
|>.| 21 | x | 0.27 =
0.0(
"291
30
2002 [
>E
1,000 |x[
4.1 |x[
0.25 |xf
25.0%| = |
- K
iE.i2|=r
~«l 21 H 0271=
0.0(
3i1
32
2003 [
>~
1,000 |x[
4.1 |x[
0.25 |xf
25.0%|= |
- i>r
iE.i2|=r
3A 21 M 0271°
0.0(
v
M 4
~ m / Municipal WW, N20, direct / Municipal WW, N20, effluent / Ind WW Fruit / Ind WW Meat \Ind WW Poultry / Ind WW P&P / Summary / Un [ <
>
Equation 6 shows that emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from poultry are
based on annual production in metric tons, multiplied by the volume of wastewater
produced per unit production, the average organic matter content of wastewater from those
processes, the Chk emission factor, the percent treated anaerobically, with the total then
converted to MMTCO2E.
Equation 6. ChU Emissions from Industrial Wastewater for Poultry
CH4 Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
Production Processed (Metric Tons) x Wastewater Produced (m3/metric ton) x
1,000 (L/m3) x Organic Matter Content (g COD/L) x
Emission Factor (g ChU/g COD) x Percent Treated Anaerobically (%) x
1012 (MMT/g) x 25 (GWP)
Step (10) Complete Industrial Wastewater ChU - Pulp and Paper Worksheet
This worksheet calculates emissions from wastewater used for pulp and paper. The
required data (in the green cells) is the amount in metric tons of (1) woodpulp and (2)
paper and paperboard processed, as shown in Figure 10.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.14
-------
Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 10. Example of Industrial Wastewater ChU - Pulp and Paper Worksheet
E3 State Inventory Tool -
Wastewater Module
•a;
File Edi
Module Options
Type a question For help
BB &
X
AI B
Cl D
E
F 1
G 1
H 11
J K
L M
N O
P Q R
>
I—
CO"
w
A
1
10
Colorado Industrial Wastewater Methane - Pulp
1E-121 = |
~c
/
8
1991
<1
IH
1
*1
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3%| = |
>
1E-121 = |
~t
y
10
1**2
<1
IH
1
*1
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3%| = |
>
1 E-121 = |
~c
11
12
1**3
<1
1*1
1
*1
851 x
1,000 | X
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3%| = |
>
1 E-121 = |
~c
13
14
1**4
<1
hi
1
-1
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3%| = |
>
1 E-121 = |
~c
1b
16
1**5
<1
V
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 |x
10.3% | = |
>
1 E-121 = |
1/
18
1**<
<1
hi
X
T
V s5ix
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3% | = |
>
1 E-121 = |
ZI>C
iy
N
-
20
1**7
<1
hi
1
Enter Production Processed
0 3% | = |
>
I 1 E-121 = |
- |x|
21
_
22
1**8
<1
J-L
1
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3%| = |
>
1E-12|=|
DC
23
24
1***
<1
n
*[
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10.3% | = |
1 E-121 = |
~C
25
26
2000
<1
1
»[
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10 3% | = |
>
1 E-121 = |
~c
27
28
2001
<1
*[
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10 3% | = |
1 E-121 = |
~ |x|
"291
30
2002
<1
1
*[
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 | x
10 3%|= |
1 E-121 = |
~ |x|
~W
32
2003
<1
>r
1
*[
851 x
1,000 | x
0.41 x
0.6 |x
10 3%|= |
1 E-121 = |
~ |x|
V
M i
~ ~! / Municipal WW, N20, direct / Municipal WW, N20, effluent / Ind WW Fruit / Ind WW Meat / Ind WW Poultry \lnd WW P8
(P / Summary/ Un | <
| til |
As shown in Equation 7, emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater from pulp and
paper are based on annual woodpulp, paper, and paperboard produced in metric tons,
multiplied by the volume of wastewater produced per unit production, the average organic
matter content of wastewater from those processes, the Chk emission factor, and the
percent treated anaerobically. The total emissions are then converted to MMTCO2E.
Equation 7. ChU Emissions from Industrial Wastewater for Pulp and Paper
CH4 Emissions (MMTCO2E) =
[Production Processed Woodpulp (Metric Tons) + Production Processed Paper &
Paperboard (Metric Tons)] x Wastewater Produced (m3/metric ton) x 1,000
(L/m3) x Organic Matter Content (g BOD/L) x
Emission Factor (g ChU/g BOD) x Percent Treated Anaerobically (%) x
1012 (MMT/g) x 25 (GWP)
Step (11) Review Summary Information
The steps above provide estimates of total emissions from wastewater. The information
from the control worksheet and data entry worksheets is collected on the summary
worksheet, which displays results in MMTCO2E. Figure 11 shows the summary worksheet
that sums the emissions from all sectors in the Wastewater module. In addition, the results
are displayed in graphical format at the bottom of the summary worksheet.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.15
-------
Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Figure 11. Example of the Emissions Summary Worksheet in the Wastewater
Module
0 State Inventory Tool - Wastewater Module
File Edit Module Options
11. California Emissions Summary
Return to Control
Sheet
Review discussion ol
uncertainty associated
with these results
Emissions were not calculated for the following sources: Industrial Fruits 6 Vegetables, and Industrial Pulp & Paper.
Emwions (MMTCO.E)
19*0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 199< 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Municipal CH»
Municipal N,0
Industrial CH«
Fruits & Vegetables
Red Meat
Poultry
Pulp 4 Paper
2.00 2.05 2.08 2.09
2.11 2.12 2.14
2.23
0.96
2.29
0.99
0.03
Total Embsions
2.84 2.91 2.97 2.99 3.02 3.03 3.07 3.10 3.15 3.21 3.30 3.37 3.39 3.43 3.47 3.51
Total Wastewater Emissions 1990-2020
—Municipal CH4 —¦—Municipal N20 Industrial CH4
» 2.50
B 1.50
E 1.00
Methane Emissions from Industrial Wastewater 1990-2020
— Fruils & Vegetables —Red Meat k Pulp & Paper —— Poultry
Step (12) Export Data
The final step is to export the summary data. Exporting data allows the estimates from
each module to be combined later by the Synthesis Module to produce a comprehensive
greenhouse gas inventory for the state.
To access the "Export Data" button, return
to the control worksheet and scroll down to
step 12. Click on the "Export Data" button
and a message box will open that reminds
the user to make sure all steps of the
module have been completed. If you make
any changes to the Wastewater module
later, you will then need to re-export the
results.
Note: the resulting export file should not be
modified. The export file contains a summary
worksheet that allows users to view the results, as well as
a separate data worksheet with an unformatted version of
the results. The second worksheet, the data worksheet,
contains the information that is exported to the Synthesis
Tool. Users may not modify that worksheet...
Adding/removing rows, moving data, or making other
modifications jeopardize the ability of the Synthesis
Module to accurately analyze the data.
Clicking "OK" prompts you to save the file.
The file is already named, so you only need to choose a convenient place to save the file.
After the file is saved, a message box will appear indicating that the data was successfully
exported.
While completing the modules, you are encouraged to save each completed module; doing
so will enable you to easily make changes without re-running it entirely.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module 1.16
-------
Module 10 -Wastewater Module
January 2017
Following data export, the module may be reset and run for an additional state.
Alternatively, you may run the remaining modules of the SIT to obtain a comprehensive
profile of emissions for your state.
1.4 Uncertainty
In the upper right-hand corner of the summary worksheet is a button: "Review discussion of
uncertainty associated with these results." By clicking on this button, you are taken to a
worksheet that discusses the uncertainty surrounding the activity data and emission factors,
and how the uncertainty estimates for this source category affect the uncertainty of the
emission estimates for your state.
1.5 References
IPCC/UNEP/OECD/IEA. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, 5 volumes. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations
Environment Programme, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development,
International Energy Agency. Paris, France.
Spector, M. 1997. "Production and Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide During Biological
Denitrification." Unpublished, Lehigh University. Bethlehem, PA.
U.S. Census. 2014. State Population Dataset. Available online at: http://www.census.aov.
U.S. EPA. 2016. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2014. Office
of Atmospheric Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 430-R-16-002.
Internet address: https://www.epa.aov/ahaemissions/inventorv-us-areenhouse-aas-
emissions-and-sinks-1990-2014.
USDA. 2016. Red Meat Production, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture
Statistics Service, Washington, DC. December 2016. Data available online at:
http://www.nass.usda.aov/Data and Statistics/Quick Stats.
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool User's Guide for the Wastewater Module
1.17
------- |