Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Proposed Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act Final Report


Regulatory Impact Analysis for the
Proposed Reclassification of Major
Sources as Area Sources under Section
112 of the Clean Air Act
Final Report
May 2019
Larry Sorrels
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS)
Air Economics Group
109 TW Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

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US EPA
May 2019
Regulatory Impact Analysis for the
Proposed Reclassification of Major
Sources as Area Sources under Section
112 of the Clean Air Act
Report
Larry Sorrels
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Economics Group
109 TW Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Health and Environmental Impacts Division
Research Triangle Park, NC
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CONTACT INFORMATION
This document has been prepared by staff from the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Questions related to this document should be
addressed to Larry Sorrels, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 (email:
S orrel s. Larry @ ep a. gov).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Personnel from RTI International and Kapur Energy Environment Economics, LLC contributed
significant data, analysis, and writing to this document under contract number EP-W-11-029. In
addition, Eastern Research Group (ERG) contributed analyses of cost savings and emissions
changes to this document.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents	v
List of Tables	viii
1.	Executive Summary	1-1
1.1	Summary	1-1
1.2	Summary of Approach for the Analysi s	1-3
1.2.1	Baseline	1-4
1.2.2	Analytical Approach for Identifying Affected Sources and Calculating
Cost Savings	1-5
1.2.3	Economic Impact Estimation Approach	1-8
1.2.4	Benefits/Disbenefits Analysis	1-9
1.3	Avoided Costs of the Proposed MM2A Rule	1-10
1.4	Results	1-12
1.4.1	Administrative Cost Savings	1-12
1.4.2	Economic Impact Findings for 75 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario
(Primary Scenario)	1-12
1.4.3	Findings for 50 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative
Scenario 1)	1-14
1.4.4	Findings for 125 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative
Scenario 2)	1-15
1.5	Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario	1-16
1.6	Limitations and Uncertainties of the Analysis	 1-16
1.7	Organization of this Report	1-19
2.	Baseline Description, Regulatory Scenarios, and Affected Entities	2-1
2.1	Basic Steps for the Analysis Under the Primary Scenario	2-1
2.2	Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 1	2-4
2.3	Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 2	2-4
3.	Regulatory Relief or Avoided Burden Costs	3-1
3.1	Year 1 Avoided Costs for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule	3-1
3.2	Year 2 Avoided Cost for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule	3-38
3.3	Present Value and Equivalent Annualized Value Costs from the EPA	3-66
4.	Illustrative Emissions Impacts and Potential Control Cost Impacts	4-1
4.1 Estimating Number of Facilities per Source Category and the Fraction That
Could Obtain Area Source Status	4-1
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4.2	Control Technology Evaluation	4-4
4.3	Detailed Illustrative Source Category Analyses	4-5
4.4	Illustrative Source Category Cost Analyses for 125% Scenario (Alternative
Scenario 2)	4-9
4.5	Coverage of Source Categories for this Analysis	4-9
4.6	Illustrative Potential Cost Analysis Approach	4-10
4.7	Cost-Effectiveness Estimate Derivation	4-12
4.8	Illustrative Results for Potential Cost Impacts Analysis Considering the
Illustrative Emissions Analysis	4-
14	
4.9	Limitations of the Illustrative 125% Potential Cost Impacts
Analysis	4-15
5.	Benefits/Disbenefits	5-1
5.1	Introduction	5-1
5.2	PM2.5 Benefits/Disbenefits	5-1
5.2.1	PM2.5 Health Effects	5-2
5.2.2	Visibility Effects	5-3
5.3	Ozone Effects	5-4
5.3.1	Ozone Health Effects	5-5
5.3.2	Ozone Vegetation Effects	5-5
5.3.3	Ozone Climate Effects	5-5
5.4	N02 Health Effects	5-6
5.5	S02 Health Effects	5-6
5.6	NO2 and SO2 Health Co-Benefits/Co-Disbenefits	5-7
5.7	Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Health Impacts	5-8
5.7.1	Benzene	5-9
5.7.2	Ethylb enzene	5-9
5.7.3	Toluene	5-10
5.7.4	Vinyl Chloride	5-11
5.7.5	Other Air Toxics	5-12
6.	Impacts of Regulatory Relief	6-1
6.1.1	Identifying Affected Sectors and Entities	6-2
6.1.2	Data Used to Characterize Affected Entities by Size	6-2
6.2	Developing Economic and Small Entity Regulatory Relief Impact Measures.. .6-48
6.3	Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial, and
Other Sources under the Primary Scenario	6-48
6.4	Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial, and
Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 1	6-78
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6.5 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial, and
Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 2	6-104
6.6 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario	6-131
7.	Limitations and Uncertainties	7-1
7.1	Avoided Cost Estimate Limitations and Uncertainties	7-2
7.1.1	Uncertainties in Estimates of Affected Sources	7-2
7.1.2	Uncertainties in Permitting Costs	7-2
7.2	Economic Impact Limitations and Uncertainties	7-2
7.3	Economic Impact Data Limitations and Uncertainties	7-3
7.4	Benefits Limitations and Uncertainties	7-5
8.	References	8-1
Attachments
A Source Categories Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule	A-l
B Summary of Methodology and Data Used to Estimate Changes in
Emissions	B-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the Primary (75% Emissions
Cutoff) Scenario (2014$)	1-6
Table 1-2 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 50% Emissions Cutoff
Alternative Scenario (2014$)	1-7
Table 1-3 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 125% Emissions Cutoff
Alternative Scenario (2014$)	1-7
Table 1-4 Summary of Costs or Cost Savings by Time Period	1-11
Table 2-1 Facilities Affected by the Proposed Rule Under the Primary Scenario	2-3
Table 2-2 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1	2-4
Table 2-3 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2	2-5
Table 3-1 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule
Under the Primary Scenario (2014$)	3-4
Table 3-2 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule
Under Alternative Scenario 1 (2014$)	3-14
Table 3-3 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule
Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$)	3-25
Table 3-4 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule
Under the Primary Scenario (2014$)	3-39
Table 3-5 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule
Under Alternative Scenario 1 ($2014$)	3-48
Table 3-6 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule
Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$)	3-57
Table 3-7 Estimated Present Value of the Net Cost Savings for the Primary Alternative
Scenario (75% Emissions Cutoff) (billions of 2014$)	3-66
Table 3-8 Estimated Equivalent Annualized Value of the Net Cost Savings of
Scenario 2 (Primary) (millions of 2014$)	3-66
Table 4-1 Results of Potential Emissions Impacts Illustrative Analysis	 4-7
Table 4-2 List of Source Categories Included in the Potential Cost Impacts Analysis, and
Number of Affected Sources	4-10
Table 4-3 HAP Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Source Categories Included in the Potential
Cost Impacts Analysis	4-12
Table 6-1 Number of Establishments by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012	6-5
Table 6-2 Number of Employees by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012	6-20
Table 6-3 Receipts by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 (in millions of 2014$)	6-35
Table 6-4 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Primary Scenario	6-53
Table 6-5 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Primary Scenario	6-65
Table 6-6 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 1	6-80
Table 6-7 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 1	6-92
Table 6-8 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 2	6-105
Table 6-9 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 2	6-118
Table 7-1 Data Limitations for Specific NAICS Codes	7-3
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Table A-l Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under the Primary
Scenario	A-l
Table A-2 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative
Scenario 1	A-9
Table A-3 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative
Scenario 2	A-17
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Summary
This Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) examines the benefits, costs, and economic
impacts of the proposed rulemaking titled "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources
under Section 112 of Clean Air Act" (also known as Major MACT to Area (MM2A) rule). The
MM2A rule implements the plain language reading of the Clean Air Act (CAA) section 112
definitions of "major" and "area" source and allows major sources to reclassify to area source
status at such time the source takes enforceable limits on its potential to emit (PTE) hazardous air
pollutants (HAP) below the major source thresholds.
Section 112 of the CAA distinguishes between major and area sources of HAP emissions.
Major sources are larger sources of air emissions than area sources and, generally, different
requirements apply to major sources and area sources.1 Whether a source is a "major source" or
an "area source" depends on the amount of HAP emitted by the source based on its actual or
potential emissions. Section 112 of the CAA defined "major source" to mean a source that emits
or has the potential to emit at or above either of the statutory thresholds of 10 tons per year (tpy)
of any one HAP or 25 tpy of total HAP according to CAA section 112(a)(1). An "area source" is
defined as any source that is not a major source according to CAA section 112(a)(2). If a source
does not emit or does not have the potential to emit at or above either of the major source
thresholds, then it is an "area source."
Shortly after the EPA began implementing individual National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) resulting from the 1990 CAA Amendments, the Agency
received multiple requests to clarify when a major source of HAP could avoid section 112
requirements applicable to major sources by taking enforceable limits on its PTE below the
major source thresholds. In response, the EPA issued, on May 16, 1995, a memorandum from
John Seitz, Director of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, to the EPA regional air
division directors (the 1995 Seitz Memorandum). In the 1995 Seitz Memorandum, the EPA
1 For example, national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) standards applicable to major
sources of HAP are, with certain exceptions, emissions limits based on maximum available control technology
(MACT) floor and/or beyond the floor analyses under CAA sections 112(d)(2) and (d)(3), while area sources may
be subject to standards based on generally available control technology (GACT) standards rather than MACT
standards, as provided in CAA section 112(d)(5).
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stated its interpretation of the relevant statutory language that facilities that are major sources of
HAP may switch to area source status at any time until the "first compliance date" of the
standard. Under this interpretation, facilities that are major sources on the first substantive
compliance date of an applicable major source NESHAP were required to comply permanently
with that major source standard even if the source was subsequently to become an area source by
limiting its PTE. This position was commonly referred to as the OIAI policy.
On January 25, 2018, the EPA issued a guidance memorandum from William L.
Wehrum, Assistant Administrator of the Office of Air and Radiation, to the EPA regional air
division directors titled "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources Under Section 112
of the Clean Air Act" (MM2A Memorandum).2 In the MM2A Memorandum, the EPA discussed
the plain language of CAA section 112(a) regarding Congress's definitions of "major source"
and "area source," and determined that the OIAI policy articulated in the 1995 Seitz
Memorandum is contrary to the plain language of the CAA and, therefore, must be withdrawn.
The EPA is now proposing regulatory text to implement the plain language reading of the statute
as discussed in the MM2A Memorandum. Under the plain language of the statute, a major source
that takes enforceable limits on its PTE to bring its HAP emissions below the CAA section 112
major source thresholds becomes an area source under the plain language of the statute, no
matter when the source may choose to take enforceable measures to limit its PTE HAP
emissions. That source, now having area source status, will not be subject to the CAA section
112 requirements applicable to the source as a major source under CAA section 112 - so long as
the source's actual and PTE HAP remains below the CAA section 112 thresholds - and will
instead be subject to any applicable area source requirements. The decision of a major source
facility to take enforceable limits on its PTE HAP emissions and reclassify to area source status
is purely voluntary.
This RIA estimates the potential cost savings estimates associated with the
reclassification of major sources as area sources under section 112 of the CAA. The potential
cost savings are based on illustrative estimates of administrative burden reduction for sources
that reclassify to area source status and are no longer subject to major source NESHAP
requirements. The economic impacts are separate estimates from the estimates of cost savings
2 See notice in 83 FR 5543, February 8, 2018.
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and measure avoided cost to sales. The avoided costs included in the measurement of avoided
cost-to-sales ratios are estimates of administrative burden reduction or cost savings. This RIA
does not estimate any costs or cost savings related to control equipment changes (e.g., decrease
in control device operating and maintenance costs due to reduced device use), though it does
provide analysis of the potential control costs for sources reducing HAP emissions in one
instance. 3In place of a quantitative estimate of changes in emissions and benefits, the RIA
provides a qualitative assessment of potential health and other benefits.
This RIA uses industry-level (six-digit North American Industry Classification System
[NAICS] code) data and gauges the magnitude of the reduction in regulation for affected sources
by comparing the avoided burden cost estimates to average industry revenues. The burden cost
estimates are in annual terms (2014 and 2016 dollars), and the avoided annualized cost-to-sales
ratios are calculated using average industry revenue and average industry revenue by entity size.
The U.S. Small Business Administration small business size standards current list (as of October
1, 2017) is used to define a small entity. We note that this analysis approach in general was used
for the RIA for the Final Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas
Tailoring Rule, a regulatory relief rule that was promulgated in 2010.4
1.2 Summary of Approach for the Analysis
This analysis examines three scenarios. The 2014 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)
whole facility emissions along with source category modeling files were used to identify
facilities with actual emissions below 75 percent of major source thresholds for HAP (U.S. EPA,
2016a). This 75 percent emissions cutoff at 7.5 tons per year (tpy) for one HAP and 18.75 tpy for
all HAP defines the primary scenario in this analysis to calculate the cost savings and economic
impact of rescinding the OIAI policy on various industry sectors. In addition, to comply with the
Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) Circular A-4 guidance that analysis of a
regulation includes at least three scenarios (a primary scenario, and two alternatives: one more
Memorandum. Larry Sorrels, US EPA/OAQPS/HEID/AEG to EPA Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282.
"Analysis for Illustrative 125% Scenario for MM2A Proposal - Potential Cost Impacts from HAP Major Sources
Reducing Emissions as part of Reclassifying to HAP Area Sources." May, 2019.
4 The RI A is available at https://www3¦epa.gov/ttn/ecas/docs/ria/pemiitting ria final-glig-tailoring-rule 2010-
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stringent and one less stringent)5. The two alternative scenarios examined in this report present: a
50% emissions cutoff and no-cutoff (125%) of major source thresholds. The 50% emissions
cutoff is at 5 tpy of a single HAP or 12.5 tpy of all combined HAP. The 125% emissions cutoff is
at 12.5 tpy of a single HAP or 31.25 tpy of all combined HAP.
Our analysis of the proposed MM2A rule includes several key elements:
• identification of HAP source categories expected to be affected by the proposed rule;
• identification of facilities for the 75% emissions cutoff scenario, which is the primary
scenario for this analysis and for the two alternative scenarios;
• estimation of avoided ongoing labor burden;
• estimation of one-time permitting costs for the area source permits;
• estimation of area source burdens;
• estimation of cost savings;
• examination of potential control costs for some sources affected under the 125%
scenario
• estimation of emissions impacts for some source categories;
• estimation of the economic impacts of this proposed rule; and
• benefits/disbenefits analysis.
A brief synopsis of these analytical aspects follows.
1.2.1 Baseline
The baseline for this proposed rulemaking is a state under which facilities that are major
sources on the first substantive compliance date of an applicable major source NESHAP are
required to comply permanently with that major source NESHAP requirements (OIAI policy).
Under this no-action case baseline, a major source would continue to be major source even if the
source was subsequently to become an area source by limiting its PTE. In contrast, the EPA is
proposing that a major source can reclassify to area source status at any time by limiting its PTE
HAP to below the major source thresholds of 10 tpy of any single HAP or 25 tpy of any
5 OMB's Circular A-4 is guidance that Federal agencies must follow to comply with Executive Order 12866, the
basis for the content of regulatory impact analyses for rulemakings. This guidance is available at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf. and p. 16 of Circular A-4
contains discussion on the development of regulatory alternatives.
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combination of HAP. The implementation of the plain language reading of the statute, removes
the time limitation imposed by the OIAI policy and, thus, provides potential regulatory relief for
sources that choose to limit their PTE HAP emissions and reclassify from major to area source
status. As described, the no-action case is the baseline for this RIA. All of the alternative
scenarios analyzed in this RIA show the level of potential regulatory relief in comparison to a
baseline in which the OIAI policy remains in effect.
1.2.2 Analytical Approach for Identifying Affected Sources and Calculating Cost Savings
The EPA conducted an illustrative cost analysis to determine the potential impacts of the
removal of the OIAI policy. As part of this analysis, the EPA examined source categories subject
to major source NESHAP under 40 CFR part 63. The EPA considered 110 source categories in
the analysis. Of the 110 source categories, 71 were assessed using a direct approach, 35 were
assessed using an extrapolated approach and 4 were assessed using approaches specific to those
categories.
The EPA has completed Risk and Technology Review (RTR) modeling files for the 71
source categories assessed using a direct approach. Of these 71 source categories, 6 source
categories would not be affected by the proposal and were not further analyzed. The remaining
65 categories examined under this approach were assessed using an approach based on
administrative burden cost information from information collection requests (ICRs) for each
source category NESHAP. For the 35 source categories that were analyzed using an extrapolated
approach, the EPA does not have RTR modeling files. The EPA used cost information for the 71
source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories without RTR modeling files.
Also, three Industrial, Commercial and Institutional (ICI) Boilers and Process Heaters source
categories and one Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) source category were
assessed separately using approaches designed specifically for these categories. For a detailed
description of how the EPA identified and assessed affected sources categories, please see the
May, 2019 Cost Analysis Memorandum by the Eastern Research Group (ERG, 2019).
For the 65 source categories for which there are completed RTR modeling files, the EPA
used the modeling files to calculate the total number of major source facilities in each source
category. The EPA also used the RTR modeling files to estimate the number of facilities
projected to obtain area source status per source category under the 75% emissions cutoff,
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50%emissions cutoff, and 125% emissions cutoff scenarios. These scenarios are referred to in
this RIA as the primary scenario, alternative scenario 1 and alternative scenario 2, respectively.
For the 35 source categories for which EPA does not have RTR modeling files, the EPA used the
Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) database to estimate the number of major
source facilities. To estimate the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status for the
35 source categories, the EPA used 3-digit NAICS codes to match each extrapolated category to
directly assessed source categories with RTR data. The May, 2019, ERG Cost Analysis
Memorandum memo explains how the EPA calculated the number of major source facilities, the
facilities projected to obtain area source status and the projected net cost savings per source
category. The projected net cost savings are based on avoided supporting statement costs
(avoided labor burden), permitting costs for area source permits and the costs of the area source
rule requirements (area source burden). A summary description of the cost savings or avoided
costs of the proposed MM2A rule is provided in Section 1.3.
Given that the actions of sources and businesses in response to this proposal are entirely
voluntary, the analyses in this RIA, including the estimates of cost savings, are illustrative. The
analytic timeline is assumed to begin with the year 2020 and to have an indefinite time horizon.
Table 1-1 summarizes the illustrative cost savings and number of facilities projected to obtain
area source status for the 75% emissions cutoff (or primary) alternative scenario analyzed. As
shown in Table 1-1, the illustrative or potential annual cost savings for the primary scenario is
$168.9 million (2014 dollars) in year 1. For year 2 and years thereafter, the illustrative or
potential cost savings is $200.3 million annually (2014 dollars).
Table 1-1 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the Primary (75% Emissions Cutoff)
Scenario (2014$)
Coverage of Source
Categories
71 Source Categories
(RTR data)
Additional Source Categories
(35 categories)
ICI Boilers and Process
Heaters (3 categories)
All Source Categories
Total Number of
Facilities in Source
Category subject to
Major Source NESHAP
3,065
3,034
1,821
7,920
Facilities Projected to
Obtain Area Source
Status
1,621 (52.9%)
1,383 (45.6%)
908 (49.9%)
3,912 (49.4%)
Potential Net Annual
Cost Savings (2014$)
$73.4 Million (year 1)
$86.4 Million (year 2)
$69.8 Million (year 1)
$80.9 Million (year 2)
$25.8 Million (year 1)
$33.1 Million (year 2)
$168.9 Million (year 1)
$200.3 Million (year 2)
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Source: Eastern Research Group. May 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities
Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
Tables 1-2 and 1-3 summarize the illustrative cost savings and number of facilities
projected to obtain area source status for the 50% emissions cutoff and 125% emissions cutoff
alternative scenarios, respectively. As shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3, the illustrative or potential
annual cost savings for these scenarios are $131.8 million and $207.6 million (2014 dollars),
respectively, in year 1. For year 2 and years thereafter, the illustrative or potential cost savings
are $156.6 million and $243.8 million annually, respectively (2014 dollars).
Table 1-2 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 50% Emissions Cutoff Alternative
Scenario (2014$)
Total Number of
Coverage of Source Facilities in Source
Categories Category subject to
Major Source NESHAP
Facilities Projected to
Obtain Area Source
Status
Potential Net Annual
Cost Savings (2014$)
71 Source Categories
(RTR data)
Additional Source Categories
(35 categories)
ICI Boilers and Process
Heaters (3 categories)
3,065
3,034
1,821
1,322 (43.1%)
1,111 (36.6%)
658 (36.1%)
$59.0 Million (year 1)
$69.6 Million (year 2)
$54.5 Million (year 1)
$63.4 Million (year 2)
$18.3 Million (year 1)
$23.6 Million (year 2)
All Source Categories
7,920
3,091 (39.0%)
$131.8 Million (year 1)
$156.6 Million (year 2)
Source: Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with
Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
Table 1-3 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 125% Emissions Cutoff Alternative
Scenario (2014$)
Coverage of Source
Categories
Total Number of
Facilities in Source
Category subject to
Major Source NESHAP
Facilities Projected
to Obtain Area
Source Status
Potential Net Annual
Cost Savings (2014$)
71 Source Categories
(RTR data)
3,065
1,863 (60.8%)
$91.6 Million (year 1)
$106.6 Million (year 2)
Additional Source Categories
(35 categories)
3,034
1,632 (53.8%)
$86.3 Million (year 1)
$99.3 Million (year 2)
ICI Boilers and Process
Heaters (3 categories)
1,821
1,022 (56.1%)
$29.7 Million (year 1)
$37.9 Million (year 2)
All Source Categories
7,920
4,517 (57.0%)
$207.6 Million (year 1)
$243.8 Million (year 2)
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Source: Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with
Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
To comply with Executive Orders (EOs) 12866 and 13771, we have also estimated the
present value (PV) of the illustrative cost savings for each scenario. For this analysis, there is the
presumption of an infinite time horizon to estimate the PV, given that there is no review period
for this action stated in the Clean Air Act. The PV of the cost savings for the primary alternative
scenario is $2.34 billion (in 2014 dollars) at a discount rate of 7%, which is discounted to 2016 in
accordance with EO 13771 guidance. 6 At a discount rate of 3%, the PV is $6.08 billion (in 2014
dollars), again discounted to 2016. In 2016 dollars, these present values are $2.39 billion and
$6.24 billion, again discounted to 2016. A measure of the annual cost savings is the equivalent
annualized value (EAV), and this is $163 million (2014 dollars) at a 7% rate for the primary
scenario. At a 3% discount rate, the EAV is $183 million (2014 dollars). In 2016 dollars, the
EAV is $167 million at a 7% discount rate and $187 million at a 3%rate. We show the PVs and
EAVs in 2016 dollars as part of compliance with EO 13771.
We also estimate the potential control costs for some sources that may reduce HAP
emissions under the illustrative 125% scenario. This analysis is described in more detail in
Chapter 4 of this RIA and in the memorandum for this analysis.7
1.2.3 Economic Impact Estimation Approach
To estimate the economic impacts of this proposal, the EPA implemented the sales test to
measure impacts on industrial, commercial, and other sources. The sales test is an approach that
computes the annualized compliance costs as a share of sales for each company and is the
methodology the EPA employs in economic impact analyses such as this one. Another
methodology is a profits test, in which annualized compliance costs are calculated as a share of
6 Executive Order 13771, "Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs," can be found at Guidance from
US OMB on complying with Executive Order 13771 can be found at
https://www.federalregister.gov/docunients/2017/02/03/2017-02451/rediicing-reailation-and-controlling-
regulatory'-costs and https://www.whiteliouse.gov/sites/whiteliouse.gov/files/omb/menioranda/2017/M-17-21-
7 Memorandum. Larry Sorrels, US EPA/OAQPS/HEID/AEG to EPA Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282.
"Analysis for Illustrative 125% Scenario for MM2A Proposal - Potential Cost Impacts from HAP Major Sources
Reducing Emissions as part of Reclassifying to HAP Area Sources." May, 2019.
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profits.8 The EPA employs the sales test methodology because revenues or sales data are
commonly available data for entities affected by EPA regulations, and profits data normally
made available are often not the true profits earned by firms because of accounting and tax
considerations. Firms and entities often have ways legally available in the tax code to minimize
their reported profits; thus, using reported profits may lead to a less than accurate estimate of the
economic impact of a regulation to an affected firm or entity and their consumers. Although
screening-level analyses are often employed to estimate impacts to small businesses or entities as
part of an analysis in compliance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), a screening-level analysis can also
be used in an economic impact analysis such as this one whose focus is on the regulated
companies. Given a general lack of information on the identity of owners of companies
potentially affected by the proposed rule, the EPA implemented the recommended sales test and
computed cost-to-sales ratios for affected sectors at the establishment (or facility) level.9
Information on establishments, employees, and receipts (sales) was taken from the latest
complete set of data from the U.S. Economic Census (for 2012, the most recently completed
Economic Census).10 For NAICS 115114, Postharvest Crop Activities, and 611310, Colleges and
Universities, the data are from the 2012 County Business Patterns. The cost-to-sales ratios
examine the ratio of the average establishment's total yearly avoided costs to the average
establishment receipts for enterprises within several employment categories.
1.2.4 Benefits/Disbenefits Analysis
The benefits/disbenefits analysis describes the human health impacts associated with the
proposed rule. This proposed rule may potentially result in both emission reductions and
8 More information on sales and profit tests as used in analyses done by the EPA can be found at
http://www.epa.gov/sbrefa/docimients/rfaaiidancell-00-06.pdf. pp. 32-33.
9 Typically, SBREFA impact assessments are conducted at the ultimate parent company level. The EPA assumed
that the U.S. Census Bureau definition of enterprise is equivalent to ultimate parent company. Theoretically, the
comparison of compliance costs to sales should be conducted at the enterprise level. Because the U.S. Census
Bureau only provides data for typical establishments within various enterprise size categories, the EPA chose to
compute the cost-to-sales ratio at the establishment (or facility level). The same ratio could be computed at the
enterprise level by multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the typical number of establishments
per enterprise in the appropriate enterprise size categories. Using the 2012 Economic Census data on typical
establishments means that the cost-to-sales ratios are identical, whether computed at the establishment level or at
the enterprise level.
10 The next version of the Economic Census, for 2017, will be completed and released to the public by the U.S.
Census Bureau beginning in September 2019.
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increases from a broad array of existing sources. As described in Section 4, pollutant emissions
that may be affected include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are precursors to both
fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone formation; sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is a precursor to
fine particles sized 2.5 microns and smaller (PM2.5); oxides of nitrogen (NOx), a precursor to
both PM2.5 and ground-level ozone; organic HAP such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and
vinyl chloride; and methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG) and a precursor to ozone formation. As
described in the subsequent sections, these pollutants are associated with substantial health
effects, climate effects, and other welfare effects. We are uncertain as to the magnitude,
direction, and distribution of these changes in emissions. As such, we are unable to quantify the
changes in emissions across these sources and cannot either simulate the change in air quality or
characterize the impact of these changes to human health. This is not to imply that changing
emissions will not affect human health. Rather, our approach reflects the challenges associated
with modeling the direct and indirect impacts of the reductions in emissions for these sectors
with the data currently available. In place of quantitative estimates of the quantity and economic
value of the pollutant changes, we instead characterize these impacts in qualitative terms. Section
5 provides a qualitative assessment of the health benefits associated with altering exposure to
these pollutants, as well as visibility impairment and ecosystem benefits.
1.3 Avoided Costs of the Proposed MM2A Rule
The EPA identified the facilities that could potentially be affected by the proposed
MM2A rule. These facilities are classified as major sources but could obtain area source status
with the proposed MM2A rule. The May, 2019, ERG cost memo describes how the projected
cost savings per source category were calculated for the source categories for which the EPA has
completed RTR modeling files. Once a facility achieves area source status, there will be avoided
supporting statement costs. However, the facility will still incur compliance costs as an area
source facility. There will be permitting costs to the facility and the state agency for obtaining
the area source permits to replace the major source permits. These permitting costs are one-time
in nature, and are reflected in the year 1 cost savings estimates. The May, 2019, ERG cost memo
describes how the avoided supporting statement costs, compliance costs and permitting costs are
calculated. The Air Quality Policy Division (AQPD) of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards (OAQPS) provided estimates of one-time permitting costs to facilities and states.
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The one-time facility permitting cost is $4,968 per facility (2014 dollars) (U.S. EPA, 2015). The
one-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility (2014 dollars) (U.S. EPA, 2016c). These
costs are based on those for applying and obtaining a synthetic minor permit under the Clean Air
Act Title V permitting program. These one-time cost estimates are irrespective of facility size.
The projected illustrative net cost savings in the first year after major source facilities
obtain area source status (or year 1) is the sum of the permitting costs to the facilities, the
permitting costs to the state agencies, the projected annual compliance cost savings from not
having to comply with the major source rule, and the estimated costs of the area source rule
requirements. The projected illustrative net cost savings in the second year after major source
facilities obtain area source status is the sum of the projected annual cost savings from not
having to comply with the major source rule and the estimated costs of the area source rule
requirements. Table 1-4 shows, relative to the baseline of no action, the timing of potential costs
and cost savings that lead to an overall cost savings for this proposal. The estimate of cost
savings for years 1 and 2 do not account for changes in the costs of control equipment that may
be associated with reclassification from major to area source status, such as capital, fuel, and
operating and maintenance costs.
Table 1-4 Summary of Costs or Cost Savings by Time Period
Source Size
Year 1
Year 2 and Years Thereafter
Major Source
Reporting/supporting statement cost savings
Reporting/supporting statement cost savings

¦ Ongoing reporting costs

(existing area sources)
¦ Ongoing reporting costs
Area Source
¦ Ongoing reporting costs
(existing area sources)
(new area sources)
¦ Ongoing reporting costs

¦ One-time permitting costs
(new area sources)

(new area sources)

For the 35 source categories for which the EPA does not have completed RTR modeling
files, the EPA used an extrapolated approach. The EPA used 3-digit NAICS codes to match each
of these categories (called extrapolated categories) to the directly assessed source categories with
RTR data. Then, the EPA calculated the sum of projected cost savings for years 1 and 2 of the
source categories that were matched to the extrapolated category. Next, the EPA determined the
average cost savings for years 1 and 2 for the matched source categories and used these to
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determine the cost savings for the extrapolated category. The May, 2019, ERG Cost Analysis
Memorandum describes the extrapolated approach to calculate cost savings in detail. This May,
2019, ERG Cost Memorandum also details the methodology for calculating the projected cost
savings for the separate categories of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional (ICI) Boilers and
Process Heaters and Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE). The EPA decided to
not include RICE in the cost analysis because these are typically co-located with other major
HAP sources and any cost savings for these engines would be included in the cost savings
associated with the other major source NESHAP.
1.4 Results
1.4.1 A dministrative Cost Savings
The illustrative cost savings in Tables 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3 are the avoided administrative
burden for years 1 and 2. The illustrative or potential annual cost savings for the primary
scenario is $168.9 million (2014 dollars) in year 1. For year 2 and years thereafter, the
illustrative or potential cost savings is $200.3 million annually (2014 dollars). For alternative
scenario 1, the illustrative or potential annual cost savings are $131.8 million (2014 dollars) in
year 1 and $156.6 million (2014 dollars) in year 2. For alternative scenario 2, the illustrative or
potential annual cost savings are $207.6 million (2014 dollars) in year 1 and $243.8 million
(2014 dollars) in year 2.
1.4.2 Economic Impact Findings for 75% Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Primary Scenario)
The year 1 potential avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%,
with a median (or 50th percentile) potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05% across all
employment size categories. The twenty-fifth (25th) percentile and seventy-fifth (75th) percentile
avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.16% respectively across all employment
size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 12.05%,
with a median potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all employment size
categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratios in
year 2 are 0.02% and 0.22% respectively across all employment size categories. Figure 1-1
below in Section 1.5 provides a chart of these values.
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Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger in
year 2 than year 1, and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger. For example, NAICS
337110 (Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing) has an overall year 1 avoided
cost-to-sales ratio of 0.56% and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.86%. Some
NAICS codes that have less than 0.01% ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as
NAICS 326150 (Urethane and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing), which
has an overall avoided cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01% in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2.
As discussed above, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2
impact estimates. In year 1, some small size categories have small avoided cost-to-sales ratios.
The "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category of NAICS 424510 (Grain and Field Bean
Merchant Wholesalers) has a 0.04% avoided cost-to-sales ratio, and the "20 to 99 employees"
category of NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene]
Manufacturing) has a less than 0.01% avoided cost-to-sales ratio. However, there are cases of
larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in year 1, such as the "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" category of NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing),
which has a 11.08% avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1. For the same size category, NAICS
493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 2.66% in year 1.
Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 493190
are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per
establishment is $0.7 million which is less than the SBA size standard of $27.5 million for this
NAICS code.
In year 2, small entities generally have larger cost savings and the resulting avoided cost-
to-sales ratios are larger. For example, for NAICS 213112 (Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations) the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category in year 1 has an avoided cost-to-
sales of 0.85%) and in year 2, the ratio is 1.08%. Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19
employees" size category for NAICS 213112 are considered small businesses for purposes of
this analysis because the average receipts per establishment is $2.1 million which is less than the
SBA size standard of $38.5 million. For NAICS 339999, for the "fewer than or equal to 19
employees" category, the avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 is 12.05%.
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1.4.3 Findings for 50% Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative Scenario 1)
For the first alternative scenario with a threshold of 50%, the year 1 avoided cost-to-sales
ratios range from -0.01% to 4.67%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.04% across all
employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided
cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are .01% and .14% respectively across all employment size
categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 5.16%, with a
median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all employment size categories. The twenty-
fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.03% and
0.23% respectively across all employment size categories.
Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger and
the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are higher in year 2 than year 1. For example, NAICS
493110 (General Warehousing and Storage) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of
1.14%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 1.42%). Three NAICS codes, 324110
(Petroleum Refineries), 325110 (Petrochemical Manufacturing), and 336112 (Light Truck and
Utility Vehicle Manufacturing), have less than 0.01% overall avoided cost-to-sales ratios in both
year 1 and year 2. NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene]
Manufacturing) is the only NAICS code to have a negative avoided cost-to-sales ratio (-0.01%)
in year 1, but in year 2, its avoided cost-to-sales ratio is positive (0.02%).
Like the primary scenario, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year
2 impact estimates for the alternate scenario 1. In year 1, some small size categories have low
avoided cost-to-sales ratios. NAICS 424710 (Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals) has an
avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.02% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category and
0.01%) for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1. However, there are cases of larger
positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1 and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other
Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.56% for the "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" category in year 1, and NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and
Storage), has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.39% for the same size category in year 2. As
explained above, establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for
NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis based on the SBA
size standard for this NAICS code.
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1.4.4 Findings for 125 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative Scenario 2)
For alternative scenario 2, which has a threshold of 125%, the year 1 avoided cost-to-
sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of
0.05%) across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth
percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01%> and 0.16%> respectively across all
employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01%>
to 12.05%), with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06%> across all employment size
categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in
year 2 are 0.02% and 0.21% respectively across all employment size categories.
Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are generally
larger, and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger in year 2 than year 1. For example,
NAICS 561990 (All Other Support Services) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of
0.63%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.94%>. Some NAICS codes that have
less than 0.01%> ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as NAICS 326150 (Urethane
and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing), which has an overall avoided
cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01%> in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2.
Like for the primary scenario and alternative scenario 1, we conducted a small entity
analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates for alternative scenario 2. In year 1, some
small size categories have low avoided cost-to-sales ratios. For instance, NAICS 424510 (Grain
and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers) has an avoided cost-to-sales of 0.04% for the "fewer than
or equal to 19 employees" category and 0.01% for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1.
However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1
and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has a year 1 "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" category avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 11.08%, and NAICS 493190
(Other Warehousing and Storage) has a year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 9.02% for the same
size category. As stated previously, establishments in this size category for NAICS 493190 are
considered small businesses based on the SBA size standard for this NAICS code.
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1.5 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario
Figure 1-1 displays the cost-to-sales ratios percentile results for the primary and two
alternative scenarios. In year 1, the twenty-fifth percentiles, fiftieth percentiles (medians), and
seventy-fifth percentiles across all employment size categories are very similar across the three
scenarios. The twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.01% for each scenario, the medians are 0.04%for
alternative scenario 1 and 0.05% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2, and the
seventy-fifth percentiles are 0.14% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.16% for both the primary
scenario and alternative scenario 2. Hence, in year 1 all primary scenario and alternative
scenario 2 percentiles are the same whereas the alternative scenario 1 results are a bit different
for the fiftieth and seventy-fifth percentiles.
In year 2, the percentiles across all employment size categories are also quite similar across
the three scenarios. The twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.02% for both the primary scenario and
alternative scenario 2 and 0.03% for alternative scenario 1, the medians are 0.06% for each
scenario, and the seventy-fifth percentiles are between 0.21% and 0.23% for the three scenarios
(0.22% for the primary scenario, 0.23% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.21% for alternative
scenario 2). Hence, in year 2 the median is the same across scenarios, the twenty-fifth percentile
results match for the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2, but the seventy-fifth percentiles
are slightly different across scenarios.
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Figure 1-1: Cost-to-Sales Ratios Percentile Results for Primary Scenario, Alternative
Scenario 1, and Alternative Scenario 2
0.35%
0.30%
0.25%
0.20%
0.15%
0.10%
0.05%
0.00%
I
I ¦ ¦ I I
75th Percentile
150th Percentile (Median)
25th Percentile
Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2
Primary Scenario Alternative Alternative
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Note: The year 2 percentile results are for year 2 and are also the annual results for years thereafter. The median
revenue for industries included in this analysis is $9.13 billion (2014$).
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016
Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research Eastern
Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities
Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
1.6 Limitations and Uncertainties of the Analysis
This economic analysis has many sources of uncertainty. The most prominent uncertainty
is that the EPA does not know which sources will take advantage of the opportunity to reclassify.
The original 2007 proposal11 did not provide analyses of removing OIAI because it was stated
that impacts could not be quantified without knowing which sources will avail themselves of the
regulatory provisions proposed in this rule and what methods of HAP emission reductions will
be used. In addition, the 2007 proposal also indicated, "It is unknown how many sources would
choose to take permit conditions that would limit their PTE to below major source levels."
11 Federal Register. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: General Provisions. 72 FR 69
(January 3, 2007) https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/gp/fr03ia07.pdf.
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Within this group, it also is not known how many sources may increase their emissions from the
major source MACT level (assuming the level is below the major source thresholds). Similarly,
we cannot identify or quantify the universe of sources that would decrease their HAP emissions
to below the level required by the NESHAP to achieve area source status. All such decisions
discussed here are entirely voluntary by each HAP major sources.
Additional limitations and uncertainties include the following:
• A major assumption in the estimation of potential cost savings in this RIA is that all
major sources in each source category that can reclassify to an area source will do so
subject to a HAP PTE limitation. It is possible that major sources may choose not to
reclassify because cost savings are not a sufficient incentive or for other reasons (e.g.,
companies concerned with their environmental reputation).
• In addition to the uncertainty in the estimates of sources affected by this proposed
rule, there is uncertainty in the burden costs used to estimate the regulatory relief
from this rule. These uncertainties also affect the economic impact analysis
conducted. The economic impact analysis compares the avoided burden cost
estimates with average industry revenues to gauge the impact of the proposed MM2A
rule for affected sources.
• We used average industry revenue and average establishment revenue estimates by
entity size to estimate avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The actual impacts to individual
entities affected by this policy change may differ from industry averages.
• The average entity costs used to compute the sales test vary across sources but are the
same across establishment size categories. As a result, the sales test will likely
overstate the avoided cost-to-receipt ratio for establishments owned by small
businesses.
• Using the 2012 Economic Census, we collected and organized data on number of
establishments, employment, and receipts for affected sources represented by NAICS
codes. However, because of confidentiality issues, some data values were not
available or reported with a range of values. In addition, some NAICS codes were not
valid 2012 NAICS codes, and either no data were reported for them in the 2012
Economic Census, or limited data were reported and not broken down by employment
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size categories. These data limitations are described in detail in Table 7-1 in Section 7
and prevent us from reporting avoided cost-to-sales ratios for every employment size
category for some NAICS codes.
• The underlying establishment and receipts data are a limiting factor because if either
of these measures is not reported for a certain category, we cannot calculate the
average receipts per establishment, which is needed for the avoided cost-to-sales ratio
calculation. However, for some cases avoided cost-to-sales ratios are not reported
because zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status; therefore, there are
no facilities to calculate the average cost per entity.
This RIA estimates administrative burden reduction and some economic impact as
measured by avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The analysis does not measure costs or cost savings
related to control equipment changes (e.g., decrease in control device operating and maintenance
costs due to reduced device use) and does not provide quantitative estimates of changes in
emissions and benefits.
1.7 Organization of this Report
The remainder of this report supports and details the methodology and the results of this
illustrative RIA.
• Section 2 presents a discussion of the regulatory baseline, analysis scenarios, and
affected entities.
• Section 3 describes the administrative cost savings of the proposed rule including
those for the two alternative scenarios.
• Section 4 describes the impacts on emissions from the proposed rule and potential
control cost impacts for sources affected by the illustrative 125% scenario.
• Section 5 describes the benefits/disbenefits of the proposed rule.
• Section 6 describes the economic impact methodology and the estimated economic
impacts of the proposed rule.
• Section 7 describes limitations and uncertainties of the analyses in the RIA.
• Section 8 lists the references for the analyses included in this RIA.
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2. BASELINE DESCRIPTION, REGULATORY SCENARIOS,
AND AFFECTED ENTITIES
The OIAI policy did not allow a major source to become an area source if its PTE was
over the major source threshold as of the source's first compliance date. With the proposed
MM2A rule, sources that were once classified as major sources can reclassify to area source
status at any time by taking limits on its PTE HAP below the major source thresholds. To
determine which facilities could potentially reclassify to area source status, the EPA used the
2014 NEI whole facility HAP emissions along with source category risk assessment modeling
files to identify facilities with actual emissions below 75% of major source thresholds. This 75%
emissions cutoff of 7.5 tpy for one HAP and 18.75 tpy for all HAPs is the primary scenario in
this analysis to calculate the economic impacts of the proposed MM2A rule on various industry
sectors. Two alternative scenarios, a 50% emissions cutoff and a 125% emissions cutoff, are also
included in this analysis. An explanation of the uncertainties associated with this methodology is
discussed in Section 7 of this report. The basic steps used to estimate affected sources and
permitting actions under the primary and alternative scenarios are described in Sections 2.1, 2.2,
and 2.3.
2.1 Basic Steps for the Analysis Under the Primary Scenario
1) Identify source categories. The EPA selected about 110 source categories subject to
major source NESHAP requirements to be included in the MM2A cost analysis. Sixty-five
categories in this group were assessed by the EPA using data from the RTR modeling files and
had cost savings expected for each. The EPA also identified six categories where the MM2A
policy change is not expected to have an impact, for a total of 71 source categories with RTR
modeling files. In addition, 35 source categories were analyzed using an extrapolated approach
{i.e., using the cost information for the 71 source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source
categories). Three ICI Boilers and Process Heaters source categories and the RICE source
category were separately assessed. A detailed description of how the EPA identified and assessed
affected sources categories is provided in the May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum.
The selected sources evaluated in this analysis can be grouped in the following sectors:
• Energy {e.g., Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction)
• Industrial {e.g., Petrochemical Manufacturing and Automobile Manufacturing)
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•	Waste Treatment (e.g., Hazardous Waste Treatment & Disposal)
•	Commercial (e.g., General Warehousing & Storage)
•	Agriculture (e.g., Postharvest Crop Activities [except Cotton Ginning])
•	Utilities (e.g., Hydroelectric Power Generation)
•	Educational Services (e.g., Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools)
The six NAICS codes identified in the categories with RTR modeling files that would not
be affected (i.e., have no facilities projected to obtain area source status) by the proposed MM2A
rule are in the industrial sector and are as follows:
1.	All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing (NAICS 311999)
2.	Paper (except Newsprint) Mills (NAICS 322121)
3.	Artificial & Synthetic Fibers & Filament Manufacturing (NAICS 325220)
4.	Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing (NAICS 325312)
5.	Alumina Refining & Primary Aluminum Production (NAICS 331313)
6.	Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding & Alloying (NAICS 331420)
2) Identify facilities for the 75% emissions cutoff scenario. The EPA used source category
RTR modeling files and 2014 NEI whole facility emissions to identify facilities with actual
emissions below 75% of major source thresholds that would qualify as area source facilities for
the primary scenario. Actual emissions for each source category were obtained from the 2014
NEI. Table 2-1 identifies facilities affected by the proposed MM2A rule under the primary
scenario. The calculation of facilities projected to obtain area source status in each sector and
source category is based on the sources expected to experience regulatory relief listed by sector
in Appendix A-l.
The NEI contains the EPA's most complete estimates of HAP emissions. The EPA's Air
Toxics Program identifies 187 HAP. Some examples of these are benzene, formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde. The NEI's HAP emission estimates allow the EPA to determine if there is any
progress being made in the reduction of HAP as described in the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990. The 2014 NEI obtains data from the state, local and tribal (S/L/T) air agencies, as well as
the development of NESHAP, and creates a national emissions database with this information.
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Table 2-1 Facilities Affected by the Proposed Rule Under the Primary Scenario
Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status
Energy
367
Waste Treatment
359
Agriculture
1
Industrial
2,894
Commercial
110
Utilities
115
Educational Services
13
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated
with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019.
The Air Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) requires state agencies to report all sources of
emissions, except fires and biogenic sources. States must report criteria air pollutant emissions,
and there is a system in place for the voluntary submission of HAP emissions. The 2014 NEI
uses the AERR-based inventory. The emission thresholds for reporting to the AERR are PTE
thresholds versus actual emission thresholds. However, the reported emissions are actual
emissions.
3) Estimate ongoing labor burden. The EPA calculated a per-facility labor burden using
supporting statements. Supporting statement costs are the monitoring, recordkeeping, and
reporting costs that an emitting unit incurs yearly as a result of being classified as a HAP major
source and subject to a major source NESHAP. This per-facility labor burden multiplied by the
number of facilities below 75% of the major source thresholds provides the projected cost
savings for these facilities becoming area sources for the primary regulatory scenario.
4) Obtain average one-time permitting costs. The AQPD of EPA's OAQPS provided the
one-time permitting costs to facilities of $4,968 per facility and the one-time state agency burden
of $3,046 per facility. These one-time permitting costs to obtain area source permits were
multiplied by the number of facilities below the 75% threshold to estimate total permitting costs.
5) Obtain area source burden estimates. Where available, the EPA obtained area source
burden estimates for facilities in each category subject to area source NESHAP. If the burden
estimate data were not available, the EPA used the default average of $2,108/year per facility.
The May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum explains how this default value was estimated.
These area source burden estimates per facility were multiplied by the number of facilities below
the 75%) emissions cutoff to obtain total area source burden.
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2.2 Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 1
The EPA used source category RTR modeling files and 2014 NEI whole facility
emissions to identify facilities with actual emissions below 50% of major source thresholds that
would qualify as area source facilities for alternative scenario 1. The per facility labor burden
multiplied by the number of facilities below 50% of the major source thresholds provided the
projected cost savings for the facilities becoming area sources for the alternative scenario 1. The
one-time permitting costs were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 50% threshold to
estimate total permitting costs. The per facility area source burden estimates were multiplied by
the number of facilities below the 50% emissions cutoff to obtain total area source burden. Table
2-2 identifies facilities affected by the proposed MM2A rule under the 50% emissions cutoff
scenario. The calculation of facilities projected to obtain area source status in each sector is
based on the sources expected to experience regulatory relief listed by sector and source category
in Appendix A-2.
Table 2-2 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1
Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status
Energy
293
Waste Treatment
286
Agriculture
0
Industrial
2,287
Commercial
82
Utilities
87
Educational Services
9
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings
Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Draft Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
2.3 Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 2
The EPA used source category RTR modeling files and 2014 NEI whole facility
emissions to identify facilities with actual emissions below 125% of major source thresholds and
that would qualify as area source facilities for alternative scenario 2. The per-facility labor
burden multiplied by the number of facilities below 125% of the major source thresholds
provided the cost savings for the facilities becoming area sources for the alternative scenario 2.
The one-time permitting costs were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 125%)
threshold to estimate total permitting costs. The area source burden estimates were multiplied by
2-4

-------
the number of facilities below the 125% emissions cutoff to obtain total area source burden.
Table 2-3 identifies facilities affected by the proposed MM2A rule under the 125% emissions
cutoff scenario. The calculation of facilities projected to obtain area source status in each sector
is based on the sources expected to experience regulatory relief listed by sector and source
category in Appendix A-3.
Table 2-3 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2
Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status
Energy
419
Waste Treatment
435
Agriculture
1
Industrial
3,322
Commercial
134
Utilities
127
Educational Services
15
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings
Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
2-5

-------
3. REGULATORY RELIEF OR AVOIDED BURDEN COSTS
Around 110 source categories subject to major source NESHAP requirements served as
the original universe for the analysis of avoided burden costs for the proposed MM2A rule. Of
these 110 source categories, the EPA selected 71 source categories with completed RTR
modeling files to be included in the MM2A cost analysis. In addition, 35 source categories were
analyzed using an extrapolated approach {i.e., using the cost information for the 71 source
categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories). Three ICI Boilers and Process
Heaters source categories and a RICE category were separately assessed using specific
approaches designed for these categories. A detailed description of how the EPA identified and
assessed affected sources categories is provided in the May, 2019, ERG cost memo. Sections 3.1
and 3.2 explain the potential avoided costs to affected sources of this policy change.
3.1 Year 1 Avoided Costs for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule
Table 3-1 shows the costs avoided by affected sources in the first year of the proposed
MM2A rule under the 75% emissions cutoff scenario. It provides the number of facilities within
a NAICS code that are subject to major source NESHAP requirements standards under section
112 of the CAA. These facilities are considered major sources. With the proposed MM2A rule, a
facility that is a major source can reclassify to area source status by taking enforceable limits on
its PTE HAP emissions. The table also shows the number of major source facilities that could
potentially obtain area source status. Once a facility achieves area source status, there will be
avoided costs; however, within the first year (year 1), there will be one-time permitting costs to
the facility and the state agency. Each major source facility that is becoming an area source
facility will have to apply for and obtain an area source permit, and the state agency will need to
review and issue the permit. Hence, there will be permitting costs for both of these entities.
As mentioned previously in this RIA, the permitting cost to a facility is a one-time
facility permitting burden estimate of $4,968 (2014 dollars) per facility, and there is a one-time
state agency burden of $3,046 (2014 dollars) per facility. These one-time permitting costs are
multiplied by the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status to obtain total
permitting costs to the state agency and to the facilities obtaining area source status.
3-1

-------
For the categories with completed RTR modeling files, the annual projected cost savings
per source category are calculated based on the average supporting statement costs {i.e.,
monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting costs) per facility from the ICR supporting statement.
These cost savings are multiplied by the facilities projected to obtain area source status to obtain
the projected cost savings per source category.
The annual estimated cost of area source requirements for a source category is calculated
based on the estimated area source rule burden for that source category multiplied by the number
of facilities projected to obtain area source status.
The projected net cost savings for year 1 for the categories with RTR modeling files are
calculated by adding together the (i) annual estimated cost of area source requirements, (ii)
annual projected cost savings from not having to comply with the major source rule and (iii) the
total area source permitting costs to the state agency and the total area source permitting costs to
the facilities within each identified NAICS code.
For the categories that were assessed using an extrapolated approach, the EPA used 3-
digit NAICS codes to match the extrapolated category to the directly assessed source categories
with RTR data. Then, the EPA calculated the sum of projected cost savings in year 1 of the
source categories that were matched to the extrapolated category. Next, the EPA determined the
average cost savings for year 1 for the matched source categories and used these to determine the
cost savings for the extrapolated category in year 1. The May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis
Memorandum describes how these categories were assessed in year 1 in greater detail. RICE was
not included in the cost analysis because these are typically co-located with other major HAP
sources and any cost savings for these engines would be included in the other major source cost
savings.
The avoided costs in year 1, excluding the permitting cost to the state agency of
reviewing and issuing area source permits, are also displayed in Table 3-1. For the categories
with completed RTR modeling files, this calculation is the sum of the annual estimated cost of
area source requirements, the annual projected compliance costs (savings), and the area source
permitting cost to the facilities expected to obtain area source status. The average avoided cost
per entity is the average net projected cost savings in year 1, excluding the permitting costs to the
state agency, for the facilities projected to obtain area source status.
3-2

-------
Table 3-2 shows the costs avoided by affected sources in year 1 of the proposed MM2A
rule under the 50% emissions cutoff scenario. Table 3-3 shows the costs avoided by affected
sources in year 1 of the proposed MM2A rule under the 125% emissions cutoff scenario. We
note that the cost for facilities affected under the 125% emissions cutoff scenario include those
that have HAP emissions of between 100% to 125%, and this cost accounts for the 605
additional sources that potentially will reclassify under this scenario as compared to the 75%
emissions scenario. Since these costs do not account for costs from control technology
installation and operation that may be occurred by these sources as they reduce emissions, the
overall cost savings may be lower than shown here.
3-3

-------
Table 3-1 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under the Primary Scenario (2014$)



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)




Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source





Avoided

Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
Average
Avoided
Cost/



Status


Requirement
(year 1)
cost to state
Entity









agency)

Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning)
115114
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
64
317,952
194,944
(357,423)
26,732
(156,233)
351,177
5,487
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
15
74,520
45,690


(526,434)
572,124
38,142
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
72
357,696
219,312


(2,251,393)
2,470,705
34,315
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
5
24,840
15,230


(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
7
34,776
21,322


(250,912)
272,234
38,891
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
10
49,680
30,460
(365)
365
(165,815)
196,275
19,628
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
12
59,616
36,552


(319,333)
355,885
29,657
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
311223
5
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
14
69,552
42,644
(433,820)
23,188
(359,491)
402,135
28,724
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0
0
0


0
0

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity









agency)

Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
Manufacturing
311514
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
29
144,072
88,334
(385,274)
52,700
(346,123)
434,457
14,981
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
24,840
15,230
(9,795)
6,324
(9,643)
24,873
4,975
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
43
213,624
130,978


(1,376,608)
1,507,586
35,060
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
21
104,328
63,966


(600,458)
664,424
31,639
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
Manufacturing
321213
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
205
1,018,440
624,430
(1,081,034)
69,564
(4,899,866)
5,523,634
26,945
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity









agency)

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
Manufacturing
321999
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
0
0
0
0
0
0


Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
132
655,776
402,072


(1,710,241)
2,110,907
15,992
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
Manufacturing
322220
17
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
322299
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Commercial Lithographic Printing"
323110
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
110
546,480
335,060
(1,724,460)
212,908
(983,263)
1,318,323
11,985
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
149
740,232
453,854
(22,515,745)
61,132
(23,230,806)
23,683,758
158,951
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing
324122
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
324199
A
0
0
0


0
0

Manufacturing




Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
238
1,182,384
724,948
(536,852)
189,809
374,990
348,607
1,465
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing"
325131
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing"
325132
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
325181
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,717)
10,961
10,961
Industrial
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
325182
21
8
39,744
24,368


(28,908)
54,169
6,771
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing"
325188
93
35
173,880
106,610


(37,286)
145,311
4,152
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing"
325192
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
24
119,232
73,104
(393,103)
6,324
(963,196)
1,036,300
43,179
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
307
1,525,176
935,122
(14,974,394)
189,448
(42,772,523)
43,706,180
142,365
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
4
19,872
12,184
(2,651)
5,920
20,512
(8,328)
(2,082)

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity









agency)

Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
9,936
6,092
0
0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
3
14,904
9,138


(283,139)
291,904
97,301
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
2
9,936
6,092
0
0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
6
29,808
18,276
(327,193)
9,867
(284,055)
302,331
50,389
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
11
54,648
33,506
(1,283,038)
15,787
(1,240,151)
1,273,657
115,787
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
325414
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
26
129,168
79,196
(3,141,816)
47,362
(2,932,331)
3,011,527
115,828
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
Preparation Manufacturing
325998
10
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
10
49,680
30,460


(287,924)
318,384
31,838
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing
326121
12
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging),
and Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
5
24,840
15,230


(220,698)
235,928
47,186
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except
Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
19
19
94,392
57,874
(46,810)
5,976
48,176
9,698
510
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
101
501,768
307,646
(3,269,461)
177,072
(2,975,860)
3,283,506
32,510
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
27
134,136
82,242


(729,712)
812,121
30,079

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity









agency)

Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing
326220
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use
326291
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
9
44,712
27,414
(31,604)
2,108
(295,808)
323,222
35,914
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
4
3
14,904
9,138


(28,410)
36,025
12,008
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
327120
46
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
4
19,872
12,184


(57,630)
69,814
17,453
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
Manufacturing
327212
17
11
54,648
33,506
(101,956)
10,540
(295,459)
328,965
29,906
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
22
109,296
67,012


(318,363)
385,375
17,517
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
6
29,808
18,276
(69,750)
4,216
(263,405)
281,681
46,947
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
Product Manufacturing
327999
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
331110
72
45
223,560
137,070
(1,481,176)
88,536
(1,093,064)
1,230,134
27,336
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
5
24,840
15,230


(67,226)
82,456
16,491
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
331112
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
331210
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
331312
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production
331313
16
1
4,968
3,046
0
0
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
331314
53
22
109,296
67,012
(267,384)
114,385
8,496
58,516
2,660
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
331315
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing"
331316
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331318
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and
Refining
331410
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
331411
0
0
0
0


0


Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
„ . , , Estimated
Proiected „ , „ .
' . Cost ol Area
Costs „
, Source
( avings) Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity








agency)

Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying
331420
3
0
0
0
0 0
0
0

Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
331422
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331491
3
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
331492
2
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
40
198,720
121,840

(809,564)
932,099
23,302
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA
331521
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
331524
2
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
(except Automotive)
332119
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
332212
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
332311
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332312
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
8
39,744
24,368
(40,000) 619
(282,279)
306,647
38,331
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
3
14,904
9,138

(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing
332722
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
332812
436
332
1,649,376
1,011,272
(13,959,045) 620,579
(11,324,462)
12,335,734
37,156
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
Coloring
332813
3
3
14,904
9,138

(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332993
3
3
14,904
9,138

(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product
Manufacturing
332999
3
3
14,904
9,138

(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333111
8
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
Projected
Category to Obtain
Subject Area
to MACT Source
Status
Permitting Cost (S)
Facility
State
Agency
S/Year
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Cost (S)

Avoided

Projected
Costs in Year
Average
Net Costs
1 (excluding
Avoided
(Savings)
permitting
Cost/
(year 1)
cost to state
Entity

agency)

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(1,436,878)
1,499,289
74,964
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and
Garden Equipment Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment
and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration
Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
Manufacturing"
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail
System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube Manufacturing"
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for
Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
333112
333120
333131
333293
333316
333415
333512
333513
333611
333618
333923
333992
334220
334411
334412
334413
334512
334613
335110
335224
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
30
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
23
1
13
2
1
4,968
3,046
20
99,360
60,920
2
9,936
6,092
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
4
19,872
12,184
1
4,968
3,046
2
9,936
6,092
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
16
79,488
48,736
1
4,968
3,046
0
0
0
1
4,968
3,046
11
54,648
33,506
2
9,936
6,092
1
4,968
3,046
2
9,936
6,092
1
4,968
3,046
1
4,968
3,046
(257,544)
4,950
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(213,899)
226,083
56,521
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(503,333)
552,526
34,533
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
0
0

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(225,495)
259,001
23,546
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity









agency)

Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335932
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
335991
6
5
24,840
15,230


(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Automobile Manufacturing
336111
66
33
163,944
100,518
(719,231)
35,836
(1,080,389)
1,180,907
35,785
Industrial
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
336112
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
336120
8
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
336211
8
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
336212
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
336310
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
336311
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA
336312
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components
(except Spring) Manufacturing
336330
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
336340
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts
Manufacturing
336350
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
336360
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
336370
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
336390
13
9
44,712
27,414


(281,125)
308,539
34,282
Industrial
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
336399
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Aircraft Manufacturing
336411
125
99
491,832
301,554
(9,666,667)
53,827
(9,234,955)
9,536,509
96,328
Industrial
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
336412
8
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
336413
10
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit
and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing
336415
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Ship Building and Repairing
336611
92
57
283,176
173,622
(2,549,443)
107,508
(2,277,333)
2,450,955
42,999
Industrial
Boat Building
336612
123
81
402,408
246,726


(5,900,511)
6,147,690
75,897
Industrial
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank
Component Manufacturing
336992
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
337110
347
260
1,291,680
791,960
(3,602,566)
337,764
(1,565,842)
2,357,802
9,068
Industrial
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
337121
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)




Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source





Avoided

Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
Average
Avoided
Cost/



Status


Requirement
(year 1)
cost to state
Entity









agency)

Industrial
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
337122
14
10
49,680
30,460


(304,540)
335,000
33,500
Industrial
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
337127
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
337211
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
337214
19
12
59,616
36,552
(327,616)
6,187
(271,502)
308,054
25,671
Industrial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
337215
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
337920
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
339112
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
339113
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
339910
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
339920
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
339940
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing
339991
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Burial Casket Manufacturing
339995
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
339999
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Commercial
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
424510
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
284
1,410,912
865,064
(521,806)
392,088
(1,711,663)
2,576,727
9,073
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum
Products
486910
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
86
427,248
261,956
(2,686,090)
513,176
(1,483,709)
1,745,665
20,298
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Mini warehouses)
531120
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Research and Development in the Physical,
Engineering and Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^
541715
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------

Facilities
Permitting Cost ($)
$/Year
Cost ($)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
„ . , , Estimated
Proiected „ , „ .
' . Cost ol Area
Costs „
, Source
( avings) Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided
Costs in Year
1 (excluding
permitting
cost to state
agency)
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
26
129,168
79,196
(2,234,667) 50,592
(2,021,952)
2,101,148
80,813
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
330
1,639,440
1,005,180

(27,259,614)
28,264,473
85,650
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools
611310
23
13
64,584
39,598

(496,220)
535,818
41,217
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
oj Notes:
i—1 One-time facility permitting burden is $4,968 per facility.
One-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility.
Six source categories in the assessed source categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other
Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement.
Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these
categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between
major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories, and they were excluded from the table.
For Table 3-1, two columns—Projected Costs (Savings) and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we
only have the extrapolated cost savings for facilities in year 1 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all
of the cost information that is currently available.
The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by
the 2012 Economic Census and are not included in this table.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and is not included in this table.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S.
EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html').

-------
Table 3-2 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 (2014$)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of
Area Source
Requiremen
t
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton
115114
1
0
0
0


0
0


Ginning)










Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
52
258,336
158,392
(293,598)
21,959
(147,108)
305,500
5,875
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
11
54,648
33,506


(311,339)
344,845
31,350
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
0
0
0


0
0

Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
0
0
0


0
0

Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
60
298,080
182,760


(1,933,255)
2,116,015
35,267
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
0
0
0


0
0

Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
0
0
0


0
0

Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
5
24,840
15,230


(67,226)
82,456
16,491
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
0
0
0


0
0

Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
8
39,744
24,368
(304)
304
3,058
21,310
2,664
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
9
44,712
27,414


(281,125)
308,539
34,282
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Soybean Processing"
311222
16
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Oilseed Processing"
311223
5
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
2
9,936
6,092
(78,876)
4,216
(58,632)
64,724
32,362
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
311411
2
0
0
0


0
0


Manufacturing

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy
Product Manufacturing
311514
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
311930
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
20
99,360
60,920
(261,986)
35,836
(126,925)
187,845
9,392
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
24,840
15,230
(9,795)
6,324
(9,643)
24,873
4,975
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
34
168,912
103,564


(1,095,483)
1,199,047
35,266
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
321211
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
321212
29
17
84,456
51,782


(556,647)
608,429
35,790
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
Manufacturing
321213
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
161
799,848
490,406
(851,724)
54,808
(3,794,487)
4,286,217
26,622
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
Manufacturing
321999
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
0
0
0
0
0
0


Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
322211
213
99
491,832
301,554


(1,349,141)
1,651,397
16,681
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
Manufacturing
322220
17
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
322299
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and
Books)
323111
188
95
471,960
289,370
(1,485,426)
183,396
(879,138)
1,168,508
12,300
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
124
616,032
377,704
(19,410,125)
52,700
(20,021,763)
20,399,055
164,509
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
Manufacturing
324122
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
Manufacturing
324199
4
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
215
1,068,120
654,890
(442,943)
170,971
382,437
271,879
1,265
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
325132
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
325180
10
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
325181
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,705)
10,834
10,834
Industrial
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
325182
21
8
39,744
24,368


(28,711)
52,136
6,517
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing"
325188
93
31
154,008
94,426


(29,501)
125,303
4,042
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
Manufacturing"
325192
1
0
0
0


0
0

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and
Wood Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
325199
77
20
99,360
60,920
(393,103)
6,324
(902,769)
963,689
48,184
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
231
1,147,608
703,626
(11,120,441)
140,112
(32,221,000)
32,925,166
142,533
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
3
14,904
9,138
(1,767)
3,947
11,408
(2,270)
(757)
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
9,936
6,092
0
0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
2
9,936
6,092


(215,391)
222,743
111,371
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
2
9,936
6,092
0
0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
2
9,936
6,092
(65,439)
1,973
(62,250)
68,342
34,171
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
7
34,776
21,322
(801,899)
9,867
(782,175)
803,497
114,785
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
325414
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
23
114,264
70,058
(2,749,089)
41,442
(2,569,567)
2,639,625
114,766
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
325992
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product
and Preparation Manufacturing
325998
10
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
7
34,776
21,322


(250,912)
272,234
38,891
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
12
0
0
0


0
0

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except
Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
19
17
84,456
51,782
(46,810)
5,976
78,390
(26,608)
(1,565)
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
68
337,824
207,128
(2,218,563)
120,156
(1,952,947)
2,160,075
31,766
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
18
89,424
54,828


(552,572)
608,695
33,816
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting
Manufacturing
326220
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
326291
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
5
24,840
15,230
0
0
(67,226)
82,456
16,491
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
4
1
4,968
3,046


(19,411)
23,327
23,327
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
327120
46
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
3
14,904
9,138


(51,762)
62,205
20,735
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
327212
17
7
34,776
21,322
(81,565)
8,432
(78,089)
99,411
14,202
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
18
89,424
54,828


(265,608)
320,871
17,826
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
4
19,872
12,184
(69,750)
4,216
(79,719)
91,903
22,976
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
Product Manufacturing
327999
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
331110
72
43
213,624
130,978
(1,410,644)
84,320
(1,042,776)
1,173,754
27,297
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
5
24,840
15,230


(67,226)
82,456
16,491
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
331112
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
Manufacturing
321999
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing
from Purchased Steel
331210
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
331312
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum
Production
331313
16
1
4,968
3,046
0
0
(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
331314
53
20
99,360
60,920
(241,918)
103,491
7,040
53,880
2,694
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
331315
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA
331316
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
331318
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
331410
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
331411
0
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A
331419
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
331420
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
331422
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331491
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying
of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum)
331492
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
38
188,784
115,748


(783,033)
898,949
23,657
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA
331521
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
331524
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal
Stamping (except Automotive)
332119
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
332212
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
332311
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332312
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
7
34,776
21,322
(40,000)
619
(275,480)
296,802
42,400
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
332722
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry
and Silverware), and Allied Services to
Manufacturers
332812
436
251
1,246,968
764,546
(10,581,946)
469,306
(8,470,386)
9,234,932
36,793
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing,
and Coloring
332813
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
332993
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
Product Manufacturing
332999
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
333111
8
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn
and Garden Equipment Manufacturing
333112
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
333120
30
15
74,520
45,690


(1,036,449)
1,082,074
72,138
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
333131
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing"
333293
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
333316
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing
333415
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
Manufacturing"
333512
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
Manufacturing"
333513
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
333611
1
0
0
0


0
0

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Estimated
Projected Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings) Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
333618
5
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
333923
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
333992
2
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Radio and Television Broadcasting and
Wireless Communications Equipment
Manufacturing
334220
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Electron Tube Manufacturing"
334411
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
334412
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
334413
23
13
64,584
39,598

(404,796)
445,546
34,273
Industrial
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial,
and Appliance Use
334512
1
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
334613
0
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
335110
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
335224
13
11
54,648
33,506
(257,544) 4,950
(225,495)
259,001
23,546
Industrial
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
335228
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
335311
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
335312
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Storage Battery Manufacturing
335911
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
335931
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
335932
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
335991
6
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Automobile Manufacturing
336111
66
18
89,424
54,828
(211,538) 10,540
(657,149)
711,977
39,554
Industrial
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
336112
5
4
19,872
12,184

(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
336120
8
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
336211
8
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
336212
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine
Parts Manufacturing
336310
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
336311
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
336312
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring) Manufacturing
336330
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
336340
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train
Parts Manufacturing
336350
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
336360
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
336370
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
336390
13
7
34,776
21,322


(250,912)
272,234
38,891
Industrial
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
336399
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Aircraft Manufacturing
336411
125
84
417,312
255,864
(8,222,222)
45,784
(7,872,522)
8,128,386
96,767
Industrial
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
336412
8
5
24,840
15,230


(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
336413
10
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion
Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing
336415
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Ship Building and Repairing
336611
92
48
238,464
146,208
(2,149,530)
90,644
(1,951,598)
2,097,806
43,704
Industrial
Boat Building
336612
123
64
317,952
194,944


(4,860,144)
5,055,996
79,000
Industrial
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank
Component Manufacturing
336992
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
337110
347
238
1,182,384
724,948
(3,299,951)
309,392
(1,436,478)
2,161,426
9,082
Industrial
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
337121
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
337122
14
9
44,712
27,414


(281,125)
308,539
34,282
Industrial
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
337127
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
337211
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected
to Obtain

State
Agency
Projected
Estimated
Cost of
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity


Subject
Area
Facility
Costs
Area Source
(excluding



to MACT
Source
Status

(Savings)
Requiremen
t
permitting cost
to state agency)
Industrial
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
337214
19
8
39,744
24,368
(196,569)
3,712
(174,987)
199,355
24,919
Industrial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
337215
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
337920
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
339112
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
339113
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
339910
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
339920
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
339940
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
339991
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Burial Casket Manufacturing
339995
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
339999
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
424510
1
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
Line-Flaul Railroads
482111
1
0
0
0


0
0

Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
0
0
0


0
0

Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
229
1,137,672
697,534
(421,167)
316,200
(1,405,171)
2,102,705
9,182
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum
Products
486910
1
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Marine Cargo Flandling
488320
2
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
75
372,600
228,450
(2,342,520)
447,537
(1,293,933)
1,522,383
20,298
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Mini warehouses)
531120
1
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
2
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
Research and Development in the Physical,
Engineering and Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^
541715
2
0
0
0


0
0

Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
0
0
0


0
0

-------

Facilities
Permitting Cost ($)
$/Year
Cost ($)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject
to MACT
Projected
to Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of
Area Source
Requiremen
t
Projected Net
Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Average
Avoided
Cost/
Entity
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
21
104,328
63,966
(1,769,111)
40,052
(1,607,007)
1,670,973
79,570
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
262
1,301,616
798,052

(21,625,090)
22,423,142
85,585
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
611310
23
9
44,712
27,414

(281,125)
308,539
34,282
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
0
0
0

0
0

Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
0
0
0

0
0

Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Notes:
One-time facility permitting burden is $4,968 per facility.
One-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility.
Six source categories in the assessed source categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other
Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement.
Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these
categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between
major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table.
For Table 3-2, two columns—Projected Costs Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only
have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 1 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the
cost information that is currently available.
The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by
the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S.
EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/dowiiloadables.html').

-------
Table 3-3 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$)



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
115114
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
211111
120
72
357,696
219,312
(408,484)
30,551
(139,362)
358,674
4,982
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
17
84,456
51,782


(540,032)
591,814
34,813
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
213112
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
82
407,376
249,772


(2,539,317)
2,789,089
34,013
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation"
221119
8
5
24,840
15,230


(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
7
34,776
21,322


(250,912)
272,234
38,891
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
11
54,648
33,506
(425)
425
(157,801)
191,307
17,392
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
13
64,584
39,598


(326,132)
365,730
28,133
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Soybean Processing"
311222
16
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Oilseed Processing"
311223
5
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
2
9,936
6,092
(78,876)
4,216
(58,632)
64,724
32,362
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
0
0
0


0
0

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
311411
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy
Product Manufacturing
311514
3
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
311613
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
311930
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
311999
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
34
168,912
103,564
(446,918)
61,132
(374,078)
477,642
14,048
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
24,840
15,230
(9,795)
6,324
(9,643)
24,873
4,975
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
45
223,560
137,070


(1,406,821)
1,543,891
34,309
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
321211
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain
Area
Source
Status
Facility
State
Agency
Projected
Costs
(Savings)
Estimated
Cost of Area
Source
Requirement
Projected
Net Costs
(Savings)
(year 1)
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Average
Avoided
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
321212
29
21
104,328
63,966


(600,458)
664,424
31,639

Manufacturing










Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except
321213
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521

Truss) Manufacturing










Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product
321219
284
211
1,048,248
642,706
(1,113,793)
71,672
(5,030,674)
5,674,175
26,892

Manufacturing










Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
321912
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

Planing










Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
321999
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

Manufacturing










Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
1
4,968
3,046
(111,315)
2,108
(101,193)
104,239
104,239
Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
322211
213
157
779,976
478,222


(2,066,429)
2,544,417
16,206

Manufacturing










Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
322220
17
0
0
0


0
0


Manufacturing










Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper
322222
12
0
0
0


0
0


ManufacturingA










Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product
322299
1
0
0
0


0
0


Manufacturing










Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and
323111
188
124
616,032
377,704
(1,963,494)
242,420
(1,080,589)
1,458,293
11,760

Books)










Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
185
919,080
563,510
(30,329,425)
84,320
(31,349,251
31,912,371
172,499
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
324122
3
1
4,968
3,046


)
(6,799)
9,845
9,845

Manufacturing










Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
324199
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845

Manufacturing










Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
283
1,405,944
862,018
(503,933)
223,402
467,601
394,557
1,394
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
325130
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
325131
3
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
325132
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
325180
10
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
325181
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,914)
11,388
11,388
Industrial
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
325182
21
9
44,712
27,414


(32,061)
60,991
6,777
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing"
325188
93
42
208,656
127,932


(76,462)
205,885
4,902
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
Manufacturing"
325192
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and
Wood Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
325199
77
32
158,976
97,472
(655,172)
10,540
(1,449,134)
1,546,606
48,331
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
325211
833
412
2,046,816
1,254,952
(20,657,770)
262,464
(57,509,923
)
58,764,643
142,633
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
4
19,872
12,184
(2,651)
5,920
20,512
(8,328)
(2,082)
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
325220
6
2
9,936
6,092
0
0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing"
325221
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
Manufacturing"
325222
8
3
14,904
9,138


(373,133)
383,762
127,921
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
7
34,776
21,322


(250,912)
272,234
38,891
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
3
14,904
9,138
0
0
(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
325320
22
6
29,808
18,276
(327,193)
9,867
(284,055)
302,331
50,389
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
325412
36
15
74,520
45,690
(1,924,556)
23,681
(1,841,720)
1,887,410
125,827

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
325414
1
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
34
168,912
103,564
(4,189,088)
63,149
(3,899,704)
4,003,268
117,743
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0
0
0


0
0

Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
325991
5
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
325992
4
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation Manufacturing
325998
10
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
10
49,680
30,460


(287,924)
318,384
31,838
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
12
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
326122
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
5
24,840
15,230


(220,698)
235,928
47,186
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
326140
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
19
19
94,392
57,874
(46,810)
5,976
48,176
9,698
510
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
101
501,768
307,646
(3,269,461)
177,072
(2,975,860)
3,283,506
32,510
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
27
134,136
82,242


(726,159)
808,066
29,928
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting
Manufacturing
326220
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
326291
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
8
39,744
24,368
0
0
(274,326)
298,694
37,337

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
4
3
14,904
9,138


(28,410)
36,025
12,008
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
327120
46
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Clay Refractory Manufacturing"
327124
8
4
19,872
12,184


(57,630)
69,814
17,453
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
327212
17
11
54,648
33,506
(101,956)
10,540
(295,459)
328,965
29,906
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
22
109,296
67,012


(318,363)
385,375
17,517
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
6
29,808
18,276
(69,750)
4,216
(263,405)
281,681
46,947
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Product Manufacturing
327999
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
331110
72
50
248,400
152,300
(1,586,975)
94,860
(1,368,798)
1,521,098
30,422
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
Manufacturing"
331112
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
331210
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Primary Aluminum Production"
331312
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
331313
16
2
9,936
6,092
0
0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
331314
53
27
134,136
82,242
(318,314)
136,172
(12,005)
94,247
3,491
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
331315
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product
Manufacturing"
331316
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
331318
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
„ . , , Estimated
Proiected „ , „ .
„ . Cost ol Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
. , Source
( avings) Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
331410
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
331411
0
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum)A
331419
2
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
331420
3
2
9,936
6,092
0 0
(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
331422
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
331491
3
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except
Copper and Aluminum)
331492
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
46
228,528
140,116

(879,177)
1,019,389
22,161
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^
331521
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
331524
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal
Stamping (except Automotive)
332119
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
332212
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
332311
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
332312
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
6
29,808
18,276

(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
11
54,648
33,506
(120,000) 1,856
(368,428)
401,934
36,539
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
3
14,904
9,138

(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
332722
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
332812
436
371
1,843,128
1,130,066
(15,574,742)
690,257
(12,572,747
)
13,702,813
36,935
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
332813
3
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
332993
3
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
332999
3
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
333111
8
5
24,840
15,230


(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
333112
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
333120
30
23
114,264
70,058


(1,570,336)
1,640,523
71,327
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
333131
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
333293
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
333316
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating
Equipment and Commercial and
Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
333415
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
333512
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
333513
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
333611
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
333618
5
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
„ . , , Estimated
Proiected „ , „ .
„ . Cost ol Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
. , Source
( avings) Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
333923
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
333992
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Radio and Television Broadcasting and
Wireless Communications Equipment
Manufacturing
334220
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
334411
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
334412
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
334413
23
18
89,424
54,828

(560,863)
616,297
34,239
Industrial
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
334512
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording
Media Manufacturing
334613
0
0
0
0

0
0

Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
335110
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
335224
13
11
54,648
33,506
(257,544) 4,950
(225,495)
259,001
23,546
Industrial
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
335228
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
335311
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
335312
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Storage Battery Manufacturing
335911
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
335931
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
335932
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
335991
6
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509
Industrial
Automobile Manufacturing
336111
66
37
183,816
112,702
(803,846) 40,052
(1,174,974)
1,287,676
34,802
Industrial
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
336112
5
5
24,840
15,230

(237,314)
252,544
50,509

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Heavy Duty Track Manufacturing
336120
8
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
336211
8
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Track Trailer Manufacturing
336212
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
336310
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve Manufacturing"
336311
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing"
336312
3
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring)
Manufacturing
336330
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
336340
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power
Train Parts Manufacturing
336350
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
336360
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
336370
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
336390
13
9
44,712
27,414


(281,125)
308,539
34,282
Industrial
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing"
336399
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Aircraft Manufacturing
336411
125
107
531,576
325,922
(10,222,222)
56,921
(9,954,447)
10,280,369
96,078
Industrial
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
336412
8
6
29,808
18,276


(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
336413
10
7
34,776
21,322


(250,912)
272,234
38,891
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
336415
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Ship Building and Repairing
336611
92
74
367,632
225,404
(3,399,257)
143,344
(2,955,074)
3,180,478
42,979
Industrial
Boat Building
336612
123
94
466,992
286,324


(6,547,907)
6,835,463
72,718
Industrial
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and
Tank Component Manufacturing
336992
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
337110
347
289
1,435,752
880,294
(3,991,643)
374,242
(1,885,749)
2,766,043
9,571

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost (S)
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
„ . , , Estimated
Proiected „ , „ .
„ . Cost ol Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
. , Source
( avings) Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Industrial
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
337121
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
337122
14
12
59,616
36,552

(488,226)
524,778
43,731
Industrial
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
337127
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
337211
5
6
29,808
18,276

(244,113)
262,389
43,731
Industrial
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
337214
19
17
84,456
51,782
(458,662) 8,662
(374,817)
426,599
25,094
Industrial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
337215
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
337920
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
339112
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
339113
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
339910
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
339920
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
339940
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Industrial
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
339991
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
Burial Casket Manufacturing
339995
3
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
339999
5
4
19,872
12,184

(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Commercial
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
424510
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
4
19,872
12,184

(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
2
9,936
6,092

(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
326
1,619,568
992,996
(600,081) 451,112
(1,854,873)
2,847,869
8,736
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
486910
1
1
4,968
3,046

(6,799)
9,845
9,845

-------



Facilities
Permitting Cost ($)
$/Year
Cost ($)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Obtain
Facility
State
Projected
Estimated
Cost of Area
Projected
Net Costs
Avoided Costs
in Year 1
Average
Avoided



Subject to
MACT
Area
Source
Status
Agency
Costs
(Savings)
Source
Requirement
(Savings)
(year 1)
(excluding
permitting cost
to state agency)
Cost
Entity
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
108
536,544
328,968
(3,310,762)
632,519
(1,858,972)
2,187,940
20,259
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
4
19,872
12,184


(213,899)
226,083
56,521
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Mini warehouses)
531120
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences
(except Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology)^
541715
2
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Waste
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
562211
41
32
158,976
97,472
(2,700,222)
61,132
(2,443,696)
2,541,168
79,412
Treatment
Disposal










Waste
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
399
1,982,232
1,215,354


(32,917,552
34,132,265
85,545
Treatment








)


Waste
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
3
14,904
9,138


(37,012)
46,150
15,383
Treatment











Waste
Remediation Services
562910
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Treatment











Educational
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
611310
23
15
74,520
45,690


(526,434)
572,124
38,142
Services
Schools










Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
1
4,968
3,046


(6,799)
9,845
9,845
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
2
9,936
6,092


(30,213)
36,305
18,153
Notes:
One-time facility permitting burden is $4,968 per facility.
One-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility.
Six source categories in the assessed source categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other
Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement.
Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these
categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between
major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table.
For Table 3-3, two columns—Projected Costs Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only
have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 1 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the
cost information that is currently available.
The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status.

-------
For the not directly assessed Source Category "Pulp & Paper (non-combust) MACT" (NAICS 322121), one facility is extrapolated to obtain area source status. However, in the estimation of
Extrapolated Costs (Savings), "No facilities are expected to be area sources." We assume the same when calculating the number of facilities expected to obtain area source status for this not directly
assessed category.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by
the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, NAICS 2012, NAICS 2007; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area
Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html').
oo
LtJ
^1

-------
3.2 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule
With the proposed MM2A rule, in year 2, there will be no area source permitting
costs to the facility or the state agency. This is because it is assumed that the permitting
changes are all completed year 1 and there is no permitting action in year 2. Therefore,
the only costs to the affected facilities in year 2 are the area source burden requirements.
For the categories with completed RTR modeling files, the annual projected cost savings
in year 2 are the annual supporting statement costs for the facilities expected to obtain
area source status. The avoided costs in year 2 are the sum of the estimated cost of area
source requirements and the annual projected cost savings from not having to comply
with the major source NESHAP rule.
For the categories without completed RTR modeling files, the EPA matched used
3-digit NAICS codes to match each extrapolated category to the directly assessed source
categories with RTR data. Then, the EPA calculated the sum of projected cost savings in
year 2 of the source categories that were matched to the extrapolated category. Next, the
EPA determined the average cost savings for year 2 for the matched source categories
and used these to determine the cost savings for the extrapolated category in year 2. The
May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum describes how these categories were
assessed in greater detail. RICE was not included in the cost analysis because these are
typically co-located with other major HAP sources and any cost savings for these
engines would be included in the other major source cost savings. Thus, we attempted to
avoid double-counting of any cost savings for RICE to the extent possible.
Table 3-4 shows the avoided costs in year 2 for the categories with completed RTR
modeling files and the extrapolated categories. The average avoided cost per entity is
calculated using the average projected net cost savings in year 2 for the facilities
projected to obtain area source status. Table 3-5 shows the avoided costs in year 2 under
the 50% emissions cutoff scenario. Table 3-6 shows the avoided costs in year 2 under the
125% emissions cutoff scenario.
3-38

-------
Table 3-4 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under the Primary Scenario (2014$)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of
rroiected Costs . „
?„ . , Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning)
115114
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
64
(357,423) 26,732
669,129
10,455
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
15

646,644
43,110
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
2

46,241
23,121
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
72

2,828,401
39,283
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
4

245,955
61,489
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
5

277,384
55,477
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
7

307,010
43,859
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
2

46,241
23,121
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
10
(365) 365
245,955
24,596
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
12

415,501
34,625
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0

0

Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
311223
5
0

0

Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
14
(433,820) 23,188
471,687
33,692
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0

0

Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0

0

Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0

0

Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0

0

Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0

0

Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0

0

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of
rroiected Costs . „
. , Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
311514
3
0

0


Manufacturing






Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0

0

Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0

0

Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0

0

Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0

0

Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0

0

Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0

0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
0 0
0

Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
29
(385,274) 52,700
578,529
19,949
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
(9,795) 6,324
49,713
9,943
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
43

1,721,210
40,028
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
21

768,752
36,607
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
321213
6
4

245,955
61,489

Manufacturing






Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
205
(1,081,034) 69,564
6,540,994
31,907
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing
321999
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0

0

Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
0
0 0
0

Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0

0

Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0

0

Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
132

2,764,390
20,942

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost of
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Area Source
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Requirements
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing
322220
17
0


0

Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0


0

Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0


0

Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
322299
1
0


0

Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
110
(1,724,460)
212,908
1,864,803
16,953
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
149
(22,515,745)
61,132
24,422,518
163,910
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing
324122
3
0


0

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
324199
4
0


0

Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
238
(536,852)
189,809
1,528,788
6,423
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0


0

Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325132
2
0


0

Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
325181
4
1


17,883
17,883
Industrial
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
325182
21
8


95,368
11,921
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA
325188
93
35


321,498
9,186
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA
325192
1
0


0

Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0


0

Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
24
(393,103)
6,324
1,155,532
48,147
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
307
(14,974,394)
189,448
45,228,966
147,326
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
4
(2,651)
5,920
11,544
2,886
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
0
0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing"
325221
1
0


0

Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing"
325222
8
3


306,200
102,067
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
6


292,197
48,699
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
2
0
0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
6
(327,193)
9,867
332,139
55,357
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
11
(1,283,038)
15,787
1,328,305
120,755
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing
325414
1
0


0

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of
rroiected Costs . „
. , Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
26
(3,141,816) 47,362
3,140,695
120,796
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0

0

Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0

0

Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0

0

Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
Preparation Manufacturing
325998
10
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging)
Manufacturing
326113
16
10

368,064
36,806
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing
326121
12
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and
Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
5

260,768
52,154
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene)
Manufacturing
326150
19
19
(46,810) 5,976
104,090
5,478
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
101
(3,269,461) 177,072
3,785,274
37,478
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
27

946,531
35,057
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing
326220
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use
326291
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
9
(31,604) 2,108
367,934
40,882
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
327110
4
3

48,445
16,148
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing
327120
46
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
4

89,686
22,421
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
Manufacturing
327212
17
11
(101,956) 10,540
383,613
34,874
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
22

494,671
22,485
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
2

46,241
23,121

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost of
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Area Source
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Requirements
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
6
(69,750)
4,216
311,489
51,915
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
327999
2
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
331110
72
45
(1,481,176)
88,536
1,453,694
32,304
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
5


107,296
21,459
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA
331112
1
0


0

Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
331210
5
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
331312
2
0


0

Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production
331313
16
1
0
0
14,813
14,813
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
331314
53
22
(267,384)
114,385
167,812
7,628
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
331315
6
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA
331316
1
0


0

Industrial
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331318
2
0


0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and
Refining
331410
1
0


0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
331411
0
0


0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)A
331419
2
0


0

Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying
331420
3
0
0
0
0

Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
331422
1
0


0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331491
3
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
331492
2
0


0

Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
40


1,131,953
28,299
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
0


0

Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^
331521
1
0


0

Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
331524
2
0


0

Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
(except Automotive)
332119
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
332212
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
332311
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332312
1
1


14,813
14,813

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost of
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Area Source
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Requirements
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
5


277,384
55,477
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
8
(40,000)
619
346,391
43,299
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing
332722
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
332812
436
332
(13,959,045)
620,579
13,985,110
42,124
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
Coloring
332813
3
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332993
3
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product
Manufacturing
332999
3
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333111
8
5


277,384
55,477
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden
Equipment Manufacturing
333112
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
333120
30
20


1,601,080
80,054
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333131
2
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA
333293
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
333316
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and
Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
333415
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA
333512
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA
333513
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing
333611
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
333618
5
4


245,955
61,489
Industrial
Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System
Manufacturing
333923
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
333992
2
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
334220
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
334411
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
334412
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing
334413
23
16


632,761
39,548

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of
rroiected Costs . „
. , Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for
Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use
334512
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
334613
0
0

0

Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
335110
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
335224
13
11
(257,544) 4,950
313,649
28,514
Industrial
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
335228
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
Manufacturing
335311
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
335312
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Storage Battery Manufacturing
335911
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335931
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335932
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
335991
6
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Automobile Manufacturing
336111
66
33
(719,231) 35,836
1,344,851
40,753
Industrial
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
336112
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
336120
8
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
336211
8
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
336212
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
336310
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
336311
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA
336312
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components
(except Spring) Manufacturing
336330
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
336340
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts
Manufacturing
336350
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing
336360
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
336370
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
336390
13
9

353,251
39,250
Industrial
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
336399
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Aircraft Manufacturing
336411
125
99
(9,666,667) 53,827
10,028,341
101,296
Industrial
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
336412
8
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
336413
10
6

292,197
48,699

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of
rroiected Costs . „
. , Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and
336415
1
1

14,813
14,813

Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing






Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Ship Building and Repairing
336611
92
57
(2,549,443) 107,508
2,734,131
47,967
Industrial
Boat Building
336612
123
81

6,550,838
80,875
Industrial
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component
336992
2
2

46,241
23,121

Manufacturing






Industrial
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing
337110
347
260
(3,602,566) 337,764
3,649,482
14,036
Industrial
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
337121
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
337122
14
10

384,680
38,468

Manufacturing






Industrial
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
337127
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
337211
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
337214
19
12
(327,616) 6,187
367,670
30,639
Industrial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
337215
1
1

14,813
14,813

Manufacturing






Industrial
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
337920
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
339112
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
339113
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
339910
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
339920
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
339940
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing
339991
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Burial Casket Manufacturing
339995
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
339999
5
4

245,955
61,489
Commercial
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
424510
1
1

14,813
14,813
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
4

245,955
61,489
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
284
(521,806) 392,088
3,987,639
14,041
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products
486910
1
1

14,813
14,813
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
86
(2,686,090) 513,176
2,172,913
25,266
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
2

46,241
23,121

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost of
Area Source
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
531120
1
1


14,813
14,813

Mini warehouses)







Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
2
2


46,241
23,121
Commercial
Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering
541715
2
2


46,241
23,121

and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and








Biotechnology)^







Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
1


14,813
14,813
Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
26
(2,234,667)
50,592
2,230,316
85,781
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
330


29,903,390
90,616
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
2


46,241
23,121
Waste Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1


14,813
14,813
Educational
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools
611310
23
13


600,402
46,185
Services








Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
1


14,813
14,813
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
1


14,813
14,813
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
2


46,241
23,121
Notes:
Six source categories from the assessed categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other
Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement.
Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these
categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between
major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories, and they were excluded from the table.
For Table 3-4, two columns—Projected Cost Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only
have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 2 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the
cost information that is currently available.
The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by
the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and are not included in this table.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S.
EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html').

-------
Table 3-5 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 ($2014$)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning)
115114
1
0

0

Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
52
(293,598) 21,959
563,836
10,843
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
11

399,493
36,318
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
0

0

Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
0

0

Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
0

0

Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
0

0

Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
0

0

Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
60

2,414,095
40,235
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
2

46,241
23,121
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
0

0

Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
3

61,054
20,351
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
0

0

Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
5

107,296
21,459
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
0

0

Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
8
(304) 304
61,054
7,632
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
9

353,251
39,250
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0

0

Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
0

0

Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
0

0

Industrial
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
311223
5
0

0

Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
2
(78,876) 4,216
74,660
37,330
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0

0

Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
0

0

Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0

0

Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0

0

Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0

0

Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0

0

Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0

0

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
Manufacturing
311514
3
0

0

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0

0

Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0

0

Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0

0

Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0

0

Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0

0

Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0

0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
0 0
0

Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
0

0

Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
0

0

Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
0

0

Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
0

0

Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
0

0

Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
0

0

Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
0

0

Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
20
(261,986) 35,836
287,205
14,360
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
0

0

Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
(9,795) 6,324
49,713
9,943
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
34

1,367,959
40,234
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
17

692,885
40,758
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
Manufacturing
321213
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
161
(851,724) 54,808
5,088,225
31,604
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing
321999
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0

0

Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
0
0 0
0

Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0

0

Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0

0

Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
99

2,144,376
21,660

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
of Area Source
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Requirements
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
Manufacturing
322220
17
0


0

Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0


0

Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0


0

Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
322299
1
0


0

Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
95
(1,485,426)
183,396
1,640,468
17,268
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
124
(19,410,125)
52,700
21,014,416
169,471
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing
324122
3
0


0

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
324199
4
0


0

Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
215
(442,943)
170,971
1,339,064
6,228
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0


0

Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325132
2
0


0

Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
325181
4
1


17,569
17,569
Industrial
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
325182
21
8


90,342
11,293
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA
325188
93
31


281,556
9,082
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA
325192
1
0


0

Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0


0

Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
20
(393,103)
6,324
1,063,049
53,152
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
231
(11,120,441)
140,112
34,073,655
147,505
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
3
(1,767)
3,947
12,634
4,211
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
0
0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0


0

Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
2


234,733
117,367
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
4


245,955
61,489
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
2
0
0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
2
(65,439)
1,973
78,278
39,139
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
7
(801,899)
9,867
838,273
119,753

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing
325414
1
0

0

Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
23
(2,749,089) 41,442
2,753,889
119,734
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0

0

Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0

0

Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0

0

Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
Preparation Manufacturing
325998
10
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
7

307,010
43,859
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing
326121
12
0

0

Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
0

0

Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and
Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
0

0

Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene)
Manufacturing
326150
19
17
(46,810) 5,976
57,848
3,403
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
0

0

Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
68
(2,218,563) 120,156
2,497,899
36,734
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
18

700,232
38,902
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing
326220
6
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use
326291
2
0

0

Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
5
0 0
107,296
21,459
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
4
1

29,714
29,714
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing
327120
46
0

0

Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
3

79,238
26,413
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
0

0

Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
Manufacturing
327212
17
7
(81,565) 8,432
134,187
19,170
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
18

411,005
22,834

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
0

0

Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
4
(69,750) 4,216
111,775
27,944
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
327999
2
0

0

Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
331110
72
43
(1,410,644) 84,320
1,387,378
32,265
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
5

107,296
21,459
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
Manufacturing"
331112
1
0

0

Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
331210
5
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Primary Aluminum Production"
331312
2
0

0

Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production
331313
16
1
0 0
14,813
14,813
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
331314
53
20
(241,918) 103,491
153,240
7,662
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
331315
6
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing"
331316
1
0

0

Industrial
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331318
2
0

0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and
Refining
331410
1
0

0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper"
331411
0
0

0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)"
331419
2
0

0

Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying
331420
3
0
0 0
0

Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) Drawing"
331422
1
0

0

Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331491
3
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
331492
2
0

0

Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
38

1,088,007
28,632
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
0

0

Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries"
331521
1
0

0

Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
331524
2
0

0

Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
(except Automotive)
332119
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool Manufacturing"
332212
1
1

14,813
14,813

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
332311
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332312
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
7
(40,000) 619
331,578
47,368
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing
332722
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
332812
436
251
(10,581,946) 469,306
10,481,900
41,761
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
Coloring
332813
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332993
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product
Manufacturing
332999
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333111
8
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden
Equipment Manufacturing
333112
1
0

0

Industrial
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
333120
30
15

1,156,489
77,099
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333131
2
0

0

Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA
333293
1
0

0

Industrial
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
333316
1
0

0

Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment
and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration
Equipment Manufacturing
333415
1
0

0

Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing"
333512
1
0

0

Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing"
333513
1
0

0

Industrial
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
333611
1
0

0

Industrial
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
333618
5
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System 333923
1
0

0


Manufacturing






Industrial
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
333992
2
0

0

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs Averasit'
Year 2 Avoided
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
334220
1
0

0


Communications Equipment Manufacturing






Industrial
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
334411
1
0

0

Industrial
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
334412
1
0

0

Industrial
Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing
334413
23
13

512,008
39,385
Industrial
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for
334512
1
0

0


Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use






Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
334613
0
0

0


Manufacturing






Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
335110
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
335224
13
11
(257,544) 4,950
313,649
28,514
Industrial
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
335228
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
335311
1
1

14,813
14,813

Manufacturing






Industrial
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
335312
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Storage Battery Manufacturing
335911
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335931
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335932
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
335991
6
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Automobile Manufacturing
336111
66
18
(211,538) 10,540
801,401
44,522
Industrial
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
336112
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
336120
8
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
336211
8
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
336212
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
336310
2
2

46,241
23,121

Manufacturing






Industrial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
336311
1
1

14,813
14,813

ManufacturingA






Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA
336312
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components
336330
2
2

46,241
23,121

(except Spring) Manufacturing






Industrial
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
336340
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts
336350
2
2

46,241
23,121

Manufacturing






Industrial
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
336360
1
1

14,813
14,813

Manufacturing






Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
336370
1
1

14,813
14,813

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
336390
13
7

307,010
43,859
Industrial
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
336399
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Aircraft Manufacturing
336411
125
84
(8,222,222) 45,784
8,545,698
101,735
Industrial
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
336412
8
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
336413
10
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and
Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing
336415
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Ship Building and Repairing
336611
92
48
(2,149,530) 90,644
2,336,270
48,672
Industrial
Boat Building
336612
123
64

5,375,427
83,991
Industrial
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component
Manufacturing
336992
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing
337110
347
238
(3,299,951) 309,392
3,343,810
14,050
Industrial
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
337121
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
337122
14
9

353,251
39,250
Industrial
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
337127
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
337211
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
337214
19
8
(196,569) 3,712
239,099
29,887
Industrial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
337215
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
337920
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
339112
2
0

0

Industrial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
339113
1
0

0

Industrial
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
339910
1
0

0

Industrial
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
339920
1
0

0

Industrial
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
339940
1
0

0

Industrial
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing
339991
2
0

0

Industrial
Burial Casket Manufacturing
339995
3
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
339999
5
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
424510
1
0

0

Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
3

61,054
20,351
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
0

0

Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
0

0

Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
0

0

Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
229
(421,167) 316,200
3,240,377
14,150

-------

Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average

Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided

MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products
486910
1
0

Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
1

14,813
14,813
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
0

Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
75
(2,342,520) 447,537
1,894,983
25,266
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Mini warehouses)
531120
1
0

Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
2
0

Commercial
Research and Development in the Physical,
Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology
and Biotechnology)^
541715
2
0

Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
0

Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
21
(1,769,111) 40,052
1,775,301
84,538
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
262

23,724,758
90,553
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
2

46,241
23,121
Waste Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1

14,813
14,813
Educational
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools
611310
23
9

353,251
39,250
Services

Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
0

Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
0

Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
1

14,813
14,813
Notes:
Six source categories from the assessed categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other
Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement.
Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these
categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between
major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table.
For Table 3-5, two columns—Projected Costs Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only
have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 2 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the
cost information that is currently available.
The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by
the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S.
EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/iiaics/downloadables/dowiiloadables.html).

-------
Table 3-6 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. • , ¦ »—i , Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
?„ . , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning)
115114
1
1

14,813
14, 813
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
72
(408,484) 30,551
716,370
9,950
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
17

676,270
39,781
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
2

46,241
23,121
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
82

3,196,465
38,981
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
4

245,955
61,489
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
5

277,384
55,477
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
1

14,813
14,813
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
7

307,010
43,859
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
2

46,241
23,121
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
11
(425) 425
245,955
22,360
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
13

430,314
33,101
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0

0

Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
0

0

Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
0

0

Industrial
Other Oilseed Processing"
311223
5
0

0

Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
2
(78,876) 4,216
74,660
37,330
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0

0

Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
0

0

Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0

0

Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0

0

Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0

0

Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0

0

Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0

0

Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
311514
3
0

0

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0

0

Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0

0

Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0

0

Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0

0

Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0

0

Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0

0

Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
0 0
0

Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
34
(446,918) 61,132
646,554
19,016
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
(9,795) 6,324
49,713
9,943
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
45

1,767,451
39,277
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
21

768,752
36,607
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
321213
6
4

245,955
61,489

Manufacturing






Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
211
(1,113,793) 71,672
6,723,719
31,866
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing
321999
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0

0

Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
1
(111,315) 2,108
109,207
109,207
Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0

0

Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0

0

Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
157

3,324,011
21,172
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing
322220
17
0

0

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
of Area Source
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Requirements
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0


0

Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0


0

Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
322299
1
0


0

Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
124
(1,963,494)
242,420
2,074,325
16,728
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2


46,241
23,121
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
185
(30,329,425)
84,320
32,830,815
177,464
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing
324122
3
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
324199
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
283
(503,933)
223,402
1,800,729
6,363
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0


0

Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325132
2
0


0

Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
325181
4
1


18,684
18,684
Industrial
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
325182
21
9


108,177
12,020
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA
325188
93
42


416,973
9,928
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA
325192
1
0


0

Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
3


61,054
20,351
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0


0

Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
32
(655,172)
10,540
1,705,582
53,299
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
412
(20,657,770)
262,464
60,811,082
147,600
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
4
(2,651)
5,920
11,544
2,886
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
0
0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0


0

Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
3


401,098
133,699
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
7


307,010
43,859
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
3
0
0
61,054
20,351
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
6
(327,193)
9,867
332,139
55,357
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1


14,813
14,813
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
15
(1,924,556)
23,681
1,961,930
130,795
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing
325414
1
0


0

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
34
(4,189,088) 63,149
4,172,180
122,711
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0

0

Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0

0

Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0

0

Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
Preparation Manufacturing
325998
10
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging)
Manufacturing
326113
16
10

368,064
36,806
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing
326121
12
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and
Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
5

260,768
52,154
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene)
Manufacturing
326150
19
19
(46,810) 5,976
104,090
5,478
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
101
(3,269,461) 177,072
3,785,274
37,478
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
27

941,654
34,876
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing
326220
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use
326291
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
8
0 0
338,438
42,305
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
327110
4
3

48,445
16,148
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing
327120
46
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
4

89,686
22,421
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
Manufacturing
327212
17
11
(101,956) 10,540
383,613
34,874
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
22

494,671
22,485
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
1

14,813
14,813

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
6
(69,750) 4,216
311,489
51,915
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
327999
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing
331110
72
50
(1,586,975) 94,860
1,769,498
35,390
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA
331112
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
331210
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
331312
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production
331313
16
2
0 0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
331314
53
27
(318,314) 136,172
228,383
8,459
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
331315
6
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA
331316
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331318
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and
Refining
331410
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
331411
0
0

0

Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)A
331419
2
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying
331420
3
2
0 0
46,241
23,121
Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
331422
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
331491
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
331492
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
46

1,248,073
27,132
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA
331521
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
331524
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
(except Automotive)
332119
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
332212
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
332311
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332312
1
1

14,813
14,813

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
11
(120,000) 1,856
456,582
41,507
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing
332722
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
332812
436
371
(15,574,742) 690,257
15,545,941
41,903
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
Coloring
332813
3
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332993
3
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product
Manufacturing
332999
3
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333111
8
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden
Equipment Manufacturing
333112
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
333120
30
23

1,754,999
76,304
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333131
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA
333293
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
333316
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and
Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
333415
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing"
333512
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing"
333513
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing
333611
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
333618
5
4

245,955
61,489
Industrial
Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System
Manufacturing
333923
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
333992
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
334220
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Electron Tube Manufacturing"
334411
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
334412
1
1

14,813
14,813

-------



Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Average



Subject to
Obtain Area
Year 2
Avoided



MACT
Source Status
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing
334413
23
18

706,710
39,262
Industrial
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for
Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use
334512
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
334613
0
0

0

Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
335110
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
335224
13
11
(257,544) 4,950
313,649
28,514
Industrial
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
335228
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
Manufacturing
335311
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
335312
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Storage Battery Manufacturing
335911
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335931
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
335932
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
335991
6
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Automobile Manufacturing
336111
66
37
(803,846) 40,052
1,471,492
39,770
Industrial
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
336112
5
5

277,384
55,477
Industrial
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
336120
8
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
336211
8
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
336212
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
336310
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
336311
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA
336312
3
3

61,054
20,351
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components
(except Spring) Manufacturing
336330
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
336340
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts
Manufacturing
336350
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing
336360
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
336370
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
336390
13
9

353,251
39,250
Industrial
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
336399
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Aircraft Manufacturing
336411
125
107
(10,222,222) 56,921
10,811,945
101,046
Industrial
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
336412
8
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
336413
10
7

307,010
43,859

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost
rroiected Costs „ . „
. , ol Area Source
(Savings) ..
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and
336415
1
1

14,813
14,813

Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing






Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Ship Building and Repairing
336611
92
74
(3,399,257) 143,344
3,548,110
47,947
Industrial
Boat Building
336612
123
94

7,304,463
77,707
Industrial
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component
336992
2
2

46,241
23,121

Manufacturing






Industrial
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing
337110
347
289
(3,991,643) 374,242
4,201,795
14,539
Industrial
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
337121
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
337122
14
12

584,394
48,699

Manufacturing






Industrial
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
337127
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
337211
5
6

292,197
48,699
Industrial
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
337214
19
17
(458,662) 8,662
511,055
30,062
Industrial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
337215
1
1

14,813
14,813

Manufacturing






Industrial
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
337920
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
339112
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
339113
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
339910
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
339920
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
339940
1
1

14,813
14,813
Industrial
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing
339991
2
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
Burial Casket Manufacturing
339995
3
2

46,241
23,121
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
339999
5
4

245,955
61,489
Commercial
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
424510
1
1

14,813
14,813
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
4

245,955
61,489
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
1

14,813
14,813
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
326
(600,081) 451,112
4,467,437
13,704
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products
486910
1
1

14,813
14,813
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
2

46,241
23,121
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
108
(3,310,762) 632,519
2,724,484
25,227
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
4

245,955
61,489

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Facilities
S/Year
Cost (S)
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Projected Costs
(Savings)
Estimated Cost
of Area Source
Requirements
Avoided Costs
Year 2
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
531120
1
1


14,813
14,813

Mini warehouses)







Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
2
2


46,241
23,121
Commercial
Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering
541715
2
2


46,241
23,121

and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and








Biotechnology)^







Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
1


14,813
14,813
Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
32
(2,700,222)
61,132
2,700,144
84,380
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
399


36,113,451
90,510
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
3


61,054
20,351
Waste Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1


14,813
14,813
Educational
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools
611310
23
15


646,644
43,110
Services








Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
1


14,813
14,813
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
1


14,813
14,813
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
2


46,241
23,121
Notes:
Six source categories from the assessed categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other
Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement.
Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these
categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between
major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table.
For Table 3-6, two columns—Projected Costs Savings based on supporting statement costs and the Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without
RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 2 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost
savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available.
The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status.
For not directly assessed Source Category "Pulp & Paper (non-combust) MACT" (NAICS 322121), one facility is extrapolated to obtain area source status. However, in the estimation of Extrapolated
Costs (Savings), "No facilities are expected to be area sources." We assume the same when calculating the number of facilities expected to obtain area source status for this not directly assessed
category.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by
the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S.
EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html').

-------
3.3 Present Value and Equivalent Annualized Value Costs
To comply with EOs 12866 and 13771, the EPA also estimated the PV of the illustrative
cost savings for each scenario. The PV is the value of a stream of impacts over time, discounted
to the current day. For this analysis, there is the presumption of an infinite time horizon, given
that there is no review period for this action in the Clean Air Act unlike that for most
rulemakings subject to that Act. Therefore, the estimate of the PV for each scenario is the annual
cost savings divided by the relevant discount rate expressed as a fraction (e.g., 7% discount rate
is expressed as 0.07). The PV of the cost savings for the primary alternative scenario is $2.34
billion (in 2014 dollars) at a discount rate of 7%, which is discounted to 2016 in accordance with
EO 13771 guidance. At a discount rate of 3%, the PV is $6.08 billion (in 2014 dollars), again
discounted to 2016. A measure of the annual cost savings is the EAV. This annual impact
estimate is calculated consistent with the PV. The EAV is $163 million (2014 dollars) at 7% rate
for the primary scenario. At a 3% discount rate, the EAV is $183 million (2014 dollars). The PVs
for each alternative scenario and discount rate in 2014 dollars can be found in Table 3-7; the
EAVs are in Table 3-8.12
Table 3-7 Estimated Present Value of the Net Cost Savings for the Primary Alternative
Scenario (75% Emissions Cutoff) (billions of 2014$)
PV of Cost Savings by Alternative Scenario
7% Discount Rate
3% Discount Rate
50% Emissions Cutoff
1.9
4.8
75% Emissions Cutoff
2.3
6.1
125% Emissions Cutoff
2.8
7.6
Table 3-8 Estimated Equivalent Annualized Value of the Net Cost Savings of Scenario 2
(Primary) (millions of 2014$)
EAV of Net Cost Savings
7% Discount Rate
3% Discount Rate
50% Emissions Cutoff
128
143
75% Emissions Cutoff
163
183
125% Emissions Cutoff
199
223
12 Conversion from 2014 to 2016 dollars is accomplished using the annual GDP implicit price deflator. The 2016
value is 1.02147 times larger than the 2014 value. For more information, refer to
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/USAGDPDEFAISMEI. Accessed on October 23, 2018.
3-66

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4. ILLUSTRATIVE EMISSIONS IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL CONTROL COST
IMPACTS
4.1 Estimating Number of Facilities per Source Category and the Fraction That Could
Obtain Area Source Status
As mentioned earlier in this RIA, the EPA used data from RTR modeling files to estimate
individual HAP and total HAP emissions for individual facilities in 71 source categories. These
71 source categories are those for which the RTR modeling file had been completed and for
which EPA expected that some major source facilities may potentially reclassify as area sources.
This analysis is contained fully in the spreadsheet entitled, MM2A Illlustrative Emissions
Analysis Results May-2019.xlsx, which is in the public docket for this rulemaking. In addition, 35
source categories were analyzed using an extrapolated approach (i.e., using the cost information
for the 71 source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories). Three ICI Boilers
and Process Heaters source categories and the RICE source category were separately assessed.
For most of the sources in the ICI Boilers and Process Heaters categories and all of the RICE
sources, it was determined that these major sources would not reclassify to area sources. Upon
review by the EPA, of the 71 source categories with available data, the EPA determined that six
source categories are not likely to be impacted by the change in policy and are not included in
the analysis. These six categories are: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium
Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland
Cement. For these source categories, all facilities were estimated to be well over the major
source emission threshold, or they were subject to NESHAP that regulated major and area
sources to essentially the same standard. For the remaining 65 source categories, analysis to
estimate individual and total HAP emissions for individual facilities was then undertaken. These
65 source categories are listed below.
Source Categories for Which EPA Has Complete Risk and Technology Review Modeling
Files and Have Major Source Facilities Potentially Able to Reclassify to Area Sources
Acetal Resins
Aerospace - federal government owned
Aerospace - privately owned
AMF (Acrylic/Modacrylic Fibers)
Asphalt Processing and Roofing (2 Source Categories)
Auto and Light Duty Truck
Ethylene
4-1

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Fabric
Ferroalloys
Flexible Foam Production
Friction
GMACT-HF
HC1 Production
Integrated Iron and Steel
Large Appliances
Leather
Marine Vessel Loading
Metal Can
Metal Coil
Metal Furniture
Mineral Wool
Misc. Metal Parts
Miscellaneous Coating Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Organics NESHAP
Nutritional Yeast
Organic Liquids Distribution
OSWRO
P&R I (7 Source Categories)
P&R II (2 Source Categories)
P&R III
P&R IV (5 Source Categories)
PAI (Pesticide Active Ingredient Production)
PEPO (Polyether Polyols Production)
Pharmaceuticals
Phosphate Fertilizer
Phosphoric Acid
Plastic Parts
Polycarbonates
POTW
Primary Aluminum
Primary Lead-facility closed
Printing and Publishing
Pulp and Paper Combustion Sources
Refineries (2 Source Categories)
Secondary Aluminum
Shipbuilding
Steel Pickling
Turbines
Vegetable Oil
Wet Formed Fiberglass Mat
Wood Building Products
Wood Furniture
4-2

-------
For each of these source categories, the EPA used the maximum HAP emissions from the
RTR modeling file or the 2014 NEI v2 to estimate whether each facility would qualify to
reclassify to area source status for the three emissions thresholds defined in Section 3 of this
RIA, based on whole facility emissions estimates for individual HAP or total combined HAP:
•	50% of the major source threshold (5 tpy of a single HAP or 12.5 tpy of all combined
HAP);
•	75% of the major source threshold (7.5 tpy of a single HAP or 18.75 tpy of all combined
HAP); and
•	125%) of the major source threshold (12.5 tpy of a single HAP or 31.25 tpy of all
combined HAP).
This analysis is contained in the spreadsheet tab entitled
Revised A4M2A Data May 2019 that is included in the spreadsheet MM2A Illustrative
Emissions Analysis Results May -2019.xlsx, which is included in the docket for this rulemaking.
To assess potential change in emissions due to the reclassification of area sources as
major sources, the EPA selected six source categories to be analyzed in more detail. These six
source categories represent a cross-sample of the universe of source categories, control
technologies and pollutants that could be impacted by the MM2A proposed action. The six
source categories assessed for potential emission changes are: Wood Furniture Manufacturing
(40 CFR part 63 subpart JJ), Surface Coatings of Metal Cans (40 CFR part 63 subpart KKKK),
Surface Coatings of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (40 CFR part 63 subpart MMMM),
Wet-Formed Fiberglass Mat Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart HHHH), Hydrochloric Acid
Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart NNNNN) and Organic Liquids Distribution (Non-Gasoline)
(40 CFR part 63 subpart EEEE).
For each facility in these six source categories that could obtain area source status at each
emissions threshold scenario, we estimated the potential change in HAP emissions by
considering (1) whether total HAP emissions would change or (2) whether a single HAP's
emissions would change to the threshold level as a result of assuming the facility would choose
to reclassify to area source status. For each facility, we had an estimate from the NEI data of the
total HAP emitted by the facility and the emissions of the single largest HAP from the facility.
4-3

-------
If the total HAP and the single largest HAP were equal, this indicated only one HAP was
reported in the NEI, and the change in emissions was calculated as the difference between 7.5
tpy and the estimate of the single largest HAP. Otherwise, the emissions change was estimated as
the larger difference between 18.75 tpy and the estimate of total HAP emissions, and between
7.5 tpy and the single HAP emissions. We used these levels instead of assuming that emissions
would change to 10 tpy for a single HAP or 25 tpy for all HAP because we instead assumed that
facilities would maintain at a 25% compliance margin below the major HAP emissions source
thresholds. A similar analysis was conducted for the 50% scenario, except the analysis was
completed for 5 tpy of a single HAP and 12.5 tpy of combined HAP.
For the 125% scenario, we assumed that facilities with emissions below the 75%
threshold would increase emissions to 7.5 tpy of a single HAP or 18.75 tpy of combined HAP,
and facilities with emissions between the 75% and 125% thresholds would decrease emissions to
7.5 tpy of a single HAP or 18.75 tpy of combined HAP. These analyses are contained in the tab
entitled RevisedMM2A Data 2019-05 in the illustrative analysis results spreadsheet previously
mentioned in this chapter.
We determined that there are 605 more major sources under the 125% scenario that could
potentially reclassify from major to area sources compared to the 75% scenario. This increase
occurs across most of the 110 source categories included in the analyses for the proposal. More
discussion on how these sources would achieve area source status by means of emissions control
technologies can be found in section 4.2 below.
A detailed description of how the EPA identified and assessed the affected sources
categories is provided in the May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum.
4.2 Control Technology Evaluation
We also considered in the emissions assessment the control technology basis for each
NESHAP and the types of controls that are likely to be employed by facilities to meet the
emissions limits. We considered whether the facility could adjust their annual HAP emissions to
either increase or decrease them relative to the 50, 75- or 125% emissions thresholds by
changing the efficiency of the controls for that source category. This assessment was done at the
source category level and not at the facility level.
4-4

-------
For each source category, we reviewed that category's proposed and final rule preambles,
the technical support documents, or the rule itself to determine the technology basis for the
emissions limitation for each class of pollutant regulated by the NESHAP. The results of these
reviews are in the tab labeled Controls in the spreadsheet MM2A DataJor Emissions
AnalysisMay2019.xlsx.
In general, we assumed that pollution prevention measures (e.g., process changes or
switches to low-HAP surface coatings) would not be adjustable, and facilities could not readily
increase or decrease emissions. In the surface coating source categories, we assumed that
facilities would not go through the process of identifying and testing new coatings with higher
HAP contents or switching from low-HAP-emitting processes (e.g., switching from powder
coatings back to liquid coatings). We assumed that controls based on thermal oxidation as an
add-on control were adjustable by, for example, adjusting the combustion temperature. We
assumed that particulate controls for inorganic HAP (e.g., fabric filters, electrostatic
precipitators, wet scrubbers) were not adjustable.
For the surface coating source categories, we assumed that the emissions from most
source categories were not adjustable because they rely on the use of low-HAP coatings to
comply with the NESHAP. The exceptions were in the categories for Fabric Coating, Metal Can
Coating, Coil Coating, and Printing and Publishing because these facilities generally use thermal
oxidizers to control organic HAP emissions.
Regardless of the type of control that was the technology basis for the rule, if the EPA
RTR project lead for a source category determined that no facilities in the source category would
be able to obtain area source status or would have no incentive to obtain area source status, then
we also assumed that the control technology was not adjustable.
The control assumption for each source category is documented in the tab Control
Assumptions of the spreadsheet MM2A Illustrative Emissions Analysis Results May-2019.xlsx. If
the controls were estimated to be fixed and not adjustable, they were assigned a 0; if they were
estimated to be adjustable, they were assigned a 1.
4.3 Detailed Illustrative Source Category Analyses
With the information described above, ERG and EPA performed more detailed analyses
4-5

-------
on six source categories to illustrate the technology basis for the emissions limitations and the
effects of the MM2A policy on the facilities in that source category, including the effect of other
federal and state rules (e.g., NSPS or state rules to limit VOC emissions in ozone non-attainment
areas). To assess the potential emissions impact associated with the reclassification of sources,
the EPA performed an illustrative assessment for six source categories (wood furniture, metal
can, miscellaneous metal parts and products, wet-formed fiberglass, hydrochloric acid (HC1)
production and non-gasoline organic liquid distribution (OLD)). A summary of the findings of
our illustrative emission impact assessment is presented in Table 4-1.
4-6

-------
Table 4-1: Results of Potential Emission Impacts Illustrative Analysis
Source
Number of
Facilities
Potential HAP
Additional Facilities
Potential HAP
Category,
Facilities in
Projected to
Increases (tpy)
Projected to Obtain
Decreases (tpy)
40 CFR part
Source
Obtain Area
at 75% Cut-off
Area Source Status
at 125% Cut-
63 Subpart
Category
Source Status at
Single and
at 125% Cut-off
off/

Subject to
75% Cut-off
Total HAP
Scenario/Percent


Major
Scenario/




Source
Percent




NESHAP




Wood





Furniture,
333
250/75%
0
26/8%
0 to 125
Subpart JJ





Metal Can,





Subpart
5
1/20%
0
2/40%
0 to 4
KKKK





Miscellaneous





Metal Parts





and Products,
371
268/72%
0
46/12%
0 to 160
Subpart





MMMM





Wet Formed


0 to 6


Fiberglass,
7
5/71%
single HAP
0
0
Subpart

0 to 32
HHHH


combined HAP


HC1


Oto 11


Production,
19
3/16%
single HAP
2/11%
0 to 4
Subpart

0 to 27
NNNNN


combined HAP


Non-gasoline


0 single HAP


OLD, Subpart
177
82/46%
Oto 1,140
19/11%
Oto 77
EEEE


combined HAP


The results of our illustrative analysis show that for many facilities the reclassification
from major source to area source status is not expected to result in an increase in that source's
HAP emissions. The analysis also shows that for many sources there are regulatory backstops
in place that would prevent emissions increases (e.g., other non-HAP regulatory requirements
that also provide for HAP control). The analysis also confirmed that for some source categories
no emissions increases and some emissions decreases can be anticipated. Finally, the results of
our illustrative analysis show that for some facilities there is some potential for emissions
increases.
We anticipate, however, that when the permitting authority reviews the application for a
new or revised permit to reclassify a major source as an area source under section 112 of the
CAA, the permitting authority will consider the current and proposed HAP emissions levels
4-7

-------
and evaluate the potential for emissions increases due to reclassification and determine the
safeguards needed to prevent any emissions increases due to reclassification. As discussed in
more detail in sections IV and VI of the MM2A proposal preamble, there are various reasons
why a major source's reclassification to area source status may not result in an increase in that
source's HAP emissions and may, in some cases, result in a decrease in HAP emissions. First,
when the corresponding regulatory authority reviews the application for a new or revised
permit that will incorporate enforceable limits on a source's PTE of HAP below the major
source thresholds, the regulatory authority will consider the specifics of each source. Among
other things, the regulatory authority will consider the current and proposed HAP emissions
levels, the type of limits proposed and whether such limits are legally and practicably
enforceable, any newly applicable area source NESHAP subparts, and if other requirements are
needed to ensure the source complies with the CAA. Second, some major sources have
undergone facility and operational modifications since they became subject to the major source
NESHAP requirements, and these modifications that may prevent the HAP emissions from
exceeding the major source thresholds even without the sources remaining subject to major
source NESHAP requirements (e.g., a source that has eliminated the use of HAP binders or
coatings from their operations or has switched to low HAP or no HAP products). Third, as
discussed in sections IV and VI of the MM2A preamble, some sources with actual emissions
just above one or both of the major source thresholds under their current major source
NESHAP requirements might choose to accept HAP PTE limits and further reduce their
emissions consistent with the PTE limits in order to achieve area source status and reduce their
regulatory burden. In those cases, allowing sources to reclassify as area sources even after they
are subject to major source NESHAP requirements can provide an incentive for them to reduce
their emissions beyond what is required under the CAA section 112 major source requirements.
More details on the illustrative emissions impact analysis and background information by
source category can be found in the emissions memo13 and in Appendix B of the RIA.
13 US EPA. Memorandum from Elineth Torres to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. Documentation of the
emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking: "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources
under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May, 2019.
4-8

-------
4.4 Illustrative Source Category Cost Analyses for 125% Scenario (Alternative Scenario
2)
The analysis of the illustrative 125% scenario (alternative scenario 2) prepared for the
MM2A proposal includes the reduction in monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting costs (and
permitting costs) associated with a major HAP source reclassifying to an area HAP source. Such
major sources have HAP emissions of 25% higher than the major source emissions thresholds
(10 tons for one HAP, 25 tons for two or more HAP). We state earlier in this RIA that we are
unable to estimate the cost associated with emissions control by major sources having to reduce
HAP emissions as part of reclassifying to area sources. The increase in cost (either operating &
maintenance or capital) from any reduction in emissions to achieve reclassification is a potential
cost that sources may incur if reducing HAP emissions is a necessary component of this decision.
Here, we present illustrative estimates of the potential control cost of reducing HAP emissions
for a few source categories included in the analyses for the proposal. This illustrative analysis is
a route by which the potential control costs associated with decisions to reclassify by major
sources above the emissions thresholds can be characterized, and is fully documented in the cost
considerations memorandum for the illustrative 125% scenario.14 Results of this analysis are not
meant to serve as representative of impacts for all source categories affected by this proposal.
This analysis is not applicable to sources at the other two scenarios examined in the proposal
(50%) and 75% HAP emissions cut-offs), for sources affected by those scenarios have HAP
emissions already below to the major source emissions thresholds.
4.5 Coverage of Source Categories for this Analysis
Review of the MM2A analysis of potential cost savings for the illustrative 125%
emissions scenario determined that there is a variety of sources across affected source categories.
We reviewed the list of number of major sources expected to classify to area sources under this
scenario.15 Our criterion for source category inclusion in this analysis is number of sources
expected to reclassify from major to area under the analysis of potential cost savings for each
category. Based on review of this list, the top five source categories by number of sources are:
14 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Larry Sorrels, US EPA to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. "Analysis of
Illustrative 125% Scenario for MM2A Proposal - Potential Cost Impacts from HAP Major Sources Reducing
Emissions as part of Reclassifying to HAP Area Sources." May , 2019.
15 U.S. EPA. Proposal MM2A DataSpreadshee t May_2019. Available in the docket for this rulemaking.
4-9

-------
•	Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings (17% of total)
•	Wood Furniture coatings (15% of total)
•	Turbines (9%of total)
•	Printing and Publishing coatings (6% of total)
•	Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (6% of total, with fewer sources than Printing and
Publishing coatings)
Table 4-2 provides a list of the source categories and the number of sources that are
impacted under the illustrative 125% scenario.
Table 4-2. List of Source Categories Included in the Potential Cost Impact Analysis, and
Number of Affected Sources
Source Category
Number of Affected Sources
Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings
316
Wood Furniture coatings
277
Turbines*
160
Printing and Publishing coatings
115
Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP
106
* The stationary turbines source category was excluded from the illustrative emissions analysis as noted in the
emissions memorandum for this proposal. We include the stationary turbines category in this analysis for the
proposal since it meets the criterion set for source category inclusion.
We note that these five source categories constitute 52% of the total number of sources
affected under this illustrative scenario. We also note that two of these categories
(miscellaneous metal parts and wood furniture) are included in the illustrative emissions
impacts analysis for six source categories included in the RIA, and part of this analysis
included impacts for the illustrative 125% scenario. The illustrative emissions analysis
examined the potential for sources in these categories to reclassify, and the potential impacts on
emissions. We note that the impact on costs was not a part of this emissions analysis; it was an
analysis based on control technologies/techniques likely to be in place on sources, and if non-
HAP regulatory requirements may exist to reduce or prevent the potential for reclassifying.
4.6 Illustrative 125% Scenario Potential Cost Analysis Approach
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-------
In this analysis, we perform a "break-even" analysis to help inform whether a source
would choose to apply control to reduce emissions under the scenario. This analysis includes the
use of HAP control cost-effectiveness (that is, annual cost/ton HAP reduction) estimates for each
of the five source categories. These estimates reflect the costs of HAP regulations previously
imposed on these source categories, or represent EPA estimates of likely control options that
sources could use to meet HAP emissions limits. These estimates are then used in our approach
to examine if sources in these source categories would apply control to reduce emissions as part
of reclassification. The cost-effectiveness estimates used in this analysis will include both capital
(fixed) and O&M (variable) costs, for there was insufficient information in the documentation
for these estimates presenting the breakout of annual costs into these two components. We also
derived, to the extent possible, cost-effectiveness estimates that do not include any monitoring,
recordkeeping, and reporting costs that are already found in the cost savings analysis done for
these source categories in order to limit double counting. We recognize that findings from the
review of the 34 reclassified sources in the emissions memo appear to show that the HAP control
equipment in place prior to reclassification continues to be operated after reclassification.16 Thus,
the most relevant cost for a determination of what cost value is "break-even" would be the O&M
costs. Using these HAP cost-effectiveness estimates therefore could lead to an overstatement of
the annual cost per ton that could serve as a "break-even" value for a source to reduce emissions
as part of reclassifying from major to area source. Use of results from this analysis should only
be regarded as illustrative, for they do not include results from all, or most, source categories
potentially affected by this proposal. Thus, they cannot be used to present a complete treatment
of control cost impacts for the illustrative 125% scenario.
We also acknowledge that the costs in these estimates may not reflect true marginal costs
in that they presume the average costs of control are suitable for "break-even" decision-making
by major sources considering reclassification.
16 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Elineth Torres to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. DRAFT Documentation
of the emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area
Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May, 2019.
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Table 4-3 presents the HAP cost-effectiveness estimate used in this analysis for each of
the five source categories. All of these cost-effectiveness estimates are in 2014 dollars in order to
be consistent with the year dollars for the annual cost savings estimates presented in the cost
memo and RIA for this proposal.
Table 4-3. HAP Cost- Effectiveness Estimates for Source Categories Included in Potential
Cost Impact Analysis
Source Category
HAP Cost-Effectiveness Estimate (annual cost/ton
HAP reduction in 2014$)
Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings
$3,070
Wood Furniture coatings
32,363
Turbines
96,682
Printing and Publishing coatings
75,218
Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MON)
21,300
Determining the appropriate cost-effectiveness for each source category to use in this
analysis is not always a simple matter. There are often differences in the extent and timing of
cost analyses for different source categories, and determining an appropriate cost-effectiveness
may require more than trivial amounts of analysis in individual circumstances. Below is a brief
discussion of the cost-effectiveness estimates for each category and how they are derived.
4.7 Cost-Effectiveness Estimate Derivation
Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings - The estimate was derived by dividing the total
annualized cost for the 2003 final NESHAP by the expected HAP emission reductions. For this
final rule, the total annualized cost was $47.3 million (in 1997 dollars), and the expected
emission reductions were 25,822 tons/year.17 The cost-effectiveness is $2,204/ton HAP emission
reduction in 1997 dollars. Escalation to 2014 dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This value is 1.393, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and
the 1997 value is 74.445.18 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $3,070/ton.
17 U.S. EPA. NESHAP for Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products, Final Rule. 69FR130. Published on January
2, 2004. Available at https://www.govinfo. gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-01 -02/pdf/03 -21917.pdf. Downloaded on
May 14, 2019.
18 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100.
Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14,
2019.
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Wood Furniture coatings - The estimate was taken from an EPA cost memorandum
prepared in 2010 to examine HAP control options for facilities subject to the wood furniture
coatings MACT.19 The control option that is the basis for the cost-effectiveness estimate used in
the current analysis is the use of low VOC coatings. The VOC cost-effectiveness estimate for
this option is $15,000/ton; with the amount of VOC that is HAP estimated at one-half, the
resulting HAP cost-effectiveness is $30,000/ton. With this estimate in 2010 dollars, we escalated
the value to 2014 dollars by using the U.S. GDP implicit price deflator. This value is 1.079,
where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 2010 value is 96.111.20 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness
in 2014 dollars is $32,363/ton.
Turbines - The estimate was derived from an EPA memorandum that provides cost per
ton estimates for control options applied to turbines of different sizes. We did not include
emergency turbines in this estimate since these sources only operate at limited times of a year.
Presuming the use of prime mover turbines only, and using values based on average emission
factors for calculating baseline HAP emissions, we derived a cost-effectiveness estimate of
$70,202/ton in 1998 dollars. Escalation to 2014 dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This value is 1.377, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and
the 1998 value is 75.283.21 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $96,682/ton.
Printing and Publishing - The estimate was taken from a retrofit cost estimate of
$50,000/ton (1993$) from cost analysis for the final Printing and Publishing NESHAP for the
use of a permanent total enclosure to confine VOC or HAP emissions.22 Escalation to 2014
19 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Kaye Whitfield to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0786. Cost Analyses for
Control Options. September 27, 2010. Prepared for the Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations NESHAP,
Final Rule.
20 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100.
Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14,
2019.
21 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100.
Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14,
2019.
22 U.S. EPA. Printing and Publishing Industry NESHAP, Final Rule. 61 FR 27132. Published onMay 30, 1996.
Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-05-30/pdf/96-13Q84.pdf. Downloaded on May 15,
2019.
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dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This
value is 1.504, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 1993 value is 68.920.23 Therefore, the
cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $75,218/ton.
Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MONV The estimate was taken from the final rule
notice, in which the cost-effectiveness of several control options was examined. These control
options generally ranged from $15,000-$51,000/megagram (Mg) (or $13,640-$46,410/ton) in
1998 dollars. Given the predominance of control options that were between $15,000-
$19,000/Mg (or $13,640-$17,290/ton), we use the midpoint of the latter range to come up with a
cost-effectiveness for the current analysis of $15,470/ton in 1998 dollars.24 Escalation to 2014
dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This
value is 1.377, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 1998 value is 75.283.25 Therefore, the
cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $21,300/ton.
4.8 Illustrative Results for the Potential Cost Impact Analysis Considering the
Illustrative Emissions Analysis
The two source categories that are included in both the illustrative emissions analysis,
which can be found in the cost memo and in the RIA, and this potential cost analysis are wood
furniture and miscellaneous metal parts and products. The net change in HAP emissions for these
source categories according to the results of the illustrative emissions analysis was a decrease in
the range of 0 to 125 and 0 to 160 tons, respectively.26 As stated in the emissions memo and RIA,
the cost of controls is not considered in calculating these illustrative changes in emissions for
each source category included in the illustrative analysis.
23 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100.
Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14,
2019.
24 U.S. EPA. Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MON), Final Rule. 68 FR 63852. Published in the Federal
Register on November 10, 2003. Available at https://www. govinfo.gov/co ntent/pkg/FR-2003-1 l-10/pdf/03-
22310.pdf. Downloaded on May 14, 2019.
25 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100.
Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14,
2019.
26 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Elineth Torres to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. Documentation of the
emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources
under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May, 2019.
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If we use cost-effectiveness estimates to calculate a potential cost of control for the
emissions decreases obtained by the illustrative emissions analysis for these two source
categories, we estimate a potential annual control cost (in 2014 dollars) of $0-4,045,250 for the
wood furniture source category, and $0-491,200 for the miscellaneous metal parts and products
source category. Comparing these estimates to those for potential cost savings under the
illustrative 125% scenario for these source categories, which are $352,599 for wood furniture
and $1,356,728 for miscellaneous metal parts and products, we find that the potential net cost
change (control cost minus cost savings, where a negative sign means cost savings) for these
source categories is $-352,599 to $+3,692,651, and $-1,356,728 to $-865,528, respectively.27
Thus, these illustrative analyses suggest that there could be net potential cost savings when
control costs are considered for the miscellaneous metal parts and products category, while there
is a greater likelihood of potential net cost savings for the wood furniture category.
4.9 Limitations of Illustrative 125% Potential Cost Impact Analysis
There are three limitations with this analysis that are important to mention. As we
indicate earlier, the cost-effectiveness estimates derived for this analysis are likely to be
overestimates of the potential cost of control that major HAP sources at the 125%emissions
threshold would incur to reduce emissions for purposes of reclassifying to area source status for
they include capital costs, which may not be a factor in reclassification decisions according to the
review of reclassified major sources done for this proposal. Thus, the results of this "break-even"
analysis may understate the potential for additional emission reductions for reclassification
purposes by overstating the "break-even" costs for these source categories.
We also note that the extent of cost escalation in this analysis is often driven by the
vintage of the cost data that is the basis for the cost-effectiveness estimates. For four of these
estimates, the escalation period is longer than five years. This is not consistent with the
recommendation in the EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual that five years is the preferred
27 U.S. EPA. Proposal MM2A DataSpreadsheetMay_2019. Available in the docket for this rulemaking.
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duration for cost escalation.28 Given the age of the cost data, however, we did not have an
alternative to adjust these costs into 2014 dollars.
We also acknowledge that the costs included in these estimates may not reflect true
marginal costs for major sources in that they presume the average costs of control are suitable for
"break-even" decision-making by major sources considering reclassification, while decisions by
sources to reduce emissions will be made based on their marginal costs of control and production
on the margin of affordability.
28 U.S. EPA. EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual. Section 1, Chapter 2. Cost Estimation: Costs and
Methodology. February 1, 2018. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-
12/documents/epaccmcostestimationmethodchapter 7thedition 2017.pdf. p. 19.
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5. BENEFITS/DISBENEFITS
5.1 Introduction
This section describes the human health impacts associated with the proposed rule. This
proposed rule may potentially result in both emission reductions and increases from a broad
array of existing sources. As described in Section 4, pollutant emissions that may be affected by
the rule include VOCs, which are precursors to both (PM2.5) and ozone formation; SO2, which is
a precursor to (PM2.5); NOx, which is a precursor to both PM2.5 and ground-level ozone; organic
HAP such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and vinyl chloride; and methane, a GHG and a
precursor to ozone formation. As described in the subsequent sections, these pollutants are
associated with substantial health effects, climate effects, and other welfare effects.
We are uncertain as to the magnitude, direction, and distribution of these changes in
emissions. As such, we are unable to quantify the changes in emissions across these sources and
can neither simulate the change in air quality nor characterize the impact of these changes to
human health. This is not to imply that changes in emissions will not affect human health.
Rather, our approach reflects the challenges associated with modeling the direct and indirect
impacts of the reductions in emissions for these sectors with the data currently available.
In place of quantitative estimates of the economic value of the pollutant changes, we
instead characterize these impacts in qualitative terms. In this section, we provide a qualitative
assessment of the health benefits associated with altering exposure to these pollutants and the
visibility impairment and ecosystem benefits.
5.2 PM2.5 Benefits/Disbenefits
This rulemaking may potentially alter directly emitted PM2.5 and/or precursors to PM2.5
including NOx and SO2. Changing these emissions would affect PM2.5 formation, human
exposure to PM2.5, and the incidence of PIVh.s-related health effects. Limits to data, resources,
and methods prevented the EPA from estimating the health impacts and monetized benefits of
the potentially altered PM2.5 concentrations resulting from this proposal. However, we provide
the qualitative discussion below for context regarding potential implications of the proposed rule.
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5.2.1 PM2 5 Health Effects
Changing PM2.5 precursors and directly emitted PM2.5 would alter human exposure to
PM2.5 and the incidence of PIVh.s-related health effects. Human health effects of PM2.5 exposure
include mortality and cardiovascular morbidity (U.S. EPA, 2009a). More specifically,
researchers have associated PM2.5 exposure with adverse health effects in numerous
toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological studies. These health effects include premature death
in people with heart or lung disease; nonfatal heart attacks; irregular heartbeat; aggravated
asthma; decreased lung function; and increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the
airways, coughing, and difficulty breathing (U.S. EPA, 2009a). These health effects result in
hospital and emergency room visits, lost work days, and restricted activity days. When adequate
data and resources are available, the EPA generally quantifies several health effects associated
with exposure to PM2.5 (e.g., U.S. EPA, 2009a).
When the EPA quantifies PIVh.s-related benefits, the EPA assumes that all fine particles,
regardless of their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature mortality
because the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of effect estimates by
particle type (U.S. EPA, 2009a). Based on our review of the current body of scientific literature,
the EPA estimates PIVh.s-related mortality without applying an assumed concentration threshold.
This decision is supported by the data, which are quite consistent in showing effects down to the
lowest measured levels of PM2.5 in the underlying epidemiology studies.
Several significant ecological effects are associated with the deposition of organic
particles, including persistent organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
(U.S. EPA, 2009a). This summary is from Section 6.6.1 of the 2012 PM National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) RIA (U.S. EPA, 2012b).
PAHs can accumulate in sediments and bioaccumulate in freshwater, flora, and fauna.
The uptake of organics depends on the plant species, site of deposition, physical and chemical
properties of the organic compound, and prevailing environmental conditions (U.S. EPA, 2009a).
PAHs can accumulate to high enough concentrations in some coastal environments to pose an
environmental health threat that includes cancer in fish populations, toxicity to organisms living
in the sediment, and risks to those (e.g., migratory birds) that consume these organisms.
Atmospheric deposition of particles is thought to be the major source of PAHs to the sediments
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of coastal areas of the United States. Deposition of PM to surfaces in urban settings increases the
metal and organic component of stormwater runoff. This atmospherically associated pollutant
burden can then be toxic to aquatic biota. The contribution of atmospherically deposited PAHs to
aquatic food webs was demonstrated in high-elevation mountain lakes with no other
anthropogenic contaminant sources.
The Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project is the most comprehensive
database available on contaminant transport and the effects of PM deposition on sensitive
ecosystems in the western United States. (Landers et a/., 2008). In this project, the transport, fate,
and ecological impacts of anthropogenic contaminants from atmospheric sources were assessed
from 2002 to 2007 in seven ecosystem components (air, snow, water, sediment, lichen, conifer
needles, and fish) in eight core national parks. The study concluded that bioaccumulation of
semivolatile organic compounds occurred throughout park ecosystems, that an elevational
gradient in PM deposition exists with greater accumulation in higher altitude areas, and that
contaminants accumulate in proximity to individual agriculture and industry sources, which is
counter to the original working hypothesis that most of the contaminants would originate from
Eastern Europe and Asia.
5.2.2 Visibility Effects
Altering directly emitted and secondarily formed PM2.5 could affect visibility throughout
the United States. Fine particles with significant light-extinction efficiencies include sulfates,
nitrates, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and soil (Sisler, 1996). Suspended particles and gases
degrade visibility by scattering and absorbing light. Higher visibility impairment levels in the
East are due to higher concentrations of fine particles, particularly sulfates, and higher average
relative humidity levels. Visibility impairment has a direct impact on people's enjoyment of
daily activities and their overall sense of well-being. Good visibility increases the quality of life
where individuals live and work and where they engage in recreational activities. Previous
analyses (U.S. EPA, 2006b; 2009a; 201 la; 2012b) show that visibility benefits are a significant
welfare benefit category. However, without air quality modeling, we are unable to estimate
visibility-related benefits or disbenefits, nor are we able to determine whether PM2.5 precursor
emissions would likely have a significant impact on visibility in urban areas or Class I areas.
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5.3 Ozone Effects
This rulemaking may potentially alter ground-level ozone concentrations. Ozone is not
emitted directly into the air but is created when its two primary components, VOC and NOx,
react in the presence of sunlight. In urban areas, compounds representing all classes of VOCs
and carbon monoxide are important compounds for ozone formation, but VOCs emitted from
vegetation tend to be more important compounds in nonurban vegetated areas (U.S. EPA, 2013).
Therefore, reducing these emissions would reduce ozone formation, human exposure to ozone,
and the incidence of ozone-related health effects. However, we have not quantified the ozone-
related benefits in this analysis for several reasons. First, previous rules have shown that the
monetized benefits associated with reducing ozone exposure are generally smaller than PM-
related benefits, even when ozone is the pollutant targeted for control (U.S. EPA, 2010b; 2014a).
Second, the complex nonlinear chemistry of ozone formation introduces uncertainty to the
development and application of a benefit-per-ton estimate, particularly for sectors with
substantial new growth.
Third, the impact of changing VOC emissions is spatially heterogeneous depending on
local air chemistry. Urban areas with a high population concentration are often VOC limited,
which means that ozone is most effectively reduced by lowering VOC emissions. Rural areas
and downwind suburban areas are often NOx limited, which means that ozone concentrations are
most effectively reduced by lowering NOx emissions rather than lowering VOC emissions.
Between these areas, ozone is relatively insensitive to marginal changes in both NOx and VOC.
Because of data limitations such as the location and number of sources affected by this
rulemaking, we did not perform the air quality modeling for this rule needed to quantify the
ozone benefits/disbenefits associated with reducing VOC emissions. Because of the high degree
of variability in the responsiveness of ozone formation to VOC emission reductions and data
limitations regarding the location of the emissions changes, we are unable to estimate the effect
that reducing VOC emissions will have on ambient ozone concentrations without air quality
modeling.
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5.3.1 Ozone Health Effects
Human exposure to ambient ozone concentrations is associated with adverse health
benefits, including premature death and respiratory morbidity (U.S. EPA, 2010b). Researchers
have associated ozone exposure with adverse health effects in numerous toxicological, clinical,
and epidemiological studies (U.S. EPA, 2013). When adequate data and resources are available,
the EPA generally quantifies several health effects associated with exposure to ozone (e.g., U.S.
EPA, 2010b; 201 la). These health effects include respiratory morbidity, such as asthma attacks;
hospital and emergency department visits; lost school days and premature mortality. The
scientific literature also suggests that exposure to ozone is associated with chronic respiratory
damage and premature aging of the lungs.
5.3.2 Ozone Vegetation Effects
Exposure to ozone is associated with a wide array of vegetation and ecosystem effects in
the published literature (U.S. EPA, 2013). Sensitivity to ozone is highly variable across species,
with over 66 vegetation species identified as "ozone-sensitive," many of which are found in state
and national parks and forests. These effects include those that damage or impair the intended
use of the plant or ecosystem. Such effects are considered adverse to the public welfare and can
include reduced growth and/or biomass production in sensitive trees, reduced yield and quality of
crops, visible foliar injury, changes to species composition, and changes in ecosystems and
associated ecosystem services.
5.3.3 Ozone Climate Effects
Ozone is a well-known short-lived climate-forcing GHG (U.S. EPA, 2006a).
Stratospheric ozone (the upper ozone layer) is beneficial because it protects life on Earth from
the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. In contrast, tropospheric ozone (ozone in the lower
atmosphere) is a harmful air pollutant that adversely affects human health and the environment
and contributes significantly to regional and global climate change. Because of its short
atmospheric lifetime, tropospheric ozone concentrations exhibit large spatial and temporal
variability (U.S. EPA, 2009b). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth
Assessment Report estimated that the contribution to current warming levels of increased
tropospheric ozone concentrations resulting from human methane, NOx, and VOC emissions was
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0.5 W/m2, or about 30 percent as large a warming influence as elevated CO2 concentrations
(IPCC, 2014). This quantifiable influence of ground-level ozone on climate leads to increases in
global surface temperature and changes in hydrological cycles.
5.4 NO2 Health Effects
In addition to being a precursor to PM2.5 and ozone, NOx emissions are linked to a variety
of adverse health effects associated with direct exposure. Following a comprehensive review of
health evidence from epidemiologic and laboratory studies, the Integrated Science Assessment
for Oxides of Nitrogen —Health Criteria (NOx ISA) (U.S. EPA, 2016b) concluded that a causal
relationship exists between respiratory health effects and short-term exposure to NO2. These
epidemiologic and experimental studies encompass several endpoints, including emergency
department visits and hospitalizations, respiratory symptoms, airway hyperresponsiveness,
airway inflammation, and lung function. The NOx ISA also concluded that the relationship
between short-term NO2 exposure and premature mortality was "suggestive but not sufficient to
infer a causal relationship" (U.S. EPA, 2016b, page 5-343) because it is difficult to attribute the
mortality risk effects to NO2 alone. Although the NOx ISA stated that studies consistently
reported a relationship between NO2 exposure and mortality, the effect was generally smaller
than that for other pollutants such as PM. However, because of methodology and data
limitations, we were unable to estimate the health co-benefits/disbenefits associated with altered
NO2 emissions or exposure in this proposed rule.
5.5 SO2 Health Effects
In addition to being a precursor to PM2.5, SO2 emissions are linked to a variety of adverse
health effects associated with direct exposure. We were unable to estimate the health co-benefits
associated with reduced SO2 in this analysis. Therefore, this analysis only provides a qualitative
discussion of the PM2.5 co-benefits associated with the reductions in SO2 emissions.
Following an extensive evaluation of health evidence from epidemiologic and laboratory
studies, the Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Sulfur—Health Criteria (SO2 ISA)
concluded that a causal relationship exists between respiratory health effects and short-term
exposure to SO2 (U.S. EPA, 2017). The immediate effect of SO2 on the respiratory system in
humans is bronchoconstriction. Asthmatics are more sensitive to the effects of SO2 likely
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resulting from preexisting inflammation associated with this disease. A clear concentration-
response relationship has been demonstrated in laboratory studies following exposures to SO2 at
concentrations between 20 and 100 ppb, both in terms of increasing severity of effect and
percentage of asthmatics adversely affected. Based on our review of this information, we
identified three short-term morbidity endpoints that the SO2 ISA identified as a "causal
relationship": asthma exacerbation, respiratory-related emergency department visits, and
respiratory-related hospitalizations. The differing evidence and associated strength of the
evidence for these different effects are described in detail in the SO2 ISA. The SO2 ISA also
concluded that the relationship between short-term SO2 exposure and premature mortality was
"suggestive of a causal relationship" (U.S. EPA, 2017, page 5-277) because it is difficult to
attribute the mortality risk effects to SO2 alone. Although the SO2 ISA stated that studies are
generally consistent in reporting a relationship between SO2 exposure and mortality, the
observed associations to adjustment for other pollutants lacked robustness. We did not quantify
these co-benefits because of data constraints.
5.6 NO2 and SO2 Health Co-Benefits/Co-Disbenefits
As described in the Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur—
Ecological Criteria (NOx/SOx ISA) (U.S. EPA, 2008), SO2 and NOx emissions also contribute to
a variety of adverse welfare effects, including those associated with acidic deposition, visibility
impairment, and nutrient enrichment. Deposition of nitrogen causes acidification, which can
cause a loss of biodiversity of fishes, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates in aquatic
ecosystems, as well as a decline in sensitive tree species, such as red spruce (Picea rubens) and
sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in terrestrial ecosystems. In the northeastern United States, the
surface waters affected by acidification are a source of food for some recreational and
subsistence fishermen and for other consumers and support several cultural services, including
aesthetic and educational services and recreational fishing. Biological effects of acidification in
terrestrial ecosystems are generally linked to aluminum toxicity, which can cause reduced root
growth, restricting the ability of the plant to take up water and nutrients. These direct effects can,
in turn, increase the sensitivity of these plants to stresses, such as droughts, cold temperatures,
insect pests, and disease, leading to increased mortality of canopy trees. Terrestrial acidification
affects several important ecological services, including declines in habitat for threatened and
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endangered species (cultural), declines in forest aesthetics (cultural), declines in forest
productivity (provisioning), and increases in forest soil erosion and reductions in water retention
(cultural and regulating) (U.S. EPA, 2008).
Deposition of nitrogen is also associated with aquatic and terrestrial nutrient enrichment.
In estuarine waters, excess nutrient enrichment can lead to eutrophication. Eutrophication of
estuaries can disrupt an important source of food production, particularly fish and shellfish
production, and a variety of cultural ecosystem services, including water-based recreational and
aesthetic services. Terrestrial nutrient enrichment is associated with changes in the types and
number of species and biodiversity in terrestrial systems. Excessive nitrogen deposition upsets
the balance between native and nonnative plants, changing the ability of an area to support
biodiversity. When the composition of species changes, then fire frequency and intensity can
also change, as non-native grasses fuel more frequent and more intense wildfires (U.S. EPA,
2008).
Reductions in emissions of NO2 and SO2 would improve the levels of visibility and
increases in emissions would degrade the levels of visibility throughout the United States
because these gases (and the particles of nitrate and sulfate formed from these gases) impair
visibility by scattering and absorbing light (U.S. EPA, 2009a). Visibility is also referred to as
visual air quality, and it directly affects people's enjoyment of a variety of daily activities (U.S.
EPA, 2009a). Good visibility increases quality of life where individuals live and work and where
they travel for recreational activities, including sites of unique public value, such as the Great
Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. EPA, 2009a).
5.7 Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Health Impacts
Because of methodology and resource limitations, we did not attempt to estimate the
impacts associated with changes in emissions of the HAP in this analysis. Instead, we provide a
qualitative analysis of the health effects associated with the various HAP that may be affected by
this rule. The EPA remains committed to improving methods for estimating HAP
benefits/disbenefits by continuing to explore additional concepts of benefits, including changes
in the distribution of risk. The EPA's Science Advisory Board Health Effects Subcommittee
concluded that "the challenges for assessing progress in health improvement as a result of
reductions in emissions of HAP are daunting ... due to a lack of exposure-response functions,
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uncertainties in emissions inventories and background levels, the difficulty of extrapolating risk
estimates to low doses and the challenges of tracking health progress for diseases, such as
cancer, that have long latency "periods" (EPA-SAB, 2008, page i). In 2009, the EPA convened a
workshop to address the inherent complexities, limitations, and uncertainties in current methods
to quantify the benefits of reducing HAP. Recommendations from this workshop included
identifying research priorities, focusing on susceptible and vulnerable populations, and
improving dose-response relationships (Gwinn et al., 2011).
In the subsequent sections, we describe the health effects associated with the main HAP
of concern from the various sectors included in this rulemaking: benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene,
and vinyl chloride. With the data available, it was not possible to estimate the tons of each
individual HAP that would be reduced.
5.7.1 Benzene
The EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database lists benzene as a known
human carcinogen (causing leukemia) by all routes of exposure and concludes that its exposure
is associated with additional health effects, including genetic changes in both humans and animals,
and increased proliferation of bone marrow cells in mice (U.S. EPA, 2000a; International Agency
for Research on Cancer [IARC], 1982; Irons, Stillman, Colagiovanni, and Henry, 1992). The
EPA states in its IRIS database that data indicate a causal relationship between benzene exposure
and acute lymphocytic leukemia and suggest a relationship between benzene exposure and chronic
nonlymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. IARC has determined that benzene
is a human carcinogen, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has characterized
benzene as a known human carcinogen (IARC, 1987; U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 2016).
Several adverse non-cancer health effects, including blood disorders such as preleukemia
and aplastic anemia, have also been associated with long-term exposure to benzene (Aksoy,
1989; Goldstein, 1988).
5.7.2 Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene is a major industrial chemical produced by alkylation of benzene. The pure
chemical is used almost exclusively for styrene production. It is also a constituent of crude
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petroleum and is found in gasoline and diesel fuels. Acute (short-term) exposure to ethylbenzene
in humans results in respiratory effects such as throat irritation and chest constriction, irritation
of the eyes and neurological effects such as dizziness. Chronic (long-term) exposure of humans
to ethylbenzene may cause eye and lung irritation, with possible adverse effects on the blood.
Animal studies have reported effects on the blood, liver, kidneys and endocrine system from
chronic inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene. No information is available on the developmental
or reproductive effects of ethylbenzene in humans, but animal studies have reported
developmental effects, including birth defects in animals exposed via inhalation.
Studies in rodents reported increases in the percentage of animals with tumors of the
nasal and oral cavities in male and female rats exposed to ethylbenzene via the oral route
(Maltoni, Conti, Giuliano, andBelpoggi, 1985; Maltoni, Ciliberti, Pinto, Soffritti, Belpoggi, and
Menarini, 1997). The reports of these studies lacked detailed information on the incidence of
specific tumors, statistical analysis, survival data, and information on historical controls; thus,
the results of these studies were considered inconclusive by the IARC (2000) and the National
Toxicology Program (NTP) (1999). The NTP (1999) carried out a chronic inhalation bioassay in
mice and rats and found clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in male rats and some evidence
in female rats, based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma or carcinoma in male rats
and renal tubule adenoma in females. NTP (1999) also noted increases in the incidence of
testicular adenoma in male rats. Increased incidences of lung alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or
carcinoma were observed in male mice and liver hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma in female
mice, which provided some evidence of carcinogenic activity in male and female mice (NTP,
1999). IARC (2000) classified ethylbenzene as Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans,
based on the NTP studies.
5.7.3 Toluene29
Under the 2005 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, there is inadequate
information to assess the carcinogenic potential of toluene because studies of humans chronically
exposed to toluene are inconclusive, and toluene was not carcinogenic in adequate inhalation
cancer bioassays of rats and mice exposed for life (Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology
29 All health effects language for this section came from U.S. EPA (2005).
5-10

-------
[CUT], 1980; NTP, 1990; Huff, 2003). Increased incidences of mammary cancer and leukemia
were reported in a lifetime rat oral bioassay (Maltoni, Ciliberti, Pinto, el al., 1997); however, this
evidence was considered equivocal because cancers were observed at the low dose tested (500
mg/kg/day) but not at the higher dose tested (800 mg/kg/day). In support of the EPA's cancer
classification, IARC has classified toluene as Group 3 {not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity
in humans) with a supporting statement that there is inadequate evidence in humans and evidence
suggesting a lack of carcinogenicity of toluene in experimental animals (IARC, 1999). The
central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target for toluene toxicity in both humans and
animals for acute and chronic exposures. CNS dysfunction (which is often reversible) and
narcosis have been frequently observed in humans acutely exposed to low or moderate levels of
toluene by inhalation; symptoms include fatigue, sleepiness, headaches, and nausea. CNS
depression has been reported to occur in chronic solvent abusers exposed to high levels of
toluene. Symptoms include ataxia; tremors; cerebral atrophy; nystagmus (involuntary eye
movements); and impaired speech, hearing and vision. Chronic inhalation exposure of humans to
toluene also causes irritation of the upper respiratory tract, eye irritation, dizziness, headaches,
and difficulty with sleep.
Human studies have also reported developmental effects, such as CNS dysfunction,
attention deficits, and minor craniofacial and limb anomalies, in the children of women who
abused toluene during pregnancy. A substantial database exists that examines the effects of
toluene in subchronic and chronic occupationally exposed humans exists. The weight of
evidence from these studies indicates neurological effects {i.e., impaired color vision, impaired
hearing, decreased performance in neurobehavioral analysis, changes in motor and sensory nerve
conduction velocity, headache, and dizziness) as the most sensitive endpoint.
5.7.4 Vinyl Chloride30
Most vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and vinyl
products. Acute (short-term) exposure to high levels of vinyl chloride in air has resulted in
CNS effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness and headaches in humans. Chronic (long-term)
exposure to vinyl chloride through inhalation and oral exposure in humans has resulted in liver
30 Source for this section is U.S. EPA (2000).
5-11

-------
damage. Cancer is a major concern from exposure to vinyl chloride via inhalation, because
vinyl chloride exposure has been shown to increase the risk of a rare form of liver cancer in
humans. The EPA (2000b) has classified vinyl chloride as a Group A human carcinogen. IARC
(2000) has classified vinyl chloride as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).
5.7.5 Other Air Toxics
In addition to the compounds described above, other air toxic compounds might be
potentially affected by this rule. Information regarding the health effects of those compounds can
be found in the EPA's IRIS database.
5-12

-------
6. IMPACTS OF REGULATORY RELIEF
This proposed rulemaking should be viewed as regulatory relief for major sources of
HAP that may be reclassified as area sources. This RIA illustrates the administrative burden
costs avoided as a result of this rule. The costs for state permitting authorities for the issuance of
area source permits are also reported. To estimate the avoided administrative costs, the EPA
estimated the permitting costs to the facilities and the state agencies, the projected annual
compliance cost savings from not having to comply with major source NESHAP requirements,
and the estimated costs of the area source rule requirements. The EPA also estimated the
economic impacts of avoided cost to sales which are separate estimates from those of cost
savings. The EPA estimated avoided cost-to-sales ratios by comparing the estimated net avoided
cost per facility in the first and second years to industry average revenues per establishment. The
EPA also estimated ted cost-to-sales ratios by comparing net avoided costs to revenues of
establishments at different employment size categories. Small business impacts were estimated
by computing avoided cost-to-sales ratios for small entities using establishment (facility)-level
data given its availability.
6.1 Method for Analyzing Avoided Economic and Small Entity Impacts
The EPA used avoided cost-to-sales comparisons to evaluate the potential impacts to
sources affected by this proposed rule. Because this regulatory action will provide regulatory
relief, these avoided cost-to-sales ratios represent the potential economic impacts that may be
avoided for facilities as a result of this proposed rule. For all regulatory actions, the EPA must
determine whether a rule will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities. This proposed rule will provide regulatory relief to affected sources and has
positive and small negative impacts on small entities depending on the NAICS code. Because
this proposed rule is expected to yield no adverse economic impacts to small entities except for
small entities under NAICS code 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except
Polystyrene] Manufacturing) in alternative scenario 1 in year 1, and no adverse economic
impacts to any small entities in year 2, the EPA is not required to provide a small entity analysis.
However, the EPA has the discretion to do so. The approach for estimating the avoided
economic impacts and the small entity analysis is the same for this analysis. The steps followed
include gathering data to characterize the affected establishments by employment size categories,
6-1

-------
selecting and describing the measures used in the analysis, and determining cost-to-sales ratios
for the affected sector categories.
6.1.1 Identifying A ffected Sectors and Entities
The industrial, commercial, and other sectors covered by the proposed rule were
identified during the development of the cost analysis for the rule. For these sectors, the affected
sources are summarized with applicable six-digit NAICS codes in Tables 6-1 through 6-3.
6.1.2 Data Used to Characterize Affected Entities by Size
The Census Bureau's 2012 Economic Census data provide national information on the
distribution of economic variables by industry and size.31 Specifically, the tables report data for
each industry on the number of establishments (Table 6-1), employment (Table 6-2), and receipts
(Table 6-3) by enterprise size category in affected sectors. The 2012 Economic Census
definitions in these data elements are as follows:
• Establishment. An establishment is a single physical location where business is
conducted and/or services are provided.
• Employment. Employment includes all employees at the establishment who worked
or received pay for the part of the pay period including the 12fe of the specified
months (March, June, September, and December). Included are employees on paid
sick leave, paid holidays, and paid vacations; not included are proprietors and
partners of unincorporated businesses.
• Receipts (varies by NAICS code):
- Revenue: This includes revenue from all business activities whether or not
payment was received in the census year (excluding sales and other taxes
collected from customers and paid directly to a local, state, or federal agency).
(NAICS 22, NAICS 48-49)
- Revenue: This includes revenue from all business activities whether or not
payment was received in the census year, including commissions and fees from
31 The 2012 Economic Census is the most recent version that is publicly available. The first data release of the 2017
Economic Census will be in September 2019. See https://wwwxensus.gov/programs-survevs/econoiiiic-
census.html for more details.
6-2

-------
all sources, rents, net investment income, interest, dividends, and royalties.
Revenue from leasing property marketed under operating leases is included. It
also includes the total value of service contracts, amounts received for work
subcontracted to others, and rents from real property sublet to others. It does not
include sales and other taxes collected from customers and paid directly by the
firm to a local, state, or federal tax agency. (NAICS 53)
-	Total value of shipments and receipts for services: This item covers the received
or receivable net selling values, f.o.b. plant (exclusive of freight and taxes), of all
products shipped, both primary and secondary, as well as all miscellaneous
receipts. (NAICS 21, NAICS 31-33)
-	Receipts: This includes gross receipts from customers or clients for services
provided, from the use of facilities, and from merchandise sold in the census year,
whether or not payment was received in the census year and are net after
deductions for refunds and allowances for merchandise returned by customers. It
excludes sales and other taxes collected directly from customers and paid directly
to a local, state, or federal tax agency. (NAICS 56)
-	Receipts/revenue: This includes gross receipts/revenue from customers or clients
for services provided, from the use of facilities, and from merchandise sold in the
census year, whether or not payment was received in the census year. Includes
amounts received from the rental and leasing of vehicles, equipment, instruments,
and tools; the total value of service contracts; market value of compensation
received in lieu of cash; amounts received for work subcontracted to others; and
dues and assessments from members and affiliates. Receipts/revenue from
services performed for foreign parent firms, subsidiaries, and branches included.
(NAICS 54, NAICS 71, NAICS 81)
-	Sales: This includes merchandise sold for cash or credit by establishments
primarily engaged in wholesale trade. Net after reductions for refunds and
allowances for merchandise returned by customers. Do not include carrying or
other credit charges; sales and other taxes collected from customers and
forwarded to taxing authorities; and nonoperating income from such sources as
investments, rental or sales of real estate, and interest. (NAICS 41)
6-3

-------
• Enterprise: An enterprise is a business organization consisting of one or more
domestic establishments that were specified under common ownership or control. The
enterprise and the establishment are the same for single-establishment firms. Each
multi-establishment company forms one enterprise—the enterprise employment and
annual payroll are summed from the associated establishments. Enterprise size
designations are determined by the summed employment of all associated
establishments.
The Small Business Administration (SBA) small business size standard(s) is provided for
each industry group to facilitate comparisons. Our analysis is focused on the establishment level
instead of the firm level because the 2012 Economic Census did not sufficiently report the
relevant data for firm employment size categories. Most but not all establishment employment
size categories were available for number of establishments, employment and receipts. The
receipt data are reported in 2012 dollars. Therefore, to adjust receipt data for comparison to costs
estimated in 2014 dollars, the EPA used the St. Louis Federal Reserve's Gross Domestic Product
Implicit Price Deflator to adjust 2012 dollars to 2014 dollars.
All receipt and other industry data used in the economic impact analysis can be found in
ProposalMM2ARIAdataspreadsheetMay_2019.xls, a spreadsheet that is available in the docket
for this rulemaking.
6-4

-------
Table 6-1 Number of Establishments by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities
(except Cotton Ginning)
115114
$27.5 million
1,062
696
283
78
1


Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
211111
1,250 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
6,398
5,306
815
234
25
15
3
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
337
104
110
28
5


Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
750
21
5
3
3
4


Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
16
3

5



Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore
Mining
212234
1,500 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
39
8
5
11
7

3
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
750
26
9

7



Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
500
140
44
62
5



Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
750
30
3
15
6



Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral
Mining
212391
750
25
5


5


Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral
Mining
212399
500
171
60
43




Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
213112
$38.5 million
9,659
2,895
2,213
573
47
15
4
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
500
405
342
48
0



Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power
Generation
221112
750
1,416
674
466
227



Utilities
Biomass Electric Power
Generation
221117
250
107
69
29
0



Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
250
18
14
4
0



Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
4 million MWH
(2007 Size Standards)
716






Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1,000
7,402
4,157
2,420
616



Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
1,000
2,419
1,564
589
188



Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation
Systems
221310
$27.5 million
4,039
3,496
292
43



Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
$20.5 million
712
597
74
3



Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning
Supply
221330
$15 million
95
50
42
0

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
On
Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing
Industrial Wet Corn Milling
Industrial Soybean ProcessingA
Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed
Processing
Fats and Oils Refining and
Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA
Industrial Thread MillsA
Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills
311119
311221
311222
311223
500
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
311224	1,000
311225	1,000
311313	750
311314	1,000
311411	1,000
311421	1,000
311422	1,250
311513	1,250
311514	750
311613	750
311812
311919
311920
1,000
1,250
750
311930 1,000
311942 500
311999 500
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
100-
500-
1000-
99
499
999
2499
1,391
921
446
23
1

64
24
23
15
2

108





42





150
55
74
21


126
55
37
34


31
1
10
16
4

47
14
12
19
2

220
59
63
82
15
1
690
380
161
134
14
1
112
65
20
19
7
1
541
251
156
121
10
3
194
64
82
45
3

213
89
97
27


2,672
1,819
517
316
19

374
203
89
76
5
1
449
338
72
36
2
1
146
81
42
23


373
219
104
47
3

604
401
147
48
7
1
874
707
120
28
18
1
251
200
29
22


114
53
30
25
3
3
188





46





328
214
57
51
5
1

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
Industrial Narrow Fabric Mills'*
313221
On
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing
MillsA
Industrial
Industrial Fabric Coating Mills
Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Leather and Flide Tanning and
Finishing
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door
Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood
Product Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1,000
313311
313320
314992
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
316110 500
321113
321114
500
500
321211	500
321212	1,250
321213	750
321219	750
321911	1,000
321912	500
321999	500
322110
322121
322122
322130
750
1,250
750
1,250
322211 1,250
322220 750
322222
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500- 1000-
999 2499
148




869
652
162
53
2
509




183
100
67
16

10




198
158
29
11

2,928
2,154
606
168

421
295
117
9

240
126
71
43

100
32
28
35
5
107
69
33
5

218
82
77
59

1,139
768
267
95
4 5
989
637
307
44
1
1,752
1,404
323
25

32
4
6
18
4
166
14
35
73
33 11
17
1
3
12
1
156
9
54
76
16 1
1,264
450
503
311

816
378
280
152
5 1

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
00
Industrial
Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product
Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
322291 1,500
Industrial Commercial Lithographic Printing"
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except
Screen and Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating
Materials Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal
Products Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
Synthetic Organic Dye and
Pigment Manufacturing"
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine
Manufacturing"
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
All Other Basic Inorganic
Chemical Manufacturing"
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
Manufacturing"
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and
Gum and Wood Chemical
Manufacturing
322299
323110
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
323111 500
323117
324110
1,250
1,500
324122 750
324199 500
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
325180
325181
325182
325188
325192
325193
1,000
1,000
1,000
1000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
325194 1,250
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500- 1000-
999 2499
142
47
43
42
9 1
521
296
184
40
1
10,464




20,847
17,281
2,865
660
37 4
476
330
79
59
6 2
158
23
18
68
37 12
223
114
83
26

110
70
30
10

55
16
15
20
4
451
315
126
9
1
158
83
48
25
2
oU
78




645
336
220
78
7 4
53




28
564
28
222	43	169	10
86	42	25	18	1

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer
Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical
Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except
Diagnostic) Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent
Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of
Purchased Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate,
and Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation
Manufacturing
325199 1,250
325211	1,250
325212	1,000
325220 1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
325311	1,000
325312	750
325320 1,000
325411	1,000
325412	1,250
325414 1,250
325510 1,000
325520 500
325613 750
325620 1,250
325920 750
325991	500
325992	1,500
325998 500
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , .	„1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499	_2500
865	440	282	119	20	3	1
1,144	498	511	123	5	6	1
147	75	54	18
124	49	33	37	4	1
11
113
189	123	50	16
78	45	18	12	2	1
210	126	50	31	2	1
427	245	110	61	8	3
1,165	623	295	194	35	12	6
321	150	97	52	15	6	1
1.162	762	312	84	4
543	292	202	49
145	81	50	13	1
907	597	189	103	15	3
77	36	21	19	1
452	243	171	37	1
320	253	43	20	1	2	1
1.163	803	275	80	5

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
O
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated)
Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Film and
Sheet (except Packaging)
Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet
(except Packaging), and Shape
Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
Plastics Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except
Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Floses and
Belting Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
All Other Rubber Product
Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing
Fixture Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and
Refractories Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
326112	1,000
326113	750
326121	500
326122	750
326130	500
326140	1,000
326150	750
326191	750
326199	750
326211	1,500
326220	750
326291	750
326299	500
327110	1,000
327120	750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
327211	1,000
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , . „1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499 —2500
401	118	184	93	5	1
590	268	203	113	5	1
406	208	136	61	1
474	192	240	42
240	147	64	25	4
429	184	183	57	4	1
650	274	299	76	1
394	243	115	36
6,464	3,522	1,995	898	40	9
111	44	22	18	10	16
256	123	78	51	4
455	215	152	83	5
701	379	243	76	2	1
669	558	82	26	2	1
574	278	250	46
138
62	14	15	32	1

-------
Sector
Source Category
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass
and Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Industrial Iron and Steel Mills'*
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy
Product Manufacturing"
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased
Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum Production"
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying
of Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
Manufacturing"
Other Aluminum Rolling,
Drawing, and Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except
Aluminum) Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Copper"
327212	1,250
327310	1,000
327410	750
327420	1,500
327910	750
327993	1,500
327999	500
331110
331111
331112
1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
331210 1,000
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
331410 1,000
331411
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , .	„1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499	_2500
440	350	55	29	4	2
241	134	50	57
94	43	36	14	1
216	124	70	22
303	177	103	20	3
271	163	68	38	2
458	295	144	19
406	75	161	123	26	17
380
26
206	37	90	70	6	3
180	99	63	17	1
26
45	12	17	9	7
115	40	61	14
104	52	18	22	10	2
212
275	100	85	86	4
207	130	48	24	5
12

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
to
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum)A
331419
Industrial
Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing,
Extruding, and Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
Drawing"
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
Industrial and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Industrial Alloying of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)
Industrial Iron Foundries
Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other
Metal Stamping (except
Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool
ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door
Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
331420 1,000
331422
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
331491 750
331492 750
331511 1,000
331513 500
Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries" 331521
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
331524 500
332112 750
332119 500
332212
332311	750
332312	500
332321	750
332322	500
332431	1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , . „1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499 —2500
195
252	86	103
129
310	183	85
59	3	1
35	6
260	146	86
401	152	137
208	97	65
299
424	259	121
61	24	18
1,501	823	557
900
643	420	160
3,081	1,997	909
1,081	665	301
4,120	2,797	1,139
173	39	50
27	1
101	10	1
41	4	1
44
15	4
117	4
62	1
170	3	2
104	9	2
181	2	1
84

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Other Metal Container
Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and
Washer Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Industrial Jewelry and Silverware), and
Allied Services to Manufacturers
332439	500
332722	500
332811	750
332812	500
On
LtJ
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal
Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition
Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and
Flome Lawn and Garden
Equipment Manufacturing
Construction Machinery
Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
332813	500
332990	NA
332992	1,250
332993	1,500
332999	750
333111	1,250
333112	1,500
333120	1,250
333131	500
333293
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333316 1,000
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , .	„1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499	—2500
342	204	112	23	3
826	462	264	96	4
815	480	304	30	1
2,527	1,814	643	70
2,429	1,687	656	84	2
111	87	12	6	2	3	1
55	28	7	15	4	1
3,737	2,864	738	131	4
1,124	724	283	94	14	7	2
155	103	27	14	8	3
781	412	259	84	15	10	1
298	155	104	36	1	2
350
225	168	48	9

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air
Heating Equipment and
Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting
Types) ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming
Types) ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set
Units Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment
Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist,
and Monorail System
Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting
and Wireless Communications
Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube Manufacturing"
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical
Recording Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
333415 1,250
333512
333513
333611 1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333618 1,500
333923 1,250
333992 1,250
334220 1,250
334411
334412	750
334413	1,250
334512	500
334613	1,000
335110	1,250
335224	1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , .	„1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499	_2500
886	438	236	177	22 13
331
162
183	29	80	54	12 6
331	168	74	68	15 6
291	167	86	34	2 2
342	237	78	23	4
841	530	205	84	9 7
83
562	320	177	62	3
862	562	155	97	29 13
295	197	73	21	3 1
76	64	11	1
67	28	17	20	2
4 1	11

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator
Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring
Device Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body
Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine
and Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring,
and Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and
Suspension Components (except
Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and
Power Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior
Trim Manufacturing
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
1,000
750
1,250
1,250
500
335932 1,000
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336330	1,000
336340	1,250
336350	1,500
336360	1,500
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , .	„1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499	_2500
25
9
6
1
7
2

259
137
74
43
4
1

469
258
129
74
6
2

133
52
27
50
3

1
418
203
141
68
5
1

167
78
44
42
1
2

155
78
46
30
1


185
135
18
7
2
11
12
78
45
9
3
3
7
11
84
36
14
17
7
9
1
754
406
245
91
11
1

419
223
130
56
8
2

845
619
112
88
23
3

107
738
249	128	46	62	10	2
194	84	42	60	6	2
510	263	112	110	14	10
403	179	89	111	22	2

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion
Unit Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock
Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank,
and Tank Component
Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and
Countertop Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture
Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture
Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
336370 1,000
336390 1,000
336399
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336411 1,500
336412 1,500
336413 1,250
336415 1,250
336510 1,500
336611
336612
1,250
1,000
336992 1,500
337110
337121
337122
337127
337211
337214
337215
337920
750
1,000
750
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000- >2500
2499
775
249
304
189
25
8
1,521
884
325
262
42
8
1,448





288
155
52
46
10
9 16
468
204
120
121
13
6 4
886
505
199
144
25
7 6
28
4
5
10
4
5
237
100
81
43
10
2 1
697
414
172
82
17
5 7
884
655
152
72
4
1
43
7
15
14
5
2
6,839
6,211
516
98
12
2
1,229
925
195
83
20
5 1
2,425
2,184
186
50
3
2
718
423
221
73
1

378
275
68
32
3

252
138
62
45
4
2 1
1,100
744
268
84
4

357	273	58	23

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
On
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing
Device Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and
Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air
Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude
Oil
Pipeline Transportation of
Natural Gas
Pipeline Transportation of
Refined Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and
Storage
Other Warehousing and Storage
339112
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
481111
482111
486110
486210
486910
488210
488320
493110
493190
1,000
750
500
750
750
500
1,000
500
200
200
1,500
1,500
1,500
$27.5 million
1,500
$15 million
$38.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
... , .	„1(.	20-	100- 500- 1000-
Total	_19	yy	499	999	2499 _2500
1,337
787
296
212
28
13
2,079
1,475
406
171
12
12
2,050
1,809
203
34
2
2
1,629
1,312
246
64
4
3
521
416
82
22
1

567
319
176
66
5
1
110
81
21
7
1

6,292
5,817
419
51
3
2
4,889
4,036
549



4,305
3,231
858



2,231
1,022
636



658
503
129



2,118
1,717
232



580
496
65



1,275
847
308



460
10,243
2,505
217
5,679
1,764
129
2,660
482

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size Standards
(2017)
Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
On
OO
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Lessors of Nonresidential
Buildings (except
Mini warehouses)
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in
the Physical, Engineering and
Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology)^
All Other Support Services
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
Solid Waste Landfill
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
Remediation Services
Educational	Colleges, Universities, and
Services	Professional Schools
Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks
Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply
Commercial Industrial Launderers
531120	$27.5 million
541380	$15 million
541715	1,000
561990	$11 million
562211	$38.5 million
562212	$38.5 million
562213	$38.5 million
562910	$20.5 million
611310	$27.5 million
713110	$38.5 million
812330	NA
812332	$38.5 million
34,551
6,613
12,940
849
1,275
109
4,070
4,329
442
1,310
27,668
4,623
9,657
527
1,004
36
2,536
1,745
104
461
1,146
1,255
1,334
203
180
56
854
1,011
58
599
799
356
Notes:
Blank cells represent unreported data in the category. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code thus SBA Size Standards are not available. When sub-categories are
aggregated to the reported size categories, we treated unreported data as zero since no establishments were reported in the sub-category. When zero was explicitly reported for a
size category, we report zero in the table.
A These source categories have a 2007 NAICS description because they are not defined in the 2012 Census. The 2012 Census provides establishment and revenue data for these
source categories on 2007 NAICS basis, as a total figure for all establishments and revenues. It does not provide a breakdown by employment size.
The following NAICS report aggregate data for other top employee size categories and thus are not reported in the table: 115114,221111, 221112, 221117, 221118, 221122,
221210,221310,221320,221330,424510, 424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,488210,488320,493110,493190,531120, 541380, 561990, 562211,562212, 562213,
562910,611310, 713110, and 812332.
For the following NAICS, total establishments include establishments which operated entire year and not operated entire year whereas the breakdown into categories is done for
establishments operated entire year: 221111,221112,221117,221118, 221122,221210, 221310,221320,221330,424510,424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,488210,
488320,493110, 493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332.

-------
For NAICS 115114, Postharvest Crop Activities, the data is from County Business Patterns. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more
information 2012 Business Patterns.
332990 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Also, the size standards for this NAICS code are not available in the 2007,
2016, or 2017 SBA Size Standards. There is not even a description of this NAICS code in any of the SBA Size Standards. It could be a 2002 NAICS code. We found its
description as a 2002 NAICS Code in the Survey of Current Business: Volume 88, Issues 1-6, January 1, 2008, U.S. Department of Commerce.
482111 NAICS code (line-haul railroad) is excluded from the Economic Census; therefore, no data are available.
541715 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Four industries in the 2012 NAICS structure have been expanded for 2017.
541712—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) has been expanded to include 541713—Research and Development
in Nano techno logy 541715—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nano technology).
For NAICS 611310, Colleges and Universities, the data are from County Business Patterns. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more
information 2012 Business Patterns.
812330 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. This code seems to be not a NAICS code but an IRS Statistics of Income
(SOI) Program Industry Code for coding the industrial activities of corporations filing returns (https://www.irs.gov/irm/partl/irm_01-013-007). The SOI codes correspond to
NAICS codes such as 812330 corresponds to 812332 Industrial Launderers and 812331 Linen Supply but is a different code.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS
codes not covered by the Census.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore no data are available for it.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards.

-------
Table 6-2 Number of Employees by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
sua size
Standards (2017)
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
115114
$27.5 million
39,759
4,000
13,387
15,393
500-999


Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
211111
1,250 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
161,685
17,387
35,114
50,386
17,240
21,743
10,000-
24,999
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
14,537
1,094
4,989
5,001
3,241


Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
750
6,021
20-99
79
1,208
2,500-
4,999


Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
2,218
26

500-999


Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1,500 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
12,555
40-198
100-249
3,127
4,806
2,500-
4,999

Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
750
3,824
90

1,902



Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
500
4,168
492
2,871
736



Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
750
2,405
20-99
603
1,048



Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral
Mining
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral
Mining
212391
750
5,109
36


3,739


Industrial
212399
500
2,790
622
1,654




Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
213112
$38.5 million
323,523
29,106
96,295
114,543
32,014
22,687
10,000-
24,999
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
500
3,464
1,396
2,051
0



Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power
Generation
221112
750
82,071
4,652
20,767
46,503



Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
250
1,424
374
1,025
0



Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
250
224
43-122
120-348
0



Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation"
221119
4 million MWH
(2007 Size Standards)
9,812






Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1,000
362,844
26,966-
29,465
109,403
123,223



Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
1,000
83,937
9,854
25,647
36,677



Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
$27.5 million
36,352
15,641-
18,140
11,268
6,789-
9,288



Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
$20.5 million
6,849
3,228-
3,477
2,835
500-999



Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
$15 million
2,086
399-478
1,599
0



Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
500
27,958
6,669-
7,168
16,363
3,730
500-999


On
to
o

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
Soybean ProcessingA
Other Oilseed Processing"
Soybean and Other Oilseed
Processing
Fats and Oils Refining and
Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
311221 1,250
311222
311223
311225
311313
311314
311613
311812
311919
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
311224 1,000
1,000
750
1,000
311411	1,000
311421	1,000
311422	1,250
311513	1,250
311514	750
750
1,000
1250
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total <19	yyy	2499 >2500
6,606	152-380	976	4,323
6,504
1,319
7,823
333-482
3,864
3,819
9,006
246-404
1,899
6,764
6,367
0-19
541-690
3,687
6,683
50-208
719-798
4,622
33,766
335-414
3,269
19,480
48,840
1,542-
1,791
8,265
28,767
11,850
139-237
819
4,567
44,374
1,387
8,219
25,325
15,701
373-601
4,259
9,357
9,065
669
4,614
3,782
115,634
7,403-
8,902
24,584
66,387
27,297
911-1,160
4,514
16,961
15,340
1,180-
1,329
3,096
7,292
7,043
418
1,918
4,707
16,417
1,200
5,122
8,389
23,922
1,892-
2,391
7,185
9,361
26,336
2,033-
2,781
5,583
5,805
6,989
725-874
962-1,211
5,056
14,127
60-297
1,416
3,756-
5,255
1,000-
2,499
2,115
1,000-
2,499
1,000-
2,499
1,000-
2,499
1,000-
2,499
6,279	3,165
9,491
4,915
1,000-
2,499
I,706
4,371
II,471
2,164
404
12,344
1,000-
2,499
1,000-	1,000-
2,499	2,499
1,000-
2,499
1,000-
2,499
5,000-
9,999
2,500-
4,999

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing
MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Flide Tanning and
Finishing
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door
Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood
Product Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
313311
313320
314992
316110
321113
321114
321211
321212
321213
321219
321911
321912
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
500
500
500
1,250
750
750
1,000
500
321999 500
322110
322121
750
1,250
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10	20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
18,364
148
22,970
13,442
6,675
I,915
3,510
64,743
8,061
II,734
13,739
2,854
13,531
46,713
24,358
25,547
7,728
60,217
919-1,168
2,931-
3,430
577-726
634-1,032
11,078
1,544-
1,793
829
102-260
481-709
455
4,492
4,183
7,374
0-57
40-217
2,860
7,518
3,393
1,017-
1,516
27,188
4,957
3,454
1,452
I,452
4,060
II,233
13,175
13,143
200-498
2,057
10,248
10,959
2,637-
2,886
1,565
26,478
1,409-
1,908
7,453
9,167
869
9,017
20,163
6,442-
6,941
5,031
4,673
19,290
3,250
1,000-
2,499
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999
2,358
500-999
2,773
24,560
8,468
14,180

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
Manufacturing"
Sanitary Paper Product
Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic Printing"
Commercial Printing (except Screen
and Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating
Materials Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal
Products Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
322122
322130
322211
322220
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
324122
324199
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
325180
750
1,250
1,250
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
750
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
3,573
0-19
40-198
2,746
500-999

34,910
20-137
3,444
18,989
11,236
1,000-
2,499
76,372
3,266
28,392
44,714


50,481
2,256-
2,754
14,037
29,303
3,094
1,000-
2,499
25,182





18,071
268-426
2,265
8,749
5,679
1,000-
2,499
16,455
1,486-
1,735
7,634
6,614
500-999

215,340





352,659
77,438
124,583
121,445
10,000-
24,999
2,500-
4,999
24,104
1,365-
1,614
3,708
12,875
3,810
1,000-
2,499
62,542
199-278
969
18,775
25,000-
49,999
16,392
9,094
786-935
4,404
3,816-
4,062


3,337
174-402
1,372
1,603-
1,852


8,582
40-217
703
4,894
2,911

9,723
2,169
5,072
1,668-
2,167
500-999

9,064
451-679
2,209
5,227
1,000-
2,499

5,455





3,608





37,114
2,339
10,514
14,238
5,133
4,893
>2500

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine
ManufacturingA
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
All Other Basic Inorganic
Chemical ManufacturingA
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
ManufacturingA
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and
Gum and Wood Chemical
Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer
Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical
Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except
Diagnostic) Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
325181
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
325182 Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
325188 Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
325193 1,000
325192
325194 1,250
325199 1,250
325211
325212
325220
325221
325222
325311
325312
1,250
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
325320	1,000
325411	1,000
325412	1,250
325414	1,250
325510	1,000
325520	500
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
40,485 988-1,286 3,915	12,326	10,490	9,201
34,148 4,063-4,562 13,530	13,558 2,500-4,999
19,503	1,934	9,454	8,116
5,000-
9,999
2,500-
4,999
6,879
1,714
28,521
3,052
10,391 186-414 7,790	2,367
5,646	196-354	1,265 3,084-3,333 500-999
67,751 2,796-3,794 13,802 23,491	12,301	5,526
66,325	3,847-4,096	24,667	23,319 3,477	7,091
7,115	424	2,506	4,185
13,664	346-504	1,683	7,779 2,527 1,000-2,499
I,455
12,209
5,255	644-793	2,144	2,346-2,595
6,582	248-406	605	3,234 1,000-2,499 1,000-2,499
II,397	722	2,311	6,011	1,000-2,499 1,000-2,499
27,879	1,238	5,507	10,898 5,116	5,122
147,595	3,648	13,401	49,539 23,501	18,103	39,404
2,500-
4,999

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Surface Active Agent
Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of
Purchased Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate,
and Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation
Manufacturing
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated)
Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Film and
Sheet (except Packaging)
Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet
(except Packaging), and Shape
Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene)
Manufacturing
Plastics Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except
Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Floses and
Belting Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
325613	750
325620	1,250
325920	750
325991	500
325992	1,500
325998	500
326112	1,000
326113	750
326121
326122
326130
326140
326150
326191
326199
326211
326220
326291
500
750
500
1,000
750
750
750
1,500
750
750
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
5,490	343-571	2,295	500-999
48,520	2,876	9,175	21,673	10,222	4,575
6,180	265-423	996	4,028	500-999
16,938	8,047	7,025	500-999
13,927	992	2,217	4,524	500-999
33,681	4,380	12,039	13,821	3,441
30,792 970-1,119 9,272	16,430
1,000-	2,500-
2,499	4,999
2,500-	1,000-
4,999	2,499
36,664	l'720~	9'927	21'234	2'714	2499
19,002	l'440~	6'485	10'691 500-999
20,947	1,459	11,652	7,837
10,787	755	3,064	4,443	2,526
24,088	11'2465"	7,922	10,445	2,922
28,498	12'9115°"	13,735	12,220	500-999
14,512	1,636	5,416	7,460
328,389 21,785	95,108	173,474	26,783	11,241
3 722-	2 500-
43,197 152-380 824-1,073	^	7>608	27>203	4999
18,748 644-1,042	11,312	2,626
5,362
28,414	1,499	7,251	16,746	2,919

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product
Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing
Fixture Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and
Refractories Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy
Product ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased
Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
326299 500
327110 1,000
327120 750
327124
327211
327212
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
331112
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,000
750
1,500
750
1,500
327999 500
331110	1,500
331111
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
331210 1,000
331221 1,000
331312
331313
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
30,971	2,443	11,264	14,638
13,097	2,156	3,670	4,860
21,273	1,917	11,486	7,870
1,000-	1,000-
2,499	2,499
1,000-	1,000-
2,499	2,499
4,389
9,022	53-151 500-998	7,650	500-999
14,856	V^5,"	2,691	6,018	2,420	i,'0-™"
1,614	2,499
7,901-
8,150
4,363 157-315	1,658	1,899	500-999
11,957 671-820	3,230
7,761 558-707 3,964
3,180-
3,429
12,701	1,216	4,668	4,796	2,022
13,950	V°i6;	2,965	8,538
1,265
10,728	1,922	5,563	3,245
102,974 620-1,347 7^2'	31,169	18,318	28,579 24 999
99,246
3,728
26,400 290-697 4,731	13,514	3,892	3,909
6,780 531-780	2,978	2'5}^~ 500-999
2,765
6,874
8,818	72-91 792-1,041 2,774	5,103

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying
of Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling,
Drawing, and Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except
Aluminum) Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing,
Extruding, and Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except
Investment)
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other
Metal Stamping (except
Automotive)
331314 750
331315	1,250
750 (2007 Size
331316	Standards)
331318 750
331410 1,000
331411
331419
331420
331422
331511
331513
Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA 331521
331524
332112
332119
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
331491 750
331492 750
1,000
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
500
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10	20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
5,592	214-293	3,162	2,024-2,273
17,108	137-295	1,132-1,281	4,750 7,788 2,500-4,999
24,480	545	4,695	16,739 2,501
10,969	668	2,094	4,994 3,215
2,143
8,826
21,378	457-685	5,465	12,010 2,237 1,000-2,499
10,719
17,428	854-1,003	4,121	6,853 4,163 1,000-2,499
10,958	871-1,020	3,974	5,242 500-999
38,637	921-1,070	7,305	21,878 7,357 1,000-2,499
17,568	476-774	3,434	9,738 2,675 1,000-2,499
23,319
15,416	1,457	5,616	8,344
6,964	155-313	906	3,014 2,857
53,219	5,556	25,435	19,580 2,650

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door
Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container
Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal
Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition
Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery
Manufacturing
332212
332311	750
332312	500
332321	750
332322	500
332431	1,500
332439	500
332722	500
332811	750
332812	500
332813	500
332990	NA
332992	1,250
332993	1,500
332999	750
333111	1,250
333112	1,500
333120	1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
23,342
21,712
1,969-
2,218
7,496
11,412
500-999

87,923
12,523
38,851
30,902
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999
45,665
3,504-
4,003
13,957
19,812
5,734
1,000-
2,499
99,904
19,211
48,064
29,443
1,000-
2,499
1,000-
2,499
17,296
170-328
3,078
13,977


11,789
1,174
5,139
3,790
1,688

36,321
3,108
11,929
18,233
3,052

22,199
4,193-
4,442
12,182
5,096
500-999

49,633
10,485
27,762
11,386


52,698
10,394-
11,893
27,607
12,700
1,000-
2,499

10,413
260-339
350-748
1,379-
2,878
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999
11,003
60-297
120-348
3,469
2,777

70,421
15,423
29,755
22,290
2,954

63,643
3,368-
5,366
12,232
21,317
9,796
9,256
15,345
300-747
1,408
3,087
5,355
5,000-
9,999
62,302
2,342-
2,591
12,265
18,149
9,666
16,753

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
VO
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air
Heating Equipment and
Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting
Types) Manufacturing"
Machine Tool (Metal Forming
Types) Manufacturing"
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set
Units Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment
Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist,
and Monorail System
Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting
and Wireless Communications
Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube Manufacturing"
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
333131
333293
333316
333512
333513
333611
333618
334411
334412
334413
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
333415 1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
333923 1,250
333992 1,250
334220 1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,250
334512 500
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
17,280
1,044-1,193
4,806
8,011
500-999
2,500-4,999

7,866






5,376
704
2,170
2,503



86,110
2,712
11,341
40,169
15,862
16,029

16,078






8,607






36,955
140-447
4,163
11,246
7,822
7,825
5,000-
9,999
38,195
1,051
3,513
14,321
10,194
9,117

17,862
1,089
4,121
7,224
1,000-2,499
2,500-4,999

14,874
1,189
3,516
3,952

6,218

73,195
2,852
9,519
17,278
5,760
11,163
26,623
5,222






24,165
1,829
8,601
11,053
2,683


102,570
3,174
7,495
22,441
19,559
19,875
30,027
11,199
970-1,219
3,017
3,410
2,055
1,000-2,499

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
LtJ
O
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical
Recording Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator
Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring
Device Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body
Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine
and Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring,
and Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
334613
335110
335224
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
335932
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
750
1,250
1,250
500
1,000
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
1,207
153-381
404-553




6,494
140-447
948
4,134
1,000-
2,499


5,000-

20-99

500-999
1,000-
2,500-
9,999


2,499
4,999
8,772
20-118
243-392
100-249
5,351
2,500-
4,999

19,333
522-820
3,696
10,044
2,427
1,000-
2,499

31,600
1,499-
1,748
6,006
16,514
4,554
2,500-
4,999

20,383
140-447
1,308
11,011
1,805

5,000-
9,999
25,909
1,244-
1,393
6,924
12,856
3,305
1,000-
2,499

14,237
453
2,488
8,275
500-999
1,000-
2,499

8,992
429-508
2,201
5,694
500-999


69,285
521
937
1,061-
3,060
1,000-
2,499
19,113
46,033
58,658
125-283
472
328
1,000-
2,499
14,317
41,216
29,275
120-367
350-748
3,531
4,406
15,708
2,500-
4,999
41,176
2,611-
3,110
11,016
18,841
7,406
1,000-
2,499

27,670
1,338-
1,587
6,166
11,603
5,511
2,500-
4,999

48,566
2,530
4,977
20,618
17,236
3,207

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and
Suspension Components (except
Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and
Power Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior
Trim Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock
Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and
Tank Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and
Countertop Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
336330	1,000
336340	1,250
336350	1,500
336360	1,500
336370	1,000
336390	1,000
WX99	750 (2007 size
Standards)
336411	1,500
336412	1,500
336413	1,250
336415	1,250
336510	1,500
336611	1,250
336612	1,000
336992	1,500
337110	750
337121	1,000
337122	750
337127	500
Total
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
1Q	20- 100- 500- 1000-
99	499	999 2499 ~
29,282
752
2,154
13,432
6,893
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999
23,130
401-550
2,165
13,657
4,048
2,500-
4,999

59,908
1,197-
1,446
5,330
24,750
9,868
16,054
2,500-
4,999
50,452
922-1,071
4,809
27,116
14,670
2,500-
4,999

83,680
1,970
15,545
39,713
15,601
10,851

120,977
4,873
16,215
60,297
29,019
10,575

171,749
910
2,099
10,481
6,565
13,127
138,569
79,125
1,204
5,377
26,809
8,537
8,624
28,575
106,935
3,024
10,114
32,132
16,828
12,271
32,567
12,530
5-24
120-348
1,798-
2,297
2,165
8,035

28,372
733
3,624
9,204
6,638
2,500-
4,999
2,500-
4,999
105,192
2,370
8,026
18,580
10,784
7,483
57,949
28,081
2,873-
3,372
6,480
15,021
2,365
1,000-
2,499

9,956
20-137
612-861
2,817
3,830
2,500-
4,999

77,649
24,676-
29,675
20,020
20,707
7,864
2,500-
4,999

55,557
4,476-
5,975
9,189
17,217
13,803
7,180
2,500-
4,999
31,423
8,834
7,605
9,791
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999

26,119
2,549-
2,798
9,874
12,619
500-999

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
LtJ
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Wood Office Furniture
Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing
Device Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and
Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air
Transportation
Line-Flaul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude
Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural
Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
337211
337214
337215
337920
339112
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
481111
482111
486110
486210
486910
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
750
500
750
750
500
1,000
500
200
200
1,500
1,500
1,500
$27.5 million
1,500
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
13,774
1,358-
1,607
3,225
6,913
1,000-
2,499


22,528
513-811
2,611
9,414
3,122
2,500-
4,999
2,500-
4,999
33,357
4,006
12,039
14,824
2,490


11,569
1,359
2,526
5,711
1,974


105,419
4,053-
7,051
14,278
46,482
18,851
18,966
2,500-
4,999
99,091
7,089-
8,588
18,583
36,930
7,680
17,484
10,000-
24,999
26,026
6,835
8,379
6,720
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999

36,968
5,960
11,001
12,751
2,674
4,582

10,517
1,739-
1,988
3,700
4,143
500-999


29,140
2,253-
2,502
8,355
14,382
2,904
1,000-
2,499

3,751
467-616
945
1,157-
1,656
500-999


53,872
23,152
15,197
9,848
1,000-
2,499
2,500-
4,999

49,603
25,751
18,933




73,309
22,824
31,690




398,335
7,029-
7,528
28,440




11,299
3,107
5,050




29,597
10,539
8,368




6,233
2,442-
1,500-




3,589
3,498

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size 	
Standards (2017) Total
Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
On
LtJ
LtJ
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Educational
Services
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
Other Warehousing and Storage
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Mini warehouses)
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life
Sciences (except Nanotechnology
and Biotechnology)^
All Other Support Services
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
Solid Waste Landfill
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
Remediation Services
Colleges, Universities, and
Professional Schools
Amusement and Theme Parks
Linen and Uniform Supply
Industrial Launderers
488210
488320
493110
493190
531120
541380
561990
562211
562212
562213
562910
713110
812330
812332
$15 million
$38.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
$15 million
541715 1,000
$11 million
$38.5 million
$38.5 million
$38.5 million
$20.5 million
611310 $27.5 million
$38.5 million
NA
$38.5 million
32,100
53,313
599,384
66,767
170,381
115,018
148,019
27,782
16,209
4,784
78,027
1,805,199
116,148
60,452
5,751
1,414
39,356
10,255-
14,253
92,430
28,410
45,598
3,566
6,678
243-322
17,113
10,711
619
12,738
5,845
117,612
15,087-
20,086
40,932
50,663
53,251
8,810
6,332
2,816
34,649
49,461
2,777
28,406
194,356 256,266
Notes:
Blank cells represent unreported data in the category. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code thus an SBA Size Standard is not available. When sub-categories are
aggregated to the reported size categories, we treated unreported data as zero since no employment was reported in the sub-category. When zero was explicitly reported for a
size category, we report zero in the table.
A These source categories have a 2007 NAICS description because they are not defined in the 2012 Census. The 2012 Census provides establishment and revenue data for these
source categories on 2007 NAICS basis, as a total figure for all establishments and revenues. It does not provide a breakdown by employment size.

-------
The following NAICS report aggregate data for other top employee size categories and thus are not reported in the table: 221111, 221112, 221117, 221118, 221122, 221210,
221310, 221320, 221330, 424510, 424710, 481111,486110, 486210, 486910,488210, 488320, 493110, 493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910,
713110, and 812332.
For the following NAICS, total receipts include establishments that operated the entire year and not operated the entire year, whereas the breakdown into categories is done for
establishments operated the entire year: 221111,221112,221117,221118,221122,221210,221310,221320,221330, 424510,424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,
488210,488320, 493110,493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332.
For NAICS 115114, Post harvest Crop Activities, the data are from County Business Patterns, but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by
Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns.
332990 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Also, the size standards for this NAICS code are not available in the 2007,
2016, or 2017 SBA Size Standards. There is not even a description of this NAICS code in any of the SBA Size Standards. It could be a 2002 NAICS code. We found its
description as a 2002 NAICS Code in the Survey of Current Business: Volume 88, Issues 1-6, January 1, 2008, U.S. Department of Commerce.
482111 NAICS code (line-haul railroad) is excluded from the Economic Census; therefore, no data are available.
541715 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Four industries in the 2012 NAICS structure have been expanded for 2017.
541712—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) has been expanded to include 541713 - Research and Development
in Nano techno logy 541715—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nano technology).
812330 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. This code seems to be not a NAICS code but an IRS SOI Program Industry
Code for coding the industrial activities of corporations filing returns (https://www.irs.gov/irm/partl/irm_01-013-007). The SOI codes correspond to NAICS codes such as
812330 corresponds to 812332 Industrial Launderers and 812331 Linen Supply but is a different code.
For NAICS 611310, Colleges and Universities establishment and employment data are from County Business Patterns but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series:
County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS
codes not covered by the Census.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore no data are available for it.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic
Research.

-------
Table 6-3 Receipts by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 (in millions of 2014$)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
On
LtJ
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton
Ginning)
115114
$27.5 million






Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
1,250 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
280,462
D
69,931
78,412
56,173
36,035
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
41,179
6,336
17,042
11,203
5,762

Industrial
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212210
212231
750
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
4,933
1,739
D
D
44
1,039
D

Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1,500 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
11,113
D
D
D
3,581
D
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
Industrial Sand Mining
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212299
212322
212324
750
500
750
1,581
1,792
882
D
184
D
1,189
189
727
393
470


Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
750
3,003
D


2,075

Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
500
728
D
359



Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
213112
$38.5 million
87,703
6,180
20,801
27,469
10,707
12,266
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
500
2,537
Q
Q
Q


Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
750
84,272
Q
Q
Q


Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power GenerationA
Electric Power Distribution
Natural Gas Distribution
221117
221118
221119
221122
221210
250
250
4 million MWH
(2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
746
45
7,480
310,402
92,645
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q


Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
$27.5 million
9,762
Q
Q
Q


Utilities
Utilities
Industrial
Sewage Treatment Facilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
221320
221330
311119
$20.5 million
$15 million
500
1,424
1,477
37,613
Q
Q
D
Q
Q
21,793
Q
Q
D
D

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
LtJ
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
Soybean ProcessingA
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy
Product Manufacturing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
311221
311222
311223
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1000 (2007 Size
Standards)
311224 1,000
311225
311313
311314
1,000
750
1,000
311411 1,000
311421
311422
311513
1,000
1,250
1,250
311514 750
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 750
311812
311919
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
1,000
1,250
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
13,430
D
1,467
9,518
D

39,122





2,763





41,885
D
24,290
D


17,339
D
5,046
D


4,815
D
D
D
1,429

6,101
D
D
4,218
D

12,600
D
D
6,953
D
D
24,336
D
3,695
14,968
D
D
9,826
D
D
D
3,942
D
42,657
1,115
7,086
26,681
4,501
3,273
20,204
D
4,475
12,285
D

5,469
D
2,659
2,239


29,078
D
4,792
18,988
2,878

21,329
D
1,482
17,491
D
D
13,646
D
1,744
10,413
D
D
9,052
D
D
7,736


9,471
D
2,606
4,276
D

11,882
D
3,933
4,659
2,062
D
29,374
D
1,818
D
D
D
9,948
D
D
D


41,564
D
D
8,760
1,451
D
4,429





295

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
313210 1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
313310 1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
313320 1,000
314992 1^0(2007 Size
Standards)
316110 500
On
LtJ
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
321113
321114
322110
322121
322122
322130
500
500
321211	500
321212	1,250
321213	750
321219	750
321911	1,000
321912	500
321999	500
750
1,250
750
1,250
322211 1,250
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
1Q	20- 100- 500- 1000-
99	499	999 2499 ~
295
4,483
D
684
2,619
708
D
970





5,369
D
1,937
2,577
D

3,496





2,388
D
1,225
D


840





1,590
D
821
644


19,431
2,903
7,836
8,692


4,432
D
2,931
D


2,620
D
D
1,846


4,366
D
D
2,817
901

933
D
D
330


6,584
D
D
4,974


9,513
D
D
4,510
D
D
6,184
950
3,455
D


5,245
1,233
2,941
1,070


6,191
D
D
3,683
2,342

45,539
D
D
14,649
17,490
12,111
2,813
D
D
D


29,418
D
D
17,142
9,180
D
34,758
1,481
12,423
20,855

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
LtJ
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
Commercial Printing (except Screen and
Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing"
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing"
322220
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
324122 750
324199 500
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
325180
325181
325182
325188
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
22,037
D
5,578
12,019
2,285
D
13,257





12,594
D
D
5,877
5,108
D
5,386
D
2,733
D
D

40,941





69,816
D
23,430
28,318
6,108
D
4,380
D
D
2,554
588
D
829,448
D
4,676
222,338
D
230,045
11,130
D
5,000
D


5,506
D
2,487
D


85,200
D
D
39,109
D

7,624
2,132
2,994
D
D

9,411
D
1,548
4,477
D

7,017





2,394





35,846
D
11,165
14,235
2,899
D
8,365
2,440
25,041

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
LtJ
VO
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
ManufacturingA
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and
Wood Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product
and Preparation Manufacturing
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated) Manufacturing
325192
325193
325194
325199
325211
325212
325220
325221
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222
325311
325312
325510
325520
325613
325620
325920
325991
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
325320 1,000
325411
325412
1,000
1,250
325414 1,250
1,000
500
750
1,250
750
500
325992 1,500
325998 500
326112 1,000
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 —2500
7,391
44,114
D
31,293
11,501


9,809
D
1,090
5,667
D

93,450
D
16,981
36,261
29,373
3,631
94,666
D
22,102
42,118
6,591
15,208
9,681
D
2,833
D
281

8,926
D
756
5,317
2,189
D
1,780





7,146





9,819
D
2,763
D


12,045
D
D
D

D
15,697
D
2,970
8,418
D
D
13,016
D
1,896
5,609
4,051
D
141,140
D
D
63,793
19,822
16,716
28,023
D
D
7,420
8,851
7,540
24,900
D
9,361
11,356
D

12,524
1,220
6,359
4,945


12,099
D
2,883
D


41,863
991
4,131
18,470
15,887
2,384
2,206
D
D
D


10,673
D
4,771
4,667
D

9,032
D
879
3,269
D
D
20,945
2,503
8,087
9,015
1,339

13,210
369
3,800
7,344
D
D

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
O
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except
Polystyrene) Manufacturing
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting
Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Product Manufacturing
326113 750
326121	500
326122	750
326130
326140
500
1,000
326150	750
326191	750
326199	750
326211	1,500
326220	750
326291	750
326299	500
327110	1,000
327120	750
327124
327211
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
327212 1,250
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
1,000
750
1,500
750
1,500
327999 500
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
18,181
D
4,366
10,693
1,468
D
6,362
D
1,621
3,487
D

9,513
836
5,934
2,743


3,649
D
1,023
D


8,946
D
2,929
3,900
1,181
D
9,851
D
5,414
3,474
D

3,064
D
1,100
D
D

83,830
5,267
22,620
45,301
7,963
2,679
20,936
D
D
2,645
4,973
11,454
5,423
D
D
3,475
588

7,739
D
D
4,576
1,369

11,381
750
3,509
5,029
D
D
2,228
D
560
1,018
D
D
5,313
448
2,573
2,291


1,294





3,273
D
D
D
D

3,796
D
D
D
581
D
6,097
D
D
D


2,436
D
D
D


3,811
D
2,142
D


5,580
397
1,609
2,077
1,498

5,030
D
934
3,372
D

4,274
D
2,257
D

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing
from Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum
Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum )A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying
of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
331110
331111
331112
331210
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
331410
331411
331419
331420
331422
1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
331491	750
331492	750
331511 1,000
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
116,462
D
D
36,412
26,639
28,614
D
113,769






2,692






15,211
183
2,598
7,407
2,499
2,524

5,775
D
2,214
D
D


5,240






6,718
D
757
2,126
3,808


5,991
D
3,081
D



16,610
D
D
3,991
9,101
D

8,260






9,627
D
D
6,633
D


15,842
D
3,247
D
2,978


6,358






9,483






24,149
D
7,607
13,683
1,783
D

7,713






8,092
D
1,867
3,173
D
D

15,516
D
4,512
9,646
D


11,314	D	D	6,164	3,025	D

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal
Stamping (except Automotive)
Fland and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Fleat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry
and Silverware), and Allied Services to
Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn
and Garden Equipment Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
331513
331521
331524
332112
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
332119 500
332212
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
332311 750
332312
332321
332322
332431
332439
332722
332811
332812
500
750
500
1,500
500
500
750
500
332813	500
332990	NA
332992	1,250
332993	1,500
332999	750
333111
333112
333120
333131
1,250
1,500
1,250
500
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~
Total _19	2499 _2500
4,610
D
759
2,689
801
D
5,958





2,933
D
882
1,833


3,089
D
D
1,144
1,601
D
12,259
1,115
5,500
4,954
690
271
5,339





6,420
D
2,235
3,446
D
127
27,520
D
11,914
10,399
D
D
10,194
D
3,012
4,751
1,341
D
20,972
3,683
10,069
6,575


15,672
D
2,815
12,656


3,709
276
1,701
1,065
666

10,249
677
3,298
5,487
787

6,815
D
2,601
D


13,554
1,468
6,439
5,647


7,481
1,328
3,838
D
D

3,774
D
D
D
D
D
3,626
D
D
D
D

14,893
2,468
5,873
5,840
712

35,805
D
3,616
9,434
6,197
6,845
7,924
D
D
1,953
3,030
D
43,643
D
3,865
8,794
8,008
16,629
7,361
D
1,526
3,480
D
D

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and
Wireless Communications Equipment
Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial,
and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording
Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
333293
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333316 1,000
333415 1,250
333512
333513
333611
333618
333923
334411
334412
334413
334613
335110
335224
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
333992 1,250
334220 1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,250
334512 500
1,000
1,250
1,250
335228 1,000
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
1Q 20- 100- 500- 1000-
99	499	999 2499 ~
1,892
2,222	D	665	D
31,721	793	3,119 14,005 6,032	7,771
5,761
2,127
17,501
D
D
3,914
5,474
5,728
D
28,784
407
1,537
9,837
7,770
9,233

9,351
D
1,223
2,754
D
D

5,943
374
1,165
1,825

2,578

31,295
1,144
3,202
8,785
1,786
4,545
11,83
1,297
4,632
D
1,431
2,401
D


50,283
D
4,649
8,104
11,353
13,103
D
2,688
D
790
D
660
D

289
D
D
D



1,954
D
D
D
1,076
D
D
D
D
4,703
D
D
D
3,113
D

-------
Sector Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine
Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power
Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
335311 750
335312
335911
335931
1,250
1,250
500
335932 1,000
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
336330
336340
336350
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,500
336360 1,500
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
1,000
1,000
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
6,005
D
996
3,463
778
D

11,779
D
1,441
5,582
D
D

6,760
D
D
3,794
329

D
7,148
D
1,559
3,686
1,037
D

6,409
D
948
3,429
D
D

3,683
D
732
2,422
D


112,518
D
D
D

29,726
77,778
126,372
D
D
159
D
D
83,050
30,574
D
D
D
5,381
17,268
D
11,832
D
2,680
5,214
2,438
D

8,251
D
1,407
3,439
1,803
D

30,438
D
1,471
8,102
17,377
D

2,440






27,998






12,403
D
837
6,632
2,977
D
D
11,254
D
983
7,021
1,645
D

36,047
D
2,915
14,236
4,727
11,404
D
23,073
D
1,786
13,181
6,966
D

30,269
522
4,712
12,994
7,162
4,878

59,408
2,323
6,716
28,850
15,746
5,772

52,593






116,908
D
515
4,240
2,958
6,702
102,172
38,408
412
1,583
11,729
4,256
4,632
15,796

-------
Sector	Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standards (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts
Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank
Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
336413 1,250
336415 1,250
336510
336611
336612
339910
339920
1,500
1,250
1,000
336992 1,500
337110 750
337121 1,000
337122 750
337127
337211
500
1,000
337214 1,000
337215
337920
339112
500
1,000
1,000
339113 750
500
750
339940 750
339991 500
339995
339999
1,000
500
424510 200
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
Total
<19
20-
99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
35,428
D
2,687
10,208
5,708
D
10,134
4,355
D
D
D
D
2,747

17,750
D
2,042
4,421
3,329
D
D
25,803
614
1,829
4,863
2,370
2,242
13,885
7,374
D
1,561
4,403
522
D

5,755
D
D
1,022
D
D

11,135
D
D
3,483
1,835
D

10,838
D
D
2,849
2,958
D
D
4,251
D
1,057
1,429
D
D

4,886
D
1,599
2,548
D


2,672
D
488
1,504
D


8,796
D
546
2,972
1,322
D
D
6,924
D
2,168
3,415
595


1,826
D
473
894
D


38,970
D
D
17,916
7,109
8,979
D
38,360
D
D
12,214
3,926
11,448
D
7,860
1,204
1,861
D
D
D

10,645
970
2,520
3,882
1,088
2,186

2,869
D
704
1,751
D


6,813
D
1,896
3,423
697
D
757
D
D
D
D

12,821
2,969
2,820
3,828
D
D
239,363
105,846
91,561

-------
Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Standards (2017)
Total
<19
20-
99
424710
200
902,591
231,145
262,557
481111
1,500
162,576
5,121
16,112
482111
1,500



486110
1,500
7,034
2,043
3,073
486210
$27.5 million
23,776
8,168
8,103
486910
1,500
6,637
1,656

488210
$15 million
5,002
938
2,139
488320
$38.5 million
9,209
653
2,434
493110
$27.5 million
18,222
4,910
7,548
493190
$27.5 million
6,249
1,203
1,661
531120
$27.5 million
99,434
47,540
27,271
541380
$15 million
15,851
3,991
7,041
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
On
On
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Educational
Services
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
Other Warehousing and Storage
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Mini warehouses)
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the Physical,
Engineering and Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^
All Other Support Services
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
Solid Waste Landfill
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
Remediation Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
Amusement and Theme Parks
Linen and Uniform Supply
Industrial Launderers
541715 1,000
561990
562211
562212
562213
562910
713110
812330
812332
$11 million
$38.5 million
$38.5 million
$38.5 million
$20.5 million
611310 $27.5 million
$38.5 million
NA
$38.5 million
20,305
6,928
5,312
2,575
14,681
13,030
7,333
7,149
898
2,156
D
2,893
245
686
6,790
2,328
2,391
1,861
5,885
440
3,620
Notes:
Blank cells represent unreported data in the category. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus SBA Size Standards are not available. When sub-categories are
aggregated to the reported size categories, we treated unreported data as zero since no receipts were reported in the sub-category.

-------
When data is reported as "D" ("Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies") or "Q" ("Revenue not collected at this level of detail for multiestablishment firms")
for a sub-category or category, we report "D" or "Q," respectively, in the corresponding cell.
A These Source Categories have a 2007 NAICS description because they are not defined in the 2012 Census. The 2012 Census provides establishment and revenue data for these
source categories on 2007 NAICS basis, as a total figure for all establishments and revenues. It does not provide a breakdown by employment size.
The following NAICS report aggregate data for other top employee size categories and thus are not reported in the table: 221111, 221112, 221117, 221118, 221122, 221210,
221310,221320,221330,424510,424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,488210,488320,493110,493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211,562212, 562213,562910,
713110, and 812332.
For the following NAICS, total receipts include establishments which operated entire year and not operated entire year whereas the breakdown into categories is done for
establishments operated entire year: 221111,221112,221117,221118, 221122,221210,221310,221320,221330,424510,424710, 481111,486110,486210,486910,488210,
488320,493110, 493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332.
For NAICS 115114, Post harvest Crop Activities, the data are from County Business Patterns, but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by
Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns.
332990 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, therefore there are no data available in the 2012 Economic Census. Also, the size standards for this NAICS code are not available in the
2007, 2016 or 2017 SBA Size Standards. There is not even a description of this NAICS code in any of the SBA Size Standards. It could be a 2002 NAICS code. We found its
description as a 2002 NAICS Code in the "Survey of Current Business: Volume 88, Issues 1-6, January 1,2008, U.S. Department of Commerce.
482111 NAICS code (line-haul railroad) is excluded from the Economic Census therefore no data are available.
541715 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, therefore there are no data available in the 2012 Economic Census. Four Industries in the 2012 NAICS structure have been expanded for
2017. 541712—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) has been expanded to include 541713—Research and
Development in Nanotechnology 541715—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology).
On 812330 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, there are no data available in the 2012 Economic Census. This code seems to be not a NAICS code but an IRS Statistics of
^ Income (SOI) Program Industry Code for coding the industrial activities of corporations filing returns (https://www.irs.gov/irm/partl/irm_01-013-007). The SOI codes
correspond to NAICS codes such as 812330 corresponds to 812332 Industrial Launderers and 812331 Linen Supply,but is a different code.
For NAICS 611310, Colleges and Universities establishment and employment data are from County Business Patterns but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series:
County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns.
NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS
codes not covered by the Census.
NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore no data are available for it.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, St. Louis Federal Reserve.

-------
6.2	Developing Economic and Small Entity Regulatory Relief Impact Measures
We measured the impacts of the rule on small entities in each sector using methods
presented in the EPA's Final SBREFA Guidance (U.S. EPA, 2006c). Because the rule covers a
large number of sectors and primarily covers businesses, the analysis generated a set of sales
tests (represented as potential avoided cost-to-receipt ratios)32 for NAICS codes associated with
the affected sectors.
Although the appropriate SBA size definition should be applied at the parent company
(enterprise) level, data limitations allowed us only to compute and compare ratios for a model
establishment for 6 establishment size ranges (i.e., all categories, establishments with 19 or fewer
employees, 20 to 99 employees, 100 to 499 employees, 500 to 999 employees, 1,000 to 2,499
employees, and 2,500+ employees). This approach allowed us to account for differences in
establishment receipts between large and small establishments and differences in small business
definitions across affected industries. It is also a conservative approach because an
establishment's parent company (the "enterprise") may have other economic resources that could
be used to cover the costs of the reporting program.
6.3	Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial and
Other Sources under the Primary Scenario
The "sales test" is an approach that computes the annualized compliance costs as a share
of sales for each company. The "sales test" is the methodology the EPA employs in economic
impact analyses such as this one as opposed to a "profits test," in which annualized compliance
costs are calculated as a share of profits. This is because revenues or sales data are commonly
available for entities affected by EPA regulations, and profits data normally made available are
often not the true profits earned by firms because of accounting and tax considerations. Firms
and entities often have ways legally available in the tax code to minimize reported profits; thus,
using reported profits may lead to a less than accurate estimate of the economic impact of a
regulation to an affected firm or entity and their consumers. Although screening-level analyses
32 The following metrics for other small entity economic impact measures (if applicable) would potentially include
the following:
¦	Small government (if applicable): "Revenue" test—annualized compliance cost as a percentage of annual
government revenues.
¦	Small nonprofits (if applicable): "Expenditure" test—annualized cost as a percentage of annual operating
expenses.
6-48

-------
are often employed to estimate impacts to small businesses or entities as part of an analysis in
compliance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by SBREFA, a screening-level
analysis can also be employed in an economic impact analysis such as this one whose focus is on
regulated companies. Given the general lack of information on the identity of owners of
companies potentially affected by the proposed rule, the EPA implemented the recommended
sales test by computing avoided cost-to-sales ratios for affected sectors at the establishment (or
facility) level.33
The ratios compare the average establishment's total yearly avoided costs to the average
establishment receipts for enterprises within several employment categories. The average entity
avoided costs used to compute the sales test vary across sources but are the same across
establishment size categories. As a result, the sales test will overstate the avoided cost-to-sales
ratio for establishments owned by small businesses, because the reporting costs are likely lower
than average entity estimates provided by the MM2A cost analysis. These avoided cost-to-sales
ratios were calculated as follows.
First, for each source category, the industry net projected cost savings excluding
permitting costs to the state agency for year 1 and net projected cost savings for year 2 were
calculated. For year 1, the projected net cost savings included the facility's permitting costs,
supporting statement cost savings, and the estimated area source rule burden; for year 2, the
projected net cost savings included only the supporting statement cost savings and estimated area
source rule burdens, because there are no permitting costs in year 2. Because many of the source
categories shared primary NAICS codes, we aggregated the year 1 net projected cost savings
excluding permitting costs to the state agency, and year 2 net projected cost savings, and the
number of facilities projected to obtain area source status. Then we calculated the average
projected net cost savings per facility for year 1 (see "Average Cost per Entity" in Table 6-4) and
year 2 (see "Average Cost per Entity" in Table 6-5).
33 Typically, SBREFA impact assessments are conducted at the ultimate parent company level. As noted above, we
assumed that the Census definition of enterprise is equivalent to the ultimate parent company. Theoretically, the
comparison of compliance costs to sales should be conducted at the enterprise level. Because Census only
provides data for typical establishments within various enterprise size categories, the EPA chose to compute the
cost-to-sales ratio at the establishment (or facility level). The same ratio could be computed at the enterprise level
by multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the typical number of establishments per enterprise in
the appropriate enterprise size categories. Using the Economic Census data on typical establishments means that
the cost-to- sales ratios are identical, whether computed at the establishment level or at the enterprise level.
6-49

-------
Next, we calculated the average receipts per establishment for each NAICS code overall
and for each size category by dividing the receipts (Table 6-3) by the number of establishments
(Table 6-1). Frequently, receipts data are not available, so we were not able to calculate average
receipts per establishment (or later, avoided cost-to-sales ratios) for certain size categories.
Finally, we calculated the year 1 and year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios for the primary
scenario by dividing the average projected net cost savings per facility by the average receipts
per establishment for the overall NAICS and the establishment size categories. The year 1
avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-4, and the year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios
are reported in Table 6-5. The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to
11.08%, with a median potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05% across all employment size
categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in
year 1 are 0.01% and 0.16% respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2
avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 12.05%, with a median potential
avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06%across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth
percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratios in year 2 are 0.02% and 0.22%
respectively across all employment size categories.
Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger in
year 2 than year 1, and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger. For example, NAICS
337110 (Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing) has an overall year 1 avoided
cost-to-sales ratio of 0.56% and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.86%. Some
NAICS codes that have less than 0.01% ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as
NAICS 326150 (Urethane and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing), which
has an overall avoided cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01% in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2.
As discussed above, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2
impact estimates. In year 1, some small size categories have small avoided cost-to-sales ratios.
The "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category of NAICS 424510 (Grain and Field Bean
Merchant Wholesalers) has a 0.04% avoided cost-to-sales ratio, and the "20 to 99 employees"
category of NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene]
Manufacturing) has a less than 0.01% avoided cost-to-sales ratio. However, there are cases of
larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in year 1 including the "fewer than or
6-50

-------
equal to 19 employees" category ofNAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing),
which has a 11.08% avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1. For the same size category, NAICS
493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 2.66% in year 1.
Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category for NAICS 493190 are
considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per
establishment is $0.7 million which is less than the SBA size standard of $27.5 million.
In year 2, small entities generally have larger cost savings and the resulting avoided cost-
to-sales ratios are larger. For example, for NAICS 213112 (Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations) the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category has an avoided cost-to-sales
ratio of 0.85% in year 1 and in year 2, the ratio is 1.08%. Establishments in the "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 213112 are considered small businesses for
purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per establishment is $2.1 million which is
less than the SBA size standard of $38.5 million. For NAICS 339999, for the "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" category, the avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 is 12.05%.
Smaller entities having larger impacts in some cases is probably a result of smaller
establishments generally having lower average receipts per establishment than larger
establishments and the assumption that the average cost per entity is approximately the same for
different establishment sizes within a NAICS code.
As is evident from Tables 6-4 and 6-5, we did not calculate and report avoided cost-to-
sales ratios in certain cases, because we used the 2012 Economic Census to collect and organize
data on number of establishments, employment and receipts for affected sources represented by
six-digit NAICS codes. However, because of confidentiality issues, some data values were not
available or were reported with a range of values. Also, some source categories are not
completely covered by the 2012 Economics Census. Table 7-1 in Section 7 describes the data
limitations for the source categories not completely covered by the 2012 Economic Census.
These data limitations prevented us from reporting avoided cost-to-sales ratios entirely
for some NAICS codes and for every employment size category for some NAICS codes.
The number of establishments was not reported for the larger employee size categories
for some NAICS codes. For example, for NAICS 221320 (Sewage Treatment Facilities) the
number of establishments was only reported for "500+ employees" instead of separately for "500
6-51

-------
to 999 employees," "1,000 to 2,499 employees," and "2,500+ employees." Similarly, for NAICS
codes 486210 (Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas), 493110 (General Warehousing and
Storage), and 562211 (Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal), the number of establishments
was only reported for "100+ employees." This issue arises for employment and receipts data as
well as for these NAICS codes in the same employee size categories. Therefore, we were not
able to compute impact estimates for these size categories for these NAICS codes.
Regarding the reporting of employment data in the 2012 Economic Census, an issue is
that many categories are reported in ranges. For example, the "2,500+ employees" category for
NAICS 211111 (Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction) is simply reported as "10,000-
24,999" employees. Employment does not directly affect the calculation of the impact estimates,
so this limitation is not an issue for the avoided cost-to-sales ratios.
For receipts data, many data values are not available especially for the different employee
size categories. More commonly, unavailable data are reported as "Q," meaning "Revenue not
collected at this level of detail for multi-establishment firms," or "D," meaning "Withheld to
avoid disclosing data for individual companies." Receipts data are essential to calculating the
avoided cost-to-sales ratios, but because many data values are unavailable, we are limited in
which avoided cost-to-sales ratios we can calculate and report. Also, receipts data are defined
differently depending on the NAICS codes.
The underlying establishment and receipts data are a limiting factor because if either of
these measures is not reported for a certain category, we cannot calculate the average receipts per
establishment, which is needed for the avoided cost-to-sales ratio calculation. However, there are
cases where avoided cost-to-sales ratios are not reported because zero facilities are projected to
obtain area source status; therefore, there are no facilities to calculate the average cost per entity.
The public administration NAICS have facilities projected to obtain area source status,
but because these NAICS codes comprise government facilities, the relevant sales data
(establishments and revenue) are not available for these NAICS codes. Similarly, NAICS 999999
is an unclassified code, and the 2012 Economic Census does not provide establishments or
revenue data for this NAICS code. Therefore, no data or cost-to-sales ratios are presented for
them. All of this data can be found in ProposalMM2ARIAdataspreadsheetMay_2019.xls that
can be found in the docket for this rulemaking.
6-52

-------
Table 6-4
Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Primary Scenario
Average
„ ,	„ „ ,	... ,,, SBA Size	Avoided
Sector	Source Category	NAICS	...
•	Standard (2017)	Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Agriculture
Energy
Energy
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Energy
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
Iron Ore Mining
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
All Other Metal Ore Mining
Industrial Sand Mining
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral
Mining
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral
Mining
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
Biomass Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power GenerationA
Electric Power Distribution
Natural Gas Distribution
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
Sewage Treatment Facilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
Wet Corn Milling
Soybean ProcessingA
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
115114
211111
211112
212210
212231
212234
212299
212322
212324
212391
212399
213112
221111
221112
221117
221118
221119
221122
221210
221310
221320
221330
311119
311221
311222
311223
$27.5 million
1,250 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
750
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
1,500 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
750
500
750
750
500
$38.5 million
500
750
250
250
4 million MWH
(2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
$27.5 million
$20.5 million
$15 million
500
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
9,845
5,487
38,142
18,153
9,845
9,845
9,845
18,153
18,153
56,521
9,845
18,153
9,845
34,315
56,521
9,845
50,509
9,845
38,891
18,153
19,628
29,657
18,153
18,153
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
ah	^io -m on 100~ 500~ 1000~ sunn
All	<19 20-99 499 999 2499 >2500
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.01%
*
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
*
0.03%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
0.01%
*
0.13%
0.01%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
*
*
0.00%
*
*
0.02%
*
*
0.01%
*
*
*
0.14%
0.44%
0.09%
0.02%
*
*
*
0.06%
*
0.14%
0.02%
*
*
*
0.05%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
*
0.23%
*
0.12%
*
*
*
*
0.20%
0.85%
0.19%
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
0.16%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.81%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.40%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.48%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.02%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.10%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.75%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.98%
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.19%
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
0.01%
*
0.03%
0.00%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed
Processing
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Flide Tanning and
Finishing
311224
311225
311313
311314
311411
311421
311422
311513
311514
311613
311812
311919
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
313311
313320
314992
316110
1,000
1,000
750
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,250
1,250
750
750
1,000
1,250
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
28,724
9,845
0.01%
0.01%
* **
*
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
0.01%
**
*
* **
* **
**
* **
**
0.00%
* **
* **
* **
**
**
* **
*
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
*	**
*
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
18,153
9,845
9,845
9,845
0.05%
0.02%
0.00%
0.04%
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
**
**
**
* **
**
**
0.12%
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
0.00% 0.00%
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
9,845
18,153
9,845
9,845
18,153
14,981
9,845
0.15%
0.13%
0.15%
0.16%
0.26%
0.11%
0.01%
0.15%
0.04%
0.08% 0.02%
0.08%
0.01%
4,975
0.06%
0.02% 0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door
Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood
Product Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
Commercial Printing (except Screen
and Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating
Materials Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal
Products Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
321113
321114
321211
321212
321213
321219
321911
321912
321999
322110
322121
322122
322130
322211
322220
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
324122
324199
325110
325120
500
500
500
1,250
750
750
1,000
500
500
750
1,250
750
1,250
1,250
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
750
500
1,000
1,000
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
35,060
0.53%
2.60%
0.27%
0.07%
*
*
*
18,153
0.17%
*
0.07%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.17%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
31,639
0.07%
*
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
56,521
0.65%
*
*
0.09%
*
*
*
26,945
0.09%
*
*
0.03%
*
*
*
18,153
0.22%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
18,153
0.29%
1.22%
0.16%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.61%
2.07%
0.20%
0.04%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
15,992
0.06%
0.49%
0.06%
0.02%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.25%
*
*
*
*
*
*
11,985
0.36%
*
0.15%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.20%
*
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
158,951
0.00%
*
0.06%
0.00%
*
0.00%
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
1,465
0.00%
*
*
0.00%
*
*
*
9,845
0.06%
0.15%
0.04%
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector	Source Category	NAICS	^ ®
& •	Standard (2017)
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
325130
1,000
Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
325131
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
325132
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
325180
1,000
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
325181
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
325182
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
325188
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
ManufacturingA
325192
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
1,000
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum
and Wood Chemical Manufacturing
325194
1,250
Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
325199
1,250
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin
325211
1,250
Manufacturing
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
1,000
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
325220
1,000
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
325221
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
325222
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
1,000
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
750
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
325320
1,000
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical
325411
1,000
Manufacturing
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
325412
1,250
Industrial
Biological Product (except
Diagnostic) Manufacturing
325414
1,250
Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
1,000
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19 20-99
100-
499
500- 1000-
999 2499
>2500
9,845
15,383
10,961
6,771
4,152
18,153
43,179
142,365
(2,082)
18,153
97,301
43,731
18,153
50,389
9,845
115,787
0.01%
**
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
**
0.01%
**
0.04%
0.17%
0.00%
0.03%
**
0.15%
0.08%
0.01%
0.07%
0.03%
0.10%
* **
0.01%
**
0.07%
0.33%
0.00%
0.08%
0.08%
*
0.08%
0.06%
0.00%


0.03% 0.01% 0.00%


0.01%	0.00%	0.00% *
0.04%	0.01%	0.01% *
*	* *	*
0.01%	0.00% *	*
0.02% *	*
0.01% 0.00% *
0.04% 0.02% 0.01%
115,828
0.54%
0.39% 0.09%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation
Manufacturing
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated) Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet
(except Packaging), and Shape
Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
Plastics Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except
Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Floses and
Belting Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
All Other Rubber Product
Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing
Fixture Manufacturing
325520
325613
325620
325920
325991
325992
326112
326113
326121
326122
326140
326150
326191
326199
326211
326220
326291
326299
327110
500
750
1,250
750
500
1,500
325998 500
1,000
750
500
750
326130 500
1,000
750
750
750
1,500
750
750
500
1,000
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
9,845
0.04%
**
0.24%
* **
0.03%
**
0.01%
* **
*
* **
*
* **
*
* **

**
**
**
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
18,153
0.08%
*
0.07%
0.01%
*
*
*
9,845
0.03%
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
*
15,383
0.09%
0.49%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
56,521
0.17%
1.81%
0.27%
0.07%
*
*
*
31,838
0.10%
*
0.15%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.06%
*
0.08%
0.02%
*
*
*
9,845
0.05%
0.23%
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
*
47,186
0.31%
*
0.30%
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.05%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
510
0.00%
*
0.00%
0.00%
*
*
*
18,153
0.23%
*
0.19%
*
*
*
*
32,510
0.25%
2.17%
0.29%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
*
30,079
0.02%
*
*
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
56,521
0.27%
*
*
0.08%
0.04%
*
*
18,153
0.11%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
35,914
0.22%
1.82%
0.25%
0.05%
*
*
*
12,008
0.36%
*
0.18%
0.03%
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Clay Building Material and
Refractories Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Product Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy
Product ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
327120
327124
327211
327212
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
327999
331110
331111
331112
331210
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
331410
331411
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,000
750
1,500
750
1,500
500
1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500- 1000-
999 2499
>2500
18,153
17,453
18,153
29,906
56,521
17,517
9,845
18,153
46,947
18,153
27,336
16,491
18,153
18,153
9,845
2,660
18,153
0.20%
0.19%
0.03%
0.35%
0.22%
0.07%
0.06%
0.10%
0.25%
0.19%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.06%
**
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
1.13% 0.18% 0.04%
*	0.03%
0.81%	0.12%
*	0.34%
*	0.12%
0.37%	0.06%
*	0.05%
*	0.02%
*	0.01%
0.02%
0.02% 0.00%
0.05% *
0.01% 0.00% 0.00%

0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

0.00% 0.00%
0.01% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
VO
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum )A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding,
and Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except
Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other
Metal Stamping (except Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door
Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
331419
331420
331422
331491
331492
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
332119
332212
332311
332312
332321
332322
332431
332439
332722
332811
332812
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
750
1,000
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
500
750
500
1,500
500
500
750
500
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.04%
*
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
23,302
0.08%
*
*
0.04%
0.01%
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.02%
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.12%
0.73%
0.10%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.17%
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.10%
*
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
*
9,845
0.11%
*
0.08%
0.02%
*
*
*
50,509
0.54%
*
0.50%
0.11%
0.03%
*
*
9,845
0.19%
0.75%
0.11%
0.03%
*
*
*
38,331
0.04%
*
0.07%
0.03%
*
*
*
15,383
0.14%
1.14%
0.10%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.08%
0.67%
0.08%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.12%
*
0.12%
*
*
*
*
37,156
0.69%
4.59%
0.37%
0.05%
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
On
O
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition
Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery
Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air
Fleating Equipment and Commercial
and Industrial Refrigeration
Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set
Units Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment
Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting
and Wireless Communications
Equipment Manufacturing
332813
332990
332992
332993
332999
333111
333112
333120
333131
333293
333316
333415
333512
333513
333611
333618
333923
333992
334220
500
NA
1,250
1,500
750
1,250
1,500
1,250
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
1,250
1,250
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500- 1000-
999 2499
>2500
15,383
9,845
9,845
15,383
15,383
50,509
9,845
74,964
18,153
9,845
9,845
0.50%
*
0.03%
0.02%
0.39%
0.16%
0.02%
0.13%
0.07%
0.18%
0.10%
1.95% 0.26%
1.79% 0.19%	0.03%	0.01% *
*	0.40%	0.05%	0.01%	0.01%
*	*	0.01%	0.00% *
*	0.50%	0.07%	0.01%	0.00%
*	0.12%	0.02%	* *
*	0.07% *	* *
9,845
0.03% 0.54% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
9,845
9,845
9,845
56,521
9,845
18,153
0.06%
0.07%
0.01%
0.06%
0.03%
0.10%
*	*	0.01%	0.00%	0.00%
2.34%	0.27%	0.04%	0.01%	0.00%
*	0.07%	0.01% *	*
1.15%	0.12%	0.02% *	0.00%
9,845
0.03% 0.46% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical
Recording Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
334411
334412
334413
334512
334613
335110
335224
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
335932
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,250
500
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
750
1,250
1,250
500
1,000
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Dost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
9,845
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.12%
*
0.12%
0.03%
*
*
*
34,533
0.06%
*
0.12%
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
9,845
0.11%
*
0.09%
*
0.00%
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.03%
*
*
0.02%
*
*
*
23,546
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.01%
*
*
*
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.04%
*
0.07%
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.07%
*
0.16%
0.02%
*
*
*
9,845
0.02%
*
*
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.06%
*
0.09%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.03%
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
*
50,509
0.21%
*
0.32%
0.06%
*
*
*
35,785
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
0.00%
56,521
0.00%
*
*
0.11%
*
*
0.00%
43,731
0.01%
*
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
*
43,731
0.28%
*
0.40%
0.08%
0.02%
*
*
9,845
0.05%
*
0.09%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
18,153
0.05%
*
0.14%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.05%
*
*
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Steering and
Suspension Components (except
Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and
Power Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior
Trim Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and
Tank Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and
Countertop Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
336330
336340
336350
336360
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
336413
336415
336510
336611
336612
336992
337110
337121
337122
337127
337211
337214
337215
337920
1,000
1,250
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
1,250
1,500
1,250
1,000
1,500
750
1,000
750
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... on 100- 500- 1000-
(2014$)	AU "19 2°~" 499 999 2499 22500
18,153
0.04%
*
0.10%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.02%
*
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
18,153
0.03%
*
0.07%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
*
9,845
0.02%
*
0.05%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.03%
0.47%
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
*
34,282
0.09%
1.30%
0.17%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
*
18,153
0.05%
*
*
*
*
*
*
96,328
0.02%
*
0.97%
0.10%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
43,731
0.05%
2.16%
0.33%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
43,731
0.11%
*
0.32%
0.06%
0.02%
*
0.00%
9,845
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
9,845
0.01%
*
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
42,999
0.12%
2.90%
0.40%
0.07%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
75,897
0.91%
*
0.74%
0.12%
0.06%
*
*
18,153
0.01%
*
*
0.02%
*
*
*
9,068
0.56%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.21%
*
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
33,500
1.91%
*
0.59%
0.12%
*
*
*
9,845
0.14%
*
0.14%
0.03%
*
*
*
56,521
0.80%
*
0.79%
0.12%
*
*
*
25,671
0.07%
*
0.29%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.16%
*
0.12%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.19%
*
0.12%
0.03%
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
On
LtJ
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and
Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air
Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural
Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
Other Warehousing and Storage
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Miniwarehouses)
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life
Sciences (except Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology)^
All Other Support Services
339112
1,000
339113
750
339910
500
339920
750
339940
750
339991
500
339995
1,000
339999
500
424510
200
424710
200
481111
1,500
482111
1,500
486110
1,500
486210
$27.5 million
486910
1,500
488210
$15 million
488320
$38.5 million
493110
$27.5 million
493190
$27.5 million
531120
$27.5 million
541380
$15 million
541715
1,000
561990
$11 million
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
18,153
0.06%
*
*
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
9,845
0.05%
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
*
9,845
0.26%
1.48%
0.11%
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.15%
1.33%
0.10%
0.02%
0.00%
0.00%
*
9,845
0.18%
*
0.11%
0.01%
*
*
*
18,153
0.15%
*
0.17%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.26%
*
*
*
*
*
*
56,521
2.77%
11.08%
0.84%
0.08%
*
*
*
9,845
0.02%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
*
*
56,521
0.03%
0.08%
0.02%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.02%
0.36%
0.07%
*
*
*
*
9,845
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.09%
0.24%
0.04%
*
*
*
*
9,073
0.08%
0.19%
0.03%
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.09%
0.29%
*
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.46%
1.64%
0.26%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.09%
0.60%
0.10%
*
*
*
*
20,298
1.14%
2.35%
0.72%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.73%
2.66%
0.53%
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.34%
0.57%
0.04%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.76%
2.10%
0.32%
*
*
*
*
18,153
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.63%
1.33%
0.19%
*
*
*
*

-------




Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
562211
$38.5 million
80,813
0.99%
4.74%
0.70%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
$38.5 million
85,650
2.06%
3.99%
0.64%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
562213
$38.5 million
18,153
0.08%
*
0.05%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
$20.5 million
9,845
0.27%
0.86%
0.14%
*
*
*
*
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and
Professional Schools
611310
$27.5 million
41,217
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
$38.5 million
9,845
0.03%
0.42%
0.13%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
NA
9,845
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
$38.5 million
18,153
0.32%
1.22%
0.30%
*
*
*
*
Notes:
Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus
SBA Size Standards are not available.
*No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
"Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
"'Denotes data status as the combination of footnotes * and **.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Analysis of Potential Costs
and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May 12, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards,
SBA 2007 Size Standards.

-------
Table 6-5 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Primary Scenario
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
On
On
Agriculture
Energy
Energy
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
Iron Ore Mining
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
All Other Metal Ore Mining
Industrial Sand Mining
115114
211111
211112
212210
212231
212234
212299
212322
$27.5 million
1,250 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
1,500 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750
500
14,813
10,455
43,110
23,121
14,813
14,813
14,813
23,121
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
750
23,121
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
750
61,489
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
500
14,813
Energy
Utilities
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
Hydroelectric Power Generation
213112
221111
$38.5 million
500
23,121
14,813
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
750
39,283
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power GenerationA
Electric Power Distribution
Natural Gas Distribution
221117
221118
221119
221122
221210
250
250
4 million MWH
(2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
61,489
14,813
55,477
14,813
43,859
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
$27.5 million
23,121
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
$20.5 million
24,596
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
$15 million
34,625
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
Wet Corn Milling
Soybean ProcessingA
311119
311221
311222
500
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
23,121
23,121
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
ah	-m on 100~ 500~ 1000~
All	<19 20-99 499	999 2499 >2500
0.02%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.18%
0.08%
0.05%
0.35%
0.25%
0.24%
0.07%
0.88%
0.59%
0.53%
0.04%
0.11%
0.96%
1.23%
0.22%
**
0.01%
0.07%
0.55%
1.08%
0.01%
0.03%
0.16%
0.12%
0.18%
0.18%
0.25%
0.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
0.03%
0.05%
0.00%
0.00%
*
*
0.00%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.04% 0.00%
0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial	Other Oilseed ProcessingA	311223
Industrial	Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing	311224
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
On
On
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy
Product Manufacturing
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
311225
1,000
311313
750
311314
1,000
311411
1,000
311421
1,000
311422
1,250
311513
1,250
311514
750
311613
750
311812
1,000
311919
1,250
311920
750
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
313311
313320
314992
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
33,692
0.01%
0.01%
14,813
23,121
14,813
14,813
14,813
0.01%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.07%
0.04%
0.00%
0.06%
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
* **
* **
**
* **
**
**
**
**
**
* **
**
**
0.15%
**
**
**
* **
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.00%
* **
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.00% 0.00%
14,813
23,121
14,813
14,813
23,121
19,949
14,813
0.23%
0.17%
0.23%
0.24%
0.34%
0.15%
0.02%
0.19%
0.05%
0.12% 0.03%
0.11%
0.02%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
316110
500
On
On
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
Commercial Printing (except Screen and
Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
Manufacturing
321113
321114
321211
321212
321213
321219
321911
321912
321999
322110
322121
322122
322130
322211
322220
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
324122
500
500
500
1,250
750
750
1,000
500
500
750
1,250
750
1,250
1,250
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
750
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	...	on 100- 500- 1000- -
(2014$)	AU	"19 2°~" 499	999 2499 22500
9,943
0.12%
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
*
40,028
0.60%
2.97%
0.31%
0.08%
*
*
*
23,121
0.22%
*
0.09%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.21%
*
*
0.05%
*
*
*
36,607
0.08%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
*
*
61,489
0.71%
*
*
0.09%
*
*
*
31,907
0.11%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
23,121
0.28%
*
*
0.05%
*
*
*
23,121
0.37%
1.55%
0.21%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.77%
2.63%
0.25%
0.05%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
20,942
0.08%
0.64%
0.08%
0.03%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.38%
*
*
*
*
*
*
16,953
0.51%
*
0.21%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.25%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
*
*
163,910
0.00%
*
0.06%
0.01%
*
0.00%
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
On
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
ManufacturingA
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum
and Wood Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
324199
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
325180
325181
325182
325188
325192
325193
325194
325199
325211
325212
325220
325221
325222
325311
325312
325320
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,000
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity	1Q
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
6,423
14,813
0.00%
0.09%
0.22% 0.06%
0.00%
14,813
20,351
17,883
11,921
9,186
23,121
0.02%
**
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
**
0.01%

0.04% 0.01% 0.00%

0.01% 0.00%
48,147
147,326
2,886
23,121
0.04%
0.18%
0.00%
0.03%
0.08%	0.02%	0.00%	0.00%
0.34%	0.04%	0.01%	0.01%
0.01%	* *	*
0.10%	0.02%	0.00% *
102,067
48,699
23,121
55,357
0.16%
0.09%
0.01%
0.07%
0.09%
0.09% 0.02%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
1,000
On
On
VO
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated) Manufacturing
325412
325414
325510
325520
325613
325620
325920
325991
325992
325998
326112
1,250
1,250
1,000
500
750
1,250
750
500
1,500
500
1,000
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326113
326121
326122
326130
326140
326150
750
500
750
500
1,000
750
Industrial
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
326191
326199
750
750
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity	1Q
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
120,755
0.05%
0.10%
0.09%
0.02%
0.04%
0.00%
0.02%
0.01%
120,796
14,813
23,121
14,813
0.56%
0.06%
**
**
0.10%
0.05%
0.35%
* **
**
* **
0.40%
0.05%
**
* **
0.09%
0.01%
**
* **
0.08% 0.02%
0.07% 0.01%
**
* **
* **
* **
20,351
0.11% 0.65% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01%
61,489 0.19% 1.97% 0.30% 0.08%
36,806 0.12%
0.17% 0.04% 0.01%
14,813 0.09%
0.12% 0.03%
14,813 0.07% 0.34% 0.06% 0.02%
52,154 0.34%
0.33%
14,813 0.07%
0.09% 0.02% 0.01%
5,478 0.04%
0.03% 0.01%
23,121 0.30%
0.24%
37,478 0.29% 2.51% 0.33% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
o
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting
Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Product Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
326211
326220
326291
326299
327110
327120
327124
327211
327212
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
327999
331110
331111
331112
331210
331221
331312
331313
331314
1,500
750
750
500
1,000
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,000
750
1,500
750
1,500
500
1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Dost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
35,057
0.02%
*
*
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
61,489
0.29%
*
*
0.09%
0.04%
*
*
23,121
0.14%
*
*
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
40,882
0.25%
2.07%
0.28%
0.06%
*
*
*
16,148
0.48%
*
0.24%
0.04%
*
*
*
23,121
0.25%
1.43%
0.22%
0.05%
*
*
*
22,421
0.24%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*
34,874
0.40%
*
*
*
0.02%
*
*
61,489
0.24%
*
*
*
*
*
*
22,485
0.09%
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.08%
*
0.05%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.13%
1.03%
0.15%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
51,915
0.28%
*
0.38%
0.06%
*
*
*
23,121
0.25%
*
0.15%
*
*
*
*
32,304
0.01%
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
*
21,459
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
23,121
0.03%
0.47%
0.08%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
23,121
0.07%
*
0.07%
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.01%
*
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
7,628
0.01%
*
0.02%
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except
Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal
Stamping (except Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
331315
331316
331318
331410
331411
331419
331420
331422
331491
331492
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
332119
332212
332311
332312
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
750
1,000
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
500
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity	1Q
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
23,121 0.01%
0.01% 0.00%






14,813 0.06%
0.07% 0.02%
28,299
**
0.10%
**
**
**

* **
0.05% 0.01%
* **
14,813 0.03%	*	* 0.02% 0.00%
14,813 0.18% 1.09% 0.15% 0.03% 0.01%
14,813 0.25%
14,813 0.15%
14,813 0.17%
0.11% 0.03%
0.11% 0.02%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
750
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating
Equipment and Commercial and
Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
332322
332431
332439
332722
332811
332812
332813
332990
332992
332993
332999
333111
333112
333120
333131
333293
333316
333415
500
1,500
500
500
750
500
500
NA
1,250
1,500
750
1,250
1,500
1,250
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
55,477
14,813
43,299
20,351
14,813
14,813
42,124
20,351
14,813
14,813
20,351
0.59%
0.29%
0.05%
0.19%
0.12%
0.18%
0.79%
0.66%
0.04%
0.03%
0.55% 0.12%
1.12%
*
1.50%
1.01%
0.17%
0.08%
0.13%
0.12%
0.17%
0.04%
0.03%
0.04%
0.03%
5.21% 0.42% 0.05%
2.59% 0.35%
0.04%
*
*
0.01%
0.01%
20,351
55,477
14,813
80,054
23,121
14,813
14,813
0.51% 2.36% 0.26% 0.05% 0.01%
0.17%
0.03%
0.14%
0.09%
0.27%
0.15%
0.43%	0.06%	0.01%	0.01%
*	0.01%	0.00% *
0.54%	0.08%	0.01%	0.00%
0.16%	0.02% *	*
*	* * *
0.11%	* *	*
14,813
0.04%
0.82% 0.11% 0.02% 0.01%
0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
^1
LtJ
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and
Wireless Communications Equipment
Manufacturing
Electron Tube Manufacturing"
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording
Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
333512
333513
333611
333618
333923
333992
334220
334411
334412
334413
334512
334613
335110
335224
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
1,250
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,250
500
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
750
1,250
1,250
500
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity	1Q
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
14,813
14,813
61,489
14,813
0.09%
0.11%
0.02%
0.07%
0.05%
*	* 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
2.54% 0.30% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00%
*	0.10% 0.02% *	*
23,121 0.13% 1.47% 0.15% 0.03%
0.00%
14,813
0.04% 0.69% 0.09% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00%
0.00%
14,813
14,813
39,548
14,813
0.09%
0.18%
0.07%
0.16%
0.18% 0.04% *	*
0.13% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00%
0.14%
0.01%
14,813
28,514
23,121
14,813
23,121
14,813
14,813
0.05%
*
0.01%
0.06%
0.09%
0.03%
0.09%
*	0.03%	*
*	*	*
*	*	0.01%
0.11%	0.02%	0.01%
0.21%	0.03%	*
*	0.02%	0.01%
0.13%	0.03%	0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing"
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring)
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power
Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing"
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
335932
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
336330
336340
336350
336360
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
336413
336415
1,000
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
1,250
Industrial
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
336510
1,500
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
0.04%
*
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
*
55,477
0.23%
*
0.35%
0.07%
*
*
*
40,753
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
0.00%
61,489
0.00%
*
*
0.12%
*
*
0.00%
48,699
0.01%
*
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
*
48,699
0.31%
*
0.45%
0.08%
0.02%
*
*
14,813
0.08%
*
0.14%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.06%
*
0.18%
0.03%
0.00%
*
*
14,813
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.05%
*
0.13%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.03%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.03%
*
0.09%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
14,813
0.03%
*
0.07%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
14,813
0.04%
0.71%
0.10%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
39,250
0.10%
1.49%
0.19%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
*
23,121
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
101,296
0.02%
*
1.02%
0.11%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
48,699
0.06%
2.41%
0.37%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
48,699
0.12%
*
0.36%
0.07%
0.02%
*
0.00%
14,813
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
14,813
0.02%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and
Tank Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
336611
336612
336992
337110
337121
337122
337127
337211
337214
337215
337920
339112
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
1,250
1,000
1,500
750
1,000
750
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
750
500
750
750
500
1,000
500
200
200
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
47,967
80,875
23,121
14,036
23,121
38,468
14,813
61,489
30,639
14,813
14,813
23,121
14,813
14,813
14,813
14,813
23,121
23,121
61,489
14,813
61,489
0.13%	3.23%
0.97%	*
0.02%	*
0.86%	*
0.26%	*
2.19%	*
0.22%	*
0.87%	*
0.09%	*
0.24%	*
0.29%	*
0.08%	*
0.08%	*
0.39%	2.23%
0.23%
0.27%
0.45%
0.79%
2.00%
0.19%	*
0.34%	*
3.02%	12.05%
0.03%	0.06%
0.03%	0.09%
0.08%
0.13%
0.03%
0.68%	0.13%
0.20%	0.04%
0.86%	0.13%
0.35%	0.05%
0.17%	0.02%
0.21%	0.04%
*	*
0.91%	0.08%
0.01%	*
0.02%	*
0.03%
0.06%
0.01%
0.04% 0.01%
0.07% 0.02%
0.01%
0.18%	0.04%	0.01% *
0.18%	0.04% *	*
*	0.03%	0.01%	0.00%
*	0.02%	0.00%	0.00%
0.16%	* * *
0.14%	0.02%	0.01%	0.00%
0.02%
0.00%

-------
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
„ , „ „ , ... ,,, SBA Size Avoided
Sector Source Category NAICS ...	,,,,,	,,,,,,,
& • Standard (2017) Cost/Entity	10 QQ 100- 500- 1000-
(2014S)	499	999 2499
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
1,500
23,121
0.03%
0.46%
0.09%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1,500
14,813
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1,500
14,813
0.14%
0.36%
0.06%
*
*
*
*
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
$27.5 million
14,041
0.13%
0.30%
0.04%
*
*
*
*
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
486910
1,500
14,813
0.13%
0.44%
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
488210
$15 million
23,121
0.59%
2.09%
0.33%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
$38.5 million
23,121
0.12%
0.77%
0.12%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
$27.5 million
25,266
1.42%
2.92%
0.89%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
$27.5 million
23,121
0.93%
3.39%
0.67%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Mini warehouses)
531120
$27.5 million
14,813
0.51%
0.86%
0.06%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Testing Laboratories
541380
$15 million
23,121
0.96%
2.68%
0.41%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences
(except Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology)^
541715
1,000
23,121
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
$11 million
14,813
0.94%
2.00%
0.29%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
562211
$38.5 million
85,781
1.05%
5.03%
0.75%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
$38.5 million
90,616
2.17%
4.22%
0.68%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
562213
$38.5 million
23,121
0.10%
*
0.07%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
$20.5 million
14,813
0.41%
1.30%
0.21%
*
*
*
*
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
611310
$27.5 million
46,185
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
$38.5 million
14,813
0.05%
0.63%
0.20%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
NA
14,813
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
$38.5 million
23,121
0.41%
1.55%
0.38%
*
*
*
*
Notes:
Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code thus
SBA Size Standards are not available.

-------
*No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
"Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
'•"Denotes the data status as a combination of footnotes * and **.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group..
Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources, t Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February
2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards.
On

-------
6.4 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial and
Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 1
For the first alternative scenario with a threshold of 50%, the year 1 avoided costs-to-
sales ratios are reported in Table 6-6, and the year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in
Table 6-7. The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from -0.01% to 4.67%, with a median
avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.04% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth
percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.14%
respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range
from less than 0.01% to 5.16%>, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all
employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided
cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.03% and 0.23% respectively across all employment size
categories.
Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger and
the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are higher in year 2 than year 1. For example, NAICS
493110 (General Warehousing and Storage) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of
1.14%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 1.42%. Three NAICS codes, 324110
(Petroleum Refineries), 325110 (Petrochemical Manufacturing), and 336112 (Light Truck and
Utility Vehicle Manufacturing), have less than 0.01% overall avoided cost-to-sales ratios in both
year 1 and year 2. NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene]
Manufacturing) is the only NAICS code to have a negative avoided cost-to-sales ratio (-0.01%)
in year 1, but in year 2, its avoided cost-to-sales ratio is positive (0.02%).
Like the primary scenario, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year
2 impact estimates for the alternative scenario 1. In year 1, some small size categories have low
avoided cost-to-sales ratios. NAICS 424710 (Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals) has an
avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.02% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category and
0.01%) for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1. However, there are cases of larger
positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1 and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other
Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.56% for the "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" category in year 1, and NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and
Storage) has a year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.39% for the same size category. As
6-78

-------
explained previously, establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category
for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis based on the
SB A size standard for this NAICS code.
6-79

-------
Table 6-6 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 1
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
115114
$27.5 million

* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
211111
1,250 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
5,875
0.01%
*
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
*
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
31,350
0.03%
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
750
9,845
0.00%
*
0.07%
0.00%
*
*
*
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1,500 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)

**
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
* **
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
750

**
* **
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
500
9,845
0.08%
0.24%
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
*
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
750
9,845
0.03%
*
0.08%
0.01%
*
*
*
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral
Mining
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral
Mining
212391
750
18,153
0.02%
*
*
*
0.00%
*
*
Industrial
212399
500

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
213112
$38.5 million
9,845
0.11%
0.46%
0.10%
0.02%
0.00%
0.00%
*
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
500

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
750
35,267
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
250
18,153
0.26%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
250
4 million MWH

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
(2007 Size
Standards)
15,383
0.15%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1,000

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
1,000
16,491
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
$27.5 million

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
$20.5 million
2,664
0.13%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
$15 million
34,282
0.22%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
500

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
1,250

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
500 (2007 Size
Standards)

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Other Oilseed Processing"
311223
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed
Processing
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Flide Tanning and
Finishing
Sawmills
311224
1,000
311225
1,000
311313
750
311314
1,000
311411
1,000
311421
1,000
311422
1,250
311513
1,250
311514
750
311613
311812
311919
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
313311
313320
314992
316110
321113
750
1,000
1,250
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
500
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	...	on 100- 500- 1000- -
(2014S)	AU	"19 2°~" 499	999	2499 22500
32,362	0.01% *	0.01%
9,845	0.03% *	0.06%
9,845	0.14% *	*
9,392	0.07% *	0.05%
4,975	0.06% *	0.02%
35,266	0.53%	2.62%	0.27%
*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*
0.01%
0.07%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Wood Preservation
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door
Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood
Product Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic Printing"
Commercial Printing (except Screen
and Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating
Materials Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal
Products Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
321114
321211
321212
321213
321219
321911
321912
321999
322110
322121
322122
322130
322211
322220
322222
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
324122
324199
325110
325120
500
500
1,250
750
750
1,000
500
500
750
1,250
750
1,250
1,250
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
750
500
1,000
1,000
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
18,153
0.17%
*
0.07%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.17%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
35,790
0.08%
*
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
56,521
0.65%
*
*
0.09%
*
*
*
26,622
0.09%
*
*
0.03%
*
*
*
18,153
0.22%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
18,153
0.29%
1.22%
0.16%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.61%
2.07%
0.20%
0.04%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
16,681
0.06%
0.51%
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.25%
*
*
*
*
*
*
12,300
0.37%
*
0.15%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.20%
*
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
164,509
0.00%
*
0.06%
0.01%
*
0.00%
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
1,265
0.00%
*
*
0.00%
*
*
*
9,845
0.06%
0.15%
0.04%
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
LtJ
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
ManufacturingA
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum
and Wood Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical
Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except
Diagnostic) Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325130
325131
325132
325180
325181
325182
325188
325192
325193
325194
325199
325211
325212
325220
325221
325222
325311
325312
325320
325411
325412
325414
325510
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,000
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
'ost/Kntity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
18,153
0.03%
*
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
10,834
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
6,517
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,042
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
18,153
0.01%
*
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
48,184
0.04%
*
0.08%
0.02%
0.00%
0.00%
*
142,533
0.17%
*
0.33%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
*
(757)
0.00%
*
0.00%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.03%
*
0.08%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
111,371
0.18%
*
*
*
*
*
*
56,521
0.11%
*
0.10%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
34,171
0.05%
*
0.06%
0.01%
*
*
*
9,845
0.03%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
114,785
0.09%
*
*
0.03%
0.02%
0.01%
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **
114,766
0.54%
*
0.38%
0.08%
*
*
*

-------
Sector	Source Category	NAICS
•	Standard (2017)
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
500
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
750
Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
1,250
Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
750
Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
325991
500
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
325992
1,500
Industrial
Product and Preparation
Manufacturing
325998
500
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
1,000
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
750
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
500
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet
326122
750
Industrial
(except Packaging), and Shape
Manufacturing
326130
500
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
326140
1,000
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
750
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
326191
750
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
326199
750
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except
Retreading)
326211
1,500
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and
Belting Manufacturing
326220
750
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
326291
750
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product
Manufacturing
326299
500
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing
Fixture Manufacturing
327110
1,000
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
9,845
0.04%
**
0.24%
* **
0.03%
**
0.01%
* **
*
* **
*
* **
*
* **

**
**
**
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
18,153
0.08%
*
0.07%
0.01%
*
*
*
9,845
0.03%
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
*
18,153
0.10%
0.58%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.06%
0.58%
0.09%
0.02%
*
*
*
38,891
0.13%
*
0.18%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **

**
**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
15,383
0.10%
*
0.10%
*
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **
(1,565)
-0.01%
*
-0.01%
0.00%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
31,766
0.24%
2.12%
0.28%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
*
33,816
0.02%
*
*
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
18,153
0.09%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
16,491
0.10%
0.83%
0.11%
0.02%
*
*
*
23,327
0.70%
*
0.34%
0.06%
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Clay Building Material and
Refractories Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Product Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy
Product ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
327120
327124
327211
327212
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
327999
331110
331111
331112
331210
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
331410
331411
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,000
750
1,500
750
1,500
500
1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19 20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
20,735
0.22%
14,202
18,153
17,826
9,845
22,976
0.16% *
0.07% *
0.07% *
0.05%	0.44%
0.12% *
0.06%
0.17%
* **
0.01%
0.03%
* **
0.01%
* **
0.00%
27,297
16,491
0.01%
0.01%
0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
* **
18,153
18,153
0.02% 0.37%
0.06% *
0.06%
0.05%
* **
0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
9,845
2,694
18,153
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00% 0.00%
0.01% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding,
and Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except
Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries"
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other
Metal Stamping (except Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool Manufacturing"
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door
Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
331419
331420
331422
331491
331492
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
332119
332212
332311
332312
332321
332322
332431
332722
332811
332812
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
750
1,000
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
500
750
500
1,500
Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 500
500
750
500
Average
Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
100-
Cost/Entity ^	£l9 2(MJ9 Jy()
500- 1000-
999
2499
>2500



9,845 0.04%
0.04% 0.01%
23,657
0.08%
9,845
9,845
9,845
9,845
9,845
56,521
9,845
42,400
18,153
9,845
9,845
0.02% *
0.12%	0.73%
0.17% *
0.10% *
0.11% *
0.60% *
0.19%	0.75%
0.05% *
0.08% 0.67%
0.12% *
0.10%
*
0.07%
0.08%
0.11%
0.08%
0.17% 1.34% 0.12%
0.08%
0.12%
0.04%
**
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.56% 0.12%
0.03%
0.03%
0.04%
0.02%
0.01%
**
0.00%
0.01%
0.04%
*
*
0.01%
0.01%
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
36,793
0.69% 4.55% 0.37%
0.05%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition
Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery
Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air
Fleating Equipment and Commercial
and Industrial Refrigeration
Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set
Units Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment
Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
332813
332990
332992
332993
332999
333111
333112
333120
333131
333293
333316
333415
333512
333513
333611
333618
333923
333992
500
NA
1,250
1,500
750
1,250
1,500
1,250
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
1,250
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity	1Q
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
18,153
9,845
9,845
18,153
18,153
15,383
0.59%	2.31%	0.31%
* * *
0.03% *	*
0.03% *	*
0.46%	2.11%	0.23%
0.05% *	0.12%
0.04%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%

72,138 0.13%
0.48% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%




18,153
0.02% 0.75% 0.09% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Radio and Television Broadcasting
and Wireless Communications
Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical
Recording Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve ManufacturingA
334220
334411
334412
334413
334512
334613
335110
335224
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
335932
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,250
500
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
750
1,250
1,250
500
1,000
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Dost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500

**
**
**
**
**
**
**

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
34,273
0.06%
*
0.11%
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*

**
* **
**
* **
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.03%
*
*
0.02%
*
*
*
23,546
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.01%
*
*
*
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.04%
*
0.07%
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.07%
*
0.16%
0.02%
*
*
*
9,845
0.02%
*
*
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.06%
*
0.09%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.03%
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
*
50,509
0.21%
*
0.32%
0.06%
*
*
*
39,554
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
0.00%
56,521
0.00%
*
*
0.11%
*
*
0.00%
50,509
0.01%
*
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
*
50,509
0.32%
*
0.46%
0.09%
0.02%
*
*
9,845
0.05%
*
0.09%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
18,153
0.05%
*
0.14%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
00
VO
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and
Suspension Components (except
Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and
Power Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior
Trim Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and
Tank Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and
Countertop Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
336312
336330
336340
336350
336360
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
336413
336415
336510
336611
336612
336992
337110
337121
337122
337127
337211
337214
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
1,250
1,500
1,250
1,000
1,500
750
1,000
750
500
1,000
1,000
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Dost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
18,153
0.05%
*
*
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.04%
*
0.10%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.02%
*
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
18,153
0.03%
*
0.07%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
*
9,845
0.02%
*
0.05%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
9,845
0.03%
0.47%
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
*
38,891
0.10%
1.48%
0.19%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
*
18,153
0.05%
*
*
*
*
*
*
96,767
0.02%
*
0.98%
0.10%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
50,509
0.06%
2.50%
0.38%
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
43,731
0.11%
*
0.32%
0.06%
0.02%
*
0.00%
9,845
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
9,845
43,704
79,000
0.01%
0.12%
0.95%
*
2.95%
*
0.04%
0.41%
0.77%
0.01%
0.07%
0.13%
0.00%
0.03%
0.06%
*
0.01%
*
*
0.00%
*
18,153
0.01%
*
*
0.02%
*
*
*
9,082
0.56%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.21%
*
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
34,282
1.96%
*
0.60%
0.12%
*
*
*
9,845
0.14%
*
0.14%
0.03%
*
*
*
56,521
0.80%
*
0.79%
0.12%
*
*
*
24,919
0.07%
*
0.28%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Od
o
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and
Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air
Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural
Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
Other Warehousing and Storage
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Mini warehouses)
Testing Laboratories
337215
337920
339112
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
481111
482111
486110
486210
486910
488210
488320
493110
493190
531120
541380
500
1,000
1,000
750
500
750
750
500
1,000
500
200
200
1,500
1,500
1,500
$27.5 million
1,500
$15 million
$38.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
$15 million
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
9,845
9,845
0.16%
0.19%
0.12%
0.12%
0.02%
0.03%
**
0.01%
**
9,845
18,153
0.14%
0.89%
3.56% 0.27% 0.02%
15,383
0.01% 0.02% 0.01%
9,182
0.08% 0.19% 0.03%
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.25% 0.89% 0.14%
20,298
18,153
1.14%
0.73%
2.35%
2.66%
0.72%
0.53%
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

-------
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Commercial
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life
Sciences (except Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology)^
541715
1,000

* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
$11 million

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
562211
$38.5 million
79,570
0.98%
4.67%
0.69%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
$38.5 million
85,585
2.05%
3.99%
0.64%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
562213
$38.5 million
18,153
0.08%
*
0.05%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
$20.5 million
9,845
0.27%
0.86%
0.14%
*
*
*
*
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and
Professional Schools
611310
$27.5 million
34,282
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
$38.5 million

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
NA

* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
$38.5 million
9,845
0.18%
0.66%
0.16%
*
*
*
*
Notes:
Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus
SBA Size Standards are not available.
*No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
"Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
'•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group.
Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February
2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards.

-------
Table 6-7 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 1
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
On
Od
to
Agriculture
Energy
Energy
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Energy
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
Iron Ore Mining
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
All Other Metal Ore Mining
Industrial Sand Mining
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
Biomass Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power GenerationA
Electric Power Distribution
Natural Gas Distribution
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
Sewage Treatment Facilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
Wet Corn Milling
Soybean ProcessingA
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
115114
211111
211112
212210
212231
212234
212299
212322
212324
212391
212399
$27.5 million
1,250 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
750
750 (Feb 2016 Size
Standards)
1,500 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750
500
750
750
500
213112 $38.5 million
221111
221112
221117
221118
221119
221122
221210
221310
221320
221330
311119
311221
311222
311223
311224
311225
311313
500
750
250
250
4 million MWH
(2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
$27.5 million
$20.5 million
$15 million
500
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
750
10,843
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
36,318
0.03%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
14,813
0.01%
*
0.10%
0.00%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.12%
0.36%
0.08%
0.02%
*
*
*
14,813
0.05%
*
0.12%
0.02%
*
*
*
23,121
0.02%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.16%
0.69%
0.16%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
40,235
0.07%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.33%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
20,351
0.19%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
21,459
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
7,632
0.38%
*
*
*
*
*
*
39,250
0.25%
*
*
*
*
*
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
37,330
0.01%
*
0.01%
*
*
*
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
* **

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
VO
LtJ
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
Specialty Canning
Cheese Manufacturing
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy
Product Manufacturing
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
Commercial Bakeries
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
311314
1,000
311411
1,000
311421
1,000
311422
1,250
311513
1,250
311514
750
311613 750
311812
311919
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
313311
313320
314992
316110
321113
321114
1,000
1,250
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
500
500
321211 500
321212 1,250
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
14,813
14,360
9,943
40,234
23,121
23,121
40,758
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.04%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.22%
0.11%
0.12%
0.61%
0.22%
0.21%
0.09%
* **
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
2.99%
* **
* **
**
* **
**
**
**
**
**
* **
**
**
0.10%
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
**
0.08%
* **
0.04%
0.31%
0.09%
**
**
**
* **
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
* **
**
* **
* **
**
* **
**
0.02%
0.08%
*
0.05%
0.05%
* **
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.02%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
Commercial Printing (except Screen and
Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
321213 750
321219
321911
321912
750
1,000
500
321999 500
322110
322121
322122
322130
750
1,250
750
1,250
322211 1,250
322220 750
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
324122 750
324199 500
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
61,489
0.71%
*
*
0.09%
*
*
*
31,604
0.10%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
23,121
0.28%
*
*
0.05%
*
*
*
23,121
0.37%
1.55%
0.21%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.77%
2.63%
0.25%
0.05%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
21,660
0.08%
0.66%
0.09%
0.03%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.38%
*
*
*
*
*
*
17,268
0.52%
*
0.21%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.25%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
*
*
169,471
0.00%
*
0.07%
0.01%
*
0.00%
*

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
6,228
0.00%
*
*
0.00%
*
*
*
14,813
0.09%
0.22%
0.06%
*
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.02%
*
*
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Od
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing"
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing"
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
Manufacturing"
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and
Wood Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing"
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
Manufacturing"
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
325180 1,000
325181
325182
325188
325192
325193
325194
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
325199
1,250
325211
1,250
325212
1,000
325220
1,000
325221
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
325222
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
325311
1,000
325312
750
325320
1,000
325411
1,000
325412
1,250
325414
1,250
325510
1,000
325520
500
325613
750
325620
1,250
325920
750
325991
500
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
23,121
17,569
11,293
9,082
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
23,121
**
0.01%
**
* **
0.01%
**
* **
0.00%
**
53,152
147,505
4,211
23,121
0.05%
0.18%
0.01%
0.03%
0.09%
0.34%
0.01%
0.10%
0.02%
0.04%
*
0.02%
0.00%
0.01%
*
0.00%
0.00%
0.01%
117,367
61,489
23,121
39,139
14,813
119,753
0.19%
0.12%
0.01%
0.05%
0.05%
0.10%
0.11%
*
0.07%
0.09%
0.01%
0.02%
0.04%
0.00%
0.02%
0.01%
119,734
14,813
23,121
0.56%
0.06%
**
**
**
0.10%
0.35%
* **
**
* **
0.40%
0.05%
**
**
* **
n nsoz
0.09%
0.01%
* **
**
* **
0.02%
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

-------
Average
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
„ ,	„ „ ,	... ...	SBA Size	Avoided
S.CO,	NAICS	CMmm!	2(k99	SJK. 1MJK
(2014$)	499	999	2499
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
325992
1,500
14,813
0.05%
*
0.07%
0.01%
*
*
*
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation Manufacturing
325998
500
23,121
0.13%
0.74%
0.08%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
1,000
23,121
0.07%
0.74%
0.11%
0.03%
*
*
*
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
750
43,859
0.14%
*
0.20%
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
500

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
326122
750

**
**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
326130
500
20,351
0.13%
*
0.13%
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1,000

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
750
3,403
0.02%
*
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
*
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
750

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
750
36,734
0.28%
2.46%
0.32%
0.07%
0.02%
0.01%
*
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
1,500
38,902
0.02%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%
*
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting
Manufacturing
326220
750
23,121
0.11%
*
*
0.03%
0.02%
*
*
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
326291
750

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
500
21,459
0.13%
1.08%
0.15%
0.03%
*
*
*
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
1,000
29,714
0.89%
*
0.44%
0.08%
*
*
*
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
327120
750

**
**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
26,413
0.28%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
1,000

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
327212
1,250
19,170
0.22%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
*
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
1,000
23,121
0.09%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
750
22,834
0.09%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1,500

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
750
14,813
0.08%
0.66%
0.09%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
1,500
27,944
0.15%
*
0.20%
0.03%
*
*
*
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic
Mineral Product Manufacturing
327999
500

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum)
Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and
Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except
Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331110
331111
331112
331210
331221
331312
1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
331313 1,000
331314 750
331315
331316
331318
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
331410 1,000
331411
331419
331420
331422
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
331491 750
331492 750
331511
331513
1,000
500
Average
Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
100- 500- 1000-
Cost/Entity AU <19 20~99 1UU~ 3UU~ 1UUU~ >2500
(2014S)
499	999	2499
32,265	0.01%	*	*	0.01%	0.00% 0.00%
21,459	0.01%	*****
23,121	0.03% 0.47%	0.08%	0.02%	0.01% 0.00%
23,121	0.07%	*	0.07%	* *	*
14,813	0.01%	*	0.03%	0.01%	0.00%	*
7,662	0.01%	*	0.02%	* *	*
23,121	0.01%	*	*	0.01%	0.00%	*

14,813	0.06% * 0.07% 0.02%
28,632	0.10% *	*	0.05% 0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Od
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal
Stamping (except Automotive)
Fland and Edge Tool Manufacturing"
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Fleat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing"
331521
331524
332112
332119
332212
332311
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
332312 500
332321
332322
332431
332439
750
500
1,500
500
332722	500
332811	750
332812	500
332813	500
332990
332992
NA
1,250
332993	1,500
332999	750
333111	1,250
333112	1,500
333120
333131
333293
1,250
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.03%
*
*
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
14,813
0.18%
1.09%
0.15%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.25%
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.15%
*
0.11%
0.03%
*
*
*
14,813
0.17%
*
0.11%
0.02%
*
*
*
61,489
0.65%
*
0.61%
0.13%
0.04%
*
*
14,813
0.29%
1.12%
0.17%
0.04%
*
*
*
47,368
0.05%
*
0.08%
0.03%
*
*
*
23,121
0.21%
1.71%
0.15%
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.12%
1.01%
0.12%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.18%
*
0.17%
*
*
*
*
41,761
0.78%
5.16%
0.42%
0.05%
*
*
*
23,121
0.75%
2.94%
0.40%
*
*
*
*
14,813
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.58%
2.68%
0.29%
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
20,351
0.06%
*
0.16%
0.02%
0.00%
0.00%
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
77,099
0.14%
*
0.52%
0.07%
0.01%
0.00%
*

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
Od
VO
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
Equipment and Commercial and
Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and
Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and
Wireless Communications Equipment
Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording
Media Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
333316 1,000
333415 1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333513
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333611	1,500
333618	1,500
333923	1,250
333992	1,250
334220	1,250
334411
334412	750
334413	1,250
334512	500
334613	1,000
335110	1,250
335224	1,250
335228	1,000
335311	750
335312	1,250
335911	1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Average
Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
100- 500- 1000-
Cost/Entity AU <19 20~99 1UU~ 3UU~ 1UUU~ >2500
(2014S)
499	999	2499
23,121	0.03% 0.96% 0.11% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
39,385	0.07% * 0.13% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00%
14,813	0.05% *	*	0.03%	*
28 514	*****
23,121	0.01% *	*	*	001o/o
14,813	0.06% * 0.11% 0.02% 0.01%
23,121	0.09% * 0.21% 0.03%	*
14,813	0.03% *	*	0.02% 0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
O
O
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring)
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power
Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
335931 500
335932 1,000
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
750
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336330 1,000
336340 1,250
336350 1,500
336360 1,500
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
336413
1,000
1,000
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
1,500
1,250
336415 1,250
336510 1,500
336611 1,250
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	AU <19 20~99 50°0°~	>2500
(2014$)	499	999	2499
14,813
0.09%
*
0.13%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.04%
*
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
*
55,477
0.23%
*
0.35%
0.07%
*
*
*
44,522
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
0.00%
61,489
0.00%
*
*
0.12%
*
*
0.00%
55,477
0.02%
*
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
*
55,477
0.35%
*
0.51%
0.10%
0.03%
*
*
14,813
0.08%
*
0.14%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.06%
*
0.18%
0.03%
0.00%
*
*
14,813
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.05%
*
0.13%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.03%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.03%
*
0.09%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
14,813
0.03%
*
0.07%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
14,813
0.04%
0.71%
0.10%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
43,859
0.11%
1.67%
0.21%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
*
23,121
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
101,735
0.03%
*
1.03%
0.11%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
55,477
0.07%
2.74%
0.42%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
48,699
0.12%
*
0.36%
0.07%
0.02%
*
0.00%
14,813
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
14,813
0.02%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
48,672
0.13%
3.28%
0.46%
0.08%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
O
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and
Tank Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
336612	1,000
336992	1,500
337110	750
337121	1,000
337122	750
337127
337211
500
1,000
337214 1,000
337215
337920
339112
339113
339910
339920
500
1,000
1,000
750
500
750
339940 750
339991 500
339995
339999
1,000
500
424510 200
424710
481111
482111
486110
486210
200
1,500
1,500
1,500
$27.5 million
486910 1,500
488210
488320
493110
$15 million
$38.5 million
$27.5 million
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
83,991
1.01%
*
0.82%
0.14%
0.06%
*
*
23,121
0.02%
*
*
0.03%
*
*
*
14,050
0.86%
*
*
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.26%
*
*
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
39,250
2.24%
*
0.69%
0.14%
*
*
*
14,813
0.22%
*
0.20%
0.04%
*
*
*
61,489
0.87%
*
0.86%
0.13%
*
*
*
29,887
0.09%
*
0.34%
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.24%
*
0.18%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.29%
*
0.18%
0.04%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
**
**
**
**
**
* **

**
* **
**
**
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **
14,813
0.22%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
1.13%
4.53%
0.34%
0.03%
*
*
*

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
20,351
0.01%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
*
*

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **

* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,150
0.13%
0.30%
0.04%
*
*
*
*

**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.38%
1.34%
0.21%
*
*
*
*

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
25,266
1.42%
2.92%
0.89%
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Average
Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Standard (2017)
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
$27.5 million
23,121
0.93%
3.39%
0.67%
*
*
*
*
$27.5 million

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
$15 million

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
1,000

* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
$11 million

**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
$38.5 million
84,538
1.04%
4.96%
0.74%
*
*
*
*
$38.5 million
90,553
2.17%
4.22%
0.68%
*
*
*
*
$38.5 million
23,121
0.10%
*
0.07%
*
*
*
*
$20.5 million
14,813
0.41%
1.30%
0.21%
*
*
*
*
$27.5 million
39,250
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
$38.5 million
NA
$38.5 million
14,813
**
* **
0.26%
**
* **
1.00%
**
* **
0.25%
* **
* **
*
* **
* **
*
* **
* **
*
* **
* **
*
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
Educational
Services
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Mini warehouses)
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences
(except Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology)^
All Other Support Services
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
Solid Waste Landfill
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
Remediation Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
Amusement and Theme Parks
Linen and Uniform Supply
Industrial Launderers
493190
531120
541380
541715
561990
562211
562212
562213
562910
611310
713110
812330
812332
Notes:
Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus
an SBA Size Standard is not available.
*No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
"Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
'•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group.
Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February
2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards.

-------
6.5 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial and
Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 2
For alternative scenario 2, which has a threshold of 125%, the year 1 cost-to-sales ratios
are reported in Table 6-8, and the year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-9.
The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%, with a median
avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth
percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.16%
respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range
from less than 0.01% to 12.05%>, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all
employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided
cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.02% and 0.21% respectively across all employment size
categories.
Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are generally
larger and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger in year 2 than year 1. For example,
NAICS 561990 (All Other Support Services) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of
0.63%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.94%. Some NAICS codes that have
less than 0.01% ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as NAICS 326150 (Urethane
and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene Manufacturing]), which has an overall avoided
cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01% in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2.
Like for the primary scenario and alternative scenario 1, we conducted a small entity
analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates for alternative scenario 2. In year 1, some
small size categories have low avoided cost-to-sales ratios. For instance, NAICS 424510 (Grain
and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers) has an avoided cost-to-sales of 0.04% for the "fewer than
or equal to 19 employees" category and 0.01%for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1.
However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1
and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has a year 1 "fewer than or
equal to 19 employees" category avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 11.08%), and NAICS 493190
(Other Warehousing and Storage) has a year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 9.02% for the same
size category. As explained before, establishments in the size category "fewer than or equal to 19
6-103

-------
employees" for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis
based on the SBA size standard for this NAICS code.
6-104

-------
Table 6-8 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 2




Average

Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)

Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Agriculture
Energy
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
115114
211111
$27.5 million
1,250 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
9,845
4,982
*
0.01%
*
*
*
0.01%
*
0.00%
*
0.00%
*
0.00%
*
*
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
34,813
0.03%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
750
18,153
0.01%
*
0.13%
0.01%
*
*
*
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
9,845
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1,500 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
9,845
0.00%
*
*
*
0.00%
*
*
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
Industrial Sand Mining
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral
Mining
212299
212322
212324
212391
750
500
750
750
9,845
18,153
18,153
56,521
0.02%
0.14%
0.06%
0.05%
*
0.44%
*
*
*
0.09%
0.14%
*
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
*
*
*
*
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral
Mining
212399
500
9,845
0.23%
*
0.12%
*
*
*
*
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
213112
$38.5 million
18,153
0.20%
0.85%
0.19%
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
Utilities
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Fossil Fuel Electric Power
Generation
221111
221112
500
750
9,845
34,013
0.16%
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
250
56,521
0.81%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power GenerationA
Electric Power Distribution
Natural Gas Distribution
221118
221119
221122
221210
250
4 million MWH
(2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
9,845
50,509
9,845
38,891
0.40%
0.48%
0.02%
0.10%
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
$27.5 million
18,153
0.75%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
$20.5 million
17,392
0.87%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
$15 million
28,133
0.18%
*
*
*
*
*
*
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
500

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
Soybean ProcessingA
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
Soybean and Other Oilseed
Processing
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
311221
311222
311223
311224
1,250
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
1,000
Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
750
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
1,000
Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
311411
1,000
Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1,000
Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
1,250
Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
1,250
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated
Dairy Product Manufacturing
311514
750
Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
311613
750
Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
1,000
Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1,250
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Average
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
**
**
* **
* **
**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
32,362
0.01%
0.01%
18,153
9,845
9,845
9,845
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.05%
0.02%
0.00%
0.04%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
**
**
**
**
**
**
* **
**
**
0.12%
* **
**
**
**
* **
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.00%
**
* **
* **
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
**
0.00%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
9,845
18,153
9,845
9,845
0.15%
0.13%
0.15%
0.16%
0.15%
0.08%
0.04%
0.02%
0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Flide Tanning and
Finishing
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door
Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood
Product Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
ManufacturingA
Sanitary Paper Product
Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
Commercial Printing (except Screen
and Books)
313311
313320
314992
316110
321113
321114
321211
321212
321213
321219
321911
321912
321999
322110
322121
322122
322130
322211
322220
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
500
500
500
1,250
750
750
1,000
500
500
750
1,250
750
1,250
1,250
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
ost/Kntity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
18,153
0.26%
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,048
0.11%
*
0.08%
*
*
*
*
9,845
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,975
0.06%
*
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
*
34,309
0.52%
2.55%
0.27%
0.07%
*
*
*
18,153
0.17%
*
0.07%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.17%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
31,639
0.07%
*
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
56,521
0.65%
*
*
0.09%
*
*
*
26,892
0.09%
*
*
0.03%
*
*
*
18,153
0.22%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
18,153
0.29%
1.22%
0.16%
*
*
*
*
18,153
0.61%
2.07%
0.20%
0.04%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
104,239
0.04%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
16,206
0.06%
0.49%
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
9,845
0.25%
*
*
*
*
*
*
11,760
0.35%
*
0.14%
0.03%
0.01%
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
Asphalt Shingle and Coating
Materials Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal
Products Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine
ManufacturingA
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
ManufacturingA
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and
Gum and Wood Chemical
Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
ManufacturingA
Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Manufacturing
323117
324110
1,250
1,500
324122 750
324199 500
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
325180
325181
325182
325188
325192
325193
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
325194 1,250
325199 1,250
325211
325212
325220
325221
325222
325311
1,250
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
18,153	0.20%	*	*	0.04%	0.02%	*
172,499	0.00%	*	0.07%	0.01%	*	0.00%
9,845	0.02%	*	0.02%	*	*	*
9,845	0.02%	*	0.01%	*	*	*
1,394	0.00%	*	*	0.00%	*	*
9,845	0.06%	0.15%	0.04%	*	*	*
9,845	0.01%	* * *	*
15,383	0.03%	*	0.03%	0.01%	0.00%
11,388	0.01%	* * *	*
6,777	0.01%	* * *	*
4,902	0.01%	* * *	*
15,383	0.01%	*	0.01%	0.00%	*
48,331	0.04%	*	0.08%	0.02%	0.00%	0.00%
142,633	0.17%	*	0.33%	0.04%	0.01%	0.01%
(2,082)	0.00%	*	0.00% * *	*
18,153	0.03%	*	0.08%	0.01%	0.00%	*
127,921	0.20%	*	*
38,891	0.07%	*	0.07%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical
Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except
Diagnostic) Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation
Manufacturing
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated)
Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet
(except Packaging), and Shape
Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
325312
325320
325411
325412
325414
325510
325520
325613
325620
325920
325991
750
1,000
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
500
750
1,250
750
500
325992	1,500
325998	500
326112	1,000
326113	750
326121	500
326122	750
326130	500
326140	1,000
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
15,383	0.01%	******
50,389	0.07%	*	0.08%	0.02%	*	*	*
9,845	0.03%	*	0.06%	0.01%	0.00%	*	*
125,827	0.10%	*	*	0.04%	0.02% 0.01%	*
117,743	0.55%	*	0.39%	0.09%	*	*	*
9,845	0.04%	0.24%	0.03%	0.01%	*	*	*
18,153	0.08%	*	0.07%	0.01%	*	*	*
9,845	0.03%	*	0.05%	0.01%	*	*	*
15,383	0.09%	0.49%	0.05%	0.01%	0.01%	*	*
56,521	0.17%	1.81%	0.27%	0.07%	*	*	*
31,838	0.10%	*	0.15%	0.03%	0.01%	*	*
9,845	0.06%	*	0.08%	0.02%	*	*	*
9,845	0.05%	0.23%	0.04%	0.02%	*	*	*
47,186	0.31%	*	0.30%	*	*	*	*
9,845	0.05%	*	0.06%	0.01%	0.00%	*	*

-------
Sector	Source Category	NAICS
& •	Standard (2017)
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
Plastics Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except
Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Floses and
Belting Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
All Other Rubber Product
Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing
Fixture Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and
Refractories Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy
Product ManufacturingA
326150 750
326191
326199
326211
326220
326291
326299
327110
327120
327124
327211
327212
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
750
750
1,500
750
750
500
1,000
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,250
1,000
750
1,500
750
1,500
327999 500
331110 1,500
331111
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
1,000
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
510	0.00%	*	0.00% 0.00%	*	*
18,153	0.23%	*	0.19%	*	*	*
32,510	0.25%	2.17% 0.29% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01%
29,928	0.02%	*	*	0.02% 0.01% 0.00%
56,521	0.27%	*	*	0.08% 0.04%	*
18,153	0.11%	*	*	0.03% 0.01%	*
37,337	0.23%	1.89% 0.26% 0.06%	*	*
12,008	0.36%	*	0.18% 0.03%	*	*
18,153	0.20%	1.13% 0.18% 0.04%	*	*
17,453	0.19%	*****
18,153	0.03%	*****
29,906	0.35%	*	*	*	002%	*
56,521	0.22%	*****
17,517	0.07%	*****
9,845	0.06%	*	0.03%	*	*	*
18,153	0.10%	0.81% 0.12% 0.02% 0.00%	*
46,947	0.25%	*	0.34% 0.05%	*	*
18,153	0.19%	*	0.12%	*	*	*
30,422	0.01%	*	*	0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
43,731	0.01%	*****
9,845	0.01%	*****
56,521	0.08%	1.14% 0.20% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except
Aluminum) Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding,
and Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
331410 1,000
331411
331419
331420
331422
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
331491 750
331492 750
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
1,000
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
56,521	0.18%	*	0.16%	*	*
18,153	0.01%	*	*	*	*
18,153	0.01%	*	0.04%	0.01%	0.00%
3,491	0.01%	*	0.01%	*	*
56,521	0.04%	*	*	0.03%	0.01%
9,845	0.03%	*	*	*	*
18,153	0.05%	*	*	0.02%	*
9,845	0.01%	*	0.01%	*	0.00%
9,845	0.02%	*	*	*	*
18,153	0.02%	*	0.02%	0.01%	0.00%
9,845	0.02%	*	*	*	*
18,153	0.07%	*	0.08%	0.02%	*
18,153	0.03%	*	0.03%	0.01%	*
22,161	0.08%	*	*	0.04%	0.01%
18,153	0.08%	*	0.16%	0.03%	0.01%
9,845	0.05%	*	*	*	*
18,153	0.26%	*	0.25%	0.04%	*
9,845	0.02%	*	*	0.01%	0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other
Metal Stamping (except
Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool
ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door
Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container
Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal
Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition
Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery
Manufacturing
332119	500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
332311	750
332312	500
332321	750
332322	500
332431	1,500
332439	500
332722	500
332811	750
332812	500
332813	500
332990	NA
332992	1,250
332993	1,500
332999	750
333111	1,250
333112	1,500
333120	1,250
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
9,845	0.12%	0.73% 0.10% 0.02% 0.01%	*
9,845	0.17%	*****
9,845	0.10%	*	0.07% 0.02%	*	*
9,845	0.11%	*	0.08% 0.02%	*	*
43,731	0.46%	*	0.44% 0.10% 0.03%	*
9,845	0.19%	0.75% 0.11% 0.03%	*	*
36,539	0.04%	*	0.06% 0.02%	*	*
15,383	0.14%	1.14% 0.10% 0.03% 0.01%	*
9,845	0.08%	0.67% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01%	*
9,845	0.12%	*	0.12%	*	*	*
36,935	0.69%	4.56% 0.37% 0.05%	*	*
15,383	0.50%	1.95% 0.26%	*	*	*
9 $45	*	*****
9,845	0.03%	*****
15,383	0.02%	*****
15,383	0.39%	1.79% 0.19% 0.03% 0.01%	*
50,509	0.16%	*	0.40% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01%
9,845	0.02%	*	*	0.01% 0.00%	*
71,327	0.13%	*	0.48% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air
Heating Equipment and Commercial
and Industrial Refrigeration
Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming
Types) ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set
Units Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment
Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist,
and Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting
and Wireless Communications
Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
333131 500
333293
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333316 1,000
333415 1,250
333512
333513
333611 1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333618 1,500
333923 1,250
333992 1,250
334220 1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
334412	750
334413	1,250
334512 500
Industrial
Blank Magnetic and Optical
Recording Media Manufacturing
1,000
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
18,153	0.07%	*	0.12% 0.02%	*	*	*
9,845	0.18%	******
9,845	0.10%	*	0.07%	*	*	*	*
9,845	0.03%	0.54% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%	*
9,845	0.06%	******
9,845	0.07%	******
9,845	0.01%	*	*	0.01% 0.00% 0.00%	*
56,521	0.06%	2.34% 0.27% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00%	*
9,845	0.03%	*	0.07% 0.01%	*	*	*
18,153	0.10%	1.15% 0.12% 0.02%	*	0.00%	*
9,845	0.03%	0.46% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
9,845	0.06%	******
9,845	0.12%	*	0.12% 0.03%	*	*	*
34,239	0.06%	*	0.11% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00%	*
9,845	0.11%	*	0.09%	*	0.00%	*	*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and
Suspension Components (except
Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and
Power Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior
Trim Manufacturing
335110	1,250
335224	1,250
335228	1,000
335311	750
335312	1,250
335911	1,250
335931	500
335932	1,000
335991	750
336111	1,500
336112	1,500
336120	1,500
336211	1,000
336212	1,000
336310	1,000
500 (2007 Size
336311	Standards)
336312
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336330	1,000
336340	1,250
336350	1,500
336360	1,500
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014S)	499	999 2499
9,845	0.03%	*	*	0.02%	*	*	*
23 546	*	******
18,153	0.01%	*	*	*	000o/o	*	*
9,845	0.04%	*	0.07%	0.01%	0.01%	*	*
18,153	0.07%	*	0.16%	0.02%	*	*	*
9,845	0.02%	*	*	0.01%	0.01%	*	*
9,845	0.06%	*	0.09%	0.02%	0.00%	*	*
9,845	0.03%	*	0.05%	0.01%	*	*	*
50,509	0.21%	*	0.32%	0.06%	*	*	*
34,802	0.01%	*	*	*	*	000o/o 000o/o
50,509	0.00%	*	*	0.10%	*	*	0.00%
43,731	0.01%	*	*	*	001o/o 000o/o	*
43,731	0.28%	*	0.40%	0.08%	0.02%	*	*
9,845	0.05%	*	0.09%	0.02%	0.00%	*	*
18,153	0.05%	*	0.14%	0.02%	0.00%	*	*
9,845	0.04%	******
15,383	0.04%	******
18,153	0.04%	*	0.10%	0.02%	0.01%	*	*
9,845	0.02%	*	0.04%	0.01%	0.00%	*	*
18,153	0.03%	*	0.07%	0.01%	0.01% 0.00%	*
9,845	0.02%	*	0.05%	0.01%	0.00%	*	*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
336370 1,000
336390 1,000
336399
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336411 1,500
336412 1,500
336413 1,250
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock
Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank,
and Tank Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and
Countertop Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture
Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture
Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
336415	1,250
336510	1,500
336611	1,250
336612	1,000
336992	1,500
337110	750
337121	1,000
337122	750
337127	500
337211	1,000
337214	1,000
337215	500
337920	1,000
339112	1,000
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
9,845
0.03%
0.47%
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
*
34,282
0.09%
1.30%
0.17%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
*
18,153
0.05%
*
*
*
*
*
*
96,078
0.02%
*
0.97%
0.10%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
43,731
0.05%
2.16%
0.33%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
38,891
0.10%
*
0.29%
0.05%
0.02%
*
0.00%
9,845
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
9,845
0.01%
*
0.04%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
42,979
0.12%
2.90%
0.40%
0.07%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
72,718
0.87%
*
0.71%
0.12%
0.06%
*
*
18,153
0.01%
*
*
0.02%
*
*
*
9,571
0.59%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
*
*
18,153
0.21%
*
*
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
43,731
2.49%
*
0.77%
0.15%
*
*
*
9,845
0.14%
*
0.14%
0.03%
*
*
*
43,731
0.62%
*
0.61%
0.09%
*
*
*
25,094
0.07%
*
0.28%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.16%
*
0.12%
0.02%
0.01%
*
*
9,845
0.19%
*
0.12%
0.03%
*
*
*
18,153
0.06%
*
*
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and
Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air
Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural
Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
481111
482111
486110
486210
486910
488210
488320
493110
750
500
750
750
500
1,000
500
200
200
1,500
1,500
1,500
$27.5 million
1,500
$15 million
$38.5 million
$27.5 million
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190 $27.5 million
Commercial
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
b 531120 $27.5 million
(except Mini warehouses)
Testing Laboratories
541380 $15 million
Average	Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
Avoided
Cost/Entity	... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00
(2014$)	499	999 2499
9,845	0.05%	*	*	0.01%	0.00%	0.00%
9,845	0.26%	1.48%	0.11%	*	*	*
9,845	0.15%	1.33%	0.10%	0.02%	0.00%	0.00%
9,845	0.18%	*	0.11%	0.01%	*	*
18,153	0.15%	*	0.17%	0.04%	0.01%	*
18,153	0.26%	*****
56,521	2.77%	11.08%	0.84%	0.08%	*	*
9,845	0.02%	0.04%	0.01%	*	*	*
56,521	0.03%	0.08%	0.02%	*	*	*
18,153	0.02%	0.36%	0.07%	*	*	*
9 $45 *	*****
9,845	0.09%	0.24%	0.04%	*	*	*
8,736	0.08%	0.18%	0.03%	*	*	*
9,845	0.09%	0.29%	*	*	*	*
18,153	0.46%	1.64%	0.26%	*	*	*
18,153	0.09%	0.60%	0.10%	*	*	*
20,259	1.14%	2.34%	0.71%	*	*	*
56,521	2.27%	8.29%	1.64%	*	*	*
9,845	0.34%	0.57%	0.04%	*	*	*
18,153	0.76%	2.10%	0.32%	*	*	*

-------




Average

Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)

Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
Commercial
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life
Sciences (except Nanotechnology
and Biotechnology)^
541715
1,000
18,153
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
$11 million
9,845
0.63%
1.33%
0.19%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
562211
$38.5 million
79,412
0.97%
4.66%
0.69%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
$38.5 million
85,545
2.05%
3.98%
0.64%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
562213
$38.5 million
15,383
0.07%
*
0.05%
*
*
*
*
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
$20.5 million
9,845
0.27%
0.86%
0.14%
*
*
*
*
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and
Professional Schools
611310
$27.5 million
38,142
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
$38.5 million
9,845
0.03%
0.42%
0.13%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
NA
9,845
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
$38.5 million
18,153
0.32%
1.22%
0.30%
*
*
*
*
Notes:
Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus
an SBA Size Standard is not available.
*No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
For Source Category "Pulp & Paper (non-combust) MACT" (NAICS 322121) that is assessed using an extrapolated approach, one facility is extrapolated to obtain area source
status. However, in the estimation of Extrapolated Costs (Savings) "No facilities are expected to be area sources" and therefore these costs (savings) are estimated as zero. We
make the same assumption for this category in our calculation of Extrapolated Costs (Savings) in Year 1 without state permitting costs.
"Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
'•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group.
Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February
2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards.

-------
Table 6-9 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 2
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Agriculture
Energy
Energy
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Energy
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Industrial
Industrial
Postharvest Crop Activities (except
Cotton Ginning)
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Extraction
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
Iron Ore Mining
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
115114
211111
211112
212210
212231
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234
All Other Metal Ore Mining
Industrial Sand Mining
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral
Mining
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral
Mining
Support Activities for Oil and Gas
Operations
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Fossil Fuel Electric Power
Generation
Biomass Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power Generation
Other Electric Power GenerationA
Electric Power Distribution
Natural Gas Distribution
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
Sewage Treatment Facilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
Wet Corn Milling
212299
212322
212324
212391
213112
221111
221112
221117
221118
221119
221122
221210
221310
221320
221330
$27.5 million
1,250 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750
750 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
1,500 (Feb 2016
Size Standards)
750
500
750
750
212399 500
$38.5 million
500
750
250
250
4 million MWH
(2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000
$27.5 million
$20.5 million
$15 million
14,813
9,950
39,781
23,121
14,813
14,813
14,813
23,121
23,121
61,489
14,813
23,121
14,813
38,981
61,489
14,813
55,477
14,813
43,859
23,121
22,360
33,101
311119 500
311221 1,250
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
100- 500- 1000-
All	_19 20—99	ijijij 2499 —2500
0.02%	*	0.01%	0.00%	0.00% 0.00%	*
0.03%	0.07% 0.03%	0.01%	0.00%	*	*
0.01%	*	0.16%	0.01%	*	*	*
0 01%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0.01%	*	*	*	0.00%	*	*
0.02%	*	*	0.01%	*	*	*
0.18%	0.55% 0.12%	0.03%	*	*	*
0.08%	*	0.18%	0.03%	*	*	*
0.05%	*	*	*	0.01%	*	*
0.35%	*	0.18%	*	*	*	*
0.25%	1.08% 0.25%	0.05%	0.01% 0.00%	*
0 24%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0 07%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0 88%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0 59%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0 53%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0 04%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0 11%	*	*	*	*	*	*
0	96%	*	*	*	*	*	*
1	12%	* * * *	*	*
0 21%	* * * *	*	*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
Soybean and Other Oilseed
Processing
311222
311223
311224
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate
Manufacturing
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Food
Manufacturing
Breweries
Distilleries
Tobacco Manufacturing
Yarn Spinning MillsA
Thread MillsA
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
Narrow Fabric MillsA
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
311920
311930
311942
311999
312120
312140
312230
313111
313113
313210
313221
313310
313311
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
1,000
Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
750
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
1,000
Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable
Manufacturing
311411
1,000
Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1,000
Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
1,250
Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
1,250
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated
Dairy Product Manufacturing
311514
750
Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct
Processing
311613
750
Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
1,000
Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1,250
750
1,000
500
500
1,250
1,000
1,500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
37,330
0.01%
0.01%
23,121
14,813
14,813
14,813
14,813
23,121
14,813
14,813
23,121
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.07%
0.04%
0.00%
0.06%
0.23%
0.17%
0.23%
0.24%
0.34%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
* **
* **
* **
**
* **
**
**
**
**
* **
0.15%
* **
* **
**
0.19%
0.12%
0.00%
0.05%
0.03%
**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
*	**
0.00%
0.02%
**
**
**

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
o
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
Leather and Flide Tanning and
Finishing
Sawmills
Wood Preservation
Flardwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Softwood Veneer and Plywood
Manufacturing
Engineered Wood Member (except
Truss) Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product
Manufacturing
Wood Window and Door
Manufacturing
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and
Planing
All Other Miscellaneous Wood
Product Manufacturing
Pulp Mills
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
Newsprint Mills
Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box
Manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated
Paper Manufacturing
Coated and Laminated Paper
Manufacturing"
Sanitary Paper Product
Manufacturing
All Other Converted Paper Product
Manufacturing
Commercial Lithographic Printing"
Commercial Printing (except Screen
and Books)
Books Printing
Petroleum Refineries
313320
314992
316110
321113
321114
321211
321911
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
500
500
500
321212 1,250
321213 750
321219 750
1,000
321912 500
321999
322110
322121
322122
322130
500
750
1,250
750
1,250
322211 1,250
322220
322222
322291
322299
323110
323111
323117
324110
750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,500
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
1,250
1,500
Average Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
v osi i.iiun
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
19,016
0.15%
*
0.10%
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.02%
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,943
0.12%
*
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
*
39,277
0.59%
2.91%
0.30%
0.08%
*
*
*
23,121
0.22%
*
0.09%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.21%
*
*
0.05%
*
*
*
36,607
0.08%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
*
*
61,489
0.71%
*
*
0.09%
*
*
*
31,866
0.11%
*
*
0.04%
*
*
*
23,121
0.28%
*
*
0.05%
*
*
*
23,121
0.37%
1.55%
0.21%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.77%
2.63%
0.25%
0.05%
*
*
*

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
109,207
0.04%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%
*

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **
21,172
0.08%
0.64%
0.09%
0.03%
*
*
*

**
* **
**
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **
* **

**
* **
* **
**
**
* **
* **

**
* **
**
* **
* **
* **
* **
14,813
0.38%
*
*
*
*
*
*
16,728
0.50%
*
0.20%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.25%
*
*
0.05%
0.02%
*
*
177,464
0.00%
*
0.07%
0.01%
*
0.00%
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating
Materials Manufacturing
All Other Petroleum and Coal
Products Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing
Inorganic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
Manufacturing"
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Alkalies and Chlorine
Manufacturing"
Carbon Black Manufacturing"
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing"
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
Manufacturing"
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and
Gum and Wood Chemical
Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin
Manufacturing
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing
Cellulosic Organic Fiber
Manufacturing"
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber
Manufacturing"
Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Manufacturing
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
324122 750
324199
325110
325120
325130
325131
325132
325180
325181
325182
325188
325192
325193
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
325194 1,250
325199 1,250
325211
325212
325220
325221
325222
325311
1,250
1,000
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
325312 750
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
14,813
6,363
14,813
14,813
20,351
18,684
12,020
9,928
20,351
0.03%
0.03%
0.00%
0.09%
0.02%
**
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
**
0.01%
0.22%
* **
0.02%
0.02%
*
0.06%
**
0.00%
0.01% 0.00%


0.04% 0.01% 0.00%


53,299
147,600
2,886
23,121
133,699
43,859
20,351
0.05%
0.18%
0.00%
0.03%
0.21%
0.08%
0.01%
0.09%
0.34%
0.01%
0.10%
0.08%
0.02%
0.04%
0.00% 0.00%
0.01% 0.01%
0.02% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural
Chemical Manufacturing
Medicinal and Botanical
Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Preparation
Manufacturing
Biological Product (except
Diagnostic) Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Surface Active Agent
Manufacturing
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Explosives Manufacturing
Custom Compounding of Purchased
Resins
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and
Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical
Product and Preparation
Manufacturing
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet
(including Laminated)
Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet
(except Packaging) Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet
(except Packaging), and Shape
Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product
Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product
(except Polystyrene) Manufacturing
325320
325411
325412
325414
325510
325520
325613
325620
325920
325991
325992
1,000
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,000
500
750
1,250
750
500
1,500
325998	500
326112	1,000
326113	750
326121	500
326122	750
326130	500
326140	1,000
326150	750
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
55,357
14,813
130,795
122,711
14,813
23,121
14,813
0.07%
0.05%
0.11%
0.57%	*
0.06% 0.35%
**
**
0.10%
0.05%
**
* **
0.09%
0.09%
*
* **
0.41%
0.05%
**
**
* **
0.08%
0.07%
0.02%
0.02%
0.04%
**
0.09%
0.01%
* **
**
* **
0.02%
0.01%
0.00% *
0.02% 0.01%

* **
* **
* **
20,351
0.11% 0.65%
0.07%
0.02%
0.01%
61,489
0.19% 1.97% 0.30% 0.08%
36,806
14,813
14,813
0.12%
0.17% 0.04% 0.01%
0.09%	*	0.12% 0.03%
0.07% 0.34% 0.06% 0.02%
52,154
14,813
0.34%
0.07%
0.33%
0.09% 0.02% 0.01%
5,478
0.04%
0.03% 0.01%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product
Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except
Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Hoses and
Belting Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for
Mechanical Use
All Other Rubber Product
Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing
Fixture Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and
Refractories Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy
Product ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube
Manufacturing from Purchased Steel
326191	750
326199	750
326211	1,500
326220	750
326291	750
326299	500
327110	1,000
327120 750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
327211	1,000
327212	1,250
327310	1,000
327410	750
327420	1,500
327910	750
327993	1,500
327999 500
331110 1,500
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
331210 1,000
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221
1,000
Average Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
(2014$)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
23,121
0.30%
*
0.24%
*
*
*
*
37,478
0.29%
2.51%
0.33%
0.07%
0.02%
0.01%
*
34,876
0.02%
*
*
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
61,489
0.29%
*
*
0.09%
0.04%
*
*
23,121
0.14%
*
*
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
42,305
0.26%
2.14%
0.29%
0.06%
*
*
*
16,148
0.48%
*
0.24%
0.04%
*
*
*
23,121
0.25%
1.43%
0.22%
0.05%
*
*
*
22,421
0.24%
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.04%
*
*
*
*
*
*
34,874
0.40%
*
*
*
0.02%
*
*
61,489
0.24%
*
*
*
*
*
*
22,485
0.09%
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.08%
*
0.05%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.13%
1.03%
0.15%
0.02%
0.00%
*
*
51,915
0.28%
*
0.38%
0.06%
*
*
*
23,121
0.25%
*
0.15%
*
*
*
*
35,390
0.01%
*
*
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
*
48,699
0.02%
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.01%
*
*
*
*
*
*
61,489
0.08%
1.25%
0.21%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
*
61,489
0.19%
*
0.17%
*
*
*
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary
Aluminum Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of
Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil
Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product
Manufacturing"
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except
Aluminum) Smelting and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of
CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum)"
Copper Rolling, Drawing,
Extruding, and Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical)
Drawing"
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper
and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing,
and Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and
Alloying of Nonferrous Metal
(except Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries"
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-
Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
331410
331411
331419
331420
331422
331491
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
750
1,250
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
1,000
1,000 (2007 Size
Standards)
750
331492 750
1,000
500
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500
750
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
23,121
23,121
8,459
61,489
14,813
23,121
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.04%
0.04%
0.07%
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%
0.03%
0.03%
0.00%
0.01%
14,813
0.02%
0.02%
0.00%
14,813
0.03%
23,121
14,813
0.02%
0.02%
0.03% 0.01% 0.00%
23,121
0.09%
0.11% 0.03%
23,121
0.04%
0.04% 0.01%
27,132
23,121
14,813
23,121
14,813
0.10%
0.10%
0.07%
0.33%
0.03%
0.20%
0.32%
0.04%
0.04%
0.06%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other
Metal Stamping (except
Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool
ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and
Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal
Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door
Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container
Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except
Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied
Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing,
Anodizing, and Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal
Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition
Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms)
Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated
Metal Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Manufacturing
Construction Machinery
Manufacturing
332119 500
332212
332311 750
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
332312	500
332321	750
332322	500
332431	1,500
332439	500
332722	500
332811	750
332812	500
332813	500
332990	NA
332992	1,250
332993	1,500
332999	750
333111	1,250
333112	1,500
333120	1,250
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
14,813
14,813
14,813
48,699
14,813
41,507
20,351
14,813
14,813
41,903
0.18%
0.25%
0.15%
0.17%
0.52%
0.29%
0.05%
0.19%
0.12%
0.18%
1.09% 0.15%
0.11%
0.11%
0.49%
0.17%
0.07%
0.13%
0.12%
0.17%
1.12%
*
1.50%
1.01%
0.78% 5.18% 0.42%
0.03%
*
0.03%
0.02%
0.11%
0.04%
0.03%
0.04%
0.03%
*
0.05%
0.01%
0.03%
*
*
0.01%
0.01%
20,351
14,813
14,813
20,351
20,351
55,477
14,813
0.66%	2.59%	0.35%	*	*
0.04%	*	*	*	*
0.03%	*	*	*	*
0.51%	2.36%	0.26% 0.05%	0.01%
0.17%
0.03%	*
0.43% 0.06% 0.01% 0.01%
0.01% 0.00% *
76,304
0.14%
0.51% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
On
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying
Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air
Heating Equipment and Commercial
and Industrial Refrigeration
Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming
Types) ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set
Units Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment
Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist,
and Monorail System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment
Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting
and Wireless Communications
Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control
Manufacturing for Residential,
Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical
Recording Media Manufacturing
333131 500
333293
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333316 1,000
333415 1,250
. 500 (2007 Size
Standards)
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
333611 1,500
333618 1,500
333923 1,250
333992 1,250
334220 1,250
334411
334412	750
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
334413 1,250
334512 500
334613 1,000
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
23,121
14,813
14,813
0.09%
0.27%
0.15%
0.16% 0.02%
0.11%
14,813
0.04% 0.82% 0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00%
14,813
14,813
14,813
61,489
14,813
23,121
0.09%	*
0.11%	*
0.02%	*
0.07%	2.54%
0.05%	*
0.30%
0.02%
0.04%
0.10% 0.02%
0.13% 1.47% 0.15% 0.03%
0.00%	0.00%
0.01%	0.00%
*	*
*	0.00%
14,813
0.04% 0.69% 0.09% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
14,813
14,813
39,262
0.09%
0.18%
0.07%
0.18% 0.04%	*	*
0.13% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00%
14,813
0.16%
0.14%
0.01% *

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
^1
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part
Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment
Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance
Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty
Transformer Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product
Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle
Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and
Engine Parts Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and
Valve ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and
Suspension Components (except
Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and
Power Train Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior
Trim Manufacturing
335110	1,250
335224	1,250
335228	1,000
335311	750
335312	1,250
335911	1,250
335931	500
335932	1,000
335991	750
336111	1,500
336112	1,500
336120	1,500
336211	1,000
336212	1,000
336310	1,000
336311
336312
500 (2007 Size
Standards)
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336330	1,000
336340	1,250
336350	1,500
336360	1,500
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014S)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
28,514
23,121
0.05%
0.01%
0.03%
0.01%
14,813
0.06%
0.11%
0.02%
0.01%
23,121
14,813
14,813
14,813
55,477
39,770
55,477
48,699
48,699
14,813
23,121
14,813
20,351
0.09%
0.03%
0.09%
0.04%
0.23%
0.01%
0.00%
0.01%
0.31%
0.08%
0.06%
0.06%
0.05%
0.21%
*
0.13%
0.07%
0.35%
0.45%
0.14%
0.18%
0.03%
0.02%
0.03%
0.02%
0.07%
*
0.10%
0.08%
0.02%
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00% 0.00%
* 0.00%
0.01%	0.00%
0.02%	*
0.01%	*
0.00%	*
23,121
0.05%
0.13% 0.02% 0.01%
14,813
23,121
14,813
0.03%
0.03%
0.03%
0.06% 0.01% 0.01% *
0.09% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00%
0.07% 0.01%
0.00%

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
On
to
00
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts
Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts
ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary
Equipment Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle
Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit
Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock
Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank,
and Tank Component
Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and
Countertop Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household
Furniture Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture
Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture
Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood)
Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and
Locker Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument
Manufacturing
336370 1,000
336390 1,000
336399
750 (2007 Size
Standards)
336411 1,500
336412	1,500
336413	1,250
336415	1,250
336510	1,500
336611	1,250
336612	1,000
336992	1,500
337110	750
337121	1,000
337122	750
337127	500
337211	1,000
337214	1,000
337215	500
337920	1,000
339112	1,000
Average Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
v osi i.iiun
(2014S)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
0.04%
0.71%
0.10%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
39,250
0.10%
1.49%
0.19%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
*
23,121
0.06%
*
*
*
*
*
*
101,046
0.02%
*
1.02%
0.11%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
48,699
0.06%
2.41%
0.37%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
43,859
0.11%
*
0.32%
0.06%
0.02%
*
0.00%
14,813
0.01%
*
*
*
*
0.00%
*
14,813
0.02%
*
0.06%
0.01%
0.00%
*
*
47,947
0.13%
3.23%
0.45%
0.08%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
77,707
0.93%
*
0.76%
0.13%
0.06%
*
*
23,121
0.02%
*
*
0.03%
*
*
*
14,539
0.89%
*
*
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
23,121
0.26%
*
*
0.07%
0.02%
*
*
48,699
2.78%
*
0.86%
0.17%
*
*
*
14,813
0.22%
*
0.20%
0.04%
*
*
*
48,699
0.69%
*
0.68%
0.10%
*
*
*
30,062
0.09%
*
0.34%
0.05%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.24%
*
0.18%
0.04%
0.01%
*
*
14,813
0.29%
*
0.18%
0.04%
*
*
*
23,121
0.08%
*
*
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
*

-------
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
SBA Size
Standard (2017)
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Energy
Energy
Energy
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Surgical Appliance and Supplies
Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods
Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper)
Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant
Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and
Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air
Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
Pipeline Transportation of Natural
Gas
Pipeline Transportation of Refined
Petroleum Products
Support Activities for Rail
Transportation
Marine Cargo Handling
General Warehousing and Storage
Other Warehousing and Storage
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings
(except Miniwarehouses)
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the
Physical, Engineering and Life
Sciences (except Nanotechnology
and Biotechnology)^
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
481111
482111
486110
486210
486910
488210
488320
493110
493190
531120
541380
750
500
750
750
500
1,000
500
200
200
1,500
1,500
1,500
$27.5 million
1,500
$15 million
$38.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
$27.5 million
$15 million
541715 1,000
Average Avoided
Cost/Entity
(2014$)
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000-
2499
>2500
14,813
0.08%
0.02%
0.00% 0.00%
14,813
0.39%
2.23%
0.16%
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.23%
2.00%
0.14%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
*
14,813
0.27%
*
0.17%
0.02%
*
*
*
23,121
0.19%
*
0.21%
0.04%
0.02%
*
*
23,121
0.34%
*
*
*
*
*
*
61,489
3.02%
12.05%
0.91%
0.08%
*
*
*
14,813
0.03%
0.06%
0.01%
*
*
*
*
61,489
0.03%
0.09%
0.02%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.03%
0.46%
0.09%
*
*
*
*
14,813
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.14%
0.36%
0.06%
*
*
*
*
13,704
0.12%
0.29%
0.04%
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.13%
0.44%
*
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.59%
2.09%
0.33%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.12%
0.77%
0.12%
*
*
*
*
25,227
1.42%
2.92%
0.89%
*
*
*
*
61,489
2.47%
9.02%
1.78%
*
*
*
*
14,813
0.51%
0.86%
0.06%
*
*
*
*
23,121
0.96%
2.68%
0.41%
*
*
*
*

-------



SBA Size
Average Avoided
Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%)

Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Cost/Entity
(2014$)







Standard (2017)
All
<19
20-99
100-
499
500-
999
1000- >2500
2499
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
$11 million
14,813
0.94%
2.00%
0.29%
*
*
*
*
Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal
562211
$38.5 million
84,380
1.03%
4.95%
0.74%
*
*
*
*
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
$38.5 million
90,510
2.17%
4.21%
0.68%
*
*
*
*
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and
Incinerators
562213
$38.5 million
20,351
0.09%
*
0.06%
*
*
*
*
Waste Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
$20.5 million
14,813
0.41%
1.30%
0.21%
*
*
*
*
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and
Professional Schools
611310
$27.5 million
43,110
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
$38.5 million
14,813
0.05%
0.63%
0.20%
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
NA
14,813
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
$38.5 million
23,121
0.41%
1.55%
0.38%
*
*
*
*
Notes:
Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus
an SBA Size Standard is not available.
*No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
"Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated.
'•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group.
Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February
2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards.

-------
6.6 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario
As depicted in Table 6-10 below, the year 1 and 2 percentile results across all employment
size categories are similar across the three scenarios with year 1 showing more similarity across
scenarios than year 2. In year 1 the twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.01 for each scenario, the
medians are 0.04% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.05% for both the primary scenario and
alternative scenario 2, and the seventy-fifth percentiles are 0.14% for alternative scenario 1 and
0.16%) for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2. In year 2 the twenty-fifth
percentiles are 0.02% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2 and 0.03% for
alternative scenario 1, the medians are 0.06 % for each scenario, and the seventy-fifth percentiles
are between 0.21% and 0.23% for the three scenarios (0.21% for alternative scenario 2, 0.22%
for the primary scenario and 0.23% for alternative scenario 1).
Table 6-10 Cost-to-Sales Ratios Percentile Results for the Three Scenarios

Primary Scenario
Alternative Scenario 1
Alternative Scenario 2

Year 1
Year 2
Year 1
Year 2
Year 1
Year 2
25th Percentile
0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.03%
0.01%
0.02%
50th Percentile (Median)
0.05%
0.06%
0.04%
0.06%
0.05%
0.06%
75th Percentile
0.16%
0.22%
0.14%
0.23%
0.16%
0.21%
Note:
The year 2 percentile results are for year 2 and are also the annual results for years thereafter.
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016
Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research
Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area
Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.

-------
7. LIMITATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES
The costs and economic impacts estimated in this RIA are subject to limitations and
uncertainties. The most prominent uncertainty is that the EPA does not know what sources will
take advantage of the opportunity to reclassify to area source status. The original 2007 proposal
did not provide analyses of removing the OIAI because it was stated that impacts could not be
quantified without knowing which sources will avail themselves of the regulatory provisions
proposed in this rule and what methods of HAP emission reductions will be used. In addition, the
2007 proposal also indicated, "It is unknown how many sources would choose to take permit
conditions that would limit their PTE to below major source levels." Within this group, it also is
not known how many sources may increase their emissions from the major source MACT level
(assuming the level is below the major source thresholds). Similarly, we cannot identify or
quantify the universe of sources that would decrease their HAP emissions to below the level
required by the NESHAP to achieve area source status.
The proposed rule provides potential regulatory relief (i.e., the avoided costs) to affected
major sources. Regulatory relief estimates as measured by avoided costs are provided for years 1
and 2 after promulgation of this rulemaking. The avoided costs are based on the best data
available currently regarding sources affected and burden cost estimates but are subject to
uncertainties.
This RIA is limited in its analyses because it estimates administrative burden reduction
and some economic impact as measured by avoided cost-to-sales ratios, and we are unable to
provide a quantitative estimate of benefits or disbenefits as explained in the benefits section of
this RIA. The analysis does not measure costs or cost savings related to changes in the use of
control equipment (e.g., decrease in control device operating and maintenance costs due to
reduced device use) except for potential control cost impacts associated with the illustrative
125% scenario as presented in Chapter 4 and does not provide quantitative estimates of changes
in benefits.
In addition, the analysis presumes a zero probability of an area source reclassifying to
major status after the source has reclassified to area. Moreover, because these estimates presume
a fixed state of the affected industries, it does not capture the potential for increased entry into
affected markets because of the alleviated regulatory burden. This could subsequently induce
7-1

-------
additional regulatory costs on new firms and state regulatory agencies. With these considerations
in mind, the cost savings estimates in the RIA may serve as an upper bound.
7.1 Avoided Cost Estimate Limitations and Uncertainties
7.1.1 Uncertainties in Estimates of Affected Sources
These estimates presume that the number of sources in the RTR modeling files is an
accurate indication of the number of sources and their HAP emissions for source categories
currently and in the near future. Some of the RTR modeling files contain emissions and source
data that are several years old. In addition, the NEI data used to estimate the number of affected
sources for some source categories are from 2014. Changes in the source categories due to
mergers and acquisitions and other economic factors since then may mean some differences
between the information used in the analysis and numbers of sources in these categories
currently and in the near future.
7.1.2 Uncertainties in Permitting Costs
The permitting costs used in the cost analysis to generate the cost savings estimates are
average values across sources. Thus, there may be variation in such costs by source category at
the source level that this analysis may not capture. In addition, the costs in the ICRs used in the
cost savings analysis may reflect older source-level data that may differ from current and near-
term data. These uncertainties are relevant for the estimates of PV and EAV for each scenario as
well as the estimates of reduced administrative burden provided by the May, 2019 ERG Cost
Analysis Memorandum.
7.2 Economic Impact Limitations and Uncertainties
There is uncertainty in the estimates of sources affected by this proposed rule and the
burden costs used to estimate the regulatory relief from this rule. These uncertainties also affect
the economic impact analysis conducted. The economic impact analysis compares the avoided
burden cost estimates with average industry revenues to gauge the impact of the proposed
MM2A rule for affected sources. We used average industry revenue and average establishment
revenue estimates by entity size to estimate the avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The actual impacts
to individual entities affected by this policy change may differ from industry averages.
7-2

-------
The average entity costs used to compute the sales test vary across sources but are the
same across establishment size categories. As a result, the sales test will likely overstate the cost-
to-receipt ratio for establishments owned by small businesses.
In addition, a major assumption in the estimation of potential cost savings is that all
major sources in each source category that can reclassify to an area source will do so subject to a
HAP PTE limits. It is possible that major sources may choose not to reclassify based on cost
savings not being a sufficient incentive to do so, or for other reasons (e.g., companies concerned
with their environmental reputation).
7.3 Economic Impact Data Limitations and Uncertainties
Using the 2012 Economic Census, we collected and organized data on number of
establishments, employment, and receipts for affected sources represented by NAICS codes.
However, because of confidentiality issues, some data values were not available or reported with
a range of values. In addition, some NAICS codes were not valid 2012 NAICS codes, and either
no data were reported for them in the 2012 Economic Census or limited data were reported not
broken down by size categories. These data limitations prevented us from reporting avoided cost-
to-sales ratios for every employment size category for some NAICS codes. Table 7-1 lists these
data limitations by NAICS code.
Table 7-1 Data Limitations for Specific NAICS Codes
NAICS
Data Limitations

115114
Not covered in Economic Census, used 2012 County Business Patterns (no revenue data)

221119
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
311222
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
311223
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
313111
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
313113
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
313221
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
313311
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
314992
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment
categories)
size
7-3

-------
NAICS
Data Limitations
322222
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
323110
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325131
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325132
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325181
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325182
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325188
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325192
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325221
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
325222
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
327124
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331111
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331112
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331312
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331411
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331419
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331422
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
331521
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
332212
2007 NAICS:
categories)
Data only
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
332990
Invalid NAICS Code













333293
2007 NAICS: Data only
categories)
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
333512
2007 NAICS: Data only
categories)
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
333513
2007 NAICS: Data only
categories)
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
334411
2007 NAICS: Data only
categories)
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
336311
2007 NAICS: Data only
categories)
available
for
all
establishments
in
2012
Economic
Census
no
data
for
employment
size
7-4

-------
NAICS
Data Limitations
336312
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment size
categories)
336399
2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment size
categories)
482111
Not covered in Economic Census
541715
2017 NAICS: Not covered in 2012 Economic Census
611310
Not covered in Economic Census, used 2012 County Business Patterns (no revenue data)
812330
Invalid NAICS Code
922140
Not covered in Economic Census
927110
Not covered in Economic Census
928110
Not covered in Economic Census
999999
Unclassified NAICS
Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns.
The underlying establishment and receipts data are a limiting factor because if either of
these measures is not reported for a certain category, we cannot calculate the average receipts per
establishment, which is needed for the avoided cost-to-sales ratio calculation. However, there are
cases where avoided cost-to-sales ratios are not reported because zero facilities are projected to
obtain area source status; therefore, there are no facilities to calculate the average cost per entity.
This RIA estimates administrative burden reduction and some economic impact as
measured by avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The analysis does not measure costs or cost savings
related to control equipment changes and does not provide quantitative estimates of emission
changes and benefits.
7.4 Benefits Limitations and Uncertainties
We are uncertain as to the distribution of the changes in HAP and other emissions across
the broad array of sources impacted by this proposal. As such, we are unable to quantify the
changes in emissions across these sources and cannot either simulate the change in air quality or
characterize the impact of these changes to human health. This is not to imply that changes in
emissions will not affect human health. Rather, our approach reflects the challenges associated
with modeling the direct and indirect impacts of the reductions in emissions for these sectors
with the data currently available. In place of quantitative estimates of the quantity and economic
value of the pollutant changes, we instead characterize these impacts in qualitative terms.
7-5

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April 2018. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size Standards Table.pdf
U.S. Small Business Administration. Table of February 2016 Small Business Size Standards.
Accessed September 2018.
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size Standards Table.pdf
8-6

-------
ATTACHMENT A
SECTORS AND SOURCE CATEGORIES AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED MM2A
RULE
Table A-l Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under the Primary Scenario
	Facilities	
Sector	Source Category	NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton
Ginning)
115114
1
1
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
64
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
15
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
2
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
1
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
1
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
1
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
2
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
2
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
4
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
1
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
2
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
1
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
72
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
4
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
1
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation^
221119
8
5
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
1
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
7
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
2
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
10
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
12
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
2
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
2
Industrial
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
311223
5
0
Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
14
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0
Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
1
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0
Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0
Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0
Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0
Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
311514
3
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0
Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0
Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0
Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0
A-l

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to


Subject to
MACT
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0
Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
2
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
1
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
1
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
1
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
1
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
2
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
1
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
1
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
2
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
29
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
1
Industrial
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
43
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2
Industrial
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
21
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
321213
6
4
Manufacturing


Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
205
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
321999


Manufacturing
J
L
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0
Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
0
Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0
Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0
Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
132
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
322220
17
0
Manufacturing
Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0
Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0
Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product
322299
1
0
Manufacturing
Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
110
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
149
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
324122
3
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
324199
A
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
238
A-2

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0
Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
325132
2
0
Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
3
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
325181
4
1
Industrial
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
325182
21
8
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
325188
93
35
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA
325192
1
0
Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
2
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0
Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
24
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
307
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
4
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0
Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
3
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
6
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
2
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
6
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
11
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
325414
1
0
Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
26
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0
Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0
Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0
Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
325998
10

Preparation Manufacturing
.5
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
4
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
10
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
12
1
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
1
A-3

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
5
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
1
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except
Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
19
19
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
2
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
101
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
27
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting
Manufacturing
326220
6
4
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical
Use
326291
2
2
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
9
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
4
3
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
327120
46
2
Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
4
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
2
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
327212
17
11
Manufacturing
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
4
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
22
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
1
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
2
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
6
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
327999


Product Manufacturing
L
L
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
331110
72
45
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
5
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
A/f q m i fq r* t n t*i n fr^
331112
1
0
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum Production^
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum
Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting
and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
331210
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
331410
331411
6
2
16
53
6
1
22
2
0
A-4

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'"*
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
(except Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and
Garden Equipment Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
331419
331420
331422
331491
331492
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
332119
332212
332311
332312
332321
332322
332431
332439
332722
332811
332812
332813
332990
332992
332993
332999
333111
333112
333120
333131
333293
333316
83
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
14
4
1
1
436
30
2
1
1
40
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
8
3
1
1
332
1
1
3
3
5
1
20
2
1
1
A-5

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail
System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing
for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
333415
333512
333513
333611
333618
333923
333992
334220
334411
334412
334413
334512
334613
335110
335224
335228
335311
335312
335911
335931
335932
335991
336111
336112
336120
336211
336212
336310
336311
336312
1
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
23
1
1
13
2
6
66
5
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
16
1
1
11
2
5
33
4
6
6
1
A-6

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train
Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion
Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank
Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
Line-Haul Railroads
336330
336340
336350
336360
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
336413
336415
336510
336611
336612
336992
337110
337121
337122
337127
337211
337214
337215
337920
339112
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
424710
481111
482111
2
1
2
1
1
13
2
125
8
10
1
1
92
123
347
2
14
1
5
19
1
9
2
99
6
1
57
81
260
2
10
1
4
12
A-7

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
1
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
284
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum
Products
486910
1
1
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
2
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
2
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
86
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
2
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Miniwarehouses)
531120
1
1
Commercial
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the Physical,
541380
2
2
Commercial
Engineering and Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)AA
541715
2
2
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
1
Waste
Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
26
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
330
Waste
Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
2
Waste
Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools
611310
23
13
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
1
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
1
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
2
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings
Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources." Memorandum for U.S. EPA/O AQPS/SPPD.
A-8

-------
Table A-2 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative Scenario 1
	Facilities	
Sector	Source Category	NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton
Ginning)
115114
1
0
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
52
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
11
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
1
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
0
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
0
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
0
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
1
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
1
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
2
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
0
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
1
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
0
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
60
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
2
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
0
Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
3
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
0
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
5
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
0
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
8
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
9
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
0
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
0
Industrial
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
311223
5
0
Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
2
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0
Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
0
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0
Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0
Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0
Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0
Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
311514
3
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0
Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0
Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0
Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0
A-9

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to


Subject to
MACT
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0
Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
1
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
0
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
0
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
0
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
0
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
0
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
0
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
0
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
1
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
20
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
0
Industrial
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
34
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2
Industrial
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
17
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
321213
6
4
Manufacturing


Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
161
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
321999


Manufacturing
J
L
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0
Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
0
Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0
Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0
Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
99
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
322220
17
0
Manufacturing
Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0
Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0
Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product
322299
1
0
Manufacturing
Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
95
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
124
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
324122
3
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
324199
A
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
215
A-10

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0
Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
325132
2
0
Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
2
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
325181
4
1
Industrial
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
325182
21
8
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
325188
93
31
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA
325192
1
0
Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
2
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0
Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
20
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
231
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
3
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0
Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
2
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
4
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
2
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
2
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
7
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
325414
1
0
Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
23
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0
Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0
Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0
Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
325998
10

Preparation Manufacturing
L
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
2
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
7
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
12
0
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
0
A-ll

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except
Polystyrene) Manufacturing
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting
Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical
Use
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
Flat Glass Manufacturing
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
Manufacturing
Cement Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
Product Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel MillsA
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum
Production
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
Extruding
326130
326140
326150
326191
326199
326211
326220
326291
326299
327110
327120
327124
327211
327212
327310
327410
327420
327910
327993
327999
331110
331111
331112
331210
331221
331312
331313
331314
331315
331316
331318
7
1
19
2
148
39
2
14
4
46
8
2
17
6
43
1
4
13
72
50
1
6
2
16
53
6
1
3
0
17
0
68
18
2
18
0
1
4
43
5
0
20
2
0
A-12

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to


Subject to
MACT
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting
331410
1
0
and Refining



Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
331411
0
0
Industrial
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
331419
2
0
Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A

Industrial
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
331420
3
0
Alloying



Industrial
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
331422
1
0
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
331491
3
1
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding

Industrial
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
331492
2
0
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)

Industrial
Iron Foundries
331511
83
38
Industrial
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
331513
2
0
Industrial
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'"*
331521
1
0
Industrial
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
331524
2
0
Industrial
Nonferrous Forging
332112
1
1
Industrial
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
332119
1
1
(except Automotive)
Industrial
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
332212
1
1
Industrial
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
332311
1
1
Manufacturing
Industrial
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332312
1
1
Industrial
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332321
5
4
Industrial
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332322
1
1
Industrial
Metal Can Manufacturing
332431
14
7
Industrial
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
332439
4
2
Industrial
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
332722
1
1
Manufacturing
Industrial
Metal Heat Treating
332811
1
1
Industrial
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
332812
436
251
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
Industrial
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
332813
3
2
Coloring



Industrial
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
332990
1
1
Industrial
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332992
1
1
Industrial
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332993
3
2
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
332999


Product Manufacturing
J
L
Industrial
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333111
8
3
Industrial
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and
333112
1
0
Garden Equipment Manufacturing
Industrial
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
333120
30
15
Industrial
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
333131
2
0
A-13

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail
System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing
for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
333293
1
0
333316
1
0
333415
1
0
333512
1
0
333513
1
0
333611
1
0
333618
5
2
333923
1
0
333992
2
0
334220
1
0
334411
1
0
334412
1
0
334413
23
13
334512
1
0
334613
0
0
335110
1
1
335224
13
11
335228
2
2
335311
1
1
335312
2
2
335911
1
1
335931
1
1
335932
1
1
335991
6
5
336111
66
18
336112
5
4
336120
8
5
336211
8
5
336212
1
1
336310
2
2
A-14

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train
Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion
Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank
Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
336311
336312
336330
336340
336350
336360
336370
336390
336399
336411
336412
336413
336415
336510
336611
336612
336992
337110
337121
337122
337127
337211
337214
337215
337920
339112
339113
339910
339920
339940
339991
339995
339999
424510
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
13
2
125
8
10
1
1
92
123
347
14
1
5
19
1
7
2
84
5
1
48
64
238
2
9
1
4
A-15

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
3
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
0
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
0
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
0
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
229
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum
Products
486910
1
0
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
1
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
0
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
75
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
2
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Miniwarehouses)
531120
1
0
Commercial
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the Physical,
541380
2
0
Commercial
Engineering and Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)AA
541715
2
0
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
0
Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
21
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
262
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
2
Waste Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
611310
23
9
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
0
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
0
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
1
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings
Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources." Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
A-16

-------
Table A-3 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative Scenario 2
	Facilities	
Sector	Source Category	NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Agriculture
Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton
Ginning)
115114
1
1
Energy
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211111
120
72
Energy
Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
211112
26
17
Industrial
Iron Ore Mining
212210
9
2
Industrial
Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining
212231
1
1
Industrial
Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining
212234
1
1
Industrial
All Other Metal Ore Mining
212299
1
1
Industrial
Industrial Sand Mining
212322
3
2
Industrial
Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining
212324
3
2
Industrial
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining
212391
6
4
Industrial
All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining
212399
1
1
Energy
Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations
213112
3
2
Utilities
Hydroelectric Power Generation
221111
1
1
Utilities
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation
221112
334
82
Utilities
Biomass Electric Power Generation
221117
5
4
Utilities
Other Electric Power Generation
221118
1
1
Utilities
Other Electric Power GenerationA
221119
8
5
Utilities
Electric Power Distribution
221122
1
1
Utilities
Natural Gas Distribution
221210
13
7
Utilities
Water Supply and Irrigation Systems
221310
2
2
Utilities
Sewage Treatment Facilities
221320
19
11
Utilities
Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply
221330
22
13
Industrial
Other Animal Food Manufacturing
311119
1
0
Industrial
Wet Corn Milling
311221
16
0
Industrial
Soybean ProcessingA
311222
16
0
Industrial
Other Oilseed ProcessingA
311223
5
0
Industrial
Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing
311224
116
2
Industrial
Fats and Oils Refining and Blending
311225
2
0
Industrial
Beet Sugar Manufacturing
311313
11
0
Industrial
Cane Sugar Manufacturing
311314
3
0
Industrial
Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing
311411
2
0
Industrial
Fruit and Vegetable Canning
311421
1
0
Industrial
Specialty Canning
311422
2
0
Industrial
Cheese Manufacturing
311513
2
0
Industrial
Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product
311514
3
0
Manufacturing

Industrial
Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing
311613
1
0
Industrial
Commercial Bakeries
311812
2
0
Industrial
Other Snack Food Manufacturing
311919
1
0
Industrial
Coffee and Tea Manufacturing
311920
1
0
A-17

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Projected to


Subject to
MACT
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing
311930
1
0
Industrial
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
311942
4
0
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing
311999
6
0
Industrial
Breweries
312120
3
2
Industrial
Distilleries
312140
1
1
Industrial
Tobacco Manufacturing
312230
1
1
Industrial
Yarn Spinning MillsA
313111
1
1
Industrial
Thread MillsA
313113
1
1
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Mills
313210
2
2
Industrial
Narrow Fabric MillsA
313221
1
1
Industrial
Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills
313310
1
1
Industrial
Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA
313311
3
2
Industrial
Fabric Coating Mills
313320
50
34
Industrial
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA
314992
1
1
Industrial
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
316110
6
5
Industrial
Sawmills
321113
61
45
Industrial
Wood Preservation
321114
3
2
Industrial
Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321211
3
2
Industrial
Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
321212
29
21
Industrial
Engineered Wood Member (except Truss)
321213
6
4
Manufacturing


Industrial
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
321219
284
211
Industrial
Wood Window and Door Manufacturing
321911
4
2
Industrial
Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing
321912
4
2
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
321999


Manufacturing
J
L
Industrial
Pulp Mills
322110
18
0
Industrial
Paper (except Newsprint) Mills
322121
281
l
Industrial
Newsprint Mills
322122
7
0
Industrial
Paperboard Mills
322130
36
0
Industrial
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing
322211
213
157
Industrial
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper
322220
17
0
Manufacturing
Industrial
Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA
322222
12
0
Industrial
Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
322291
2
0
Industrial
All Other Converted Paper Product
322299
1
0
Manufacturing
Industrial
Commercial Lithographic PrintingA
323110
1
1
Industrial
Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books)
323111
188
124
Industrial
Books Printing
323117
3
2
Industrial
Petroleum Refineries
324110
424
185
Industrial
Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials
324122
3
1
Manufacturing

Industrial
All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
324199
A
1
Manufacturing

Industrial
Petrochemical Manufacturing
325110
597
283
A-18

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
325120
4
1
Industrial
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
325130
1
0
Industrial
Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA
325131
3
1
Industrial
Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment
ManufacturingA
325132
2
0
Industrial
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
325180
10
3
Industrial
Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA
325181
4
1
Industrial
Carbon Black ManufacturingA
325182
21
9
Industrial
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical
ManufacturingA
325188
93
42
Industrial
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA
325192
1
0
Industrial
Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing
325193
7
3
Industrial
Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood
Chemical Manufacturing
325194
2
0
Industrial
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
325199
77
32
Industrial
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
325211
833
412
Industrial
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
325212
24
4
Industrial
Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments
Manufacturing
325220
6
2
Industrial
Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325221
1
0
Industrial
Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA
325222
8
3
Industrial
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing
325311
16
7
Industrial
Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing
325312
30
3
Industrial
Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
325320
22
6
Industrial
Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing
325411
4
1
Industrial
Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing
325412
36
15
Industrial
Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
Manufacturing
325414
1
0
Industrial
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
325510
51
34
Industrial
Adhesive Manufacturing
325520
4
1
Industrial
Surface Active Agent Manufacturing
325613
2
0
Industrial
Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
325620
2
0
Industrial
Explosives Manufacturing
325920
2
0
Industrial
Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
325991
5
2
Industrial
Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical
Manufacturing
325992
4
1
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
325998
10

Preparation Manufacturing
.5
Industrial
Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including
Laminated) Manufacturing
326112
5
4
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
326113
16
10
Industrial
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
326121
12
1
Industrial
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
326122
1
1
A-19

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Industrial
Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except
Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing
326130
7
5
Industrial
Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing
326140
1
1
Industrial
Urethane and Other Foam Product (except
Polystyrene) Manufacturing
326150
19
19
Industrial
Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing
326191
2
2
Industrial
All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing
326199
148
101
Industrial
Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)
326211
39
27
Industrial
Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting
Manufacturing
326220
6
4
Industrial
Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical
Use
326291
2
2
Industrial
All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing
326299
14
8
Industrial
Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture
Manufacturing
327110
4
3
Industrial
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
327120
46
2
Industrial
Clay Refractory ManufacturingA
327124
8
4
Industrial
Flat Glass Manufacturing
327211
2
2
Industrial
Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware
327212
17
11
Manufacturing
Industrial
Cement Manufacturing
327310
6
4
Industrial
Lime Manufacturing
327410
43
22
Industrial
Gypsum Product Manufacturing
327420
1
1
Industrial
Abrasive Product Manufacturing
327910
4
2
Industrial
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
327993
13
6
Industrial
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
327999


Product Manufacturing
L
L
Industrial
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy
Manufacturing
331110
72
50
Industrial
Iron and Steel MillsA
331111
50
6
Industrial
Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product
ManufacturingA
331112
1
1
Industrial
Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from
Purchased Steel
331210
5
4
Industrial
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
331221
6
4
Industrial
Primary Aluminum ProductionA
331312
2
2
Industrial
Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum
Production
331313
16
2
Industrial
Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum
331314
53
27
Industrial
Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing
331315
6
4
Industrial
Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA
331316
1
1
InHiictrliil
Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and
^1^18
?
?
A-20

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting
and Refining
Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding
Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of
Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'"*
Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)
Nonferrous Forging
Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping
(except Automotive)
Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA
Prefabricated Metal Building and Component
Manufacturing
Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
Metal Can Manufacturing
Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and
Coloring
Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing
Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
Product Manufacturing
Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and
Garden Equipment Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
331410
331411
331419
331420
331422
331491
331492
331511
331513
331521
331524
332112
332119
332212
332311
332312
332321
332322
332431
332439
332722
332811
332812
332813
332990
332992
332993
332999
333111
333112
333120
333131
83
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
14
4
1
1
436
30
2
46
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
6
I
II
3
1
1
371
1
1
3
3
5
1
23
2
A-21

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Printing Machinery and Equipment
ManufacturingA
Photographic and Photocopying Equipment
Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing
Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types)
ManufacturingA
Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types)
ManufacturingA
Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units
Manufacturing
Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail
System Manufacturing
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Electron Tube ManufacturingA
Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Related Device
Manufacturing
Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing
for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use
Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media
Manufacturing
Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing
Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing
Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing
Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer
Manufacturing
Motor and Generator Manufacturing
Storage Battery Manufacturing
Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing
Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing
Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing
Truck Trailer Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
333293
1
1
333316
1
1
333415
1
1
333512
1
1
333513
1
1
333611
1
1
333618
5
4
333923
1
1
333992
2
2
334220
1
1
334411
1
1
334412
1
1
334413
23
18
334512
1
1
334613
0
0
335110
1
1
335224
13
11
335228
2
2
335311
1
1
335312
2
2
335911
1
1
335931
1
1
335932
1
1
335991
6
5
336111
66
37
336112
5
5
336120
8
6
336211
8
6
336212
1
1
336310
2
2
A-22

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS Category Projected to
Subject to Obtain Area
MACT Source Status
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial
Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve
ManufacturingA
Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
ManufacturingA
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring) Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train
Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA
Aircraft Manufacturing
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment
Manufacturing
Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion
Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing
Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing
Ship Building and Repairing
Boat Building
Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank
Component Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop
Manufacturing
Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing
Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture
Manufacturing
Institutional Furniture Manufacturing
Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing
Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing
Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker
Manufacturing
Blind and Shade Manufacturing
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing
Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Burial Casket Manufacturing
All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers
336311
1
1
336312
3
3
336330
2
2
336340
1
1
336350
2
2
336360
1
1
336370
1
1
336390
13
9
336399
2
2
336411
125
107
336412
8
6
336413
10
7
336415
1
1
336510
1
1
336611
92
74
336612
123
94
336992
2
2
337110
347
289
337121
2
2
337122
14
12
337127
1
1
337211
5
6
337214
19
17
337215
1
1
337920
1
1
339112
2
2
339113
1
1
339910
1
1
339920
1
1
339940
1
1
339991
2
2
339995
3
2
339999
5
4
424510
1
1
A-23

-------
Facilities
Sector
Source Category
NAICS
Category
Subject to
MACT
Projected to
Obtain Area
Source Status
Commercial
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
424710
7
4
Commercial
Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481111
2
2
Commercial
Line-Haul Railroads
482111
1
1
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
486110
1
1
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
486210
501
326
Energy
Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum
Products
486910
1
1
Commercial
Support Activities for Rail Transportation
488210
3
2
Commercial
Marine Cargo Handling
488320
2
2
Commercial
General Warehousing and Storage
493110
180
108
Commercial
Other Warehousing and Storage
493190
6
4
Commercial
Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
Miniwarehouses)
531120
1
1
Commercial
Testing Laboratories
Research and Development in the Physical,
541380
2
2
Commercial
Engineering and Life Sciences (except
Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)AA
541715
2
2
Commercial
All Other Support Services
561990
1
1
Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
562211
41
32
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Landfill
562212
522
399
Waste Treatment
Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators
562213
3
3
Waste Treatment
Remediation Services
562910
1
1
Educational
Services
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
611310
23
15
Commercial
Amusement and Theme Parks
713110
1
1
Commercial
Linen and Uniform Supply
812330
1
1
Commercial
Industrial Launderers
812332
3
2
Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings
Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources." Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD.
A-24

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ATTACHMENT B
SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY AND DATA USED TO ESTIMATE CHANGES IN
EMISSIONS
As described in the Emission Impact Analysis Technical Support Memorandum, the EPA
and ERG reviewed the reclassification of 34 sources that as of May 2019 had reclassified to area
source status or were in the process of reclassifying to area source status since January 2018. The
EPA also performed an illustrative emission impact analysis for six source categories. The
illustrative analysis focuses on the technology basis for the major source NESHAP and effects of
the MM2A policy on the facilities in each source category, including the effect of other federal
and state rules (e.g., NSPS or state rules to limit VOC emissions in ozone nonattainment areas).
The details of the review of the reclassification actions and the illustrative analysis of the six
source categories, including the methodology and the rationale for EPA's key assumptions and
assessments, can be found in the Emission Impact Analysis Technical Support Memorandum,
available in the docket.34 Below we summarize the analysis of reclassifications and the
illustrative analysis of the six source categories. This analysis of the six source categories is
purely illustrative in nature and does not serve as an analysis of emissions impacts for all source
categories affected by the proposal.
Reclassifications Analysis
The EPA reviewed reclassification permits associated with 34 reclassifications to area
source status. Of the 34 sources reviewed for this analysis, 21 sources can be classified as
coating type sources; five as oil and gas sources; four as fuel combustion/boiler sources, three as
chemical sources and one as heavy industry. (See Table 2 of Emission Impacts Analysis TSM
available in the docket). To assess the potential for emission impacts due to reclassification, the
EPA focused the review on the enforceable conditions associated with the HAP PTE limitations
for the emission units previously subject to major source NESHAP requirements and whether the
sources that reclassified will continue to use the major source NESHAP compliance obligations
for these emission units as an enforceable condition on the source's PTE. A summary of the
permit review and emission evaluation is presented in Table 2 and Appendix 1 of the Emission
Impacts Analysis TSM available in the docket. The EPA's findings from the permit review and
34 U.S. EPA. Documentation of the emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking: "Reclassification of
Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May 2019.
B-l

-------
emission evaluation is that sources that reclassify to area source status would, in most cases,
achieve and maintain area source status by operating the emission controls or continuing to
implement the practices they used to comply with the major source NESHAP requirements.
Below is an overview of the EPA's findings from the permit review and evaluation:
•	Of the 21 coating sources (Facilities # 1-21 on Table 2 of Emission Impact Analysis
TSM), 20 used compliant materials (low-HAP/no-HAP) to meet applicable major source
requirements, and their continued use of compliant materials is an enforceable condition
after reclassification. Only one source (Facility # 13) used a regenerative thermal oxidizer
(RTO) to meet the applicable major source requirements and their continued use of the
RTO is an enforceable condition after reclassification. Thus, the EPA does not expect
emissions increases from those sources using compliant materials (low-HAP/no-HAP)
both before and after reclassification. Similarly, for the coating source using the RTO, the
permit for this source continues to require the use of an RTO ensuring a HAP destruction
efficiency of 95 percent as an enforceable permit requirement. Therefore, we don't expect
emissions increases resulting from the reclassification of this facility.
•	All five oil and gas sources (Facilities # 22-26 on Table 2 of Emission Impact Analysis
TSM), that reclassified or are in the process of reclassifying relied on the use of control
technologies to meet applicable major source requirements before reclassification, and
their continued use of these control technologies is an enforceable condition after
reclassification. Four of these facilities (#22, #24, #25, and #26) were subject to the major
source requirements of the Oil and Natural Gas Production NESHAP while one facility
(#23) was subject to the major source requirements of the Stationary Reciprocating
Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) NESHAP.
o The facility (#23) previously subject to the major source RICE NESHAP
requirements, replaced old engines with new engines equipped with a catalytic
oxidizer designed to reduce HAP emissions (formaldehyde by 90 percent) prior to
the reclassification. Since reclassification, this facility continues to be subject to
enforceable conditions on the operation of the engines and the catalytic oxidizer
to reduce formaldehyde by 90 percent. Thus, we don't expect emissions increases
resulting from the reclassification of this facility.
B-2

-------
o Of the four facilities that were subject to the major source requirements of the Oil
and Natural Gas Production NESHAP, two (#22 and #26) relied on the use of
flares and enclosed combustion devices to meet applicable major source
requirements before reclassification, and their continued use of these control
technologies is required as an enforceable condition after reclassification. The
permit for another facility (#24), as proposed, will impose enforceable emission
restrictions for an existing installed and operating emissions unit and associated
voluntarily installed and operated control device. The proposed enforceable
conditions include the operation of an enclosed combustor to control the VOC and
HAP emissions from a triethylene glycol dehydrator still vent. If these
enforceable conditions are finalized, we don't expect emissions increases
resulting from the reclassification of this facility. The last facility in this category
(#25) took additional enforceable limits on the amount of low-pressure relief gas
vented to the atmosphere to ensure emissions of the individual HAP 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane (largest individual HAP for the gas compression/venting
operation) emissions are below 10 tpy. This enforceable limitation ensures HAP
emissions will not increase as a result of the modification to vent the low-pressure
gas directly to the atmosphere instead of being recovered in a vapor recovery unit.
Without the enforceable limitations in the amount of low-pressure relief gas
vented to the atmosphere, emissions from the gas compression/venting would
have increased (uncontrolled PTE) to 10.3 tpy for the largest individual HAP. The
actions taken by this facility to reclassify to area source status resulted in emission
reductions.
• Of the four fuel combustion/boiler sources (Facilities # 27-30 on Table 2 of Emission
Analysis TSM), three of these sources (#27, #28, #29) had emissions above the major
source thresholds as reported in the 2014 National Emission Inventory (NEI). To
reclassify, these sources either ceased combustion of coal, ceased operation of boilers, or
obtained enforceable restrictions on the combustion of natural gas. For each of these three
sources, their actions to reclassify resulted in a reduction of HAP emissions. Another
source (#30) relied on material limits and operational restrictions on natural gas usage to
meet the applicable major source requirements, and the continued use of these
B-3

-------
compliance methods is required by an enforceable condition after the reclassification.
Thus, the EPA does not expect emission increases from the reclassification of this source.
• Two of the chemical sources are gasoline distribution facilities (Facilities #31 and #33
on Table 2 of Emission Analysis TSM). These facilities were subject to 40 CFR part 63,
subpart R and relied on vapor flare/vapor combustion to meet the major source
requirements before reclassification, and their continued use of this control technology is
required as an enforceable condition after reclassification. Since reclassification, their
permit continues to require the operation of the vapor flare/vapor combustor at all times
when the facility's loading racks are loading gasoline into transports. These sources are
now subject to the area source NESHAP requirements in 40 CFR part 63, subpart
BBBBBB that regulate emissions from tanks, transfer racks, roof landings, and
maintenance. For these facilities, the EPA reviewed the operating parameters associated
with the vapor flare/vapor combustion. The permit for one facility (#31) includes a
requirement for annual periodic testing in addition to the continuous monitoring of the
presence of the pilot flame to ensure that the enclosed combustor is operational when
loading operations occur. The annual performance test together with the monitoring of
the presence of the flame ensure operation and performance. We, therefore, do not expect
emission increases due to the reclassification of this source. The other gasoline
distribution facility (#33) continues to be subject to flare operating and monitoring
requirements in 40 CFR part 60, subpart XX (New Source Performance Standards for
Bulk Gasoline Terminals). The flare operating and monitoring requirements in 40 CFR
part 60, subpart XX are identical to those that the source was previously subject to under
40 CFR part 63, subpart R. This permit also requires testing for specific HAP associated
with the vapor combustor to ensure operation and performance. We do not expect
emission increases due to the reclassification of this source.
• As for the incinerator (Facility #32 on Table 2 of Emission Analysis TSM), the source
continues to be subject to the same NESHAP requirements in 40 CFR part 63 subpart,
EEEE as before reclassification, and it has been reclassified for purposes of applicability
with 40 CFR part 63, subpart DD (Off-Site Waste Recovery Operations), which covers
emissions from tanks and equipment leaks. This source relied on control technologies
B-4

-------
(fixed roofs with closed vents systems routed to carbon absorption units) as their method
of compliance before reclassification and is required by an enforceable condition to
continue to operate the same control technologies after reclassification. The source is also
subject to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulation/permit
requirements. The RCRA permit for this facility requires the source to control emissions
by venting the tanks through closed vent systems to carbon adsorption units designed and
operated to recover the organic vapors vented to them with an efficiency of 95 percent or
greater by weight. The tanks shall be covered by a fixed roof and vented directly through
the closed vent system to a control device. Therefore, we don't expect emissions
increases due to the reclassification of this source.
• As for the lime manufacturing plant (Facility # 34 on Table 2 of Emission Analysis
TSM), after reclassification this source remains subject to other regulatory obligations,
including PM emission limitations, use of a baghouse, and monitored opacity as an
operating limit with operation of a COMs. Because of the inherent scrubbing properties
of lime and the requirements for the use of a baghouse, we don't expect emissions
increases resulting from the reclassification of this facility.
The results of the analysis of these reclassifications show that three sources with NEI
2014 emissions above the major source thresholds took actions that reduced their emissions
below what is required by their previously applicable major sources NESHAP and to below the
major source thresholds in order to reclassify to area source status. The results also support the
conclusion that the remaining 31 sources that reclassified from major to area source status since
January 2018 will have no change in emissions.
Illustrative Analysis
In addition to the evaluation of the reclassification actions presented above, the EPA
performed an illustrative assessment for six source categories: Wood Furniture Manufacturing
Operations, Surface Coating of Metal Cans, Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and
Products, Wet-Formed Fiberglass Mat Production, HC1 Production, and Non-Gasoline OLD. The
analysis of these six source categories is informative in some respects but is only illustrative and
speculative in nature and can only present a range of possible outcomes that is dependent on the
assumption that we made in the assessment. The following discussion summarizes the illustrative
B-5

-------
emission impact analysis and results of it. The full discussion of the illustrative analysis,
including the rationale for our key assumptions and assessments, is presented in the technical
support memo for the emission analysis, which is available in the docket.
Consistent with the review and evaluation of the reclassification actions, the illustrative
analysis focuses on whether sources in the evaluated source categories could adjust the types of
add-on control equipment used to comply with the major source NESHAP requirements upon
reclassification. The EPA considered two set of assumptions for the illustrative analysis. The
first set of assumptions aligns with the findings of our permit review presented above in which
sources continue to use the same compliance obligations before and after reclassification and
add-on controls are not adjusted to decrease control efficiency after the source is reclassified.
The second set of assumptions addresses sources that limits and use adjustable add-on controls,
estimating possible emission impacts if these sources were allowed by their regulatory authority
{i.e., permitting authority) to change the operating parameters of the adjustable add-on controls
after reclassifying.
To assess the potential for emission changes if sources taking HAP PTE limitations were
to be allowed by their permitting authority to change the operating parameters of adjustable add-
on control, we assumed the following:
•	For a source category employing adjustable controls, emissions could potentially increase
for all facilities with actual emissions below the 75 percent thresholds.
•	For sources with only a single HAP reported in the NEI and an adjustable control, a
potential increase in emissions was calculated as the difference between 7.5 tpy and the
estimate of the single largest HAP. Otherwise, the potential emissions increase was
estimated as the larger difference between 18.75 tpy and the estimate of total HAP
emissions and between 7.5 tpy and the single HAP emissions.
For our illustrative assessment, we also considered whether other non-HAP regulatory
requirements apply to the facilities that could potentially reclassify and increase emissions that
would provide some level of control of HAP from the source/pollutants {i.e., NSPS, control
techniques guidelines, etc.) and the extent to which those other regulatory requirements would
serve as a backstop that would prevent emission increases and whether area source NESHAP
requirements would apply to a source that reclassifies.
B-6

-------
Surface Coating Source Categories
1. Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (40 CFR part 63 subpart
MMMM)
• Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: organic HAP.
• HAP that could be emitted from source category: xylenes, toluene, phenol,
cresols/cresylic acid, glycol ethers, styrene and ethyl benzene.
• Subpart MMMM was promulgated in 2004 and amended in 2006. EPA is currently
working on the RTR with a court-ordered promulgation date of March 2020.
• The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is low-HAP coatings for all
subcategories (except magnet wire, for which the standard is based on the use of a
catalytic oxidizer that is part of the curing oven and is integral to the process).
• These facilities are not subject to an NSPS, but they may be subject to state rules based
on 1978 and 2008 CTGs. Facilities that are area sources may be subject to the area source
NESHAP standard for paint stripping and miscellaneous surface coating operations
(subpart HHHHHH).
• Based on our data, 371 facilities are subject to subpart MMMM. We estimate 285
facilities could obtain area source status at the 75% threshold.
o EPA has reviewed the permits from 107 major source facilities; approximately
30% of these facilities have add-on controls.
o If these facilities were to reclassify, the fact that they have either already re-
engineered their coatings or use emission controls integral to their curing ovens
supports the conclusion they will continue to use low-HAP coatings and controls
to comply with any VOC coating limits.
o Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases from these
facilities if they were to reclassify.
• We estimate 47 additional facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major
source thresholds and could potentially reclassify.
o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (160 tpy for
combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. However, the
reclassification decision is not as clear-cut as it is for facilities that have emissions
below 75%) of the major source thresholds. Facilities with emissions at major
source levels would have to weigh the costs of reducing emissions against the
avoided costs associated with the major source NESHAP requirements when
deciding whether to pursue reclassification. We examine this cost consideration in
our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several source
categories.
2. Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations (40 CFR part 63 subpart JJ)
• Pollutants regulated by the major source NESHAP: volatile organic HAP (VOHAP) and
formaldehyde.
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• HAP that could be emitted from source category: toluene, xylene, methanol, methyl
isobutyl ketone, glycol ethers and formaldehyde.
• Subpart JJ was promulgated in 1995 and amended in 1998. The RTR was promulgated in
2011.
• The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is low-HAP coatings and
high-efficiency application methods. The RTR confirmed that most facilities are using low-
and no-formaldehyde coatings and contact adhesives and found only one facility using an
add-on control.
• These facilities are not subject to an NSPS, but they could be subject to state rules based
on a 1996 Control Technology Guidance (CTG) document.35 The CTG is used in the
establishment of reasonably available control technology (RACT) for VOC for ozone
nonattainment areas.
• In the RTR, we estimated that on average, 50% of all VOC is HAP.
• Based on emissions data, 333 facilities are subject to subpart JJ and 250 facilities could
potentially reclassify to area source status at the 75% thresholds.
o If these facilities were to reclassify, we expect they would continue the use of no-
HAP/low-HAP coatings and high-efficiency application methods because they
have already re-engineered their processes and need to continue using these
measures to maintain area source status.
o Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases from these facilities
if they were to reclassify.
• We estimate an additional 26 facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major
source thresholds (above 7.5 but below 12.5 tpy for one HAP and above 18.75 but below
31.25 tpy for combined HAP) and could potentially reclassify.
o Some of these facilities may already be using low-HAP coatings but have high
production volumes. Others may rely on formulations that contain a higher
percentage of HAP due to product specifications.
o Based on this review, we would expect some potential for emission decreases (125
tpy for combined HAP) if these facilities were to reclassify. As noted above,
facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to
reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as
applied to several source categories.
3. Surface Coating of Metal Cans (40 CFR part 63 subpart KKKK)
• Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: organic HAP.
o HAP that could be emitted from source category: xylene, hexane, glycol ethers
(other than EGBE), isophorone, ethyl benzene, formaldehyde, napthalene, cumene
and toluene.
35 Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations. EPA-453/R-
96-007. April 1996.
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• Subpart KKKK was promulgated in 2003 and amended in 2006. EPA is currently working
on the RTR with a court-ordered promulgation date of March 13, 2020.
• The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is a combination of low-HAP
coatings and add-on controls (e.g., thermal oxidizers).
• Some facilities may be subject to NSPS subpart WW (beverage can surface coating) and
could be subject to state rules based on CTG.
• Based on our data, five facilities are subject to subpart KKKK, and one could obtain area
source status at the 75% threshold.
o Facility emissions: total HAP from NEI = 7.70 tpy; single HAP = 1.97 tpy.
o Based on a permit review, the one facility that could obtain area source status at the
75% threshold uses thermal oxidizers to comply with subpart KKKK and is
required to capture and control VOC separate from subpart KKKK requirements.
o If the facility reclassified, the state requirement would necessitate it continue to
operate the control technology as it has done in the past.
o Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases from these facilities
if they were to reclassify.
• We estimate two additional facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major
source thresholds and could potentially reclassify.
o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (4 tpy for
combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. As noted above,
facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to
reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as
applied to several source categories.
Heavy Industry Source Categories
4. Wet-Formed Fiberglass Mat Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart HHHH)
• Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: formaldehyde (surrogate for total HAP
emissions).
• HAP that could be emitted from source category: formaldehyde and methanol (present in
some resins).
• Subpart HHHH was promulgated in 2002 and EPA promulgated the RTR on February
28, 2019.
• The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is the use of thermal
oxidizers or similar controls (e.g., RTO, regenerative catalytic oxidizer) and the
demonstration of compliance with the percent-reduction requirement (96% destruction
efficiency of formaldehyde). Formaldehyde-free resins are used in limited applications.
• There are no individual state rules/NSPS/CTG that limit HAP from these sources, though
some may be subject to state VOC limits.
• Based on our data, seven facilities are subject to subpart HHHH, and we estimate five
could potentially reclassify to area source status at the 75% threshold.
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o Consistent with the findings of our permit review presented above, under the first
set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, if these sources were to reclassify
we could expect them to operate the add-on controls at the same control level as
prior to reclassification, resulting in no potential increases in emissions due to the
reclassification.
o Under the second set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, we reviewed
whether these five facilities could potentially be allowed to adjust the operating
parameters to achieve less than 96% reduction of formaldehyde,
o Based on permit reviews, two facilities have permit requirements associated with
VOC control. Because formaldehyde is a VOC, we assumed that if these two
facilities were to reclassify, the state requirements would prevent any potential for
changes to the operating parameters of the add-on controls. Based on this review,
we would expect no emissions increases if these two facilities were to reclassify,
o Based on permit reviews, the other three facilities are not subject to other state
rules limiting VOC or HAP emissions or that require operation and maintenance
of an emission capture and control system. These sources demonstrate compliance
with the percent-reduction NESHAP standard, indicating >96% control, and most
of that level of control would be needed to maintain area source status,
o If these three facilities were to reclassify and the permit requires control of
formaldehyde at a lower percentage reduction (less than 96% control), emissions
could potentially increase (6.1 tpy for a single HAP or 32.5 tpy for combined
HAP).
We estimate there are no facilities with emissions between 75% and 125% of the major
source thresholds, and we do not estimate any potential emission reductions from this
category.
5. Hydrochloric Acid (HCD Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart NNNNN)
•	Pollutants regulated by the major source NESHAP: HC1 and chlorine (Cb).
•	Subpart NNNN was promulgated in 2003 and amended in 2006. EPA proposed the RTR
in February 2019 and has a court-ordered promulgation date of March 13, 2020.
•	The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is the use of caustic acid-
gas scrubbers (99% reduction) on process vents, storage tanks, and transfer operations,
plus the use of a site-specific leak detection and repair (LDAR) program.
•	There are no individual state rules/NSPS that would otherwise limit HAP from these
sources.
•	Based on our data, 19 facilities are subject to subpart NNNNN. EPA estimates three
could potentially reclassify to area source status at the 75% threshold.
o Consistent with the findings of our permit review presented above, under the first set
of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, if these sources were to reclassify we
could expect them to operate the scrubbers to control emissions from HC1 and CL2 at
the same control level as prior to reclassification, resulting in no potential increases in
emissions due to the reclassification,
o Under the second set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, we reviewed
whether these five facilities could potentially be allowed to adjust the operating
parameters to achieve less than 99% reduction of HC1 and Cb.
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o One facility has a permit limit on annual HC1 emissions that is at least as stringent as
the NESHAP, this state requirements would prevent any potential for changes to the
operating parameters of the add-on controls. Based on this review, we would expect
no emissions increases if this facility were to reclassify,
o Based on permit reviews, there are no other requirements for two facilities that would
limit emissions or that require operation and maintenance of emission capture and
control systems that could serve as backstops,
o If these three facilities were to reclassify and the permit required control of HC1 and
Cb at a lower percentage reduction (less than 99% control), emissions could
potentially increase (11 tpy for a single HAP or 27 tpy for combined HAP).
• We estimate two additional facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the
major source thresholds.
o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (4 tpy for combined
HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. As noted above, facilities will
consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to reclassify. We
examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several
source categories.
6. Organic Liquids Distribution (OLD Non-Gasoline) (40 CFR part 63 subpart EEEE)
• Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: organic HAP.
o HAP that could be emitted: benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, vinyl chloride and
xylenes.
• Subpart EEEE was promulgated in 2004 and amended in 2006 and 2008. EPA is
currently working on the RTR with a court-ordered promulgation date of March 13,
2020.
• Emission sources controlled by the major source OLD NESHAP are storage tanks,
transfer operations, transport vehicles while being loaded, and equipment leak
components (valves, pumps, and sampling connections).
• The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard for storage tanks is a
floating roof or closed vent system and control device (combustion, scrubber or adsorber)
with a 95% reduction; for transfer racks, it is a closed vent system and control device
(combustion) with 98% destruction; for equipment leaks, it is an LDAR work practice;
and for transport vehicles, it is a vapor tightness or vapor collection certification work
practice.
• Based on our data, we estimate 178 facilities are subject to subpart EEEE.
o Sixty-two OLD facilities are stand-alone and not co-located with other NESHAP
sources. These are typically pipeline or marine terminals,
o One hundred-sixteen OLD facilities are co-located with other NESHAP sources
(e.g., HON, MON, MCM,36 coating and printing, bulk gasoline distribution),
o Fifty OLD facilities are also subject to NSPS 40 CFR part 60 subpart Kb
("Standards for Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Vessels, Including Petroleum
Liquid Storage Vessels, for Which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification
36 HON = Hazardous Organic NESHAP (subparts F, G, H, and I), MON = Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (subpart
FFFF), and MCM = Miscellaneous Coatings Manufacturing NESHAP (subpart HHHHH).
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Commenced After July 23, 1984.") and some could also be subject to state or
local VOC standards if located in ozone nonattainment areas.
We estimate 89 OLD facilities could potentially obtain area source status at the 75%
threshold. Of these, 41 are stand-alone OLD facilities and 18 are subject to NSPS subpart
Kb.
Consistent with the findings of our permit review presented above, under the first set of
assumptions for our illustrative analysis, if these sources were to reclassify we could
expect them to operate the combustion devices to control emissions from organic HAP
from tanks and transfer racks at the same level as prior to reclassification, resulting in no
potential increases in emissions due to the reclassification.
Under the second set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, we reviewed whether
these 89 OLD facilities could potentially be allowed to adjust the operating parameters to
achieve less than 98% destruction of organic HAP.
o First, we determined which of these 89 OLD facilities are in ozone nonattainment
areas. ERG then reviewed the permits for 15 of those OLD facilities located in
ozone nonattainment areas that could reclassify to assess whether there are
existing state rules or other permit conditions that could prevent the facility from
increasing emissions if the facility obtained area source status,
o Based on the permit review, at the 75% threshold seven facilities would not be
expected to increase emissions because they are subject to state rules or permit
requirements that directly or indirectly affect HAP emissions,
o For the remaining 82 OLD facilities, if these facilities were to reclassify and the
permit required organic HAP control at a lower percentage reduction (rather than
95-98%) control), there could be a potential emissions increase of 1,140 tpy (for
combined HAP).
o If the NSPS Kb acted as a backstop for 22 facilities, the potential for emissions
increases would be reduced to 913 tpy (for combined HAP), a difference of 227
tpy of HAP.
o , 4% of HAP emissions in the NEI come from transfer racks and 17% from
equipment leaks (21% combined), and these two sources, as well as wastewater
operations, are not regulated by these NSPS. (In the NEI, 44% of emissions could
not be assigned to a specific source.) At the 22 facilities subject to NSPS Kb,
transfer racks and equipment leaks may represent about 48 tpy of the projected
HAP increase, and this increase would not be prevented by subpart Kb.
o Therefore, the potential HAP emissions increase could be slightly higher because
there is no NSPS backstop on emissions from transfer racks, equipment leaks, or
wastewater operations.
We estimate 19 facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source
thresholds.
o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (77 tpy for
combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. As noted above,
facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to
reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as
applied to several source categories.
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United States	Office of Air Quality
Environmental Protection	Planning and Standards
Agency	Air Economics Group	May 2019
Research Triangle Park, NC

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