Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Proposed Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act Final Report May 2019 Larry Sorrels U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) Air Economics Group 109 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 ------- US EPA May 2019 Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Proposed Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act Report Larry Sorrels U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Air Economics Group 109 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Health and Environmental Impacts Division Research Triangle Park, NC li ------- CONTACT INFORMATION This document has been prepared by staff from the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Questions related to this document should be addressed to Larry Sorrels, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 (email: S orrel s. Larry @ ep a. gov). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Personnel from RTI International and Kapur Energy Environment Economics, LLC contributed significant data, analysis, and writing to this document under contract number EP-W-11-029. In addition, Eastern Research Group (ERG) contributed analyses of cost savings and emissions changes to this document. in ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents v List of Tables viii 1. Executive Summary 1-1 1.1 Summary 1-1 1.2 Summary of Approach for the Analysi s 1-3 1.2.1 Baseline 1-4 1.2.2 Analytical Approach for Identifying Affected Sources and Calculating Cost Savings 1-5 1.2.3 Economic Impact Estimation Approach 1-8 1.2.4 Benefits/Disbenefits Analysis 1-9 1.3 Avoided Costs of the Proposed MM2A Rule 1-10 1.4 Results 1-12 1.4.1 Administrative Cost Savings 1-12 1.4.2 Economic Impact Findings for 75 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Primary Scenario) 1-12 1.4.3 Findings for 50 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative Scenario 1) 1-14 1.4.4 Findings for 125 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative Scenario 2) 1-15 1.5 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario 1-16 1.6 Limitations and Uncertainties of the Analysis 1-16 1.7 Organization of this Report 1-19 2. Baseline Description, Regulatory Scenarios, and Affected Entities 2-1 2.1 Basic Steps for the Analysis Under the Primary Scenario 2-1 2.2 Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 1 2-4 2.3 Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 2 2-4 3. Regulatory Relief or Avoided Burden Costs 3-1 3.1 Year 1 Avoided Costs for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule 3-1 3.2 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule 3-38 3.3 Present Value and Equivalent Annualized Value Costs from the EPA 3-66 4. Illustrative Emissions Impacts and Potential Control Cost Impacts 4-1 4.1 Estimating Number of Facilities per Source Category and the Fraction That Could Obtain Area Source Status 4-1 v ------- 4.2 Control Technology Evaluation 4-4 4.3 Detailed Illustrative Source Category Analyses 4-5 4.4 Illustrative Source Category Cost Analyses for 125% Scenario (Alternative Scenario 2) 4-9 4.5 Coverage of Source Categories for this Analysis 4-9 4.6 Illustrative Potential Cost Analysis Approach 4-10 4.7 Cost-Effectiveness Estimate Derivation 4-12 4.8 Illustrative Results for Potential Cost Impacts Analysis Considering the Illustrative Emissions Analysis 4- 14 4.9 Limitations of the Illustrative 125% Potential Cost Impacts Analysis 4-15 5. Benefits/Disbenefits 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 PM2.5 Benefits/Disbenefits 5-1 5.2.1 PM2.5 Health Effects 5-2 5.2.2 Visibility Effects 5-3 5.3 Ozone Effects 5-4 5.3.1 Ozone Health Effects 5-5 5.3.2 Ozone Vegetation Effects 5-5 5.3.3 Ozone Climate Effects 5-5 5.4 N02 Health Effects 5-6 5.5 S02 Health Effects 5-6 5.6 NO2 and SO2 Health Co-Benefits/Co-Disbenefits 5-7 5.7 Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Health Impacts 5-8 5.7.1 Benzene 5-9 5.7.2 Ethylb enzene 5-9 5.7.3 Toluene 5-10 5.7.4 Vinyl Chloride 5-11 5.7.5 Other Air Toxics 5-12 6. Impacts of Regulatory Relief 6-1 6.1.1 Identifying Affected Sectors and Entities 6-2 6.1.2 Data Used to Characterize Affected Entities by Size 6-2 6.2 Developing Economic and Small Entity Regulatory Relief Impact Measures.. .6-48 6.3 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial, and Other Sources under the Primary Scenario 6-48 6.4 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial, and Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 1 6-78 vi ------- 6.5 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial, and Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 2 6-104 6.6 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario 6-131 7. Limitations and Uncertainties 7-1 7.1 Avoided Cost Estimate Limitations and Uncertainties 7-2 7.1.1 Uncertainties in Estimates of Affected Sources 7-2 7.1.2 Uncertainties in Permitting Costs 7-2 7.2 Economic Impact Limitations and Uncertainties 7-2 7.3 Economic Impact Data Limitations and Uncertainties 7-3 7.4 Benefits Limitations and Uncertainties 7-5 8. References 8-1 Attachments A Source Categories Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule A-l B Summary of Methodology and Data Used to Estimate Changes in Emissions B-l vii ------- LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the Primary (75% Emissions Cutoff) Scenario (2014$) 1-6 Table 1-2 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 50% Emissions Cutoff Alternative Scenario (2014$) 1-7 Table 1-3 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 125% Emissions Cutoff Alternative Scenario (2014$) 1-7 Table 1-4 Summary of Costs or Cost Savings by Time Period 1-11 Table 2-1 Facilities Affected by the Proposed Rule Under the Primary Scenario 2-3 Table 2-2 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 2-4 Table 2-3 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 2-5 Table 3-1 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under the Primary Scenario (2014$) 3-4 Table 3-2 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 (2014$) 3-14 Table 3-3 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$) 3-25 Table 3-4 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under the Primary Scenario (2014$) 3-39 Table 3-5 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 ($2014$) 3-48 Table 3-6 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$) 3-57 Table 3-7 Estimated Present Value of the Net Cost Savings for the Primary Alternative Scenario (75% Emissions Cutoff) (billions of 2014$) 3-66 Table 3-8 Estimated Equivalent Annualized Value of the Net Cost Savings of Scenario 2 (Primary) (millions of 2014$) 3-66 Table 4-1 Results of Potential Emissions Impacts Illustrative Analysis 4-7 Table 4-2 List of Source Categories Included in the Potential Cost Impacts Analysis, and Number of Affected Sources 4-10 Table 4-3 HAP Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Source Categories Included in the Potential Cost Impacts Analysis 4-12 Table 6-1 Number of Establishments by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 6-5 Table 6-2 Number of Employees by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 6-20 Table 6-3 Receipts by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 (in millions of 2014$) 6-35 Table 6-4 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Primary Scenario 6-53 Table 6-5 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Primary Scenario 6-65 Table 6-6 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 1 6-80 Table 6-7 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 1 6-92 Table 6-8 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 2 6-105 Table 6-9 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 2 6-118 Table 7-1 Data Limitations for Specific NAICS Codes 7-3 viii ------- Table A-l Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under the Primary Scenario A-l Table A-2 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative Scenario 1 A-9 Table A-3 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative Scenario 2 A-17 IX ------- 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Summary This Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) examines the benefits, costs, and economic impacts of the proposed rulemaking titled "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of Clean Air Act" (also known as Major MACT to Area (MM2A) rule). The MM2A rule implements the plain language reading of the Clean Air Act (CAA) section 112 definitions of "major" and "area" source and allows major sources to reclassify to area source status at such time the source takes enforceable limits on its potential to emit (PTE) hazardous air pollutants (HAP) below the major source thresholds. Section 112 of the CAA distinguishes between major and area sources of HAP emissions. Major sources are larger sources of air emissions than area sources and, generally, different requirements apply to major sources and area sources.1 Whether a source is a "major source" or an "area source" depends on the amount of HAP emitted by the source based on its actual or potential emissions. Section 112 of the CAA defined "major source" to mean a source that emits or has the potential to emit at or above either of the statutory thresholds of 10 tons per year (tpy) of any one HAP or 25 tpy of total HAP according to CAA section 112(a)(1). An "area source" is defined as any source that is not a major source according to CAA section 112(a)(2). If a source does not emit or does not have the potential to emit at or above either of the major source thresholds, then it is an "area source." Shortly after the EPA began implementing individual National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) resulting from the 1990 CAA Amendments, the Agency received multiple requests to clarify when a major source of HAP could avoid section 112 requirements applicable to major sources by taking enforceable limits on its PTE below the major source thresholds. In response, the EPA issued, on May 16, 1995, a memorandum from John Seitz, Director of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, to the EPA regional air division directors (the 1995 Seitz Memorandum). In the 1995 Seitz Memorandum, the EPA 1 For example, national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) standards applicable to major sources of HAP are, with certain exceptions, emissions limits based on maximum available control technology (MACT) floor and/or beyond the floor analyses under CAA sections 112(d)(2) and (d)(3), while area sources may be subject to standards based on generally available control technology (GACT) standards rather than MACT standards, as provided in CAA section 112(d)(5). 1-1 ------- stated its interpretation of the relevant statutory language that facilities that are major sources of HAP may switch to area source status at any time until the "first compliance date" of the standard. Under this interpretation, facilities that are major sources on the first substantive compliance date of an applicable major source NESHAP were required to comply permanently with that major source standard even if the source was subsequently to become an area source by limiting its PTE. This position was commonly referred to as the OIAI policy. On January 25, 2018, the EPA issued a guidance memorandum from William L. Wehrum, Assistant Administrator of the Office of Air and Radiation, to the EPA regional air division directors titled "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act" (MM2A Memorandum).2 In the MM2A Memorandum, the EPA discussed the plain language of CAA section 112(a) regarding Congress's definitions of "major source" and "area source," and determined that the OIAI policy articulated in the 1995 Seitz Memorandum is contrary to the plain language of the CAA and, therefore, must be withdrawn. The EPA is now proposing regulatory text to implement the plain language reading of the statute as discussed in the MM2A Memorandum. Under the plain language of the statute, a major source that takes enforceable limits on its PTE to bring its HAP emissions below the CAA section 112 major source thresholds becomes an area source under the plain language of the statute, no matter when the source may choose to take enforceable measures to limit its PTE HAP emissions. That source, now having area source status, will not be subject to the CAA section 112 requirements applicable to the source as a major source under CAA section 112 - so long as the source's actual and PTE HAP remains below the CAA section 112 thresholds - and will instead be subject to any applicable area source requirements. The decision of a major source facility to take enforceable limits on its PTE HAP emissions and reclassify to area source status is purely voluntary. This RIA estimates the potential cost savings estimates associated with the reclassification of major sources as area sources under section 112 of the CAA. The potential cost savings are based on illustrative estimates of administrative burden reduction for sources that reclassify to area source status and are no longer subject to major source NESHAP requirements. The economic impacts are separate estimates from the estimates of cost savings 2 See notice in 83 FR 5543, February 8, 2018. 1-2 ------- and measure avoided cost to sales. The avoided costs included in the measurement of avoided cost-to-sales ratios are estimates of administrative burden reduction or cost savings. This RIA does not estimate any costs or cost savings related to control equipment changes (e.g., decrease in control device operating and maintenance costs due to reduced device use), though it does provide analysis of the potential control costs for sources reducing HAP emissions in one instance. 3In place of a quantitative estimate of changes in emissions and benefits, the RIA provides a qualitative assessment of potential health and other benefits. This RIA uses industry-level (six-digit North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] code) data and gauges the magnitude of the reduction in regulation for affected sources by comparing the avoided burden cost estimates to average industry revenues. The burden cost estimates are in annual terms (2014 and 2016 dollars), and the avoided annualized cost-to-sales ratios are calculated using average industry revenue and average industry revenue by entity size. The U.S. Small Business Administration small business size standards current list (as of October 1, 2017) is used to define a small entity. We note that this analysis approach in general was used for the RIA for the Final Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule, a regulatory relief rule that was promulgated in 2010.4 1.2 Summary of Approach for the Analysis This analysis examines three scenarios. The 2014 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) whole facility emissions along with source category modeling files were used to identify facilities with actual emissions below 75 percent of major source thresholds for HAP (U.S. EPA, 2016a). This 75 percent emissions cutoff at 7.5 tons per year (tpy) for one HAP and 18.75 tpy for all HAP defines the primary scenario in this analysis to calculate the cost savings and economic impact of rescinding the OIAI policy on various industry sectors. In addition, to comply with the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) Circular A-4 guidance that analysis of a regulation includes at least three scenarios (a primary scenario, and two alternatives: one more Memorandum. Larry Sorrels, US EPA/OAQPS/HEID/AEG to EPA Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. "Analysis for Illustrative 125% Scenario for MM2A Proposal - Potential Cost Impacts from HAP Major Sources Reducing Emissions as part of Reclassifying to HAP Area Sources." May, 2019. 4 The RI A is available at https://www3¦epa.gov/ttn/ecas/docs/ria/pemiitting ria final-glig-tailoring-rule 2010- 1-3 ------- stringent and one less stringent)5. The two alternative scenarios examined in this report present: a 50% emissions cutoff and no-cutoff (125%) of major source thresholds. The 50% emissions cutoff is at 5 tpy of a single HAP or 12.5 tpy of all combined HAP. The 125% emissions cutoff is at 12.5 tpy of a single HAP or 31.25 tpy of all combined HAP. Our analysis of the proposed MM2A rule includes several key elements: • identification of HAP source categories expected to be affected by the proposed rule; • identification of facilities for the 75% emissions cutoff scenario, which is the primary scenario for this analysis and for the two alternative scenarios; • estimation of avoided ongoing labor burden; • estimation of one-time permitting costs for the area source permits; • estimation of area source burdens; • estimation of cost savings; • examination of potential control costs for some sources affected under the 125% scenario • estimation of emissions impacts for some source categories; • estimation of the economic impacts of this proposed rule; and • benefits/disbenefits analysis. A brief synopsis of these analytical aspects follows. 1.2.1 Baseline The baseline for this proposed rulemaking is a state under which facilities that are major sources on the first substantive compliance date of an applicable major source NESHAP are required to comply permanently with that major source NESHAP requirements (OIAI policy). Under this no-action case baseline, a major source would continue to be major source even if the source was subsequently to become an area source by limiting its PTE. In contrast, the EPA is proposing that a major source can reclassify to area source status at any time by limiting its PTE HAP to below the major source thresholds of 10 tpy of any single HAP or 25 tpy of any 5 OMB's Circular A-4 is guidance that Federal agencies must follow to comply with Executive Order 12866, the basis for the content of regulatory impact analyses for rulemakings. This guidance is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf. and p. 16 of Circular A-4 contains discussion on the development of regulatory alternatives. 1-4 ------- combination of HAP. The implementation of the plain language reading of the statute, removes the time limitation imposed by the OIAI policy and, thus, provides potential regulatory relief for sources that choose to limit their PTE HAP emissions and reclassify from major to area source status. As described, the no-action case is the baseline for this RIA. All of the alternative scenarios analyzed in this RIA show the level of potential regulatory relief in comparison to a baseline in which the OIAI policy remains in effect. 1.2.2 Analytical Approach for Identifying Affected Sources and Calculating Cost Savings The EPA conducted an illustrative cost analysis to determine the potential impacts of the removal of the OIAI policy. As part of this analysis, the EPA examined source categories subject to major source NESHAP under 40 CFR part 63. The EPA considered 110 source categories in the analysis. Of the 110 source categories, 71 were assessed using a direct approach, 35 were assessed using an extrapolated approach and 4 were assessed using approaches specific to those categories. The EPA has completed Risk and Technology Review (RTR) modeling files for the 71 source categories assessed using a direct approach. Of these 71 source categories, 6 source categories would not be affected by the proposal and were not further analyzed. The remaining 65 categories examined under this approach were assessed using an approach based on administrative burden cost information from information collection requests (ICRs) for each source category NESHAP. For the 35 source categories that were analyzed using an extrapolated approach, the EPA does not have RTR modeling files. The EPA used cost information for the 71 source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories without RTR modeling files. Also, three Industrial, Commercial and Institutional (ICI) Boilers and Process Heaters source categories and one Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) source category were assessed separately using approaches designed specifically for these categories. For a detailed description of how the EPA identified and assessed affected sources categories, please see the May, 2019 Cost Analysis Memorandum by the Eastern Research Group (ERG, 2019). For the 65 source categories for which there are completed RTR modeling files, the EPA used the modeling files to calculate the total number of major source facilities in each source category. The EPA also used the RTR modeling files to estimate the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status per source category under the 75% emissions cutoff, 1-5 ------- 50%emissions cutoff, and 125% emissions cutoff scenarios. These scenarios are referred to in this RIA as the primary scenario, alternative scenario 1 and alternative scenario 2, respectively. For the 35 source categories for which EPA does not have RTR modeling files, the EPA used the Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) database to estimate the number of major source facilities. To estimate the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status for the 35 source categories, the EPA used 3-digit NAICS codes to match each extrapolated category to directly assessed source categories with RTR data. The May, 2019, ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum memo explains how the EPA calculated the number of major source facilities, the facilities projected to obtain area source status and the projected net cost savings per source category. The projected net cost savings are based on avoided supporting statement costs (avoided labor burden), permitting costs for area source permits and the costs of the area source rule requirements (area source burden). A summary description of the cost savings or avoided costs of the proposed MM2A rule is provided in Section 1.3. Given that the actions of sources and businesses in response to this proposal are entirely voluntary, the analyses in this RIA, including the estimates of cost savings, are illustrative. The analytic timeline is assumed to begin with the year 2020 and to have an indefinite time horizon. Table 1-1 summarizes the illustrative cost savings and number of facilities projected to obtain area source status for the 75% emissions cutoff (or primary) alternative scenario analyzed. As shown in Table 1-1, the illustrative or potential annual cost savings for the primary scenario is $168.9 million (2014 dollars) in year 1. For year 2 and years thereafter, the illustrative or potential cost savings is $200.3 million annually (2014 dollars). Table 1-1 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the Primary (75% Emissions Cutoff) Scenario (2014$) Coverage of Source Categories 71 Source Categories (RTR data) Additional Source Categories (35 categories) ICI Boilers and Process Heaters (3 categories) All Source Categories Total Number of Facilities in Source Category subject to Major Source NESHAP 3,065 3,034 1,821 7,920 Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status 1,621 (52.9%) 1,383 (45.6%) 908 (49.9%) 3,912 (49.4%) Potential Net Annual Cost Savings (2014$) $73.4 Million (year 1) $86.4 Million (year 2) $69.8 Million (year 1) $80.9 Million (year 2) $25.8 Million (year 1) $33.1 Million (year 2) $168.9 Million (year 1) $200.3 Million (year 2) 1-6 ------- Source: Eastern Research Group. May 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. Tables 1-2 and 1-3 summarize the illustrative cost savings and number of facilities projected to obtain area source status for the 50% emissions cutoff and 125% emissions cutoff alternative scenarios, respectively. As shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3, the illustrative or potential annual cost savings for these scenarios are $131.8 million and $207.6 million (2014 dollars), respectively, in year 1. For year 2 and years thereafter, the illustrative or potential cost savings are $156.6 million and $243.8 million annually, respectively (2014 dollars). Table 1-2 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 50% Emissions Cutoff Alternative Scenario (2014$) Total Number of Coverage of Source Facilities in Source Categories Category subject to Major Source NESHAP Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Potential Net Annual Cost Savings (2014$) 71 Source Categories (RTR data) Additional Source Categories (35 categories) ICI Boilers and Process Heaters (3 categories) 3,065 3,034 1,821 1,322 (43.1%) 1,111 (36.6%) 658 (36.1%) $59.0 Million (year 1) $69.6 Million (year 2) $54.5 Million (year 1) $63.4 Million (year 2) $18.3 Million (year 1) $23.6 Million (year 2) All Source Categories 7,920 3,091 (39.0%) $131.8 Million (year 1) $156.6 Million (year 2) Source: Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. Table 1-3 Summary of Illustrative Cost Savings for the 125% Emissions Cutoff Alternative Scenario (2014$) Coverage of Source Categories Total Number of Facilities in Source Category subject to Major Source NESHAP Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Potential Net Annual Cost Savings (2014$) 71 Source Categories (RTR data) 3,065 1,863 (60.8%) $91.6 Million (year 1) $106.6 Million (year 2) Additional Source Categories (35 categories) 3,034 1,632 (53.8%) $86.3 Million (year 1) $99.3 Million (year 2) ICI Boilers and Process Heaters (3 categories) 1,821 1,022 (56.1%) $29.7 Million (year 1) $37.9 Million (year 2) All Source Categories 7,920 4,517 (57.0%) $207.6 Million (year 1) $243.8 Million (year 2) 1-7 ------- Source: Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. To comply with Executive Orders (EOs) 12866 and 13771, we have also estimated the present value (PV) of the illustrative cost savings for each scenario. For this analysis, there is the presumption of an infinite time horizon to estimate the PV, given that there is no review period for this action stated in the Clean Air Act. The PV of the cost savings for the primary alternative scenario is $2.34 billion (in 2014 dollars) at a discount rate of 7%, which is discounted to 2016 in accordance with EO 13771 guidance. 6 At a discount rate of 3%, the PV is $6.08 billion (in 2014 dollars), again discounted to 2016. In 2016 dollars, these present values are $2.39 billion and $6.24 billion, again discounted to 2016. A measure of the annual cost savings is the equivalent annualized value (EAV), and this is $163 million (2014 dollars) at a 7% rate for the primary scenario. At a 3% discount rate, the EAV is $183 million (2014 dollars). In 2016 dollars, the EAV is $167 million at a 7% discount rate and $187 million at a 3%rate. We show the PVs and EAVs in 2016 dollars as part of compliance with EO 13771. We also estimate the potential control costs for some sources that may reduce HAP emissions under the illustrative 125% scenario. This analysis is described in more detail in Chapter 4 of this RIA and in the memorandum for this analysis.7 1.2.3 Economic Impact Estimation Approach To estimate the economic impacts of this proposal, the EPA implemented the sales test to measure impacts on industrial, commercial, and other sources. The sales test is an approach that computes the annualized compliance costs as a share of sales for each company and is the methodology the EPA employs in economic impact analyses such as this one. Another methodology is a profits test, in which annualized compliance costs are calculated as a share of 6 Executive Order 13771, "Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs," can be found at Guidance from US OMB on complying with Executive Order 13771 can be found at https://www.federalregister.gov/docunients/2017/02/03/2017-02451/rediicing-reailation-and-controlling- regulatory'-costs and https://www.whiteliouse.gov/sites/whiteliouse.gov/files/omb/menioranda/2017/M-17-21- 7 Memorandum. Larry Sorrels, US EPA/OAQPS/HEID/AEG to EPA Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. "Analysis for Illustrative 125% Scenario for MM2A Proposal - Potential Cost Impacts from HAP Major Sources Reducing Emissions as part of Reclassifying to HAP Area Sources." May, 2019. 1-8 ------- profits.8 The EPA employs the sales test methodology because revenues or sales data are commonly available data for entities affected by EPA regulations, and profits data normally made available are often not the true profits earned by firms because of accounting and tax considerations. Firms and entities often have ways legally available in the tax code to minimize their reported profits; thus, using reported profits may lead to a less than accurate estimate of the economic impact of a regulation to an affected firm or entity and their consumers. Although screening-level analyses are often employed to estimate impacts to small businesses or entities as part of an analysis in compliance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), a screening-level analysis can also be used in an economic impact analysis such as this one whose focus is on the regulated companies. Given a general lack of information on the identity of owners of companies potentially affected by the proposed rule, the EPA implemented the recommended sales test and computed cost-to-sales ratios for affected sectors at the establishment (or facility) level.9 Information on establishments, employees, and receipts (sales) was taken from the latest complete set of data from the U.S. Economic Census (for 2012, the most recently completed Economic Census).10 For NAICS 115114, Postharvest Crop Activities, and 611310, Colleges and Universities, the data are from the 2012 County Business Patterns. The cost-to-sales ratios examine the ratio of the average establishment's total yearly avoided costs to the average establishment receipts for enterprises within several employment categories. 1.2.4 Benefits/Disbenefits Analysis The benefits/disbenefits analysis describes the human health impacts associated with the proposed rule. This proposed rule may potentially result in both emission reductions and 8 More information on sales and profit tests as used in analyses done by the EPA can be found at http://www.epa.gov/sbrefa/docimients/rfaaiidancell-00-06.pdf. pp. 32-33. 9 Typically, SBREFA impact assessments are conducted at the ultimate parent company level. The EPA assumed that the U.S. Census Bureau definition of enterprise is equivalent to ultimate parent company. Theoretically, the comparison of compliance costs to sales should be conducted at the enterprise level. Because the U.S. Census Bureau only provides data for typical establishments within various enterprise size categories, the EPA chose to compute the cost-to-sales ratio at the establishment (or facility level). The same ratio could be computed at the enterprise level by multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the typical number of establishments per enterprise in the appropriate enterprise size categories. Using the 2012 Economic Census data on typical establishments means that the cost-to-sales ratios are identical, whether computed at the establishment level or at the enterprise level. 10 The next version of the Economic Census, for 2017, will be completed and released to the public by the U.S. Census Bureau beginning in September 2019. 1-9 ------- increases from a broad array of existing sources. As described in Section 4, pollutant emissions that may be affected include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are precursors to both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone formation; sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is a precursor to fine particles sized 2.5 microns and smaller (PM2.5); oxides of nitrogen (NOx), a precursor to both PM2.5 and ground-level ozone; organic HAP such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and vinyl chloride; and methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG) and a precursor to ozone formation. As described in the subsequent sections, these pollutants are associated with substantial health effects, climate effects, and other welfare effects. We are uncertain as to the magnitude, direction, and distribution of these changes in emissions. As such, we are unable to quantify the changes in emissions across these sources and cannot either simulate the change in air quality or characterize the impact of these changes to human health. This is not to imply that changing emissions will not affect human health. Rather, our approach reflects the challenges associated with modeling the direct and indirect impacts of the reductions in emissions for these sectors with the data currently available. In place of quantitative estimates of the quantity and economic value of the pollutant changes, we instead characterize these impacts in qualitative terms. Section 5 provides a qualitative assessment of the health benefits associated with altering exposure to these pollutants, as well as visibility impairment and ecosystem benefits. 1.3 Avoided Costs of the Proposed MM2A Rule The EPA identified the facilities that could potentially be affected by the proposed MM2A rule. These facilities are classified as major sources but could obtain area source status with the proposed MM2A rule. The May, 2019, ERG cost memo describes how the projected cost savings per source category were calculated for the source categories for which the EPA has completed RTR modeling files. Once a facility achieves area source status, there will be avoided supporting statement costs. However, the facility will still incur compliance costs as an area source facility. There will be permitting costs to the facility and the state agency for obtaining the area source permits to replace the major source permits. These permitting costs are one-time in nature, and are reflected in the year 1 cost savings estimates. The May, 2019, ERG cost memo describes how the avoided supporting statement costs, compliance costs and permitting costs are calculated. The Air Quality Policy Division (AQPD) of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) provided estimates of one-time permitting costs to facilities and states. 1-10 ------- The one-time facility permitting cost is $4,968 per facility (2014 dollars) (U.S. EPA, 2015). The one-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility (2014 dollars) (U.S. EPA, 2016c). These costs are based on those for applying and obtaining a synthetic minor permit under the Clean Air Act Title V permitting program. These one-time cost estimates are irrespective of facility size. The projected illustrative net cost savings in the first year after major source facilities obtain area source status (or year 1) is the sum of the permitting costs to the facilities, the permitting costs to the state agencies, the projected annual compliance cost savings from not having to comply with the major source rule, and the estimated costs of the area source rule requirements. The projected illustrative net cost savings in the second year after major source facilities obtain area source status is the sum of the projected annual cost savings from not having to comply with the major source rule and the estimated costs of the area source rule requirements. Table 1-4 shows, relative to the baseline of no action, the timing of potential costs and cost savings that lead to an overall cost savings for this proposal. The estimate of cost savings for years 1 and 2 do not account for changes in the costs of control equipment that may be associated with reclassification from major to area source status, such as capital, fuel, and operating and maintenance costs. Table 1-4 Summary of Costs or Cost Savings by Time Period Source Size Year 1 Year 2 and Years Thereafter Major Source Reporting/supporting statement cost savings Reporting/supporting statement cost savings ¦ Ongoing reporting costs (existing area sources) ¦ Ongoing reporting costs Area Source ¦ Ongoing reporting costs (existing area sources) (new area sources) ¦ Ongoing reporting costs ¦ One-time permitting costs (new area sources) (new area sources) For the 35 source categories for which the EPA does not have completed RTR modeling files, the EPA used an extrapolated approach. The EPA used 3-digit NAICS codes to match each of these categories (called extrapolated categories) to the directly assessed source categories with RTR data. Then, the EPA calculated the sum of projected cost savings for years 1 and 2 of the source categories that were matched to the extrapolated category. Next, the EPA determined the average cost savings for years 1 and 2 for the matched source categories and used these to 1-11 ------- determine the cost savings for the extrapolated category. The May, 2019, ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum describes the extrapolated approach to calculate cost savings in detail. This May, 2019, ERG Cost Memorandum also details the methodology for calculating the projected cost savings for the separate categories of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional (ICI) Boilers and Process Heaters and Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE). The EPA decided to not include RICE in the cost analysis because these are typically co-located with other major HAP sources and any cost savings for these engines would be included in the cost savings associated with the other major source NESHAP. 1.4 Results 1.4.1 A dministrative Cost Savings The illustrative cost savings in Tables 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3 are the avoided administrative burden for years 1 and 2. The illustrative or potential annual cost savings for the primary scenario is $168.9 million (2014 dollars) in year 1. For year 2 and years thereafter, the illustrative or potential cost savings is $200.3 million annually (2014 dollars). For alternative scenario 1, the illustrative or potential annual cost savings are $131.8 million (2014 dollars) in year 1 and $156.6 million (2014 dollars) in year 2. For alternative scenario 2, the illustrative or potential annual cost savings are $207.6 million (2014 dollars) in year 1 and $243.8 million (2014 dollars) in year 2. 1.4.2 Economic Impact Findings for 75% Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Primary Scenario) The year 1 potential avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%, with a median (or 50th percentile) potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth (25th) percentile and seventy-fifth (75th) percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.16% respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 12.05%, with a median potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratios in year 2 are 0.02% and 0.22% respectively across all employment size categories. Figure 1-1 below in Section 1.5 provides a chart of these values. 1-12 ------- Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger in year 2 than year 1, and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger. For example, NAICS 337110 (Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.56% and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.86%. Some NAICS codes that have less than 0.01% ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as NAICS 326150 (Urethane and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing), which has an overall avoided cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01% in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2. As discussed above, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates. In year 1, some small size categories have small avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category of NAICS 424510 (Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers) has a 0.04% avoided cost-to-sales ratio, and the "20 to 99 employees" category of NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing) has a less than 0.01% avoided cost-to-sales ratio. However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in year 1, such as the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category of NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing), which has a 11.08% avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1. For the same size category, NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 2.66% in year 1. Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per establishment is $0.7 million which is less than the SBA size standard of $27.5 million for this NAICS code. In year 2, small entities generally have larger cost savings and the resulting avoided cost- to-sales ratios are larger. For example, for NAICS 213112 (Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations) the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category in year 1 has an avoided cost-to- sales of 0.85%) and in year 2, the ratio is 1.08%. Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 213112 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per establishment is $2.1 million which is less than the SBA size standard of $38.5 million. For NAICS 339999, for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category, the avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 is 12.05%. 1-13 ------- 1.4.3 Findings for 50% Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative Scenario 1) For the first alternative scenario with a threshold of 50%, the year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from -0.01% to 4.67%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.04% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are .01% and .14% respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 5.16%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all employment size categories. The twenty- fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.03% and 0.23% respectively across all employment size categories. Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are higher in year 2 than year 1. For example, NAICS 493110 (General Warehousing and Storage) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 1.14%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 1.42%). Three NAICS codes, 324110 (Petroleum Refineries), 325110 (Petrochemical Manufacturing), and 336112 (Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing), have less than 0.01% overall avoided cost-to-sales ratios in both year 1 and year 2. NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing) is the only NAICS code to have a negative avoided cost-to-sales ratio (-0.01%) in year 1, but in year 2, its avoided cost-to-sales ratio is positive (0.02%). Like the primary scenario, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates for the alternate scenario 1. In year 1, some small size categories have low avoided cost-to-sales ratios. NAICS 424710 (Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.02% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category and 0.01%) for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1. However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1 and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.56% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category in year 1, and NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage), has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.39% for the same size category in year 2. As explained above, establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis based on the SBA size standard for this NAICS code. 1-14 ------- 1.4.4 Findings for 125 Percent Emissions Cutoff Scenario (Alternative Scenario 2) For alternative scenario 2, which has a threshold of 125%, the year 1 avoided cost-to- sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05%) across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01%> and 0.16%> respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01%> to 12.05%), with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06%> across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.02% and 0.21% respectively across all employment size categories. Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are generally larger, and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger in year 2 than year 1. For example, NAICS 561990 (All Other Support Services) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.63%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.94%>. Some NAICS codes that have less than 0.01%> ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as NAICS 326150 (Urethane and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing), which has an overall avoided cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01%> in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2. Like for the primary scenario and alternative scenario 1, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates for alternative scenario 2. In year 1, some small size categories have low avoided cost-to-sales ratios. For instance, NAICS 424510 (Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers) has an avoided cost-to-sales of 0.04% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category and 0.01% for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1. However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1 and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has a year 1 "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 11.08%, and NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has a year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 9.02% for the same size category. As stated previously, establishments in this size category for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses based on the SBA size standard for this NAICS code. 1-15 ------- 1.5 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario Figure 1-1 displays the cost-to-sales ratios percentile results for the primary and two alternative scenarios. In year 1, the twenty-fifth percentiles, fiftieth percentiles (medians), and seventy-fifth percentiles across all employment size categories are very similar across the three scenarios. The twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.01% for each scenario, the medians are 0.04%for alternative scenario 1 and 0.05% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2, and the seventy-fifth percentiles are 0.14% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.16% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2. Hence, in year 1 all primary scenario and alternative scenario 2 percentiles are the same whereas the alternative scenario 1 results are a bit different for the fiftieth and seventy-fifth percentiles. In year 2, the percentiles across all employment size categories are also quite similar across the three scenarios. The twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.02% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2 and 0.03% for alternative scenario 1, the medians are 0.06% for each scenario, and the seventy-fifth percentiles are between 0.21% and 0.23% for the three scenarios (0.22% for the primary scenario, 0.23% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.21% for alternative scenario 2). Hence, in year 2 the median is the same across scenarios, the twenty-fifth percentile results match for the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2, but the seventy-fifth percentiles are slightly different across scenarios. 1-16 ------- Figure 1-1: Cost-to-Sales Ratios Percentile Results for Primary Scenario, Alternative Scenario 1, and Alternative Scenario 2 0.35% 0.30% 0.25% 0.20% 0.15% 0.10% 0.05% 0.00% I I ¦ ¦ I I 75th Percentile 150th Percentile (Median) 25th Percentile Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Primary Scenario Alternative Alternative Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Note: The year 2 percentile results are for year 2 and are also the annual results for years thereafter. The median revenue for industries included in this analysis is $9.13 billion (2014$). Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. 1.6 Limitations and Uncertainties of the Analysis This economic analysis has many sources of uncertainty. The most prominent uncertainty is that the EPA does not know which sources will take advantage of the opportunity to reclassify. The original 2007 proposal11 did not provide analyses of removing OIAI because it was stated that impacts could not be quantified without knowing which sources will avail themselves of the regulatory provisions proposed in this rule and what methods of HAP emission reductions will be used. In addition, the 2007 proposal also indicated, "It is unknown how many sources would choose to take permit conditions that would limit their PTE to below major source levels." 11 Federal Register. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: General Provisions. 72 FR 69 (January 3, 2007) https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/gp/fr03ia07.pdf. 1-17 ------- Within this group, it also is not known how many sources may increase their emissions from the major source MACT level (assuming the level is below the major source thresholds). Similarly, we cannot identify or quantify the universe of sources that would decrease their HAP emissions to below the level required by the NESHAP to achieve area source status. All such decisions discussed here are entirely voluntary by each HAP major sources. Additional limitations and uncertainties include the following: • A major assumption in the estimation of potential cost savings in this RIA is that all major sources in each source category that can reclassify to an area source will do so subject to a HAP PTE limitation. It is possible that major sources may choose not to reclassify because cost savings are not a sufficient incentive or for other reasons (e.g., companies concerned with their environmental reputation). • In addition to the uncertainty in the estimates of sources affected by this proposed rule, there is uncertainty in the burden costs used to estimate the regulatory relief from this rule. These uncertainties also affect the economic impact analysis conducted. The economic impact analysis compares the avoided burden cost estimates with average industry revenues to gauge the impact of the proposed MM2A rule for affected sources. • We used average industry revenue and average establishment revenue estimates by entity size to estimate avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The actual impacts to individual entities affected by this policy change may differ from industry averages. • The average entity costs used to compute the sales test vary across sources but are the same across establishment size categories. As a result, the sales test will likely overstate the avoided cost-to-receipt ratio for establishments owned by small businesses. • Using the 2012 Economic Census, we collected and organized data on number of establishments, employment, and receipts for affected sources represented by NAICS codes. However, because of confidentiality issues, some data values were not available or reported with a range of values. In addition, some NAICS codes were not valid 2012 NAICS codes, and either no data were reported for them in the 2012 Economic Census, or limited data were reported and not broken down by employment 1-18 ------- size categories. These data limitations are described in detail in Table 7-1 in Section 7 and prevent us from reporting avoided cost-to-sales ratios for every employment size category for some NAICS codes. • The underlying establishment and receipts data are a limiting factor because if either of these measures is not reported for a certain category, we cannot calculate the average receipts per establishment, which is needed for the avoided cost-to-sales ratio calculation. However, for some cases avoided cost-to-sales ratios are not reported because zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status; therefore, there are no facilities to calculate the average cost per entity. This RIA estimates administrative burden reduction and some economic impact as measured by avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The analysis does not measure costs or cost savings related to control equipment changes (e.g., decrease in control device operating and maintenance costs due to reduced device use) and does not provide quantitative estimates of changes in emissions and benefits. 1.7 Organization of this Report The remainder of this report supports and details the methodology and the results of this illustrative RIA. • Section 2 presents a discussion of the regulatory baseline, analysis scenarios, and affected entities. • Section 3 describes the administrative cost savings of the proposed rule including those for the two alternative scenarios. • Section 4 describes the impacts on emissions from the proposed rule and potential control cost impacts for sources affected by the illustrative 125% scenario. • Section 5 describes the benefits/disbenefits of the proposed rule. • Section 6 describes the economic impact methodology and the estimated economic impacts of the proposed rule. • Section 7 describes limitations and uncertainties of the analyses in the RIA. • Section 8 lists the references for the analyses included in this RIA. 1-19 ------- 2. BASELINE DESCRIPTION, REGULATORY SCENARIOS, AND AFFECTED ENTITIES The OIAI policy did not allow a major source to become an area source if its PTE was over the major source threshold as of the source's first compliance date. With the proposed MM2A rule, sources that were once classified as major sources can reclassify to area source status at any time by taking limits on its PTE HAP below the major source thresholds. To determine which facilities could potentially reclassify to area source status, the EPA used the 2014 NEI whole facility HAP emissions along with source category risk assessment modeling files to identify facilities with actual emissions below 75% of major source thresholds. This 75% emissions cutoff of 7.5 tpy for one HAP and 18.75 tpy for all HAPs is the primary scenario in this analysis to calculate the economic impacts of the proposed MM2A rule on various industry sectors. Two alternative scenarios, a 50% emissions cutoff and a 125% emissions cutoff, are also included in this analysis. An explanation of the uncertainties associated with this methodology is discussed in Section 7 of this report. The basic steps used to estimate affected sources and permitting actions under the primary and alternative scenarios are described in Sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3. 2.1 Basic Steps for the Analysis Under the Primary Scenario 1) Identify source categories. The EPA selected about 110 source categories subject to major source NESHAP requirements to be included in the MM2A cost analysis. Sixty-five categories in this group were assessed by the EPA using data from the RTR modeling files and had cost savings expected for each. The EPA also identified six categories where the MM2A policy change is not expected to have an impact, for a total of 71 source categories with RTR modeling files. In addition, 35 source categories were analyzed using an extrapolated approach {i.e., using the cost information for the 71 source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories). Three ICI Boilers and Process Heaters source categories and the RICE source category were separately assessed. A detailed description of how the EPA identified and assessed affected sources categories is provided in the May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum. The selected sources evaluated in this analysis can be grouped in the following sectors: • Energy {e.g., Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction) • Industrial {e.g., Petrochemical Manufacturing and Automobile Manufacturing) 2-1 ------- • Waste Treatment (e.g., Hazardous Waste Treatment & Disposal) • Commercial (e.g., General Warehousing & Storage) • Agriculture (e.g., Postharvest Crop Activities [except Cotton Ginning]) • Utilities (e.g., Hydroelectric Power Generation) • Educational Services (e.g., Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools) The six NAICS codes identified in the categories with RTR modeling files that would not be affected (i.e., have no facilities projected to obtain area source status) by the proposed MM2A rule are in the industrial sector and are as follows: 1. All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing (NAICS 311999) 2. Paper (except Newsprint) Mills (NAICS 322121) 3. Artificial & Synthetic Fibers & Filament Manufacturing (NAICS 325220) 4. Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing (NAICS 325312) 5. Alumina Refining & Primary Aluminum Production (NAICS 331313) 6. Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding & Alloying (NAICS 331420) 2) Identify facilities for the 75% emissions cutoff scenario. The EPA used source category RTR modeling files and 2014 NEI whole facility emissions to identify facilities with actual emissions below 75% of major source thresholds that would qualify as area source facilities for the primary scenario. Actual emissions for each source category were obtained from the 2014 NEI. Table 2-1 identifies facilities affected by the proposed MM2A rule under the primary scenario. The calculation of facilities projected to obtain area source status in each sector and source category is based on the sources expected to experience regulatory relief listed by sector in Appendix A-l. The NEI contains the EPA's most complete estimates of HAP emissions. The EPA's Air Toxics Program identifies 187 HAP. Some examples of these are benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The NEI's HAP emission estimates allow the EPA to determine if there is any progress being made in the reduction of HAP as described in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The 2014 NEI obtains data from the state, local and tribal (S/L/T) air agencies, as well as the development of NESHAP, and creates a national emissions database with this information. 2-2 ------- Table 2-1 Facilities Affected by the Proposed Rule Under the Primary Scenario Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Energy 367 Waste Treatment 359 Agriculture 1 Industrial 2,894 Commercial 110 Utilities 115 Educational Services 13 Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. The Air Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) requires state agencies to report all sources of emissions, except fires and biogenic sources. States must report criteria air pollutant emissions, and there is a system in place for the voluntary submission of HAP emissions. The 2014 NEI uses the AERR-based inventory. The emission thresholds for reporting to the AERR are PTE thresholds versus actual emission thresholds. However, the reported emissions are actual emissions. 3) Estimate ongoing labor burden. The EPA calculated a per-facility labor burden using supporting statements. Supporting statement costs are the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting costs that an emitting unit incurs yearly as a result of being classified as a HAP major source and subject to a major source NESHAP. This per-facility labor burden multiplied by the number of facilities below 75% of the major source thresholds provides the projected cost savings for these facilities becoming area sources for the primary regulatory scenario. 4) Obtain average one-time permitting costs. The AQPD of EPA's OAQPS provided the one-time permitting costs to facilities of $4,968 per facility and the one-time state agency burden of $3,046 per facility. These one-time permitting costs to obtain area source permits were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 75% threshold to estimate total permitting costs. 5) Obtain area source burden estimates. Where available, the EPA obtained area source burden estimates for facilities in each category subject to area source NESHAP. If the burden estimate data were not available, the EPA used the default average of $2,108/year per facility. The May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum explains how this default value was estimated. These area source burden estimates per facility were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 75%) emissions cutoff to obtain total area source burden. 2-3 ------- 2.2 Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 1 The EPA used source category RTR modeling files and 2014 NEI whole facility emissions to identify facilities with actual emissions below 50% of major source thresholds that would qualify as area source facilities for alternative scenario 1. The per facility labor burden multiplied by the number of facilities below 50% of the major source thresholds provided the projected cost savings for the facilities becoming area sources for the alternative scenario 1. The one-time permitting costs were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 50% threshold to estimate total permitting costs. The per facility area source burden estimates were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 50% emissions cutoff to obtain total area source burden. Table 2-2 identifies facilities affected by the proposed MM2A rule under the 50% emissions cutoff scenario. The calculation of facilities projected to obtain area source status in each sector is based on the sources expected to experience regulatory relief listed by sector and source category in Appendix A-2. Table 2-2 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Energy 293 Waste Treatment 286 Agriculture 0 Industrial 2,287 Commercial 82 Utilities 87 Educational Services 9 Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Draft Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. 2.3 Basic Steps Under Alternative Scenario 2 The EPA used source category RTR modeling files and 2014 NEI whole facility emissions to identify facilities with actual emissions below 125% of major source thresholds and that would qualify as area source facilities for alternative scenario 2. The per-facility labor burden multiplied by the number of facilities below 125% of the major source thresholds provided the cost savings for the facilities becoming area sources for the alternative scenario 2. The one-time permitting costs were multiplied by the number of facilities below the 125%) threshold to estimate total permitting costs. The area source burden estimates were multiplied by 2-4 ------- the number of facilities below the 125% emissions cutoff to obtain total area source burden. Table 2-3 identifies facilities affected by the proposed MM2A rule under the 125% emissions cutoff scenario. The calculation of facilities projected to obtain area source status in each sector is based on the sources expected to experience regulatory relief listed by sector and source category in Appendix A-3. Table 2-3 Facilities Affected by Proposed Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 Facilities Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Energy 419 Waste Treatment 435 Agriculture 1 Industrial 3,322 Commercial 134 Utilities 127 Educational Services 15 Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. 2-5 ------- 3. REGULATORY RELIEF OR AVOIDED BURDEN COSTS Around 110 source categories subject to major source NESHAP requirements served as the original universe for the analysis of avoided burden costs for the proposed MM2A rule. Of these 110 source categories, the EPA selected 71 source categories with completed RTR modeling files to be included in the MM2A cost analysis. In addition, 35 source categories were analyzed using an extrapolated approach {i.e., using the cost information for the 71 source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories). Three ICI Boilers and Process Heaters source categories and a RICE category were separately assessed using specific approaches designed for these categories. A detailed description of how the EPA identified and assessed affected sources categories is provided in the May, 2019, ERG cost memo. Sections 3.1 and 3.2 explain the potential avoided costs to affected sources of this policy change. 3.1 Year 1 Avoided Costs for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule Table 3-1 shows the costs avoided by affected sources in the first year of the proposed MM2A rule under the 75% emissions cutoff scenario. It provides the number of facilities within a NAICS code that are subject to major source NESHAP requirements standards under section 112 of the CAA. These facilities are considered major sources. With the proposed MM2A rule, a facility that is a major source can reclassify to area source status by taking enforceable limits on its PTE HAP emissions. The table also shows the number of major source facilities that could potentially obtain area source status. Once a facility achieves area source status, there will be avoided costs; however, within the first year (year 1), there will be one-time permitting costs to the facility and the state agency. Each major source facility that is becoming an area source facility will have to apply for and obtain an area source permit, and the state agency will need to review and issue the permit. Hence, there will be permitting costs for both of these entities. As mentioned previously in this RIA, the permitting cost to a facility is a one-time facility permitting burden estimate of $4,968 (2014 dollars) per facility, and there is a one-time state agency burden of $3,046 (2014 dollars) per facility. These one-time permitting costs are multiplied by the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status to obtain total permitting costs to the state agency and to the facilities obtaining area source status. 3-1 ------- For the categories with completed RTR modeling files, the annual projected cost savings per source category are calculated based on the average supporting statement costs {i.e., monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting costs) per facility from the ICR supporting statement. These cost savings are multiplied by the facilities projected to obtain area source status to obtain the projected cost savings per source category. The annual estimated cost of area source requirements for a source category is calculated based on the estimated area source rule burden for that source category multiplied by the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status. The projected net cost savings for year 1 for the categories with RTR modeling files are calculated by adding together the (i) annual estimated cost of area source requirements, (ii) annual projected cost savings from not having to comply with the major source rule and (iii) the total area source permitting costs to the state agency and the total area source permitting costs to the facilities within each identified NAICS code. For the categories that were assessed using an extrapolated approach, the EPA used 3- digit NAICS codes to match the extrapolated category to the directly assessed source categories with RTR data. Then, the EPA calculated the sum of projected cost savings in year 1 of the source categories that were matched to the extrapolated category. Next, the EPA determined the average cost savings for year 1 for the matched source categories and used these to determine the cost savings for the extrapolated category in year 1. The May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum describes how these categories were assessed in year 1 in greater detail. RICE was not included in the cost analysis because these are typically co-located with other major HAP sources and any cost savings for these engines would be included in the other major source cost savings. The avoided costs in year 1, excluding the permitting cost to the state agency of reviewing and issuing area source permits, are also displayed in Table 3-1. For the categories with completed RTR modeling files, this calculation is the sum of the annual estimated cost of area source requirements, the annual projected compliance costs (savings), and the area source permitting cost to the facilities expected to obtain area source status. The average avoided cost per entity is the average net projected cost savings in year 1, excluding the permitting costs to the state agency, for the facilities projected to obtain area source status. 3-2 ------- Table 3-2 shows the costs avoided by affected sources in year 1 of the proposed MM2A rule under the 50% emissions cutoff scenario. Table 3-3 shows the costs avoided by affected sources in year 1 of the proposed MM2A rule under the 125% emissions cutoff scenario. We note that the cost for facilities affected under the 125% emissions cutoff scenario include those that have HAP emissions of between 100% to 125%, and this cost accounts for the 605 additional sources that potentially will reclassify under this scenario as compared to the 75% emissions scenario. Since these costs do not account for costs from control technology installation and operation that may be occurred by these sources as they reduce emissions, the overall cost savings may be lower than shown here. 3-3 ------- Table 3-1 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under the Primary Scenario (2014$) Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Projected to Obtain Area Source Avoided Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Projected Net Costs (Savings) Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting Average Avoided Cost/ Status Requirement (year 1) cost to state Entity agency) Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 64 317,952 194,944 (357,423) 26,732 (156,233) 351,177 5,487 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 15 74,520 45,690 (526,434) 572,124 38,142 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 72 357,696 219,312 (2,251,393) 2,470,705 34,315 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 7 34,776 21,322 (250,912) 272,234 38,891 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 10 49,680 30,460 (365) 365 (165,815) 196,275 19,628 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 12 59,616 36,552 (319,333) 355,885 29,657 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 5 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 14 69,552 42,644 (433,820) 23,188 (359,491) 402,135 28,724 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 0 0 0 0 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state Average Avoided Cost/ Entity agency) Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 29 144,072 88,334 (385,274) 52,700 (346,123) 434,457 14,981 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 24,840 15,230 (9,795) 6,324 (9,643) 24,873 4,975 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 43 213,624 130,978 (1,376,608) 1,507,586 35,060 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 21 104,328 63,966 (600,458) 664,424 31,639 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing 321213 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 205 1,018,440 624,430 (1,081,034) 69,564 (4,899,866) 5,523,634 26,945 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state Average Avoided Cost/ Entity agency) Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing 321999 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 132 655,776 402,072 (1,710,241) 2,110,907 15,992 Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing 322220 17 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322299 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Commercial Lithographic Printing" 323110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 110 546,480 335,060 (1,724,460) 212,908 (983,263) 1,318,323 11,985 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 149 740,232 453,854 (22,515,745) 61,132 (23,230,806) 23,683,758 158,951 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing 324122 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products 324199 A 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 238 1,182,384 724,948 (536,852) 189,809 374,990 348,607 1,465 Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" 325131 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" 325132 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" 325181 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,717) 10,961 10,961 Industrial Carbon Black Manufacturing" 325182 21 8 39,744 24,368 (28,908) 54,169 6,771 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" 325188 93 35 173,880 106,610 (37,286) 145,311 4,152 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing" 325192 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 24 119,232 73,104 (393,103) 6,324 (963,196) 1,036,300 43,179 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 307 1,525,176 935,122 (14,974,394) 189,448 (42,772,523) 43,706,180 142,365 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 4 19,872 12,184 (2,651) 5,920 20,512 (8,328) (2,082) ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state Average Avoided Cost/ Entity agency) Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 3 14,904 9,138 (283,139) 291,904 97,301 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 6 29,808 18,276 (327,193) 9,867 (284,055) 302,331 50,389 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 11 54,648 33,506 (1,283,038) 15,787 (1,240,151) 1,273,657 115,787 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 26 129,168 79,196 (3,141,816) 47,362 (2,932,331) 3,011,527 115,828 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 10 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 10 49,680 30,460 (287,924) 318,384 31,838 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 5 24,840 15,230 (220,698) 235,928 47,186 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 19 94,392 57,874 (46,810) 5,976 48,176 9,698 510 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 101 501,768 307,646 (3,269,461) 177,072 (2,975,860) 3,283,506 32,510 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 27 134,136 82,242 (729,712) 812,121 30,079 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state Average Avoided Cost/ Entity agency) Industrial Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 9 44,712 27,414 (31,604) 2,108 (295,808) 323,222 35,914 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 3 14,904 9,138 (28,410) 36,025 12,008 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 4 19,872 12,184 (57,630) 69,814 17,453 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 17 11 54,648 33,506 (101,956) 10,540 (295,459) 328,965 29,906 Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 22 109,296 67,012 (318,363) 385,375 17,517 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 6 29,808 18,276 (69,750) 4,216 (263,405) 281,681 46,947 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 45 223,560 137,070 (1,481,176) 88,536 (1,093,064) 1,230,134 27,336 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 5 24,840 15,230 (67,226) 82,456 16,491 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA 331112 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Primary Aluminum ProductionA 331312 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 1 4,968 3,046 0 0 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 22 109,296 67,012 (267,384) 114,385 8,496 58,516 2,660 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing" 331316 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331318 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 331410 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331411 0 0 0 0 0 Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency „ . , , Estimated Proiected „ , „ . ' . Cost ol Area Costs „ , Source ( avings) Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state Average Avoided Cost/ Entity agency) Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA 331422 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331491 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331492 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 40 198,720 121,840 (809,564) 932,099 23,302 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA 331521 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) 331524 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332119 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA 332212 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing 332311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 8 39,744 24,368 (40,000) 619 (282,279) 306,647 38,331 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing 332722 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332812 436 332 1,649,376 1,011,272 (13,959,045) 620,579 (11,324,462) 12,335,734 37,156 Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 332813 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 332999 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities Projected Category to Obtain Subject Area to MACT Source Status Permitting Cost (S) Facility State Agency S/Year Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Cost (S) Avoided Projected Costs in Year Average Net Costs 1 (excluding Avoided (Savings) permitting Cost/ (year 1) cost to state Entity agency) (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (1,436,878) 1,499,289 74,964 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing" Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube Manufacturing" Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 333112 333120 333131 333293 333316 333415 333512 333513 333611 333618 333923 333992 334220 334411 334412 334413 334512 334613 335110 335224 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 30 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 23 1 13 2 1 4,968 3,046 20 99,360 60,920 2 9,936 6,092 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 4 19,872 12,184 1 4,968 3,046 2 9,936 6,092 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 16 79,488 48,736 1 4,968 3,046 0 0 0 1 4,968 3,046 11 54,648 33,506 2 9,936 6,092 1 4,968 3,046 2 9,936 6,092 1 4,968 3,046 1 4,968 3,046 (257,544) 4,950 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (503,333) 552,526 34,533 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 0 0 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (225,495) 259,001 23,546 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state Average Avoided Cost/ Entity agency) Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335932 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 6 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Automobile Manufacturing 336111 66 33 163,944 100,518 (719,231) 35,836 (1,080,389) 1,180,907 35,785 Industrial Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336120 8 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 8 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Truck Trailer Manufacturing 336212 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336310 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA 336311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 336312 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336330 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336340 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336350 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336360 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336370 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336390 13 9 44,712 27,414 (281,125) 308,539 34,282 Industrial All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA 336399 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Aircraft Manufacturing 336411 125 99 491,832 301,554 (9,666,667) 53,827 (9,234,955) 9,536,509 96,328 Industrial Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336412 8 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336413 10 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing 336415 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Ship Building and Repairing 336611 92 57 283,176 173,622 (2,549,443) 107,508 (2,277,333) 2,450,955 42,999 Industrial Boat Building 336612 123 81 402,408 246,726 (5,900,511) 6,147,690 75,897 Industrial Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing 336992 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing 337110 347 260 1,291,680 791,960 (3,602,566) 337,764 (1,565,842) 2,357,802 9,068 Industrial Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Projected to Obtain Area Source Avoided Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Projected Net Costs (Savings) Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting Average Avoided Cost/ Status Requirement (year 1) cost to state Entity agency) Industrial Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing 337122 14 10 49,680 30,460 (304,540) 335,000 33,500 Industrial Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 337127 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing 337211 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 337214 19 12 59,616 36,552 (327,616) 6,187 (271,502) 308,054 25,671 Industrial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing 337215 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Blind and Shade Manufacturing 337920 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 339112 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing 339113 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing 339910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing 339920 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing 339940 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing 339991 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Burial Casket Manufacturing 339995 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339999 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Commercial Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 424510 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 284 1,410,912 865,064 (521,806) 392,088 (1,711,663) 2,576,727 9,073 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 86 427,248 261,956 (2,686,090) 513,176 (1,483,709) 1,745,665 20,298 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) 531120 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost ($) $/Year Cost ($) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency „ . , , Estimated Proiected „ , „ . ' . Cost ol Area Costs „ , Source ( avings) Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 26 129,168 79,196 (2,234,667) 50,592 (2,021,952) 2,101,148 80,813 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 330 1,639,440 1,005,180 (27,259,614) 28,264,473 85,650 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 13 64,584 39,598 (496,220) 535,818 41,217 Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 oj Notes: i—1 One-time facility permitting burden is $4,968 per facility. One-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility. Six source categories in the assessed source categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories, and they were excluded from the table. For Table 3-1, two columns—Projected Costs (Savings) and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost savings for facilities in year 1 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available. The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the 2012 Economic Census and are not included in this table. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and is not included in this table. Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html'). ------- Table 3-2 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 (2014$) Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requiremen t Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton 115114 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ginning) Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 52 258,336 158,392 (293,598) 21,959 (147,108) 305,500 5,875 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 11 54,648 33,506 (311,339) 344,845 31,350 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 0 0 0 0 0 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 0 0 0 0 0 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 60 298,080 182,760 (1,933,255) 2,116,015 35,267 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 0 0 0 0 0 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 0 0 0 0 0 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 5 24,840 15,230 (67,226) 82,456 16,491 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 0 0 0 0 0 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 8 39,744 24,368 (304) 304 3,058 21,310 2,664 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 9 44,712 27,414 (281,125) 308,539 34,282 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Soybean Processing" 311222 16 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Oilseed Processing" 311223 5 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 2 9,936 6,092 (78,876) 4,216 (58,632) 64,724 32,362 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable 311411 2 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 20 99,360 60,920 (261,986) 35,836 (126,925) 187,845 9,392 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 24,840 15,230 (9,795) 6,324 (9,643) 24,873 4,975 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 34 168,912 103,564 (1,095,483) 1,199,047 35,266 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 17 84,456 51,782 (556,647) 608,429 35,790 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing 321213 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 161 799,848 490,406 (851,724) 54,808 (3,794,487) 4,286,217 26,622 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing 321999 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 99 491,832 301,554 (1,349,141) 1,651,397 16,681 Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing 322220 17 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322299 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 95 471,960 289,370 (1,485,426) 183,396 (879,138) 1,168,508 12,300 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 124 616,032 377,704 (19,410,125) 52,700 (20,021,763) 20,399,055 164,509 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing 324122 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing 324199 4 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 215 1,068,120 654,890 (442,943) 170,971 382,437 271,879 1,265 Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" 325132 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" 325181 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,705) 10,834 10,834 Industrial Carbon Black Manufacturing" 325182 21 8 39,744 24,368 (28,711) 52,136 6,517 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" 325188 93 31 154,008 94,426 (29,501) 125,303 4,042 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing" 325192 1 0 0 0 0 0 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 20 99,360 60,920 (393,103) 6,324 (902,769) 963,689 48,184 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 231 1,147,608 703,626 (11,120,441) 140,112 (32,221,000) 32,925,166 142,533 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 3 14,904 9,138 (1,767) 3,947 11,408 (2,270) (757) Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 2 9,936 6,092 (215,391) 222,743 111,371 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 2 9,936 6,092 (65,439) 1,973 (62,250) 68,342 34,171 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 7 34,776 21,322 (801,899) 9,867 (782,175) 803,497 114,785 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 23 114,264 70,058 (2,749,089) 41,442 (2,569,567) 2,639,625 114,766 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 10 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 7 34,776 21,322 (250,912) 272,234 38,891 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 0 0 0 0 0 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 17 84,456 51,782 (46,810) 5,976 78,390 (26,608) (1,565) Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 68 337,824 207,128 (2,218,563) 120,156 (1,952,947) 2,160,075 31,766 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 18 89,424 54,828 (552,572) 608,695 33,816 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 5 24,840 15,230 0 0 (67,226) 82,456 16,491 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 1 4,968 3,046 (19,411) 23,327 23,327 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 3 14,904 9,138 (51,762) 62,205 20,735 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 17 7 34,776 21,322 (81,565) 8,432 (78,089) 99,411 14,202 Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 18 89,424 54,828 (265,608) 320,871 17,826 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 4 19,872 12,184 (69,750) 4,216 (79,719) 91,903 22,976 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 43 213,624 130,978 (1,410,644) 84,320 (1,042,776) 1,173,754 27,297 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 5 24,840 15,230 (67,226) 82,456 16,491 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA 331112 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing 321999 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Primary Aluminum ProductionA 331312 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 1 4,968 3,046 0 0 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 20 99,360 60,920 (241,918) 103,491 7,040 53,880 2,694 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA 331316 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331318 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 331410 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331411 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A 331419 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA 331422 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331491 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331492 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 38 188,784 115,748 (783,033) 898,949 23,657 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA 331521 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) 331524 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332119 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA 332212 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing 332311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 7 34,776 21,322 (40,000) 619 (275,480) 296,802 42,400 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing 332722 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332812 436 251 1,246,968 764,546 (10,581,946) 469,306 (8,470,386) 9,234,932 36,793 Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 332813 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 332999 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing 333112 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 30 15 74,520 45,690 (1,036,449) 1,082,074 72,138 Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333131 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing" 333293 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 333316 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing 333415 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing" 333512 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing" 333513 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing 333611 1 0 0 0 0 0 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Estimated Projected Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 333618 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing 333923 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 333992 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 334220 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Electron Tube Manufacturing" 334411 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 334412 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 334413 23 13 64,584 39,598 (404,796) 445,546 34,273 Industrial Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use 334512 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing 334613 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 335110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing 335224 13 11 54,648 33,506 (257,544) 4,950 (225,495) 259,001 23,546 Industrial Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing 335228 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing 335311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor and Generator Manufacturing 335312 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Storage Battery Manufacturing 335911 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335931 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335932 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 6 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Automobile Manufacturing 336111 66 18 89,424 54,828 (211,538) 10,540 (657,149) 711,977 39,554 Industrial Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336120 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Truck Trailer Manufacturing 336212 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336310 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA 336311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 336312 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336330 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336340 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336350 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336360 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336370 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336390 13 7 34,776 21,322 (250,912) 272,234 38,891 Industrial All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA 336399 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Aircraft Manufacturing 336411 125 84 417,312 255,864 (8,222,222) 45,784 (7,872,522) 8,128,386 96,767 Industrial Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336412 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336413 10 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing 336415 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Ship Building and Repairing 336611 92 48 238,464 146,208 (2,149,530) 90,644 (1,951,598) 2,097,806 43,704 Industrial Boat Building 336612 123 64 317,952 194,944 (4,860,144) 5,055,996 79,000 Industrial Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing 336992 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing 337110 347 238 1,182,384 724,948 (3,299,951) 309,392 (1,436,478) 2,161,426 9,082 Industrial Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing 337122 14 9 44,712 27,414 (281,125) 308,539 34,282 Industrial Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 337127 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing 337211 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain State Agency Projected Estimated Cost of Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Subject Area Facility Costs Area Source (excluding to MACT Source Status (Savings) Requiremen t permitting cost to state agency) Industrial Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 337214 19 8 39,744 24,368 (196,569) 3,712 (174,987) 199,355 24,919 Industrial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing 337215 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Blind and Shade Manufacturing 337920 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 339112 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing 339113 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing 339910 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing 339920 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing 339940 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing 339991 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Burial Casket Manufacturing 339995 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339999 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 424510 1 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Line-Flaul Railroads 482111 1 0 0 0 0 0 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 0 0 0 0 0 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 229 1,137,672 697,534 (421,167) 316,200 (1,405,171) 2,102,705 9,182 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Marine Cargo Flandling 488320 2 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 75 372,600 228,450 (2,342,520) 447,537 (1,293,933) 1,522,383 20,298 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) 531120 1 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 2 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 2 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 0 0 0 0 0 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost ($) $/Year Cost ($) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requiremen t Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Average Avoided Cost/ Entity Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 21 104,328 63,966 (1,769,111) 40,052 (1,607,007) 1,670,973 79,570 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 262 1,301,616 798,052 (21,625,090) 22,423,142 85,585 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 9 44,712 27,414 (281,125) 308,539 34,282 Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Notes: One-time facility permitting burden is $4,968 per facility. One-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility. Six source categories in the assessed source categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table. For Table 3-2, two columns—Projected Costs Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 1 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available. The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table. Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/dowiiloadables.html'). ------- Table 3-3 Year 1 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$) Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 72 357,696 219,312 (408,484) 30,551 (139,362) 358,674 4,982 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 17 84,456 51,782 (540,032) 591,814 34,813 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 82 407,376 249,772 (2,539,317) 2,789,089 34,013 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation" 221119 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 7 34,776 21,322 (250,912) 272,234 38,891 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 11 54,648 33,506 (425) 425 (157,801) 191,307 17,392 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 13 64,584 39,598 (326,132) 365,730 28,133 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Soybean Processing" 311222 16 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Oilseed Processing" 311223 5 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 2 9,936 6,092 (78,876) 4,216 (58,632) 64,724 32,362 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 0 0 0 0 0 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 3 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 34 168,912 103,564 (446,918) 61,132 (374,078) 477,642 14,048 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 24,840 15,230 (9,795) 6,324 (9,643) 24,873 4,975 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 45 223,560 137,070 (1,406,821) 1,543,891 34,309 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Facility State Agency Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirement Projected Net Costs (Savings) (year 1) Avoided Costs in Year 1 (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Average Avoided Cost Entity Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood 321212 29 21 104,328 63,966 (600,458) 664,424 31,639 Manufacturing Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except 321213 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Truss) Manufacturing Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product 321219 284 211 1,048,248 642,706 (1,113,793) 71,672 (5,030,674) 5,674,175 26,892 Manufacturing Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and 321912 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Planing Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product 321999 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Manufacturing Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 1 4,968 3,046 (111,315) 2,108 (101,193) 104,239 104,239 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box 322211 213 157 779,976 478,222 (2,066,429) 2,544,417 16,206 Manufacturing Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper 322220 17 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper 322222 12 0 0 0 0 0 ManufacturingA Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product 322299 1 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and 323111 188 124 616,032 377,704 (1,963,494) 242,420 (1,080,589) 1,458,293 11,760 Books) Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 185 919,080 563,510 (30,329,425) 84,320 (31,349,251 31,912,371 172,499 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials 324122 3 1 4,968 3,046 ) (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Manufacturing Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products 324199 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Manufacturing Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 283 1,405,944 862,018 (503,933) 223,402 467,601 394,557 1,394 Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" 325131 3 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" 325132 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" 325181 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,914) 11,388 11,388 Industrial Carbon Black Manufacturing" 325182 21 9 44,712 27,414 (32,061) 60,991 6,777 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" 325188 93 42 208,656 127,932 (76,462) 205,885 4,902 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing" 325192 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 32 158,976 97,472 (655,172) 10,540 (1,449,134) 1,546,606 48,331 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 412 2,046,816 1,254,952 (20,657,770) 262,464 (57,509,923 ) 58,764,643 142,633 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 4 19,872 12,184 (2,651) 5,920 20,512 (8,328) (2,082) Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" 325221 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" 325222 8 3 14,904 9,138 (373,133) 383,762 127,921 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 7 34,776 21,322 (250,912) 272,234 38,891 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 3 14,904 9,138 0 0 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 6 29,808 18,276 (327,193) 9,867 (284,055) 302,331 50,389 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 15 74,520 45,690 (1,924,556) 23,681 (1,841,720) 1,887,410 125,827 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 34 168,912 103,564 (4,189,088) 63,149 (3,899,704) 4,003,268 117,743 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 10 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 10 49,680 30,460 (287,924) 318,384 31,838 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 5 24,840 15,230 (220,698) 235,928 47,186 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 19 94,392 57,874 (46,810) 5,976 48,176 9,698 510 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 101 501,768 307,646 (3,269,461) 177,072 (2,975,860) 3,283,506 32,510 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 27 134,136 82,242 (726,159) 808,066 29,928 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 8 39,744 24,368 0 0 (274,326) 298,694 37,337 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 3 14,904 9,138 (28,410) 36,025 12,008 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Clay Refractory Manufacturing" 327124 8 4 19,872 12,184 (57,630) 69,814 17,453 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 17 11 54,648 33,506 (101,956) 10,540 (295,459) 328,965 29,906 Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 22 109,296 67,012 (318,363) 385,375 17,517 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 6 29,808 18,276 (69,750) 4,216 (263,405) 281,681 46,947 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 50 248,400 152,300 (1,586,975) 94,860 (1,368,798) 1,521,098 30,422 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product Manufacturing" 331112 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Primary Aluminum Production" 331312 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 27 134,136 82,242 (318,314) 136,172 (12,005) 94,247 3,491 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing" 331316 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331318 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State „ . , , Estimated Proiected „ , „ . „ . Cost ol Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs . , Source ( avings) Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 331410 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331411 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A 331419 2 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420 3 2 9,936 6,092 0 0 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA 331422 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331491 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331492 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 46 228,528 140,116 (879,177) 1,019,389 22,161 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^ 331521 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) 331524 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332119 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA 332212 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing 332311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 11 54,648 33,506 (120,000) 1,856 (368,428) 401,934 36,539 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing 332722 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332812 436 371 1,843,128 1,130,066 (15,574,742) 690,257 (12,572,747 ) 13,702,813 36,935 Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 332813 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 332999 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing 333112 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 30 23 114,264 70,058 (1,570,336) 1,640,523 71,327 Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333131 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA 333293 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 333316 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing 333415 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA 333512 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA 333513 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing 333611 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 333618 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State „ . , , Estimated Proiected „ , „ . „ . Cost ol Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs . , Source ( avings) Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing 333923 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 333992 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 334220 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Electron Tube ManufacturingA 334411 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 334412 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 334413 23 18 89,424 54,828 (560,863) 616,297 34,239 Industrial Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use 334512 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing 334613 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 335110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing 335224 13 11 54,648 33,506 (257,544) 4,950 (225,495) 259,001 23,546 Industrial Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing 335228 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing 335311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor and Generator Manufacturing 335312 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Storage Battery Manufacturing 335911 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335931 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335932 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 6 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 Industrial Automobile Manufacturing 336111 66 37 183,816 112,702 (803,846) 40,052 (1,174,974) 1,287,676 34,802 Industrial Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 5 5 24,840 15,230 (237,314) 252,544 50,509 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Heavy Duty Track Manufacturing 336120 8 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 8 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Track Trailer Manufacturing 336212 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336310 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve Manufacturing" 336311 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing" 336312 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336330 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336340 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336350 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336360 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336370 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336390 13 9 44,712 27,414 (281,125) 308,539 34,282 Industrial All Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing" 336399 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Aircraft Manufacturing 336411 125 107 531,576 325,922 (10,222,222) 56,921 (9,954,447) 10,280,369 96,078 Industrial Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336412 8 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336413 10 7 34,776 21,322 (250,912) 272,234 38,891 Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing 336415 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Ship Building and Repairing 336611 92 74 367,632 225,404 (3,399,257) 143,344 (2,955,074) 3,180,478 42,979 Industrial Boat Building 336612 123 94 466,992 286,324 (6,547,907) 6,835,463 72,718 Industrial Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing 336992 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing 337110 347 289 1,435,752 880,294 (3,991,643) 374,242 (1,885,749) 2,766,043 9,571 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost (S) S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State „ . , , Estimated Proiected „ , „ . „ . Cost ol Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs . , Source ( avings) Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Industrial Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing 337122 14 12 59,616 36,552 (488,226) 524,778 43,731 Industrial Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 337127 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing 337211 5 6 29,808 18,276 (244,113) 262,389 43,731 Industrial Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 337214 19 17 84,456 51,782 (458,662) 8,662 (374,817) 426,599 25,094 Industrial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing 337215 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Blind and Shade Manufacturing 337920 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 339112 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing 339113 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing 339910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing 339920 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing 339940 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Industrial Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing 339991 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial Burial Casket Manufacturing 339995 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339999 5 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Commercial Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 424510 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 326 1,619,568 992,996 (600,081) 451,112 (1,854,873) 2,847,869 8,736 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 ------- Facilities Permitting Cost ($) $/Year Cost ($) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Obtain Facility State Projected Estimated Cost of Area Projected Net Costs Avoided Costs in Year 1 Average Avoided Subject to MACT Area Source Status Agency Costs (Savings) Source Requirement (Savings) (year 1) (excluding permitting cost to state agency) Cost Entity Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 108 536,544 328,968 (3,310,762) 632,519 (1,858,972) 2,187,940 20,259 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 4 19,872 12,184 (213,899) 226,083 56,521 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) 531120 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 2 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Waste Hazardous Waste Treatment and 562211 41 32 158,976 97,472 (2,700,222) 61,132 (2,443,696) 2,541,168 79,412 Treatment Disposal Waste Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 399 1,982,232 1,215,354 (32,917,552 34,132,265 85,545 Treatment ) Waste Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 3 14,904 9,138 (37,012) 46,150 15,383 Treatment Waste Remediation Services 562910 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Treatment Educational Colleges, Universities, and Professional 611310 23 15 74,520 45,690 (526,434) 572,124 38,142 Services Schools Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 1 4,968 3,046 (6,799) 9,845 9,845 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 2 9,936 6,092 (30,213) 36,305 18,153 Notes: One-time facility permitting burden is $4,968 per facility. One-time state agency burden is $3,046 per facility. Six source categories in the assessed source categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table. For Table 3-3, two columns—Projected Costs Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 1 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available. The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status. ------- For the not directly assessed Source Category "Pulp & Paper (non-combust) MACT" (NAICS 322121), one facility is extrapolated to obtain area source status. However, in the estimation of Extrapolated Costs (Savings), "No facilities are expected to be area sources." We assume the same when calculating the number of facilities expected to obtain area source status for this not directly assessed category. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, NAICS 2012, NAICS 2007; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html'). oo LtJ ^1 ------- 3.2 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Sources Affected by the Proposed MM2A Rule With the proposed MM2A rule, in year 2, there will be no area source permitting costs to the facility or the state agency. This is because it is assumed that the permitting changes are all completed year 1 and there is no permitting action in year 2. Therefore, the only costs to the affected facilities in year 2 are the area source burden requirements. For the categories with completed RTR modeling files, the annual projected cost savings in year 2 are the annual supporting statement costs for the facilities expected to obtain area source status. The avoided costs in year 2 are the sum of the estimated cost of area source requirements and the annual projected cost savings from not having to comply with the major source NESHAP rule. For the categories without completed RTR modeling files, the EPA matched used 3-digit NAICS codes to match each extrapolated category to the directly assessed source categories with RTR data. Then, the EPA calculated the sum of projected cost savings in year 2 of the source categories that were matched to the extrapolated category. Next, the EPA determined the average cost savings for year 2 for the matched source categories and used these to determine the cost savings for the extrapolated category in year 2. The May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum describes how these categories were assessed in greater detail. RICE was not included in the cost analysis because these are typically co-located with other major HAP sources and any cost savings for these engines would be included in the other major source cost savings. Thus, we attempted to avoid double-counting of any cost savings for RICE to the extent possible. Table 3-4 shows the avoided costs in year 2 for the categories with completed RTR modeling files and the extrapolated categories. The average avoided cost per entity is calculated using the average projected net cost savings in year 2 for the facilities projected to obtain area source status. Table 3-5 shows the avoided costs in year 2 under the 50% emissions cutoff scenario. Table 3-6 shows the avoided costs in year 2 under the 125% emissions cutoff scenario. 3-38 ------- Table 3-4 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under the Primary Scenario (2014$) Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of rroiected Costs . „ ?„ . , Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 64 (357,423) 26,732 669,129 10,455 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 15 646,644 43,110 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 2 46,241 23,121 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 72 2,828,401 39,283 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 4 245,955 61,489 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 5 277,384 55,477 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 7 307,010 43,859 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 2 46,241 23,121 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 10 (365) 365 245,955 24,596 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 12 415,501 34,625 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 5 0 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 14 (433,820) 23,188 471,687 33,692 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 0 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of rroiected Costs . „ . , Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product 311514 3 0 0 Manufacturing Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 0 Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 0 0 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 29 (385,274) 52,700 578,529 19,949 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 (9,795) 6,324 49,713 9,943 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 43 1,721,210 40,028 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 21 768,752 36,607 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) 321213 6 4 245,955 61,489 Manufacturing Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 205 (1,081,034) 69,564 6,540,994 31,907 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing 321999 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 0 0 0 0 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 132 2,764,390 20,942 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Area Source Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Requirements Cost/Entity Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing 322220 17 0 0 Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322299 1 0 0 Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 110 (1,724,460) 212,908 1,864,803 16,953 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 149 (22,515,745) 61,132 24,422,518 163,910 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing 324122 3 0 0 Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing 324199 4 0 0 Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 238 (536,852) 189,809 1,528,788 6,423 Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 2 0 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" 325181 4 1 17,883 17,883 Industrial Carbon Black Manufacturing" 325182 21 8 95,368 11,921 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 93 35 321,498 9,186 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 1 0 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 24 (393,103) 6,324 1,155,532 48,147 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 307 (14,974,394) 189,448 45,228,966 147,326 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 4 (2,651) 5,920 11,544 2,886 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" 325221 1 0 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" 325222 8 3 306,200 102,067 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 6 (327,193) 9,867 332,139 55,357 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 11 (1,283,038) 15,787 1,328,305 120,755 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 0 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of rroiected Costs . „ . , Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 26 (3,141,816) 47,362 3,140,695 120,796 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 10 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 10 368,064 36,806 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 5 260,768 52,154 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 19 (46,810) 5,976 104,090 5,478 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 101 (3,269,461) 177,072 3,785,274 37,478 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 27 946,531 35,057 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 9 (31,604) 2,108 367,934 40,882 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 3 48,445 16,148 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 4 89,686 22,421 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 17 11 (101,956) 10,540 383,613 34,874 Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 22 494,671 22,485 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 2 46,241 23,121 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Area Source Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Requirements Cost/Entity Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 6 (69,750) 4,216 311,489 51,915 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 45 (1,481,176) 88,536 1,453,694 32,304 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 5 107,296 21,459 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA 331112 1 0 0 Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Primary Aluminum ProductionA 331312 2 0 0 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 1 0 0 14,813 14,813 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 22 (267,384) 114,385 167,812 7,628 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA 331316 1 0 0 Industrial Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331318 2 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 331410 1 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331411 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A 331419 2 0 0 Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420 3 0 0 0 0 Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA 331422 1 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331491 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331492 2 0 0 Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 40 1,131,953 28,299 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^ 331521 1 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) 331524 2 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332119 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA 332212 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing 332311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 14,813 14,813 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Area Source Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Requirements Cost/Entity Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 8 (40,000) 619 346,391 43,299 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing 332722 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332812 436 332 (13,959,045) 620,579 13,985,110 42,124 Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 332813 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 332999 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing 333112 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 30 20 1,601,080 80,054 Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333131 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA 333293 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 333316 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing 333415 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA 333512 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA 333513 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing 333611 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 333618 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System Manufacturing 333923 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 333992 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 334220 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Electron Tube ManufacturingA 334411 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 334412 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 334413 23 16 632,761 39,548 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of rroiected Costs . „ . , Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use 334512 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing 334613 0 0 0 Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 335110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing 335224 13 11 (257,544) 4,950 313,649 28,514 Industrial Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing 335228 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing 335311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor and Generator Manufacturing 335312 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Storage Battery Manufacturing 335911 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335931 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335932 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 6 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Automobile Manufacturing 336111 66 33 (719,231) 35,836 1,344,851 40,753 Industrial Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336120 8 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 8 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Truck Trailer Manufacturing 336212 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336310 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA 336311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 336312 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336330 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336340 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336350 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336360 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336370 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336390 13 9 353,251 39,250 Industrial All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA 336399 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Aircraft Manufacturing 336411 125 99 (9,666,667) 53,827 10,028,341 101,296 Industrial Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336412 8 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336413 10 6 292,197 48,699 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost of rroiected Costs . „ . , Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and 336415 1 1 14,813 14,813 Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Ship Building and Repairing 336611 92 57 (2,549,443) 107,508 2,734,131 47,967 Industrial Boat Building 336612 123 81 6,550,838 80,875 Industrial Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component 336992 2 2 46,241 23,121 Manufacturing Industrial Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing 337110 347 260 (3,602,566) 337,764 3,649,482 14,036 Industrial Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture 337122 14 10 384,680 38,468 Manufacturing Industrial Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 337127 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing 337211 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 337214 19 12 (327,616) 6,187 367,670 30,639 Industrial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker 337215 1 1 14,813 14,813 Manufacturing Industrial Blind and Shade Manufacturing 337920 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 339112 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing 339113 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing 339910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing 339920 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing 339940 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing 339991 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Burial Casket Manufacturing 339995 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339999 5 4 245,955 61,489 Commercial Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 424510 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 4 245,955 61,489 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 284 (521,806) 392,088 3,987,639 14,041 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 86 (2,686,090) 513,176 2,172,913 25,266 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 2 46,241 23,121 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except 531120 1 1 14,813 14,813 Mini warehouses) Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 2 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering 541715 2 2 46,241 23,121 and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 1 14,813 14,813 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 26 (2,234,667) 50,592 2,230,316 85,781 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 330 29,903,390 90,616 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 2 46,241 23,121 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Educational Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 13 600,402 46,185 Services Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 2 46,241 23,121 Notes: Six source categories from the assessed categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories, and they were excluded from the table. For Table 3-4, two columns—Projected Cost Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 2 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available. The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and are not included in this table. Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html'). ------- Table 3-5 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 1 ($2014$) Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 0 0 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 52 (293,598) 21,959 563,836 10,843 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 11 399,493 36,318 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 0 0 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 0 0 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 0 0 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 0 0 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 0 0 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 60 2,414,095 40,235 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 2 46,241 23,121 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 0 0 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 3 61,054 20,351 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 0 0 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 5 107,296 21,459 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 0 0 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 8 (304) 304 61,054 7,632 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 9 353,251 39,250 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 0 0 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 0 0 Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 5 0 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 2 (78,876) 4,216 74,660 37,330 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 0 0 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 0 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 3 0 0 Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 0 Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 0 0 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 0 0 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 0 0 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 0 0 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 0 0 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 0 0 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 0 0 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 0 0 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 20 (261,986) 35,836 287,205 14,360 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 0 0 Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 (9,795) 6,324 49,713 9,943 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 34 1,367,959 40,234 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 17 692,885 40,758 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing 321213 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 161 (851,724) 54,808 5,088,225 31,604 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing 321999 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 0 0 0 0 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 99 2,144,376 21,660 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area of Area Source Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Requirements Cost/Entity Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing 322220 17 0 0 Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322299 1 0 0 Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 95 (1,485,426) 183,396 1,640,468 17,268 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 124 (19,410,125) 52,700 21,014,416 169,471 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing 324122 3 0 0 Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing 324199 4 0 0 Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 215 (442,943) 170,971 1,339,064 6,228 Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 2 0 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" 325181 4 1 17,569 17,569 Industrial Carbon Black Manufacturing" 325182 21 8 90,342 11,293 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 93 31 281,556 9,082 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 1 0 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 20 (393,103) 6,324 1,063,049 53,152 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 231 (11,120,441) 140,112 34,073,655 147,505 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 3 (1,767) 3,947 12,634 4,211 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 2 234,733 117,367 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 2 (65,439) 1,973 78,278 39,139 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 7 (801,899) 9,867 838,273 119,753 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 23 (2,749,089) 41,442 2,753,889 119,734 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 10 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 7 307,010 43,859 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 0 0 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 0 0 Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 0 0 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 17 (46,810) 5,976 57,848 3,403 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 68 (2,218,563) 120,156 2,497,899 36,734 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 18 700,232 38,902 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 5 0 0 107,296 21,459 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 1 29,714 29,714 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 0 0 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 3 79,238 26,413 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 0 0 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 17 7 (81,565) 8,432 134,187 19,170 Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 18 411,005 22,834 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 0 0 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 4 (69,750) 4,216 111,775 27,944 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 2 0 0 Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 43 (1,410,644) 84,320 1,387,378 32,265 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 5 107,296 21,459 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product Manufacturing" 331112 1 0 0 Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Primary Aluminum Production" 331312 2 0 0 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 1 0 0 14,813 14,813 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 20 (241,918) 103,491 153,240 7,662 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing" 331316 1 0 0 Industrial Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331318 2 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 331410 1 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper" 331411 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)" 331419 2 0 0 Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420 3 0 0 0 0 Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) Drawing" 331422 1 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331491 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331492 2 0 0 Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 38 1,088,007 28,632 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries" 331521 1 0 0 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) 331524 2 0 0 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332119 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Hand and Edge Tool Manufacturing" 332212 1 1 14,813 14,813 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing 332311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 7 (40,000) 619 331,578 47,368 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing 332722 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332812 436 251 (10,581,946) 469,306 10,481,900 41,761 Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 332813 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 332999 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing 333112 1 0 0 Industrial Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 30 15 1,156,489 77,099 Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333131 2 0 0 Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA 333293 1 0 0 Industrial Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 333316 1 0 0 Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing 333415 1 0 0 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing" 333512 1 0 0 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing" 333513 1 0 0 Industrial Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing 333611 1 0 0 Industrial Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 333618 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System 333923 1 0 0 Manufacturing Industrial Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 333992 2 0 0 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Averasit' Year 2 Avoided Cost/Entity Industrial Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless 334220 1 0 0 Communications Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Electron Tube ManufacturingA 334411 1 0 0 Industrial Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 334412 1 0 0 Industrial Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 334413 23 13 512,008 39,385 Industrial Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for 334512 1 0 0 Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media 334613 0 0 0 Manufacturing Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 335110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing 335224 13 11 (257,544) 4,950 313,649 28,514 Industrial Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing 335228 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer 335311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Manufacturing Industrial Motor and Generator Manufacturing 335312 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Storage Battery Manufacturing 335911 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335931 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335932 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 6 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Automobile Manufacturing 336111 66 18 (211,538) 10,540 801,401 44,522 Industrial Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336120 8 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 8 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Truck Trailer Manufacturing 336212 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts 336310 2 2 46,241 23,121 Manufacturing Industrial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve 336311 1 1 14,813 14,813 ManufacturingA Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 336312 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components 336330 2 2 46,241 23,121 (except Spring) Manufacturing Industrial Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336340 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts 336350 2 2 46,241 23,121 Manufacturing Industrial Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim 336360 1 1 14,813 14,813 Manufacturing Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336370 1 1 14,813 14,813 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336390 13 7 307,010 43,859 Industrial All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA 336399 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Aircraft Manufacturing 336411 125 84 (8,222,222) 45,784 8,545,698 101,735 Industrial Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336412 8 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336413 10 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing 336415 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Ship Building and Repairing 336611 92 48 (2,149,530) 90,644 2,336,270 48,672 Industrial Boat Building 336612 123 64 5,375,427 83,991 Industrial Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing 336992 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing 337110 347 238 (3,299,951) 309,392 3,343,810 14,050 Industrial Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing 337122 14 9 353,251 39,250 Industrial Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 337127 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing 337211 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 337214 19 8 (196,569) 3,712 239,099 29,887 Industrial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing 337215 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Blind and Shade Manufacturing 337920 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 339112 2 0 0 Industrial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing 339113 1 0 0 Industrial Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing 339910 1 0 0 Industrial Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing 339920 1 0 0 Industrial Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing 339940 1 0 0 Industrial Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing 339991 2 0 0 Industrial Burial Casket Manufacturing 339995 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339999 5 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 424510 1 0 0 Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 3 61,054 20,351 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 0 0 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 0 0 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 0 0 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 229 (421,167) 316,200 3,240,377 14,150 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. . . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 0 0 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 0 0 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 75 (2,342,520) 447,537 1,894,983 25,266 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) 531120 1 0 0 Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 2 0 0 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 2 0 0 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 0 0 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 21 (1,769,111) 40,052 1,775,301 84,538 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 262 23,724,758 90,553 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 2 46,241 23,121 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Educational Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 9 353,251 39,250 Services Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 0 0 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 0 0 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 1 14,813 14,813 Notes: Six source categories from the assessed categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table. For Table 3-5, two columns—Projected Costs Savings and Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without completed RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 2 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available. The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table. Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/iiaics/downloadables/dowiiloadables.html). ------- Table 3-6 Year 2 Avoided Cost for Affected Sources of the Proposed MM2A Rule Under Alternative Scenario 2 (2014$) Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. • , ¦ »—i , Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ ?„ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 1 14,813 14, 813 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 72 (408,484) 30,551 716,370 9,950 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 17 676,270 39,781 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 2 46,241 23,121 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 82 3,196,465 38,981 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 4 245,955 61,489 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 5 277,384 55,477 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 1 14,813 14,813 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 7 307,010 43,859 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 2 46,241 23,121 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 11 (425) 425 245,955 22,360 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 13 430,314 33,101 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 0 0 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 0 0 Industrial Other Oilseed Processing" 311223 5 0 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 2 (78,876) 4,216 74,660 37,330 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 0 0 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product 311514 3 0 0 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 0 Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 0 0 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 34 (446,918) 61,132 646,554 19,016 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 (9,795) 6,324 49,713 9,943 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 45 1,767,451 39,277 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 21 768,752 36,607 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) 321213 6 4 245,955 61,489 Manufacturing Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 211 (1,113,793) 71,672 6,723,719 31,866 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing 321999 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 1 (111,315) 2,108 109,207 109,207 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 157 3,324,011 21,172 Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing 322220 17 0 0 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area of Area Source Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Requirements Cost/Entity Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322299 1 0 0 Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 124 (1,963,494) 242,420 2,074,325 16,728 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 185 (30,329,425) 84,320 32,830,815 177,464 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing 324122 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing 324199 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 283 (503,933) 223,402 1,800,729 6,363 Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 2 0 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA 325181 4 1 18,684 18,684 Industrial Carbon Black ManufacturingA 325182 21 9 108,177 12,020 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 93 42 416,973 9,928 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 1 0 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 32 (655,172) 10,540 1,705,582 53,299 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 412 (20,657,770) 262,464 60,811,082 147,600 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 4 (2,651) 5,920 11,544 2,886 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 3 401,098 133,699 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 7 307,010 43,859 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 3 0 0 61,054 20,351 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 6 (327,193) 9,867 332,139 55,357 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 15 (1,924,556) 23,681 1,961,930 130,795 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 0 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 34 (4,189,088) 63,149 4,172,180 122,711 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 10 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 10 368,064 36,806 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 5 260,768 52,154 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 19 (46,810) 5,976 104,090 5,478 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 101 (3,269,461) 177,072 3,785,274 37,478 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 27 941,654 34,876 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 8 0 0 338,438 42,305 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 3 48,445 16,148 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 4 89,686 22,421 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 17 11 (101,956) 10,540 383,613 34,874 Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 22 494,671 22,485 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 1 14,813 14,813 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 6 (69,750) 4,216 311,489 51,915 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 50 (1,586,975) 94,860 1,769,498 35,390 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA 331112 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Primary Aluminum ProductionA 331312 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 27 (318,314) 136,172 228,383 8,459 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA 331316 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331318 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 331410 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331411 0 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A 331419 2 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420 3 2 0 0 46,241 23,121 Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA 331422 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331491 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331492 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 46 1,248,073 27,132 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA 331521 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) 331524 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332119 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA 332212 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing 332311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 14,813 14,813 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 11 (120,000) 1,856 456,582 41,507 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing 332722 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332812 436 371 (15,574,742) 690,257 15,545,941 41,903 Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 332813 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 332999 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing 333112 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 30 23 1,754,999 76,304 Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333131 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA 333293 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 333316 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing 333415 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing" 333512 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing" 333513 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing 333611 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 333618 5 4 245,955 61,489 Industrial Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System Manufacturing 333923 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 333992 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 334220 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Electron Tube Manufacturing" 334411 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 334412 1 1 14,813 14,813 ------- Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Average Subject to Obtain Area Year 2 Avoided MACT Source Status Cost/Entity Industrial Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 334413 23 18 706,710 39,262 Industrial Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use 334512 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing 334613 0 0 0 Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 335110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing 335224 13 11 (257,544) 4,950 313,649 28,514 Industrial Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing 335228 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing 335311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor and Generator Manufacturing 335312 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Storage Battery Manufacturing 335911 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335931 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335932 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 6 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Automobile Manufacturing 336111 66 37 (803,846) 40,052 1,471,492 39,770 Industrial Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 5 5 277,384 55,477 Industrial Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336120 8 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 8 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Truck Trailer Manufacturing 336212 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336310 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA 336311 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 336312 3 3 61,054 20,351 Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336330 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336340 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336350 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336360 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336370 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336390 13 9 353,251 39,250 Industrial All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA 336399 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Aircraft Manufacturing 336411 125 107 (10,222,222) 56,921 10,811,945 101,046 Industrial Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336412 8 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336413 10 7 307,010 43,859 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status t. • . , ,. . Estimated Cost rroiected Costs „ . „ . , ol Area Source (Savings) .. Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and 336415 1 1 14,813 14,813 Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Ship Building and Repairing 336611 92 74 (3,399,257) 143,344 3,548,110 47,947 Industrial Boat Building 336612 123 94 7,304,463 77,707 Industrial Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component 336992 2 2 46,241 23,121 Manufacturing Industrial Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing 337110 347 289 (3,991,643) 374,242 4,201,795 14,539 Industrial Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture 337122 14 12 584,394 48,699 Manufacturing Industrial Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 337127 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing 337211 5 6 292,197 48,699 Industrial Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 337214 19 17 (458,662) 8,662 511,055 30,062 Industrial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker 337215 1 1 14,813 14,813 Manufacturing Industrial Blind and Shade Manufacturing 337920 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 339112 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing 339113 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing 339910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing 339920 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing 339940 1 1 14,813 14,813 Industrial Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing 339991 2 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial Burial Casket Manufacturing 339995 3 2 46,241 23,121 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339999 5 4 245,955 61,489 Commercial Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 424510 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 4 245,955 61,489 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 326 (600,081) 451,112 4,467,437 13,704 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 108 (3,310,762) 632,519 2,724,484 25,227 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 4 245,955 61,489 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS Facilities S/Year Cost (S) Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Projected Costs (Savings) Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements Avoided Costs Year 2 Average Avoided Cost/Entity Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except 531120 1 1 14,813 14,813 Mini warehouses) Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 2 2 46,241 23,121 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering 541715 2 2 46,241 23,121 and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 1 14,813 14,813 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 32 (2,700,222) 61,132 2,700,144 84,380 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 399 36,113,451 90,510 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 3 61,054 20,351 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 14,813 14,813 Educational Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 15 646,644 43,110 Services Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 1 14,813 14,813 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 2 46,241 23,121 Notes: Six source categories from the assessed categories were identified that would not be affected by the change in policy: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. Out of these six categories, four area source categories are subject to a MACT standard where area sources in these categories are subject to the same HAP requirement for major sources in these categories: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating and Portland Cement. Because there are no differences in the requirements between major and area sources for these categories, there is no impact of the MM2A policy change on these categories and they were excluded from the table. For Table 3-6, two columns—Projected Costs Savings based on supporting statement costs and the Estimated Cost of Area Source Requirements—are incomplete because for the cost categories without RTR modeling files, we only have the extrapolated cost or savings for facilities in year 2 and not a breakdown of those cost savings by area source requirement costs or supporting statement cost savings. We have included all of the cost information that is currently available. The blank cells in the "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column represent source categories for which there are zero facilities projected to obtain area source status. For not directly assessed Source Category "Pulp & Paper (non-combust) MACT" (NAICS 322121), one facility is extrapolated to obtain area source status. However, in the estimation of Extrapolated Costs (Savings), "No facilities are expected to be area sources." We assume the same when calculating the number of facilities expected to obtain area source status for this not directly assessed category. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. Hence, we have not included them in this table. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore, we have not included it in this table. Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. NAICS 2012 and NAICS 2007 (https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/downloadables/downloadables.html'). ------- 3.3 Present Value and Equivalent Annualized Value Costs To comply with EOs 12866 and 13771, the EPA also estimated the PV of the illustrative cost savings for each scenario. The PV is the value of a stream of impacts over time, discounted to the current day. For this analysis, there is the presumption of an infinite time horizon, given that there is no review period for this action in the Clean Air Act unlike that for most rulemakings subject to that Act. Therefore, the estimate of the PV for each scenario is the annual cost savings divided by the relevant discount rate expressed as a fraction (e.g., 7% discount rate is expressed as 0.07). The PV of the cost savings for the primary alternative scenario is $2.34 billion (in 2014 dollars) at a discount rate of 7%, which is discounted to 2016 in accordance with EO 13771 guidance. At a discount rate of 3%, the PV is $6.08 billion (in 2014 dollars), again discounted to 2016. A measure of the annual cost savings is the EAV. This annual impact estimate is calculated consistent with the PV. The EAV is $163 million (2014 dollars) at 7% rate for the primary scenario. At a 3% discount rate, the EAV is $183 million (2014 dollars). The PVs for each alternative scenario and discount rate in 2014 dollars can be found in Table 3-7; the EAVs are in Table 3-8.12 Table 3-7 Estimated Present Value of the Net Cost Savings for the Primary Alternative Scenario (75% Emissions Cutoff) (billions of 2014$) PV of Cost Savings by Alternative Scenario 7% Discount Rate 3% Discount Rate 50% Emissions Cutoff 1.9 4.8 75% Emissions Cutoff 2.3 6.1 125% Emissions Cutoff 2.8 7.6 Table 3-8 Estimated Equivalent Annualized Value of the Net Cost Savings of Scenario 2 (Primary) (millions of 2014$) EAV of Net Cost Savings 7% Discount Rate 3% Discount Rate 50% Emissions Cutoff 128 143 75% Emissions Cutoff 163 183 125% Emissions Cutoff 199 223 12 Conversion from 2014 to 2016 dollars is accomplished using the annual GDP implicit price deflator. The 2016 value is 1.02147 times larger than the 2014 value. For more information, refer to https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/USAGDPDEFAISMEI. Accessed on October 23, 2018. 3-66 ------- 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EMISSIONS IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL CONTROL COST IMPACTS 4.1 Estimating Number of Facilities per Source Category and the Fraction That Could Obtain Area Source Status As mentioned earlier in this RIA, the EPA used data from RTR modeling files to estimate individual HAP and total HAP emissions for individual facilities in 71 source categories. These 71 source categories are those for which the RTR modeling file had been completed and for which EPA expected that some major source facilities may potentially reclassify as area sources. This analysis is contained fully in the spreadsheet entitled, MM2A Illlustrative Emissions Analysis Results May-2019.xlsx, which is in the public docket for this rulemaking. In addition, 35 source categories were analyzed using an extrapolated approach (i.e., using the cost information for the 71 source categories to estimate impacts for the 35 source categories). Three ICI Boilers and Process Heaters source categories and the RICE source category were separately assessed. For most of the sources in the ICI Boilers and Process Heaters categories and all of the RICE sources, it was determined that these major sources would not reclassify to area sources. Upon review by the EPA, of the 71 source categories with available data, the EPA determined that six source categories are not likely to be impacted by the change in policy and are not included in the analysis. These six categories are: Decorative Chromium Electroplating, Hard Chromium Electroplating, Other Chromium Electroplating, Secondary Lead, Wool Fiberglass, and Portland Cement. For these source categories, all facilities were estimated to be well over the major source emission threshold, or they were subject to NESHAP that regulated major and area sources to essentially the same standard. For the remaining 65 source categories, analysis to estimate individual and total HAP emissions for individual facilities was then undertaken. These 65 source categories are listed below. Source Categories for Which EPA Has Complete Risk and Technology Review Modeling Files and Have Major Source Facilities Potentially Able to Reclassify to Area Sources Acetal Resins Aerospace - federal government owned Aerospace - privately owned AMF (Acrylic/Modacrylic Fibers) Asphalt Processing and Roofing (2 Source Categories) Auto and Light Duty Truck Ethylene 4-1 ------- Fabric Ferroalloys Flexible Foam Production Friction GMACT-HF HC1 Production Integrated Iron and Steel Large Appliances Leather Marine Vessel Loading Metal Can Metal Coil Metal Furniture Mineral Wool Misc. Metal Parts Miscellaneous Coating Manufacturing Miscellaneous Organics NESHAP Nutritional Yeast Organic Liquids Distribution OSWRO P&R I (7 Source Categories) P&R II (2 Source Categories) P&R III P&R IV (5 Source Categories) PAI (Pesticide Active Ingredient Production) PEPO (Polyether Polyols Production) Pharmaceuticals Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphoric Acid Plastic Parts Polycarbonates POTW Primary Aluminum Primary Lead-facility closed Printing and Publishing Pulp and Paper Combustion Sources Refineries (2 Source Categories) Secondary Aluminum Shipbuilding Steel Pickling Turbines Vegetable Oil Wet Formed Fiberglass Mat Wood Building Products Wood Furniture 4-2 ------- For each of these source categories, the EPA used the maximum HAP emissions from the RTR modeling file or the 2014 NEI v2 to estimate whether each facility would qualify to reclassify to area source status for the three emissions thresholds defined in Section 3 of this RIA, based on whole facility emissions estimates for individual HAP or total combined HAP: • 50% of the major source threshold (5 tpy of a single HAP or 12.5 tpy of all combined HAP); • 75% of the major source threshold (7.5 tpy of a single HAP or 18.75 tpy of all combined HAP); and • 125%) of the major source threshold (12.5 tpy of a single HAP or 31.25 tpy of all combined HAP). This analysis is contained in the spreadsheet tab entitled Revised A4M2A Data May 2019 that is included in the spreadsheet MM2A Illustrative Emissions Analysis Results May -2019.xlsx, which is included in the docket for this rulemaking. To assess potential change in emissions due to the reclassification of area sources as major sources, the EPA selected six source categories to be analyzed in more detail. These six source categories represent a cross-sample of the universe of source categories, control technologies and pollutants that could be impacted by the MM2A proposed action. The six source categories assessed for potential emission changes are: Wood Furniture Manufacturing (40 CFR part 63 subpart JJ), Surface Coatings of Metal Cans (40 CFR part 63 subpart KKKK), Surface Coatings of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (40 CFR part 63 subpart MMMM), Wet-Formed Fiberglass Mat Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart HHHH), Hydrochloric Acid Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart NNNNN) and Organic Liquids Distribution (Non-Gasoline) (40 CFR part 63 subpart EEEE). For each facility in these six source categories that could obtain area source status at each emissions threshold scenario, we estimated the potential change in HAP emissions by considering (1) whether total HAP emissions would change or (2) whether a single HAP's emissions would change to the threshold level as a result of assuming the facility would choose to reclassify to area source status. For each facility, we had an estimate from the NEI data of the total HAP emitted by the facility and the emissions of the single largest HAP from the facility. 4-3 ------- If the total HAP and the single largest HAP were equal, this indicated only one HAP was reported in the NEI, and the change in emissions was calculated as the difference between 7.5 tpy and the estimate of the single largest HAP. Otherwise, the emissions change was estimated as the larger difference between 18.75 tpy and the estimate of total HAP emissions, and between 7.5 tpy and the single HAP emissions. We used these levels instead of assuming that emissions would change to 10 tpy for a single HAP or 25 tpy for all HAP because we instead assumed that facilities would maintain at a 25% compliance margin below the major HAP emissions source thresholds. A similar analysis was conducted for the 50% scenario, except the analysis was completed for 5 tpy of a single HAP and 12.5 tpy of combined HAP. For the 125% scenario, we assumed that facilities with emissions below the 75% threshold would increase emissions to 7.5 tpy of a single HAP or 18.75 tpy of combined HAP, and facilities with emissions between the 75% and 125% thresholds would decrease emissions to 7.5 tpy of a single HAP or 18.75 tpy of combined HAP. These analyses are contained in the tab entitled RevisedMM2A Data 2019-05 in the illustrative analysis results spreadsheet previously mentioned in this chapter. We determined that there are 605 more major sources under the 125% scenario that could potentially reclassify from major to area sources compared to the 75% scenario. This increase occurs across most of the 110 source categories included in the analyses for the proposal. More discussion on how these sources would achieve area source status by means of emissions control technologies can be found in section 4.2 below. A detailed description of how the EPA identified and assessed the affected sources categories is provided in the May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum. 4.2 Control Technology Evaluation We also considered in the emissions assessment the control technology basis for each NESHAP and the types of controls that are likely to be employed by facilities to meet the emissions limits. We considered whether the facility could adjust their annual HAP emissions to either increase or decrease them relative to the 50, 75- or 125% emissions thresholds by changing the efficiency of the controls for that source category. This assessment was done at the source category level and not at the facility level. 4-4 ------- For each source category, we reviewed that category's proposed and final rule preambles, the technical support documents, or the rule itself to determine the technology basis for the emissions limitation for each class of pollutant regulated by the NESHAP. The results of these reviews are in the tab labeled Controls in the spreadsheet MM2A DataJor Emissions AnalysisMay2019.xlsx. In general, we assumed that pollution prevention measures (e.g., process changes or switches to low-HAP surface coatings) would not be adjustable, and facilities could not readily increase or decrease emissions. In the surface coating source categories, we assumed that facilities would not go through the process of identifying and testing new coatings with higher HAP contents or switching from low-HAP-emitting processes (e.g., switching from powder coatings back to liquid coatings). We assumed that controls based on thermal oxidation as an add-on control were adjustable by, for example, adjusting the combustion temperature. We assumed that particulate controls for inorganic HAP (e.g., fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers) were not adjustable. For the surface coating source categories, we assumed that the emissions from most source categories were not adjustable because they rely on the use of low-HAP coatings to comply with the NESHAP. The exceptions were in the categories for Fabric Coating, Metal Can Coating, Coil Coating, and Printing and Publishing because these facilities generally use thermal oxidizers to control organic HAP emissions. Regardless of the type of control that was the technology basis for the rule, if the EPA RTR project lead for a source category determined that no facilities in the source category would be able to obtain area source status or would have no incentive to obtain area source status, then we also assumed that the control technology was not adjustable. The control assumption for each source category is documented in the tab Control Assumptions of the spreadsheet MM2A Illustrative Emissions Analysis Results May-2019.xlsx. If the controls were estimated to be fixed and not adjustable, they were assigned a 0; if they were estimated to be adjustable, they were assigned a 1. 4.3 Detailed Illustrative Source Category Analyses With the information described above, ERG and EPA performed more detailed analyses 4-5 ------- on six source categories to illustrate the technology basis for the emissions limitations and the effects of the MM2A policy on the facilities in that source category, including the effect of other federal and state rules (e.g., NSPS or state rules to limit VOC emissions in ozone non-attainment areas). To assess the potential emissions impact associated with the reclassification of sources, the EPA performed an illustrative assessment for six source categories (wood furniture, metal can, miscellaneous metal parts and products, wet-formed fiberglass, hydrochloric acid (HC1) production and non-gasoline organic liquid distribution (OLD)). A summary of the findings of our illustrative emission impact assessment is presented in Table 4-1. 4-6 ------- Table 4-1: Results of Potential Emission Impacts Illustrative Analysis Source Number of Facilities Potential HAP Additional Facilities Potential HAP Category, Facilities in Projected to Increases (tpy) Projected to Obtain Decreases (tpy) 40 CFR part Source Obtain Area at 75% Cut-off Area Source Status at 125% Cut- 63 Subpart Category Source Status at Single and at 125% Cut-off off/ Subject to 75% Cut-off Total HAP Scenario/Percent Major Scenario/ Source Percent NESHAP Wood Furniture, 333 250/75% 0 26/8% 0 to 125 Subpart JJ Metal Can, Subpart 5 1/20% 0 2/40% 0 to 4 KKKK Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products, 371 268/72% 0 46/12% 0 to 160 Subpart MMMM Wet Formed 0 to 6 Fiberglass, 7 5/71% single HAP 0 0 Subpart 0 to 32 HHHH combined HAP HC1 Oto 11 Production, 19 3/16% single HAP 2/11% 0 to 4 Subpart 0 to 27 NNNNN combined HAP Non-gasoline 0 single HAP OLD, Subpart 177 82/46% Oto 1,140 19/11% Oto 77 EEEE combined HAP The results of our illustrative analysis show that for many facilities the reclassification from major source to area source status is not expected to result in an increase in that source's HAP emissions. The analysis also shows that for many sources there are regulatory backstops in place that would prevent emissions increases (e.g., other non-HAP regulatory requirements that also provide for HAP control). The analysis also confirmed that for some source categories no emissions increases and some emissions decreases can be anticipated. Finally, the results of our illustrative analysis show that for some facilities there is some potential for emissions increases. We anticipate, however, that when the permitting authority reviews the application for a new or revised permit to reclassify a major source as an area source under section 112 of the CAA, the permitting authority will consider the current and proposed HAP emissions levels 4-7 ------- and evaluate the potential for emissions increases due to reclassification and determine the safeguards needed to prevent any emissions increases due to reclassification. As discussed in more detail in sections IV and VI of the MM2A proposal preamble, there are various reasons why a major source's reclassification to area source status may not result in an increase in that source's HAP emissions and may, in some cases, result in a decrease in HAP emissions. First, when the corresponding regulatory authority reviews the application for a new or revised permit that will incorporate enforceable limits on a source's PTE of HAP below the major source thresholds, the regulatory authority will consider the specifics of each source. Among other things, the regulatory authority will consider the current and proposed HAP emissions levels, the type of limits proposed and whether such limits are legally and practicably enforceable, any newly applicable area source NESHAP subparts, and if other requirements are needed to ensure the source complies with the CAA. Second, some major sources have undergone facility and operational modifications since they became subject to the major source NESHAP requirements, and these modifications that may prevent the HAP emissions from exceeding the major source thresholds even without the sources remaining subject to major source NESHAP requirements (e.g., a source that has eliminated the use of HAP binders or coatings from their operations or has switched to low HAP or no HAP products). Third, as discussed in sections IV and VI of the MM2A preamble, some sources with actual emissions just above one or both of the major source thresholds under their current major source NESHAP requirements might choose to accept HAP PTE limits and further reduce their emissions consistent with the PTE limits in order to achieve area source status and reduce their regulatory burden. In those cases, allowing sources to reclassify as area sources even after they are subject to major source NESHAP requirements can provide an incentive for them to reduce their emissions beyond what is required under the CAA section 112 major source requirements. More details on the illustrative emissions impact analysis and background information by source category can be found in the emissions memo13 and in Appendix B of the RIA. 13 US EPA. Memorandum from Elineth Torres to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. Documentation of the emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking: "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May, 2019. 4-8 ------- 4.4 Illustrative Source Category Cost Analyses for 125% Scenario (Alternative Scenario 2) The analysis of the illustrative 125% scenario (alternative scenario 2) prepared for the MM2A proposal includes the reduction in monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting costs (and permitting costs) associated with a major HAP source reclassifying to an area HAP source. Such major sources have HAP emissions of 25% higher than the major source emissions thresholds (10 tons for one HAP, 25 tons for two or more HAP). We state earlier in this RIA that we are unable to estimate the cost associated with emissions control by major sources having to reduce HAP emissions as part of reclassifying to area sources. The increase in cost (either operating & maintenance or capital) from any reduction in emissions to achieve reclassification is a potential cost that sources may incur if reducing HAP emissions is a necessary component of this decision. Here, we present illustrative estimates of the potential control cost of reducing HAP emissions for a few source categories included in the analyses for the proposal. This illustrative analysis is a route by which the potential control costs associated with decisions to reclassify by major sources above the emissions thresholds can be characterized, and is fully documented in the cost considerations memorandum for the illustrative 125% scenario.14 Results of this analysis are not meant to serve as representative of impacts for all source categories affected by this proposal. This analysis is not applicable to sources at the other two scenarios examined in the proposal (50%) and 75% HAP emissions cut-offs), for sources affected by those scenarios have HAP emissions already below to the major source emissions thresholds. 4.5 Coverage of Source Categories for this Analysis Review of the MM2A analysis of potential cost savings for the illustrative 125% emissions scenario determined that there is a variety of sources across affected source categories. We reviewed the list of number of major sources expected to classify to area sources under this scenario.15 Our criterion for source category inclusion in this analysis is number of sources expected to reclassify from major to area under the analysis of potential cost savings for each category. Based on review of this list, the top five source categories by number of sources are: 14 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Larry Sorrels, US EPA to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. "Analysis of Illustrative 125% Scenario for MM2A Proposal - Potential Cost Impacts from HAP Major Sources Reducing Emissions as part of Reclassifying to HAP Area Sources." May , 2019. 15 U.S. EPA. Proposal MM2A DataSpreadshee t May_2019. Available in the docket for this rulemaking. 4-9 ------- • Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings (17% of total) • Wood Furniture coatings (15% of total) • Turbines (9%of total) • Printing and Publishing coatings (6% of total) • Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (6% of total, with fewer sources than Printing and Publishing coatings) Table 4-2 provides a list of the source categories and the number of sources that are impacted under the illustrative 125% scenario. Table 4-2. List of Source Categories Included in the Potential Cost Impact Analysis, and Number of Affected Sources Source Category Number of Affected Sources Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings 316 Wood Furniture coatings 277 Turbines* 160 Printing and Publishing coatings 115 Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP 106 * The stationary turbines source category was excluded from the illustrative emissions analysis as noted in the emissions memorandum for this proposal. We include the stationary turbines category in this analysis for the proposal since it meets the criterion set for source category inclusion. We note that these five source categories constitute 52% of the total number of sources affected under this illustrative scenario. We also note that two of these categories (miscellaneous metal parts and wood furniture) are included in the illustrative emissions impacts analysis for six source categories included in the RIA, and part of this analysis included impacts for the illustrative 125% scenario. The illustrative emissions analysis examined the potential for sources in these categories to reclassify, and the potential impacts on emissions. We note that the impact on costs was not a part of this emissions analysis; it was an analysis based on control technologies/techniques likely to be in place on sources, and if non- HAP regulatory requirements may exist to reduce or prevent the potential for reclassifying. 4.6 Illustrative 125% Scenario Potential Cost Analysis Approach 4-10 ------- In this analysis, we perform a "break-even" analysis to help inform whether a source would choose to apply control to reduce emissions under the scenario. This analysis includes the use of HAP control cost-effectiveness (that is, annual cost/ton HAP reduction) estimates for each of the five source categories. These estimates reflect the costs of HAP regulations previously imposed on these source categories, or represent EPA estimates of likely control options that sources could use to meet HAP emissions limits. These estimates are then used in our approach to examine if sources in these source categories would apply control to reduce emissions as part of reclassification. The cost-effectiveness estimates used in this analysis will include both capital (fixed) and O&M (variable) costs, for there was insufficient information in the documentation for these estimates presenting the breakout of annual costs into these two components. We also derived, to the extent possible, cost-effectiveness estimates that do not include any monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting costs that are already found in the cost savings analysis done for these source categories in order to limit double counting. We recognize that findings from the review of the 34 reclassified sources in the emissions memo appear to show that the HAP control equipment in place prior to reclassification continues to be operated after reclassification.16 Thus, the most relevant cost for a determination of what cost value is "break-even" would be the O&M costs. Using these HAP cost-effectiveness estimates therefore could lead to an overstatement of the annual cost per ton that could serve as a "break-even" value for a source to reduce emissions as part of reclassifying from major to area source. Use of results from this analysis should only be regarded as illustrative, for they do not include results from all, or most, source categories potentially affected by this proposal. Thus, they cannot be used to present a complete treatment of control cost impacts for the illustrative 125% scenario. We also acknowledge that the costs in these estimates may not reflect true marginal costs in that they presume the average costs of control are suitable for "break-even" decision-making by major sources considering reclassification. 16 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Elineth Torres to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. DRAFT Documentation of the emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May, 2019. 4-11 ------- Table 4-3 presents the HAP cost-effectiveness estimate used in this analysis for each of the five source categories. All of these cost-effectiveness estimates are in 2014 dollars in order to be consistent with the year dollars for the annual cost savings estimates presented in the cost memo and RIA for this proposal. Table 4-3. HAP Cost- Effectiveness Estimates for Source Categories Included in Potential Cost Impact Analysis Source Category HAP Cost-Effectiveness Estimate (annual cost/ton HAP reduction in 2014$) Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings $3,070 Wood Furniture coatings 32,363 Turbines 96,682 Printing and Publishing coatings 75,218 Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MON) 21,300 Determining the appropriate cost-effectiveness for each source category to use in this analysis is not always a simple matter. There are often differences in the extent and timing of cost analyses for different source categories, and determining an appropriate cost-effectiveness may require more than trivial amounts of analysis in individual circumstances. Below is a brief discussion of the cost-effectiveness estimates for each category and how they are derived. 4.7 Cost-Effectiveness Estimate Derivation Miscellaneous Metal Parts coatings - The estimate was derived by dividing the total annualized cost for the 2003 final NESHAP by the expected HAP emission reductions. For this final rule, the total annualized cost was $47.3 million (in 1997 dollars), and the expected emission reductions were 25,822 tons/year.17 The cost-effectiveness is $2,204/ton HAP emission reduction in 1997 dollars. Escalation to 2014 dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This value is 1.393, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 1997 value is 74.445.18 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $3,070/ton. 17 U.S. EPA. NESHAP for Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products, Final Rule. 69FR130. Published on January 2, 2004. Available at https://www.govinfo. gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-01 -02/pdf/03 -21917.pdf. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 18 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100. Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 4-12 ------- Wood Furniture coatings - The estimate was taken from an EPA cost memorandum prepared in 2010 to examine HAP control options for facilities subject to the wood furniture coatings MACT.19 The control option that is the basis for the cost-effectiveness estimate used in the current analysis is the use of low VOC coatings. The VOC cost-effectiveness estimate for this option is $15,000/ton; with the amount of VOC that is HAP estimated at one-half, the resulting HAP cost-effectiveness is $30,000/ton. With this estimate in 2010 dollars, we escalated the value to 2014 dollars by using the U.S. GDP implicit price deflator. This value is 1.079, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 2010 value is 96.111.20 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $32,363/ton. Turbines - The estimate was derived from an EPA memorandum that provides cost per ton estimates for control options applied to turbines of different sizes. We did not include emergency turbines in this estimate since these sources only operate at limited times of a year. Presuming the use of prime mover turbines only, and using values based on average emission factors for calculating baseline HAP emissions, we derived a cost-effectiveness estimate of $70,202/ton in 1998 dollars. Escalation to 2014 dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This value is 1.377, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 1998 value is 75.283.21 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $96,682/ton. Printing and Publishing - The estimate was taken from a retrofit cost estimate of $50,000/ton (1993$) from cost analysis for the final Printing and Publishing NESHAP for the use of a permanent total enclosure to confine VOC or HAP emissions.22 Escalation to 2014 19 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Kaye Whitfield to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0786. Cost Analyses for Control Options. September 27, 2010. Prepared for the Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations NESHAP, Final Rule. 20 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100. Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 21 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100. Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 22 U.S. EPA. Printing and Publishing Industry NESHAP, Final Rule. 61 FR 27132. Published onMay 30, 1996. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-05-30/pdf/96-13Q84.pdf. Downloaded on May 15, 2019. 4-13 ------- dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This value is 1.504, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 1993 value is 68.920.23 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $75,218/ton. Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MONV The estimate was taken from the final rule notice, in which the cost-effectiveness of several control options was examined. These control options generally ranged from $15,000-$51,000/megagram (Mg) (or $13,640-$46,410/ton) in 1998 dollars. Given the predominance of control options that were between $15,000- $19,000/Mg (or $13,640-$17,290/ton), we use the midpoint of the latter range to come up with a cost-effectiveness for the current analysis of $15,470/ton in 1998 dollars.24 Escalation to 2014 dollars is accomplished the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) implicit price deflator. This value is 1.377, where the 2014 value is 103.680 and the 1998 value is 75.283.25 Therefore, the cost-effectiveness in 2014 dollars is $21,300/ton. 4.8 Illustrative Results for the Potential Cost Impact Analysis Considering the Illustrative Emissions Analysis The two source categories that are included in both the illustrative emissions analysis, which can be found in the cost memo and in the RIA, and this potential cost analysis are wood furniture and miscellaneous metal parts and products. The net change in HAP emissions for these source categories according to the results of the illustrative emissions analysis was a decrease in the range of 0 to 125 and 0 to 160 tons, respectively.26 As stated in the emissions memo and RIA, the cost of controls is not considered in calculating these illustrative changes in emissions for each source category included in the illustrative analysis. 23 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100. Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 24 U.S. EPA. Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MON), Final Rule. 68 FR 63852. Published in the Federal Register on November 10, 2003. Available at https://www. govinfo.gov/co ntent/pkg/FR-2003-1 l-10/pdf/03- 22310.pdf. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 25 U.S. Federal Reserve Board, St. Louis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP implicit price deflator). Index: 2012-100. Annual Values. Available at https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RD3A086NBEA. Downloaded on May 14, 2019. 26 U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Elineth Torres to Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0282. Documentation of the emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May, 2019. 4-14 ------- If we use cost-effectiveness estimates to calculate a potential cost of control for the emissions decreases obtained by the illustrative emissions analysis for these two source categories, we estimate a potential annual control cost (in 2014 dollars) of $0-4,045,250 for the wood furniture source category, and $0-491,200 for the miscellaneous metal parts and products source category. Comparing these estimates to those for potential cost savings under the illustrative 125% scenario for these source categories, which are $352,599 for wood furniture and $1,356,728 for miscellaneous metal parts and products, we find that the potential net cost change (control cost minus cost savings, where a negative sign means cost savings) for these source categories is $-352,599 to $+3,692,651, and $-1,356,728 to $-865,528, respectively.27 Thus, these illustrative analyses suggest that there could be net potential cost savings when control costs are considered for the miscellaneous metal parts and products category, while there is a greater likelihood of potential net cost savings for the wood furniture category. 4.9 Limitations of Illustrative 125% Potential Cost Impact Analysis There are three limitations with this analysis that are important to mention. As we indicate earlier, the cost-effectiveness estimates derived for this analysis are likely to be overestimates of the potential cost of control that major HAP sources at the 125%emissions threshold would incur to reduce emissions for purposes of reclassifying to area source status for they include capital costs, which may not be a factor in reclassification decisions according to the review of reclassified major sources done for this proposal. Thus, the results of this "break-even" analysis may understate the potential for additional emission reductions for reclassification purposes by overstating the "break-even" costs for these source categories. We also note that the extent of cost escalation in this analysis is often driven by the vintage of the cost data that is the basis for the cost-effectiveness estimates. For four of these estimates, the escalation period is longer than five years. This is not consistent with the recommendation in the EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual that five years is the preferred 27 U.S. EPA. Proposal MM2A DataSpreadsheetMay_2019. Available in the docket for this rulemaking. 4-15 ------- duration for cost escalation.28 Given the age of the cost data, however, we did not have an alternative to adjust these costs into 2014 dollars. We also acknowledge that the costs included in these estimates may not reflect true marginal costs for major sources in that they presume the average costs of control are suitable for "break-even" decision-making by major sources considering reclassification, while decisions by sources to reduce emissions will be made based on their marginal costs of control and production on the margin of affordability. 28 U.S. EPA. EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual. Section 1, Chapter 2. Cost Estimation: Costs and Methodology. February 1, 2018. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017- 12/documents/epaccmcostestimationmethodchapter 7thedition 2017.pdf. p. 19. 4-16 ------- 5. BENEFITS/DISBENEFITS 5.1 Introduction This section describes the human health impacts associated with the proposed rule. This proposed rule may potentially result in both emission reductions and increases from a broad array of existing sources. As described in Section 4, pollutant emissions that may be affected by the rule include VOCs, which are precursors to both (PM2.5) and ozone formation; SO2, which is a precursor to (PM2.5); NOx, which is a precursor to both PM2.5 and ground-level ozone; organic HAP such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and vinyl chloride; and methane, a GHG and a precursor to ozone formation. As described in the subsequent sections, these pollutants are associated with substantial health effects, climate effects, and other welfare effects. We are uncertain as to the magnitude, direction, and distribution of these changes in emissions. As such, we are unable to quantify the changes in emissions across these sources and can neither simulate the change in air quality nor characterize the impact of these changes to human health. This is not to imply that changes in emissions will not affect human health. Rather, our approach reflects the challenges associated with modeling the direct and indirect impacts of the reductions in emissions for these sectors with the data currently available. In place of quantitative estimates of the economic value of the pollutant changes, we instead characterize these impacts in qualitative terms. In this section, we provide a qualitative assessment of the health benefits associated with altering exposure to these pollutants and the visibility impairment and ecosystem benefits. 5.2 PM2.5 Benefits/Disbenefits This rulemaking may potentially alter directly emitted PM2.5 and/or precursors to PM2.5 including NOx and SO2. Changing these emissions would affect PM2.5 formation, human exposure to PM2.5, and the incidence of PIVh.s-related health effects. Limits to data, resources, and methods prevented the EPA from estimating the health impacts and monetized benefits of the potentially altered PM2.5 concentrations resulting from this proposal. However, we provide the qualitative discussion below for context regarding potential implications of the proposed rule. 5-1 ------- 5.2.1 PM2 5 Health Effects Changing PM2.5 precursors and directly emitted PM2.5 would alter human exposure to PM2.5 and the incidence of PIVh.s-related health effects. Human health effects of PM2.5 exposure include mortality and cardiovascular morbidity (U.S. EPA, 2009a). More specifically, researchers have associated PM2.5 exposure with adverse health effects in numerous toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological studies. These health effects include premature death in people with heart or lung disease; nonfatal heart attacks; irregular heartbeat; aggravated asthma; decreased lung function; and increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing, and difficulty breathing (U.S. EPA, 2009a). These health effects result in hospital and emergency room visits, lost work days, and restricted activity days. When adequate data and resources are available, the EPA generally quantifies several health effects associated with exposure to PM2.5 (e.g., U.S. EPA, 2009a). When the EPA quantifies PIVh.s-related benefits, the EPA assumes that all fine particles, regardless of their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature mortality because the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of effect estimates by particle type (U.S. EPA, 2009a). Based on our review of the current body of scientific literature, the EPA estimates PIVh.s-related mortality without applying an assumed concentration threshold. This decision is supported by the data, which are quite consistent in showing effects down to the lowest measured levels of PM2.5 in the underlying epidemiology studies. Several significant ecological effects are associated with the deposition of organic particles, including persistent organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (U.S. EPA, 2009a). This summary is from Section 6.6.1 of the 2012 PM National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) RIA (U.S. EPA, 2012b). PAHs can accumulate in sediments and bioaccumulate in freshwater, flora, and fauna. The uptake of organics depends on the plant species, site of deposition, physical and chemical properties of the organic compound, and prevailing environmental conditions (U.S. EPA, 2009a). PAHs can accumulate to high enough concentrations in some coastal environments to pose an environmental health threat that includes cancer in fish populations, toxicity to organisms living in the sediment, and risks to those (e.g., migratory birds) that consume these organisms. Atmospheric deposition of particles is thought to be the major source of PAHs to the sediments 5-2 ------- of coastal areas of the United States. Deposition of PM to surfaces in urban settings increases the metal and organic component of stormwater runoff. This atmospherically associated pollutant burden can then be toxic to aquatic biota. The contribution of atmospherically deposited PAHs to aquatic food webs was demonstrated in high-elevation mountain lakes with no other anthropogenic contaminant sources. The Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project is the most comprehensive database available on contaminant transport and the effects of PM deposition on sensitive ecosystems in the western United States. (Landers et a/., 2008). In this project, the transport, fate, and ecological impacts of anthropogenic contaminants from atmospheric sources were assessed from 2002 to 2007 in seven ecosystem components (air, snow, water, sediment, lichen, conifer needles, and fish) in eight core national parks. The study concluded that bioaccumulation of semivolatile organic compounds occurred throughout park ecosystems, that an elevational gradient in PM deposition exists with greater accumulation in higher altitude areas, and that contaminants accumulate in proximity to individual agriculture and industry sources, which is counter to the original working hypothesis that most of the contaminants would originate from Eastern Europe and Asia. 5.2.2 Visibility Effects Altering directly emitted and secondarily formed PM2.5 could affect visibility throughout the United States. Fine particles with significant light-extinction efficiencies include sulfates, nitrates, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and soil (Sisler, 1996). Suspended particles and gases degrade visibility by scattering and absorbing light. Higher visibility impairment levels in the East are due to higher concentrations of fine particles, particularly sulfates, and higher average relative humidity levels. Visibility impairment has a direct impact on people's enjoyment of daily activities and their overall sense of well-being. Good visibility increases the quality of life where individuals live and work and where they engage in recreational activities. Previous analyses (U.S. EPA, 2006b; 2009a; 201 la; 2012b) show that visibility benefits are a significant welfare benefit category. However, without air quality modeling, we are unable to estimate visibility-related benefits or disbenefits, nor are we able to determine whether PM2.5 precursor emissions would likely have a significant impact on visibility in urban areas or Class I areas. 5-3 ------- 5.3 Ozone Effects This rulemaking may potentially alter ground-level ozone concentrations. Ozone is not emitted directly into the air but is created when its two primary components, VOC and NOx, react in the presence of sunlight. In urban areas, compounds representing all classes of VOCs and carbon monoxide are important compounds for ozone formation, but VOCs emitted from vegetation tend to be more important compounds in nonurban vegetated areas (U.S. EPA, 2013). Therefore, reducing these emissions would reduce ozone formation, human exposure to ozone, and the incidence of ozone-related health effects. However, we have not quantified the ozone- related benefits in this analysis for several reasons. First, previous rules have shown that the monetized benefits associated with reducing ozone exposure are generally smaller than PM- related benefits, even when ozone is the pollutant targeted for control (U.S. EPA, 2010b; 2014a). Second, the complex nonlinear chemistry of ozone formation introduces uncertainty to the development and application of a benefit-per-ton estimate, particularly for sectors with substantial new growth. Third, the impact of changing VOC emissions is spatially heterogeneous depending on local air chemistry. Urban areas with a high population concentration are often VOC limited, which means that ozone is most effectively reduced by lowering VOC emissions. Rural areas and downwind suburban areas are often NOx limited, which means that ozone concentrations are most effectively reduced by lowering NOx emissions rather than lowering VOC emissions. Between these areas, ozone is relatively insensitive to marginal changes in both NOx and VOC. Because of data limitations such as the location and number of sources affected by this rulemaking, we did not perform the air quality modeling for this rule needed to quantify the ozone benefits/disbenefits associated with reducing VOC emissions. Because of the high degree of variability in the responsiveness of ozone formation to VOC emission reductions and data limitations regarding the location of the emissions changes, we are unable to estimate the effect that reducing VOC emissions will have on ambient ozone concentrations without air quality modeling. 5-4 ------- 5.3.1 Ozone Health Effects Human exposure to ambient ozone concentrations is associated with adverse health benefits, including premature death and respiratory morbidity (U.S. EPA, 2010b). Researchers have associated ozone exposure with adverse health effects in numerous toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological studies (U.S. EPA, 2013). When adequate data and resources are available, the EPA generally quantifies several health effects associated with exposure to ozone (e.g., U.S. EPA, 2010b; 201 la). These health effects include respiratory morbidity, such as asthma attacks; hospital and emergency department visits; lost school days and premature mortality. The scientific literature also suggests that exposure to ozone is associated with chronic respiratory damage and premature aging of the lungs. 5.3.2 Ozone Vegetation Effects Exposure to ozone is associated with a wide array of vegetation and ecosystem effects in the published literature (U.S. EPA, 2013). Sensitivity to ozone is highly variable across species, with over 66 vegetation species identified as "ozone-sensitive," many of which are found in state and national parks and forests. These effects include those that damage or impair the intended use of the plant or ecosystem. Such effects are considered adverse to the public welfare and can include reduced growth and/or biomass production in sensitive trees, reduced yield and quality of crops, visible foliar injury, changes to species composition, and changes in ecosystems and associated ecosystem services. 5.3.3 Ozone Climate Effects Ozone is a well-known short-lived climate-forcing GHG (U.S. EPA, 2006a). Stratospheric ozone (the upper ozone layer) is beneficial because it protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. In contrast, tropospheric ozone (ozone in the lower atmosphere) is a harmful air pollutant that adversely affects human health and the environment and contributes significantly to regional and global climate change. Because of its short atmospheric lifetime, tropospheric ozone concentrations exhibit large spatial and temporal variability (U.S. EPA, 2009b). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report estimated that the contribution to current warming levels of increased tropospheric ozone concentrations resulting from human methane, NOx, and VOC emissions was 5-5 ------- 0.5 W/m2, or about 30 percent as large a warming influence as elevated CO2 concentrations (IPCC, 2014). This quantifiable influence of ground-level ozone on climate leads to increases in global surface temperature and changes in hydrological cycles. 5.4 NO2 Health Effects In addition to being a precursor to PM2.5 and ozone, NOx emissions are linked to a variety of adverse health effects associated with direct exposure. Following a comprehensive review of health evidence from epidemiologic and laboratory studies, the Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen —Health Criteria (NOx ISA) (U.S. EPA, 2016b) concluded that a causal relationship exists between respiratory health effects and short-term exposure to NO2. These epidemiologic and experimental studies encompass several endpoints, including emergency department visits and hospitalizations, respiratory symptoms, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and lung function. The NOx ISA also concluded that the relationship between short-term NO2 exposure and premature mortality was "suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship" (U.S. EPA, 2016b, page 5-343) because it is difficult to attribute the mortality risk effects to NO2 alone. Although the NOx ISA stated that studies consistently reported a relationship between NO2 exposure and mortality, the effect was generally smaller than that for other pollutants such as PM. However, because of methodology and data limitations, we were unable to estimate the health co-benefits/disbenefits associated with altered NO2 emissions or exposure in this proposed rule. 5.5 SO2 Health Effects In addition to being a precursor to PM2.5, SO2 emissions are linked to a variety of adverse health effects associated with direct exposure. We were unable to estimate the health co-benefits associated with reduced SO2 in this analysis. Therefore, this analysis only provides a qualitative discussion of the PM2.5 co-benefits associated with the reductions in SO2 emissions. Following an extensive evaluation of health evidence from epidemiologic and laboratory studies, the Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Sulfur—Health Criteria (SO2 ISA) concluded that a causal relationship exists between respiratory health effects and short-term exposure to SO2 (U.S. EPA, 2017). The immediate effect of SO2 on the respiratory system in humans is bronchoconstriction. Asthmatics are more sensitive to the effects of SO2 likely 5-6 ------- resulting from preexisting inflammation associated with this disease. A clear concentration- response relationship has been demonstrated in laboratory studies following exposures to SO2 at concentrations between 20 and 100 ppb, both in terms of increasing severity of effect and percentage of asthmatics adversely affected. Based on our review of this information, we identified three short-term morbidity endpoints that the SO2 ISA identified as a "causal relationship": asthma exacerbation, respiratory-related emergency department visits, and respiratory-related hospitalizations. The differing evidence and associated strength of the evidence for these different effects are described in detail in the SO2 ISA. The SO2 ISA also concluded that the relationship between short-term SO2 exposure and premature mortality was "suggestive of a causal relationship" (U.S. EPA, 2017, page 5-277) because it is difficult to attribute the mortality risk effects to SO2 alone. Although the SO2 ISA stated that studies are generally consistent in reporting a relationship between SO2 exposure and mortality, the observed associations to adjustment for other pollutants lacked robustness. We did not quantify these co-benefits because of data constraints. 5.6 NO2 and SO2 Health Co-Benefits/Co-Disbenefits As described in the Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur— Ecological Criteria (NOx/SOx ISA) (U.S. EPA, 2008), SO2 and NOx emissions also contribute to a variety of adverse welfare effects, including those associated with acidic deposition, visibility impairment, and nutrient enrichment. Deposition of nitrogen causes acidification, which can cause a loss of biodiversity of fishes, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates in aquatic ecosystems, as well as a decline in sensitive tree species, such as red spruce (Picea rubens) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in terrestrial ecosystems. In the northeastern United States, the surface waters affected by acidification are a source of food for some recreational and subsistence fishermen and for other consumers and support several cultural services, including aesthetic and educational services and recreational fishing. Biological effects of acidification in terrestrial ecosystems are generally linked to aluminum toxicity, which can cause reduced root growth, restricting the ability of the plant to take up water and nutrients. These direct effects can, in turn, increase the sensitivity of these plants to stresses, such as droughts, cold temperatures, insect pests, and disease, leading to increased mortality of canopy trees. Terrestrial acidification affects several important ecological services, including declines in habitat for threatened and 5-7 ------- endangered species (cultural), declines in forest aesthetics (cultural), declines in forest productivity (provisioning), and increases in forest soil erosion and reductions in water retention (cultural and regulating) (U.S. EPA, 2008). Deposition of nitrogen is also associated with aquatic and terrestrial nutrient enrichment. In estuarine waters, excess nutrient enrichment can lead to eutrophication. Eutrophication of estuaries can disrupt an important source of food production, particularly fish and shellfish production, and a variety of cultural ecosystem services, including water-based recreational and aesthetic services. Terrestrial nutrient enrichment is associated with changes in the types and number of species and biodiversity in terrestrial systems. Excessive nitrogen deposition upsets the balance between native and nonnative plants, changing the ability of an area to support biodiversity. When the composition of species changes, then fire frequency and intensity can also change, as non-native grasses fuel more frequent and more intense wildfires (U.S. EPA, 2008). Reductions in emissions of NO2 and SO2 would improve the levels of visibility and increases in emissions would degrade the levels of visibility throughout the United States because these gases (and the particles of nitrate and sulfate formed from these gases) impair visibility by scattering and absorbing light (U.S. EPA, 2009a). Visibility is also referred to as visual air quality, and it directly affects people's enjoyment of a variety of daily activities (U.S. EPA, 2009a). Good visibility increases quality of life where individuals live and work and where they travel for recreational activities, including sites of unique public value, such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. EPA, 2009a). 5.7 Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Health Impacts Because of methodology and resource limitations, we did not attempt to estimate the impacts associated with changes in emissions of the HAP in this analysis. Instead, we provide a qualitative analysis of the health effects associated with the various HAP that may be affected by this rule. The EPA remains committed to improving methods for estimating HAP benefits/disbenefits by continuing to explore additional concepts of benefits, including changes in the distribution of risk. The EPA's Science Advisory Board Health Effects Subcommittee concluded that "the challenges for assessing progress in health improvement as a result of reductions in emissions of HAP are daunting ... due to a lack of exposure-response functions, 5-8 ------- uncertainties in emissions inventories and background levels, the difficulty of extrapolating risk estimates to low doses and the challenges of tracking health progress for diseases, such as cancer, that have long latency "periods" (EPA-SAB, 2008, page i). In 2009, the EPA convened a workshop to address the inherent complexities, limitations, and uncertainties in current methods to quantify the benefits of reducing HAP. Recommendations from this workshop included identifying research priorities, focusing on susceptible and vulnerable populations, and improving dose-response relationships (Gwinn et al., 2011). In the subsequent sections, we describe the health effects associated with the main HAP of concern from the various sectors included in this rulemaking: benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and vinyl chloride. With the data available, it was not possible to estimate the tons of each individual HAP that would be reduced. 5.7.1 Benzene The EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database lists benzene as a known human carcinogen (causing leukemia) by all routes of exposure and concludes that its exposure is associated with additional health effects, including genetic changes in both humans and animals, and increased proliferation of bone marrow cells in mice (U.S. EPA, 2000a; International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC], 1982; Irons, Stillman, Colagiovanni, and Henry, 1992). The EPA states in its IRIS database that data indicate a causal relationship between benzene exposure and acute lymphocytic leukemia and suggest a relationship between benzene exposure and chronic nonlymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. IARC has determined that benzene is a human carcinogen, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has characterized benzene as a known human carcinogen (IARC, 1987; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016). Several adverse non-cancer health effects, including blood disorders such as preleukemia and aplastic anemia, have also been associated with long-term exposure to benzene (Aksoy, 1989; Goldstein, 1988). 5.7.2 Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene is a major industrial chemical produced by alkylation of benzene. The pure chemical is used almost exclusively for styrene production. It is also a constituent of crude 5-9 ------- petroleum and is found in gasoline and diesel fuels. Acute (short-term) exposure to ethylbenzene in humans results in respiratory effects such as throat irritation and chest constriction, irritation of the eyes and neurological effects such as dizziness. Chronic (long-term) exposure of humans to ethylbenzene may cause eye and lung irritation, with possible adverse effects on the blood. Animal studies have reported effects on the blood, liver, kidneys and endocrine system from chronic inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene. No information is available on the developmental or reproductive effects of ethylbenzene in humans, but animal studies have reported developmental effects, including birth defects in animals exposed via inhalation. Studies in rodents reported increases in the percentage of animals with tumors of the nasal and oral cavities in male and female rats exposed to ethylbenzene via the oral route (Maltoni, Conti, Giuliano, andBelpoggi, 1985; Maltoni, Ciliberti, Pinto, Soffritti, Belpoggi, and Menarini, 1997). The reports of these studies lacked detailed information on the incidence of specific tumors, statistical analysis, survival data, and information on historical controls; thus, the results of these studies were considered inconclusive by the IARC (2000) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1999). The NTP (1999) carried out a chronic inhalation bioassay in mice and rats and found clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in male rats and some evidence in female rats, based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma or carcinoma in male rats and renal tubule adenoma in females. NTP (1999) also noted increases in the incidence of testicular adenoma in male rats. Increased incidences of lung alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma were observed in male mice and liver hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma in female mice, which provided some evidence of carcinogenic activity in male and female mice (NTP, 1999). IARC (2000) classified ethylbenzene as Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on the NTP studies. 5.7.3 Toluene29 Under the 2005 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, there is inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of toluene because studies of humans chronically exposed to toluene are inconclusive, and toluene was not carcinogenic in adequate inhalation cancer bioassays of rats and mice exposed for life (Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology 29 All health effects language for this section came from U.S. EPA (2005). 5-10 ------- [CUT], 1980; NTP, 1990; Huff, 2003). Increased incidences of mammary cancer and leukemia were reported in a lifetime rat oral bioassay (Maltoni, Ciliberti, Pinto, el al., 1997); however, this evidence was considered equivocal because cancers were observed at the low dose tested (500 mg/kg/day) but not at the higher dose tested (800 mg/kg/day). In support of the EPA's cancer classification, IARC has classified toluene as Group 3 {not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans) with a supporting statement that there is inadequate evidence in humans and evidence suggesting a lack of carcinogenicity of toluene in experimental animals (IARC, 1999). The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute and chronic exposures. CNS dysfunction (which is often reversible) and narcosis have been frequently observed in humans acutely exposed to low or moderate levels of toluene by inhalation; symptoms include fatigue, sleepiness, headaches, and nausea. CNS depression has been reported to occur in chronic solvent abusers exposed to high levels of toluene. Symptoms include ataxia; tremors; cerebral atrophy; nystagmus (involuntary eye movements); and impaired speech, hearing and vision. Chronic inhalation exposure of humans to toluene also causes irritation of the upper respiratory tract, eye irritation, dizziness, headaches, and difficulty with sleep. Human studies have also reported developmental effects, such as CNS dysfunction, attention deficits, and minor craniofacial and limb anomalies, in the children of women who abused toluene during pregnancy. A substantial database exists that examines the effects of toluene in subchronic and chronic occupationally exposed humans exists. The weight of evidence from these studies indicates neurological effects {i.e., impaired color vision, impaired hearing, decreased performance in neurobehavioral analysis, changes in motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity, headache, and dizziness) as the most sensitive endpoint. 5.7.4 Vinyl Chloride30 Most vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and vinyl products. Acute (short-term) exposure to high levels of vinyl chloride in air has resulted in CNS effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness and headaches in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure to vinyl chloride through inhalation and oral exposure in humans has resulted in liver 30 Source for this section is U.S. EPA (2000). 5-11 ------- damage. Cancer is a major concern from exposure to vinyl chloride via inhalation, because vinyl chloride exposure has been shown to increase the risk of a rare form of liver cancer in humans. The EPA (2000b) has classified vinyl chloride as a Group A human carcinogen. IARC (2000) has classified vinyl chloride as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). 5.7.5 Other Air Toxics In addition to the compounds described above, other air toxic compounds might be potentially affected by this rule. Information regarding the health effects of those compounds can be found in the EPA's IRIS database. 5-12 ------- 6. IMPACTS OF REGULATORY RELIEF This proposed rulemaking should be viewed as regulatory relief for major sources of HAP that may be reclassified as area sources. This RIA illustrates the administrative burden costs avoided as a result of this rule. The costs for state permitting authorities for the issuance of area source permits are also reported. To estimate the avoided administrative costs, the EPA estimated the permitting costs to the facilities and the state agencies, the projected annual compliance cost savings from not having to comply with major source NESHAP requirements, and the estimated costs of the area source rule requirements. The EPA also estimated the economic impacts of avoided cost to sales which are separate estimates from those of cost savings. The EPA estimated avoided cost-to-sales ratios by comparing the estimated net avoided cost per facility in the first and second years to industry average revenues per establishment. The EPA also estimated ted cost-to-sales ratios by comparing net avoided costs to revenues of establishments at different employment size categories. Small business impacts were estimated by computing avoided cost-to-sales ratios for small entities using establishment (facility)-level data given its availability. 6.1 Method for Analyzing Avoided Economic and Small Entity Impacts The EPA used avoided cost-to-sales comparisons to evaluate the potential impacts to sources affected by this proposed rule. Because this regulatory action will provide regulatory relief, these avoided cost-to-sales ratios represent the potential economic impacts that may be avoided for facilities as a result of this proposed rule. For all regulatory actions, the EPA must determine whether a rule will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This proposed rule will provide regulatory relief to affected sources and has positive and small negative impacts on small entities depending on the NAICS code. Because this proposed rule is expected to yield no adverse economic impacts to small entities except for small entities under NAICS code 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing) in alternative scenario 1 in year 1, and no adverse economic impacts to any small entities in year 2, the EPA is not required to provide a small entity analysis. However, the EPA has the discretion to do so. The approach for estimating the avoided economic impacts and the small entity analysis is the same for this analysis. The steps followed include gathering data to characterize the affected establishments by employment size categories, 6-1 ------- selecting and describing the measures used in the analysis, and determining cost-to-sales ratios for the affected sector categories. 6.1.1 Identifying A ffected Sectors and Entities The industrial, commercial, and other sectors covered by the proposed rule were identified during the development of the cost analysis for the rule. For these sectors, the affected sources are summarized with applicable six-digit NAICS codes in Tables 6-1 through 6-3. 6.1.2 Data Used to Characterize Affected Entities by Size The Census Bureau's 2012 Economic Census data provide national information on the distribution of economic variables by industry and size.31 Specifically, the tables report data for each industry on the number of establishments (Table 6-1), employment (Table 6-2), and receipts (Table 6-3) by enterprise size category in affected sectors. The 2012 Economic Census definitions in these data elements are as follows: • Establishment. An establishment is a single physical location where business is conducted and/or services are provided. • Employment. Employment includes all employees at the establishment who worked or received pay for the part of the pay period including the 12fe of the specified months (March, June, September, and December). Included are employees on paid sick leave, paid holidays, and paid vacations; not included are proprietors and partners of unincorporated businesses. • Receipts (varies by NAICS code): - Revenue: This includes revenue from all business activities whether or not payment was received in the census year (excluding sales and other taxes collected from customers and paid directly to a local, state, or federal agency). (NAICS 22, NAICS 48-49) - Revenue: This includes revenue from all business activities whether or not payment was received in the census year, including commissions and fees from 31 The 2012 Economic Census is the most recent version that is publicly available. The first data release of the 2017 Economic Census will be in September 2019. See https://wwwxensus.gov/programs-survevs/econoiiiic- census.html for more details. 6-2 ------- all sources, rents, net investment income, interest, dividends, and royalties. Revenue from leasing property marketed under operating leases is included. It also includes the total value of service contracts, amounts received for work subcontracted to others, and rents from real property sublet to others. It does not include sales and other taxes collected from customers and paid directly by the firm to a local, state, or federal tax agency. (NAICS 53) - Total value of shipments and receipts for services: This item covers the received or receivable net selling values, f.o.b. plant (exclusive of freight and taxes), of all products shipped, both primary and secondary, as well as all miscellaneous receipts. (NAICS 21, NAICS 31-33) - Receipts: This includes gross receipts from customers or clients for services provided, from the use of facilities, and from merchandise sold in the census year, whether or not payment was received in the census year and are net after deductions for refunds and allowances for merchandise returned by customers. It excludes sales and other taxes collected directly from customers and paid directly to a local, state, or federal tax agency. (NAICS 56) - Receipts/revenue: This includes gross receipts/revenue from customers or clients for services provided, from the use of facilities, and from merchandise sold in the census year, whether or not payment was received in the census year. Includes amounts received from the rental and leasing of vehicles, equipment, instruments, and tools; the total value of service contracts; market value of compensation received in lieu of cash; amounts received for work subcontracted to others; and dues and assessments from members and affiliates. Receipts/revenue from services performed for foreign parent firms, subsidiaries, and branches included. (NAICS 54, NAICS 71, NAICS 81) - Sales: This includes merchandise sold for cash or credit by establishments primarily engaged in wholesale trade. Net after reductions for refunds and allowances for merchandise returned by customers. Do not include carrying or other credit charges; sales and other taxes collected from customers and forwarded to taxing authorities; and nonoperating income from such sources as investments, rental or sales of real estate, and interest. (NAICS 41) 6-3 ------- • Enterprise: An enterprise is a business organization consisting of one or more domestic establishments that were specified under common ownership or control. The enterprise and the establishment are the same for single-establishment firms. Each multi-establishment company forms one enterprise—the enterprise employment and annual payroll are summed from the associated establishments. Enterprise size designations are determined by the summed employment of all associated establishments. The Small Business Administration (SBA) small business size standard(s) is provided for each industry group to facilitate comparisons. Our analysis is focused on the establishment level instead of the firm level because the 2012 Economic Census did not sufficiently report the relevant data for firm employment size categories. Most but not all establishment employment size categories were available for number of establishments, employment and receipts. The receipt data are reported in 2012 dollars. Therefore, to adjust receipt data for comparison to costs estimated in 2014 dollars, the EPA used the St. Louis Federal Reserve's Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator to adjust 2012 dollars to 2014 dollars. All receipt and other industry data used in the economic impact analysis can be found in ProposalMM2ARIAdataspreadsheetMay_2019.xls, a spreadsheet that is available in the docket for this rulemaking. 6-4 ------- Table 6-1 Number of Establishments by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 $27.5 million 1,062 696 283 78 1 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 6,398 5,306 815 234 25 15 3 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 337 104 110 28 5 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 750 21 5 3 3 4 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 16 3 5 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 39 8 5 11 7 3 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 750 26 9 7 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 500 140 44 62 5 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 750 30 3 15 6 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 750 25 5 5 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 500 171 60 43 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 $38.5 million 9,659 2,895 2,213 573 47 15 4 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 500 405 342 48 0 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 750 1,416 674 466 227 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 250 107 69 29 0 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 250 18 14 4 0 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 716 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1,000 7,402 4,157 2,420 616 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 1,000 2,419 1,564 589 188 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 $27.5 million 4,039 3,496 292 43 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 $20.5 million 712 597 74 3 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 $15 million 95 50 42 0 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On On Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing Industrial Wet Corn Milling Industrial Soybean ProcessingA Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA Industrial Thread MillsA Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 311119 311221 311222 311223 500 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 311224 1,000 311225 1,000 311313 750 311314 1,000 311411 1,000 311421 1,000 311422 1,250 311513 1,250 311514 750 311613 750 311812 311919 311920 1,000 1,250 750 311930 1,000 311942 500 311999 500 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 100- 500- 1000- 99 499 999 2499 1,391 921 446 23 1 64 24 23 15 2 108 42 150 55 74 21 126 55 37 34 31 1 10 16 4 47 14 12 19 2 220 59 63 82 15 1 690 380 161 134 14 1 112 65 20 19 7 1 541 251 156 121 10 3 194 64 82 45 3 213 89 97 27 2,672 1,819 517 316 19 374 203 89 76 5 1 449 338 72 36 2 1 146 81 42 23 373 219 104 47 3 604 401 147 48 7 1 874 707 120 28 18 1 251 200 29 22 114 53 30 25 3 3 188 46 328 214 57 51 5 1 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Narrow Fabric Mills'* 313221 On Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Industrial Industrial Fabric Coating Mills Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills Wood Preservation Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 500 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1,000 313311 313320 314992 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 316110 500 321113 321114 500 500 321211 500 321212 1,250 321213 750 321219 750 321911 1,000 321912 500 321999 500 322110 322121 322122 322130 750 1,250 750 1,250 322211 1,250 322220 750 322222 500 (2007 Size Standards) Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 1000- 999 2499 148 869 652 162 53 2 509 183 100 67 16 10 198 158 29 11 2,928 2,154 606 168 421 295 117 9 240 126 71 43 100 32 28 35 5 107 69 33 5 218 82 77 59 1,139 768 267 95 4 5 989 637 307 44 1 1,752 1,404 323 25 32 4 6 18 4 166 14 35 73 33 11 17 1 3 12 1 156 9 54 76 16 1 1,264 450 503 311 816 378 280 152 5 1 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On 00 Industrial Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 1,500 Industrial Commercial Lithographic Printing" Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" Carbon Black Manufacturing" All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing" Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 322299 323110 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 323111 500 323117 324110 1,250 1,500 324122 750 324199 500 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 325180 325181 325182 325188 325192 325193 1,000 1,000 1,000 1000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 325194 1,250 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 1000- 999 2499 142 47 43 42 9 1 521 296 184 40 1 10,464 20,847 17,281 2,865 660 37 4 476 330 79 59 6 2 158 23 18 68 37 12 223 114 83 26 110 70 30 10 55 16 15 20 4 451 315 126 9 1 158 83 48 25 2 oU 78 645 336 220 78 7 4 53 28 564 28 222 43 169 10 86 42 25 18 1 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325199 1,250 325211 1,250 325212 1,000 325220 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 325311 1,000 325312 750 325320 1,000 325411 1,000 325412 1,250 325414 1,250 325510 1,000 325520 500 325613 750 325620 1,250 325920 750 325991 500 325992 1,500 325998 500 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 _2500 865 440 282 119 20 3 1 1,144 498 511 123 5 6 1 147 75 54 18 124 49 33 37 4 1 11 113 189 123 50 16 78 45 18 12 2 1 210 126 50 31 2 1 427 245 110 61 8 3 1,165 623 295 194 35 12 6 321 150 97 52 15 6 1 1.162 762 312 84 4 543 292 202 49 145 81 50 13 1 907 597 189 103 15 3 77 36 21 19 1 452 243 171 37 1 320 253 43 20 1 2 1 1.163 803 275 80 5 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On O Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing 326112 1,000 326113 750 326121 500 326122 750 326130 500 326140 1,000 326150 750 326191 750 326199 750 326211 1,500 326220 750 326291 750 326299 500 327110 1,000 327120 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 327211 1,000 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 —2500 401 118 184 93 5 1 590 268 203 113 5 1 406 208 136 61 1 474 192 240 42 240 147 64 25 4 429 184 183 57 4 1 650 274 299 76 1 394 243 115 36 6,464 3,522 1,995 898 40 9 111 44 22 18 10 16 256 123 78 51 4 455 215 152 83 5 701 379 243 76 2 1 669 558 82 26 2 1 574 278 250 46 138 62 14 15 32 1 ------- Sector Source Category SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Industrial Iron and Steel Mills'* Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product Manufacturing" Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum Production" Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing" Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper" 327212 1,250 327310 1,000 327410 750 327420 1,500 327910 750 327993 1,500 327999 500 331110 331111 331112 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 331210 1,000 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 331410 1,000 331411 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 _2500 440 350 55 29 4 2 241 134 50 57 94 43 36 14 1 216 124 70 22 303 177 103 20 3 271 163 68 38 2 458 295 144 19 406 75 161 123 26 17 380 26 206 37 90 70 6 3 180 99 63 17 1 26 45 12 17 9 7 115 40 61 14 104 52 18 22 10 2 212 275 100 85 86 4 207 130 48 24 5 12 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to Primary Smelting and Refining of Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A 331419 Industrial Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) Drawing" Nonferrous Metal (except Copper Industrial and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Industrial Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Industrial Iron Foundries Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing 750 (2007 Size Standards) 331420 1,000 331422 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 331491 750 331492 750 331511 1,000 331513 500 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries" 331521 500 (2007 Size Standards) 331524 500 332112 750 332119 500 332212 332311 750 332312 500 332321 750 332322 500 332431 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 —2500 195 252 86 103 129 310 183 85 59 3 1 35 6 260 146 86 401 152 137 208 97 65 299 424 259 121 61 24 18 1,501 823 557 900 643 420 160 3,081 1,997 909 1,081 665 301 4,120 2,797 1,139 173 39 50 27 1 101 10 1 41 4 1 44 15 4 117 4 62 1 170 3 2 104 9 2 181 2 1 84 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Industrial Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 332439 500 332722 500 332811 750 332812 500 On LtJ Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 332813 500 332990 NA 332992 1,250 332993 1,500 332999 750 333111 1,250 333112 1,500 333120 1,250 333131 500 333293 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333316 1,000 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 —2500 342 204 112 23 3 826 462 264 96 4 815 480 304 30 1 2,527 1,814 643 70 2,429 1,687 656 84 2 111 87 12 6 2 3 1 55 28 7 15 4 1 3,737 2,864 738 131 4 1,124 724 283 94 14 7 2 155 103 27 14 8 3 781 412 259 84 15 10 1 298 155 104 36 1 2 350 225 168 48 9 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube Manufacturing" Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing 333415 1,250 333512 333513 333611 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333618 1,500 333923 1,250 333992 1,250 334220 1,250 334411 334412 750 334413 1,250 334512 500 334613 1,000 335110 1,250 335224 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 _2500 886 438 236 177 22 13 331 162 183 29 80 54 12 6 331 168 74 68 15 6 291 167 86 34 2 2 342 237 78 23 4 841 530 205 84 9 7 83 562 320 177 62 3 862 562 155 97 29 13 295 197 73 21 3 1 76 64 11 1 67 28 17 20 2 4 1 11 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 1,000 750 1,250 1,250 500 335932 1,000 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336330 1,000 336340 1,250 336350 1,500 336360 1,500 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 _2500 25 9 6 1 7 2 259 137 74 43 4 1 469 258 129 74 6 2 133 52 27 50 3 1 418 203 141 68 5 1 167 78 44 42 1 2 155 78 46 30 1 185 135 18 7 2 11 12 78 45 9 3 3 7 11 84 36 14 17 7 9 1 754 406 245 91 11 1 419 223 130 56 8 2 845 619 112 88 23 3 107 738 249 128 46 62 10 2 194 84 42 60 6 2 510 263 112 110 14 10 403 179 89 111 22 2 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing 336370 1,000 336390 1,000 336399 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336411 1,500 336412 1,500 336413 1,250 336415 1,250 336510 1,500 336611 336612 1,250 1,000 336992 1,500 337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337214 337215 337920 750 1,000 750 500 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- >2500 2499 775 249 304 189 25 8 1,521 884 325 262 42 8 1,448 288 155 52 46 10 9 16 468 204 120 121 13 6 4 886 505 199 144 25 7 6 28 4 5 10 4 5 237 100 81 43 10 2 1 697 414 172 82 17 5 7 884 655 152 72 4 1 43 7 15 14 5 2 6,839 6,211 516 98 12 2 1,229 925 195 83 20 5 1 2,425 2,184 186 50 3 2 718 423 221 73 1 378 275 68 32 3 252 138 62 45 4 2 1 1,100 744 268 84 4 357 273 58 23 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage Other Warehousing and Storage 339112 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 481111 482111 486110 486210 486910 488210 488320 493110 493190 1,000 750 500 750 750 500 1,000 500 200 200 1,500 1,500 1,500 $27.5 million 1,500 $15 million $38.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories ... , . „1(. 20- 100- 500- 1000- Total _19 yy 499 999 2499 _2500 1,337 787 296 212 28 13 2,079 1,475 406 171 12 12 2,050 1,809 203 34 2 2 1,629 1,312 246 64 4 3 521 416 82 22 1 567 319 176 66 5 1 110 81 21 7 1 6,292 5,817 419 51 3 2 4,889 4,036 549 4,305 3,231 858 2,231 1,022 636 658 503 129 2,118 1,717 232 580 496 65 1,275 847 308 460 10,243 2,505 217 5,679 1,764 129 2,660 482 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Number of Establishments by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 On OO Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ All Other Support Services Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Solid Waste Landfill Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators Remediation Services Educational Colleges, Universities, and Services Professional Schools Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply Commercial Industrial Launderers 531120 $27.5 million 541380 $15 million 541715 1,000 561990 $11 million 562211 $38.5 million 562212 $38.5 million 562213 $38.5 million 562910 $20.5 million 611310 $27.5 million 713110 $38.5 million 812330 NA 812332 $38.5 million 34,551 6,613 12,940 849 1,275 109 4,070 4,329 442 1,310 27,668 4,623 9,657 527 1,004 36 2,536 1,745 104 461 1,146 1,255 1,334 203 180 56 854 1,011 58 599 799 356 Notes: Blank cells represent unreported data in the category. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code thus SBA Size Standards are not available. When sub-categories are aggregated to the reported size categories, we treated unreported data as zero since no establishments were reported in the sub-category. When zero was explicitly reported for a size category, we report zero in the table. A These source categories have a 2007 NAICS description because they are not defined in the 2012 Census. The 2012 Census provides establishment and revenue data for these source categories on 2007 NAICS basis, as a total figure for all establishments and revenues. It does not provide a breakdown by employment size. The following NAICS report aggregate data for other top employee size categories and thus are not reported in the table: 115114,221111, 221112, 221117, 221118, 221122, 221210,221310,221320,221330,424510, 424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,488210,488320,493110,493190,531120, 541380, 561990, 562211,562212, 562213, 562910,611310, 713110, and 812332. For the following NAICS, total establishments include establishments which operated entire year and not operated entire year whereas the breakdown into categories is done for establishments operated entire year: 221111,221112,221117,221118, 221122,221210, 221310,221320,221330,424510,424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,488210, 488320,493110, 493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332. ------- For NAICS 115114, Postharvest Crop Activities, the data is from County Business Patterns. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns. 332990 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Also, the size standards for this NAICS code are not available in the 2007, 2016, or 2017 SBA Size Standards. There is not even a description of this NAICS code in any of the SBA Size Standards. It could be a 2002 NAICS code. We found its description as a 2002 NAICS Code in the Survey of Current Business: Volume 88, Issues 1-6, January 1, 2008, U.S. Department of Commerce. 482111 NAICS code (line-haul railroad) is excluded from the Economic Census; therefore, no data are available. 541715 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Four industries in the 2012 NAICS structure have been expanded for 2017. 541712—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) has been expanded to include 541713—Research and Development in Nano techno logy 541715—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nano technology). For NAICS 611310, Colleges and Universities, the data are from County Business Patterns. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns. 812330 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. This code seems to be not a NAICS code but an IRS Statistics of Income (SOI) Program Industry Code for coding the industrial activities of corporations filing returns (https://www.irs.gov/irm/partl/irm_01-013-007). The SOI codes correspond to NAICS codes such as 812330 corresponds to 812332 Industrial Launderers and 812331 Linen Supply but is a different code. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore no data are available for it. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. ------- Table 6-2 Number of Employees by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories Sector Source Category NAICS sua size Standards (2017) Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 $27.5 million 39,759 4,000 13,387 15,393 500-999 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 161,685 17,387 35,114 50,386 17,240 21,743 10,000- 24,999 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 14,537 1,094 4,989 5,001 3,241 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 750 6,021 20-99 79 1,208 2,500- 4,999 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 2,218 26 500-999 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 12,555 40-198 100-249 3,127 4,806 2,500- 4,999 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 750 3,824 90 1,902 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 500 4,168 492 2,871 736 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 750 2,405 20-99 603 1,048 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212391 750 5,109 36 3,739 Industrial 212399 500 2,790 622 1,654 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 $38.5 million 323,523 29,106 96,295 114,543 32,014 22,687 10,000- 24,999 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 500 3,464 1,396 2,051 0 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 750 82,071 4,652 20,767 46,503 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 250 1,424 374 1,025 0 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 250 224 43-122 120-348 0 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation" 221119 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 9,812 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1,000 362,844 26,966- 29,465 109,403 123,223 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 1,000 83,937 9,854 25,647 36,677 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 $27.5 million 36,352 15,641- 18,140 11,268 6,789- 9,288 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 $20.5 million 6,849 3,228- 3,477 2,835 500-999 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 $15 million 2,086 399-478 1,599 0 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 500 27,958 6,669- 7,168 16,363 3,730 500-999 On to o ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Wet Corn Milling Soybean ProcessingA Other Oilseed Processing" Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing 311221 1,250 311222 311223 311225 311313 311314 311613 311812 311919 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 311224 1,000 1,000 750 1,000 311411 1,000 311421 1,000 311422 1,250 311513 1,250 311514 750 750 1,000 1250 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total <19 yyy 2499 >2500 6,606 152-380 976 4,323 6,504 1,319 7,823 333-482 3,864 3,819 9,006 246-404 1,899 6,764 6,367 0-19 541-690 3,687 6,683 50-208 719-798 4,622 33,766 335-414 3,269 19,480 48,840 1,542- 1,791 8,265 28,767 11,850 139-237 819 4,567 44,374 1,387 8,219 25,325 15,701 373-601 4,259 9,357 9,065 669 4,614 3,782 115,634 7,403- 8,902 24,584 66,387 27,297 911-1,160 4,514 16,961 15,340 1,180- 1,329 3,096 7,292 7,043 418 1,918 4,707 16,417 1,200 5,122 8,389 23,922 1,892- 2,391 7,185 9,361 26,336 2,033- 2,781 5,583 5,805 6,989 725-874 962-1,211 5,056 14,127 60-297 1,416 3,756- 5,255 1,000- 2,499 2,115 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 2,499 6,279 3,165 9,491 4,915 1,000- 2,499 I,706 4,371 II,471 2,164 404 12,344 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 1,000- 2,499 2,499 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 2,499 5,000- 9,999 2,500- 4,999 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills Wood Preservation Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 313311 313320 314992 316110 321113 321114 321211 321212 321213 321219 321911 321912 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 500 500 500 1,250 750 750 1,000 500 321999 500 322110 322121 750 1,250 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 18,364 148 22,970 13,442 6,675 I,915 3,510 64,743 8,061 II,734 13,739 2,854 13,531 46,713 24,358 25,547 7,728 60,217 919-1,168 2,931- 3,430 577-726 634-1,032 11,078 1,544- 1,793 829 102-260 481-709 455 4,492 4,183 7,374 0-57 40-217 2,860 7,518 3,393 1,017- 1,516 27,188 4,957 3,454 1,452 I,452 4,060 II,233 13,175 13,143 200-498 2,057 10,248 10,959 2,637- 2,886 1,565 26,478 1,409- 1,908 7,453 9,167 869 9,017 20,163 6,442- 6,941 5,031 4,673 19,290 3,250 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 2,358 500-999 2,773 24,560 8,468 14,180 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper Manufacturing" Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic Printing" Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 322122 322130 322211 322220 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 324122 324199 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 325180 750 1,250 1,250 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 750 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 3,573 0-19 40-198 2,746 500-999 34,910 20-137 3,444 18,989 11,236 1,000- 2,499 76,372 3,266 28,392 44,714 50,481 2,256- 2,754 14,037 29,303 3,094 1,000- 2,499 25,182 18,071 268-426 2,265 8,749 5,679 1,000- 2,499 16,455 1,486- 1,735 7,634 6,614 500-999 215,340 352,659 77,438 124,583 121,445 10,000- 24,999 2,500- 4,999 24,104 1,365- 1,614 3,708 12,875 3,810 1,000- 2,499 62,542 199-278 969 18,775 25,000- 49,999 16,392 9,094 786-935 4,404 3,816- 4,062 3,337 174-402 1,372 1,603- 1,852 8,582 40-217 703 4,894 2,911 9,723 2,169 5,072 1,668- 2,167 500-999 9,064 451-679 2,209 5,227 1,000- 2,499 5,455 3,608 37,114 2,339 10,514 14,238 5,133 4,893 >2500 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA Carbon Black ManufacturingA All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing 325181 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size 325182 Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size 325188 Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 325193 1,000 325192 325194 1,250 325199 1,250 325211 325212 325220 325221 325222 325311 325312 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 325320 1,000 325411 1,000 325412 1,250 325414 1,250 325510 1,000 325520 500 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 40,485 988-1,286 3,915 12,326 10,490 9,201 34,148 4,063-4,562 13,530 13,558 2,500-4,999 19,503 1,934 9,454 8,116 5,000- 9,999 2,500- 4,999 6,879 1,714 28,521 3,052 10,391 186-414 7,790 2,367 5,646 196-354 1,265 3,084-3,333 500-999 67,751 2,796-3,794 13,802 23,491 12,301 5,526 66,325 3,847-4,096 24,667 23,319 3,477 7,091 7,115 424 2,506 4,185 13,664 346-504 1,683 7,779 2,527 1,000-2,499 I,455 12,209 5,255 644-793 2,144 2,346-2,595 6,582 248-406 605 3,234 1,000-2,499 1,000-2,499 II,397 722 2,311 6,011 1,000-2,499 1,000-2,499 27,879 1,238 5,507 10,898 5,116 5,122 147,595 3,648 13,401 49,539 23,501 18,103 39,404 2,500- 4,999 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 325613 750 325620 1,250 325920 750 325991 500 325992 1,500 325998 500 326112 1,000 326113 750 326121 326122 326130 326140 326150 326191 326199 326211 326220 326291 500 750 500 1,000 750 750 750 1,500 750 750 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 5,490 343-571 2,295 500-999 48,520 2,876 9,175 21,673 10,222 4,575 6,180 265-423 996 4,028 500-999 16,938 8,047 7,025 500-999 13,927 992 2,217 4,524 500-999 33,681 4,380 12,039 13,821 3,441 30,792 970-1,119 9,272 16,430 1,000- 2,500- 2,499 4,999 2,500- 1,000- 4,999 2,499 36,664 l'720~ 9'927 21'234 2'714 2499 19,002 l'440~ 6'485 10'691 500-999 20,947 1,459 11,652 7,837 10,787 755 3,064 4,443 2,526 24,088 11'2465" 7,922 10,445 2,922 28,498 12'9115°" 13,735 12,220 500-999 14,512 1,636 5,416 7,460 328,389 21,785 95,108 173,474 26,783 11,241 3 722- 2 500- 43,197 152-380 824-1,073 ^ 7>608 27>203 4999 18,748 644-1,042 11,312 2,626 5,362 28,414 1,499 7,251 16,746 2,919 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 326299 500 327110 1,000 327120 750 327124 327211 327212 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 331112 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,000 750 1,500 750 1,500 327999 500 331110 1,500 331111 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 331210 1,000 331221 1,000 331312 331313 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 30,971 2,443 11,264 14,638 13,097 2,156 3,670 4,860 21,273 1,917 11,486 7,870 1,000- 1,000- 2,499 2,499 1,000- 1,000- 2,499 2,499 4,389 9,022 53-151 500-998 7,650 500-999 14,856 V^5," 2,691 6,018 2,420 i,'0-™" 1,614 2,499 7,901- 8,150 4,363 157-315 1,658 1,899 500-999 11,957 671-820 3,230 7,761 558-707 3,964 3,180- 3,429 12,701 1,216 4,668 4,796 2,022 13,950 V°i6; 2,965 8,538 1,265 10,728 1,922 5,563 3,245 102,974 620-1,347 7^2' 31,169 18,318 28,579 24 999 99,246 3,728 26,400 290-697 4,731 13,514 3,892 3,909 6,780 531-780 2,978 2'5}^~ 500-999 2,765 6,874 8,818 72-91 792-1,041 2,774 5,103 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 331314 750 331315 1,250 750 (2007 Size 331316 Standards) 331318 750 331410 1,000 331411 331419 331420 331422 331511 331513 Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA 331521 331524 332112 332119 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 331491 750 331492 750 1,000 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 500 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 5,592 214-293 3,162 2,024-2,273 17,108 137-295 1,132-1,281 4,750 7,788 2,500-4,999 24,480 545 4,695 16,739 2,501 10,969 668 2,094 4,994 3,215 2,143 8,826 21,378 457-685 5,465 12,010 2,237 1,000-2,499 10,719 17,428 854-1,003 4,121 6,853 4,163 1,000-2,499 10,958 871-1,020 3,974 5,242 500-999 38,637 921-1,070 7,305 21,878 7,357 1,000-2,499 17,568 476-774 3,434 9,738 2,675 1,000-2,499 23,319 15,416 1,457 5,616 8,344 6,964 155-313 906 3,014 2,857 53,219 5,556 25,435 19,580 2,650 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing 332212 332311 750 332312 500 332321 750 332322 500 332431 1,500 332439 500 332722 500 332811 750 332812 500 332813 500 332990 NA 332992 1,250 332993 1,500 332999 750 333111 1,250 333112 1,500 333120 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 23,342 21,712 1,969- 2,218 7,496 11,412 500-999 87,923 12,523 38,851 30,902 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 45,665 3,504- 4,003 13,957 19,812 5,734 1,000- 2,499 99,904 19,211 48,064 29,443 1,000- 2,499 1,000- 2,499 17,296 170-328 3,078 13,977 11,789 1,174 5,139 3,790 1,688 36,321 3,108 11,929 18,233 3,052 22,199 4,193- 4,442 12,182 5,096 500-999 49,633 10,485 27,762 11,386 52,698 10,394- 11,893 27,607 12,700 1,000- 2,499 10,413 260-339 350-748 1,379- 2,878 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 11,003 60-297 120-348 3,469 2,777 70,421 15,423 29,755 22,290 2,954 63,643 3,368- 5,366 12,232 21,317 9,796 9,256 15,345 300-747 1,408 3,087 5,355 5,000- 9,999 62,302 2,342- 2,591 12,265 18,149 9,666 16,753 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to VO Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) Manufacturing" Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) Manufacturing" Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube Manufacturing" Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use 333131 333293 333316 333512 333513 333611 333618 334411 334412 334413 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 333415 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 333923 1,250 333992 1,250 334220 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,250 334512 500 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 17,280 1,044-1,193 4,806 8,011 500-999 2,500-4,999 7,866 5,376 704 2,170 2,503 86,110 2,712 11,341 40,169 15,862 16,029 16,078 8,607 36,955 140-447 4,163 11,246 7,822 7,825 5,000- 9,999 38,195 1,051 3,513 14,321 10,194 9,117 17,862 1,089 4,121 7,224 1,000-2,499 2,500-4,999 14,874 1,189 3,516 3,952 6,218 73,195 2,852 9,519 17,278 5,760 11,163 26,623 5,222 24,165 1,829 8,601 11,053 2,683 102,570 3,174 7,495 22,441 19,559 19,875 30,027 11,199 970-1,219 3,017 3,410 2,055 1,000-2,499 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On LtJ O Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 334613 335110 335224 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 335932 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 750 1,250 1,250 500 1,000 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 1,207 153-381 404-553 6,494 140-447 948 4,134 1,000- 2,499 5,000- 20-99 500-999 1,000- 2,500- 9,999 2,499 4,999 8,772 20-118 243-392 100-249 5,351 2,500- 4,999 19,333 522-820 3,696 10,044 2,427 1,000- 2,499 31,600 1,499- 1,748 6,006 16,514 4,554 2,500- 4,999 20,383 140-447 1,308 11,011 1,805 5,000- 9,999 25,909 1,244- 1,393 6,924 12,856 3,305 1,000- 2,499 14,237 453 2,488 8,275 500-999 1,000- 2,499 8,992 429-508 2,201 5,694 500-999 69,285 521 937 1,061- 3,060 1,000- 2,499 19,113 46,033 58,658 125-283 472 328 1,000- 2,499 14,317 41,216 29,275 120-367 350-748 3,531 4,406 15,708 2,500- 4,999 41,176 2,611- 3,110 11,016 18,841 7,406 1,000- 2,499 27,670 1,338- 1,587 6,166 11,603 5,511 2,500- 4,999 48,566 2,530 4,977 20,618 17,236 3,207 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing 336330 1,000 336340 1,250 336350 1,500 336360 1,500 336370 1,000 336390 1,000 WX99 750 (2007 size Standards) 336411 1,500 336412 1,500 336413 1,250 336415 1,250 336510 1,500 336611 1,250 336612 1,000 336992 1,500 337110 750 337121 1,000 337122 750 337127 500 Total Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories 1Q 20- 100- 500- 1000- 99 499 999 2499 ~ 29,282 752 2,154 13,432 6,893 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 23,130 401-550 2,165 13,657 4,048 2,500- 4,999 59,908 1,197- 1,446 5,330 24,750 9,868 16,054 2,500- 4,999 50,452 922-1,071 4,809 27,116 14,670 2,500- 4,999 83,680 1,970 15,545 39,713 15,601 10,851 120,977 4,873 16,215 60,297 29,019 10,575 171,749 910 2,099 10,481 6,565 13,127 138,569 79,125 1,204 5,377 26,809 8,537 8,624 28,575 106,935 3,024 10,114 32,132 16,828 12,271 32,567 12,530 5-24 120-348 1,798- 2,297 2,165 8,035 28,372 733 3,624 9,204 6,638 2,500- 4,999 2,500- 4,999 105,192 2,370 8,026 18,580 10,784 7,483 57,949 28,081 2,873- 3,372 6,480 15,021 2,365 1,000- 2,499 9,956 20-137 612-861 2,817 3,830 2,500- 4,999 77,649 24,676- 29,675 20,020 20,707 7,864 2,500- 4,999 55,557 4,476- 5,975 9,189 17,217 13,803 7,180 2,500- 4,999 31,423 8,834 7,605 9,791 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 26,119 2,549- 2,798 9,874 12,619 500-999 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On LtJ to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Flaul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 337211 337214 337215 337920 339112 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 481111 482111 486110 486210 486910 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 1,000 750 500 750 750 500 1,000 500 200 200 1,500 1,500 1,500 $27.5 million 1,500 Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 13,774 1,358- 1,607 3,225 6,913 1,000- 2,499 22,528 513-811 2,611 9,414 3,122 2,500- 4,999 2,500- 4,999 33,357 4,006 12,039 14,824 2,490 11,569 1,359 2,526 5,711 1,974 105,419 4,053- 7,051 14,278 46,482 18,851 18,966 2,500- 4,999 99,091 7,089- 8,588 18,583 36,930 7,680 17,484 10,000- 24,999 26,026 6,835 8,379 6,720 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 36,968 5,960 11,001 12,751 2,674 4,582 10,517 1,739- 1,988 3,700 4,143 500-999 29,140 2,253- 2,502 8,355 14,382 2,904 1,000- 2,499 3,751 467-616 945 1,157- 1,656 500-999 53,872 23,152 15,197 9,848 1,000- 2,499 2,500- 4,999 49,603 25,751 18,933 73,309 22,824 31,690 398,335 7,029- 7,528 28,440 11,299 3,107 5,050 29,597 10,539 8,368 6,233 2,442- 1,500- 3,589 3,498 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Total Number of Employees by Employee Size Categories <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 On LtJ LtJ Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Educational Services Commercial Commercial Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage Other Warehousing and Storage Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ All Other Support Services Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Solid Waste Landfill Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators Remediation Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools Amusement and Theme Parks Linen and Uniform Supply Industrial Launderers 488210 488320 493110 493190 531120 541380 561990 562211 562212 562213 562910 713110 812330 812332 $15 million $38.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million $15 million 541715 1,000 $11 million $38.5 million $38.5 million $38.5 million $20.5 million 611310 $27.5 million $38.5 million NA $38.5 million 32,100 53,313 599,384 66,767 170,381 115,018 148,019 27,782 16,209 4,784 78,027 1,805,199 116,148 60,452 5,751 1,414 39,356 10,255- 14,253 92,430 28,410 45,598 3,566 6,678 243-322 17,113 10,711 619 12,738 5,845 117,612 15,087- 20,086 40,932 50,663 53,251 8,810 6,332 2,816 34,649 49,461 2,777 28,406 194,356 256,266 Notes: Blank cells represent unreported data in the category. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code thus an SBA Size Standard is not available. When sub-categories are aggregated to the reported size categories, we treated unreported data as zero since no employment was reported in the sub-category. When zero was explicitly reported for a size category, we report zero in the table. A These source categories have a 2007 NAICS description because they are not defined in the 2012 Census. The 2012 Census provides establishment and revenue data for these source categories on 2007 NAICS basis, as a total figure for all establishments and revenues. It does not provide a breakdown by employment size. ------- The following NAICS report aggregate data for other top employee size categories and thus are not reported in the table: 221111, 221112, 221117, 221118, 221122, 221210, 221310, 221320, 221330, 424510, 424710, 481111,486110, 486210, 486910,488210, 488320, 493110, 493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332. For the following NAICS, total receipts include establishments that operated the entire year and not operated the entire year, whereas the breakdown into categories is done for establishments operated the entire year: 221111,221112,221117,221118,221122,221210,221310,221320,221330, 424510,424710,481111,486110,486210,486910, 488210,488320, 493110,493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332. For NAICS 115114, Post harvest Crop Activities, the data are from County Business Patterns, but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns. 332990 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Also, the size standards for this NAICS code are not available in the 2007, 2016, or 2017 SBA Size Standards. There is not even a description of this NAICS code in any of the SBA Size Standards. It could be a 2002 NAICS code. We found its description as a 2002 NAICS Code in the Survey of Current Business: Volume 88, Issues 1-6, January 1, 2008, U.S. Department of Commerce. 482111 NAICS code (line-haul railroad) is excluded from the Economic Census; therefore, no data are available. 541715 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. Four industries in the 2012 NAICS structure have been expanded for 2017. 541712—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) has been expanded to include 541713 - Research and Development in Nano techno logy 541715—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nano technology). 812330 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, no data are available in the 2012 Economic Census. This code seems to be not a NAICS code but an IRS SOI Program Industry Code for coding the industrial activities of corporations filing returns (https://www.irs.gov/irm/partl/irm_01-013-007). The SOI codes correspond to NAICS codes such as 812330 corresponds to 812332 Industrial Launderers and 812331 Linen Supply but is a different code. For NAICS 611310, Colleges and Universities establishment and employment data are from County Business Patterns but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore no data are available for it. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research. ------- Table 6-3 Receipts by Industry and Enterprise Size: 2012 (in millions of 2014$) Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 On LtJ Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 $27.5 million Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 280,462 D 69,931 78,412 56,173 36,035 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 41,179 6,336 17,042 11,203 5,762 Industrial Industrial Iron Ore Mining Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212210 212231 750 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 4,933 1,739 D D 44 1,039 D Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 11,113 D D D 3,581 D Industrial Industrial Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining Industrial Sand Mining Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212299 212322 212324 750 500 750 1,581 1,792 882 D 184 D 1,189 189 727 393 470 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 750 3,003 D 2,075 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 500 728 D 359 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 $38.5 million 87,703 6,180 20,801 27,469 10,707 12,266 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 500 2,537 Q Q Q Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 750 84,272 Q Q Q Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power GenerationA Electric Power Distribution Natural Gas Distribution 221117 221118 221119 221122 221210 250 250 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 746 45 7,480 310,402 92,645 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 $27.5 million 9,762 Q Q Q Utilities Utilities Industrial Sewage Treatment Facilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply Other Animal Food Manufacturing 221320 221330 311119 $20.5 million $15 million 500 1,424 1,477 37,613 Q Q D Q Q 21,793 Q Q D D ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On LtJ On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Wet Corn Milling Soybean ProcessingA Other Oilseed ProcessingA Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA 311221 311222 311223 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1000 (2007 Size Standards) 311224 1,000 311225 311313 311314 1,000 750 1,000 311411 1,000 311421 311422 311513 1,000 1,250 1,250 311514 750 Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 750 311812 311919 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 1,000 1,250 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 13,430 D 1,467 9,518 D 39,122 2,763 41,885 D 24,290 D 17,339 D 5,046 D 4,815 D D D 1,429 6,101 D D 4,218 D 12,600 D D 6,953 D D 24,336 D 3,695 14,968 D D 9,826 D D D 3,942 D 42,657 1,115 7,086 26,681 4,501 3,273 20,204 D 4,475 12,285 D 5,469 D 2,659 2,239 29,078 D 4,792 18,988 2,878 21,329 D 1,482 17,491 D D 13,646 D 1,744 10,413 D D 9,052 D D 7,736 9,471 D 2,606 4,276 D 11,882 D 3,933 4,659 2,062 D 29,374 D 1,818 D D D 9,948 D D D 41,564 D D 8,760 1,451 D 4,429 295 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 313210 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 313310 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 313320 1,000 314992 1^0(2007 Size Standards) 316110 500 On LtJ ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills Wood Preservation Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 321113 321114 322110 322121 322122 322130 500 500 321211 500 321212 1,250 321213 750 321219 750 321911 1,000 321912 500 321999 500 750 1,250 750 1,250 322211 1,250 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) 1Q 20- 100- 500- 1000- 99 499 999 2499 ~ 295 4,483 D 684 2,619 708 D 970 5,369 D 1,937 2,577 D 3,496 2,388 D 1,225 D 840 1,590 D 821 644 19,431 2,903 7,836 8,692 4,432 D 2,931 D 2,620 D D 1,846 4,366 D D 2,817 901 933 D D 330 6,584 D D 4,974 9,513 D D 4,510 D D 6,184 950 3,455 D 5,245 1,233 2,941 1,070 6,191 D D 3,683 2,342 45,539 D D 14,649 17,490 12,111 2,813 D D D 29,418 D D 17,142 9,180 D 34,758 1,481 12,423 20,855 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On LtJ 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic PrintingA Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" Carbon Black Manufacturing" All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" 322220 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 324122 750 324199 500 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 325180 325181 325182 325188 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 22,037 D 5,578 12,019 2,285 D 13,257 12,594 D D 5,877 5,108 D 5,386 D 2,733 D D 40,941 69,816 D 23,430 28,318 6,108 D 4,380 D D 2,554 588 D 829,448 D 4,676 222,338 D 230,045 11,130 D 5,000 D 5,506 D 2,487 D 85,200 D D 39,109 D 7,624 2,132 2,994 D D 9,411 D 1,548 4,477 D 7,017 2,394 35,846 D 11,165 14,235 2,899 D 8,365 2,440 25,041 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On LtJ VO Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 325192 325193 325194 325199 325211 325212 325220 325221 Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 325311 325312 325510 325520 325613 325620 325920 325991 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 325320 1,000 325411 325412 1,000 1,250 325414 1,250 1,000 500 750 1,250 750 500 325992 1,500 325998 500 326112 1,000 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 —2500 7,391 44,114 D 31,293 11,501 9,809 D 1,090 5,667 D 93,450 D 16,981 36,261 29,373 3,631 94,666 D 22,102 42,118 6,591 15,208 9,681 D 2,833 D 281 8,926 D 756 5,317 2,189 D 1,780 7,146 9,819 D 2,763 D 12,045 D D D D 15,697 D 2,970 8,418 D D 13,016 D 1,896 5,609 4,051 D 141,140 D D 63,793 19,822 16,716 28,023 D D 7,420 8,851 7,540 24,900 D 9,361 11,356 D 12,524 1,220 6,359 4,945 12,099 D 2,883 D 41,863 991 4,131 18,470 15,887 2,384 2,206 D D D 10,673 D 4,771 4,667 D 9,032 D 879 3,269 D D 20,945 2,503 8,087 9,015 1,339 13,210 369 3,800 7,344 D D ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On O Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 326113 750 326121 500 326122 750 326130 326140 500 1,000 326150 750 326191 750 326199 750 326211 1,500 326220 750 326291 750 326299 500 327110 1,000 327120 750 327124 327211 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 327212 1,250 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 1,000 750 1,500 750 1,500 327999 500 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 18,181 D 4,366 10,693 1,468 D 6,362 D 1,621 3,487 D 9,513 836 5,934 2,743 3,649 D 1,023 D 8,946 D 2,929 3,900 1,181 D 9,851 D 5,414 3,474 D 3,064 D 1,100 D D 83,830 5,267 22,620 45,301 7,963 2,679 20,936 D D 2,645 4,973 11,454 5,423 D D 3,475 588 7,739 D D 4,576 1,369 11,381 750 3,509 5,029 D D 2,228 D 560 1,018 D D 5,313 448 2,573 2,291 1,294 3,273 D D D D 3,796 D D D 581 D 6,097 D D D 2,436 D D D 3,811 D 2,142 D 5,580 397 1,609 2,077 1,498 5,030 D 934 3,372 D 4,274 D 2,257 D ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum )A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries 331110 331111 331112 331210 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 331410 331411 331419 331420 331422 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 331491 750 331492 750 331511 1,000 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 116,462 D D 36,412 26,639 28,614 D 113,769 2,692 15,211 183 2,598 7,407 2,499 2,524 5,775 D 2,214 D D 5,240 6,718 D 757 2,126 3,808 5,991 D 3,081 D 16,610 D D 3,991 9,101 D 8,260 9,627 D D 6,633 D 15,842 D 3,247 D 2,978 6,358 9,483 24,149 D 7,607 13,683 1,783 D 7,713 8,092 D 1,867 3,173 D D 15,516 D 4,512 9,646 D 11,314 D D 6,164 3,025 D ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^ Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Fland and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Fleat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 331513 331521 331524 332112 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 332119 500 332212 500 (2007 Size Standards) 332311 750 332312 332321 332322 332431 332439 332722 332811 332812 500 750 500 1,500 500 500 750 500 332813 500 332990 NA 332992 1,250 332993 1,500 332999 750 333111 333112 333120 333131 1,250 1,500 1,250 500 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) t . i ^10 20~ 100~ 500~ 1000~ Total _19 2499 _2500 4,610 D 759 2,689 801 D 5,958 2,933 D 882 1,833 3,089 D D 1,144 1,601 D 12,259 1,115 5,500 4,954 690 271 5,339 6,420 D 2,235 3,446 D 127 27,520 D 11,914 10,399 D D 10,194 D 3,012 4,751 1,341 D 20,972 3,683 10,069 6,575 15,672 D 2,815 12,656 3,709 276 1,701 1,065 666 10,249 677 3,298 5,487 787 6,815 D 2,601 D 13,554 1,468 6,439 5,647 7,481 1,328 3,838 D D 3,774 D D D D D 3,626 D D D D 14,893 2,468 5,873 5,840 712 35,805 D 3,616 9,434 6,197 6,845 7,924 D D 1,953 3,030 D 43,643 D 3,865 8,794 8,008 16,629 7,361 D 1,526 3,480 D D ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing 333293 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333316 1,000 333415 1,250 333512 333513 333611 333618 333923 334411 334412 334413 334613 335110 335224 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 333992 1,250 334220 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,250 334512 500 1,000 1,250 1,250 335228 1,000 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) 1Q 20- 100- 500- 1000- 99 499 999 2499 ~ 1,892 2,222 D 665 D 31,721 793 3,119 14,005 6,032 7,771 5,761 2,127 17,501 D D 3,914 5,474 5,728 D 28,784 407 1,537 9,837 7,770 9,233 9,351 D 1,223 2,754 D D 5,943 374 1,165 1,825 2,578 31,295 1,144 3,202 8,785 1,786 4,545 11,83 1,297 4,632 D 1,431 2,401 D 50,283 D 4,649 8,104 11,353 13,103 D 2,688 D 790 D 660 D 289 D D D 1,954 D D D 1,076 D D D D 4,703 D D D 3,113 D ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 335311 750 335312 335911 335931 1,250 1,250 500 335932 1,000 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 336330 336340 336350 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,500 336360 1,500 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 1,000 1,000 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 6,005 D 996 3,463 778 D 11,779 D 1,441 5,582 D D 6,760 D D 3,794 329 D 7,148 D 1,559 3,686 1,037 D 6,409 D 948 3,429 D D 3,683 D 732 2,422 D 112,518 D D D 29,726 77,778 126,372 D D 159 D D 83,050 30,574 D D D 5,381 17,268 D 11,832 D 2,680 5,214 2,438 D 8,251 D 1,407 3,439 1,803 D 30,438 D 1,471 8,102 17,377 D 2,440 27,998 12,403 D 837 6,632 2,977 D D 11,254 D 983 7,021 1,645 D 36,047 D 2,915 14,236 4,727 11,404 D 23,073 D 1,786 13,181 6,966 D 30,269 522 4,712 12,994 7,162 4,878 59,408 2,323 6,716 28,850 15,746 5,772 52,593 116,908 D 515 4,240 2,958 6,702 102,172 38,408 412 1,583 11,729 4,256 4,632 15,796 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standards (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 336413 1,250 336415 1,250 336510 336611 336612 339910 339920 1,500 1,250 1,000 336992 1,500 337110 750 337121 1,000 337122 750 337127 337211 500 1,000 337214 1,000 337215 337920 339112 500 1,000 1,000 339113 750 500 750 339940 750 339991 500 339995 339999 1,000 500 424510 200 Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) Total <19 20- 99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 35,428 D 2,687 10,208 5,708 D 10,134 4,355 D D D D 2,747 17,750 D 2,042 4,421 3,329 D D 25,803 614 1,829 4,863 2,370 2,242 13,885 7,374 D 1,561 4,403 522 D 5,755 D D 1,022 D D 11,135 D D 3,483 1,835 D 10,838 D D 2,849 2,958 D D 4,251 D 1,057 1,429 D D 4,886 D 1,599 2,548 D 2,672 D 488 1,504 D 8,796 D 546 2,972 1,322 D D 6,924 D 2,168 3,415 595 1,826 D 473 894 D 38,970 D D 17,916 7,109 8,979 D 38,360 D D 12,214 3,926 11,448 D 7,860 1,204 1,861 D D D 10,645 970 2,520 3,882 1,088 2,186 2,869 D 704 1,751 D 6,813 D 1,896 3,423 697 D 757 D D D D 12,821 2,969 2,820 3,828 D D 239,363 105,846 91,561 ------- Receipts by Employee Size Categories (in millions of 2014$) Sector Source Category NAICS Standards (2017) Total <19 20- 99 424710 200 902,591 231,145 262,557 481111 1,500 162,576 5,121 16,112 482111 1,500 486110 1,500 7,034 2,043 3,073 486210 $27.5 million 23,776 8,168 8,103 486910 1,500 6,637 1,656 488210 $15 million 5,002 938 2,139 488320 $38.5 million 9,209 653 2,434 493110 $27.5 million 18,222 4,910 7,548 493190 $27.5 million 6,249 1,203 1,661 531120 $27.5 million 99,434 47,540 27,271 541380 $15 million 15,851 3,991 7,041 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 On On Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Educational Services Commercial Commercial Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage Other Warehousing and Storage Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ All Other Support Services Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Solid Waste Landfill Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators Remediation Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools Amusement and Theme Parks Linen and Uniform Supply Industrial Launderers 541715 1,000 561990 562211 562212 562213 562910 713110 812330 812332 $11 million $38.5 million $38.5 million $38.5 million $20.5 million 611310 $27.5 million $38.5 million NA $38.5 million 20,305 6,928 5,312 2,575 14,681 13,030 7,333 7,149 898 2,156 D 2,893 245 686 6,790 2,328 2,391 1,861 5,885 440 3,620 Notes: Blank cells represent unreported data in the category. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus SBA Size Standards are not available. When sub-categories are aggregated to the reported size categories, we treated unreported data as zero since no receipts were reported in the sub-category. ------- When data is reported as "D" ("Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies") or "Q" ("Revenue not collected at this level of detail for multiestablishment firms") for a sub-category or category, we report "D" or "Q," respectively, in the corresponding cell. A These Source Categories have a 2007 NAICS description because they are not defined in the 2012 Census. The 2012 Census provides establishment and revenue data for these source categories on 2007 NAICS basis, as a total figure for all establishments and revenues. It does not provide a breakdown by employment size. The following NAICS report aggregate data for other top employee size categories and thus are not reported in the table: 221111, 221112, 221117, 221118, 221122, 221210, 221310,221320,221330,424510,424710,481111,486110,486210,486910,488210,488320,493110,493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211,562212, 562213,562910, 713110, and 812332. For the following NAICS, total receipts include establishments which operated entire year and not operated entire year whereas the breakdown into categories is done for establishments operated entire year: 221111,221112,221117,221118, 221122,221210,221310,221320,221330,424510,424710, 481111,486110,486210,486910,488210, 488320,493110, 493190, 531120, 541380, 561990, 562211, 562212, 562213, 562910, 713110, and 812332. For NAICS 115114, Post harvest Crop Activities, the data are from County Business Patterns, but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns. 332990 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, therefore there are no data available in the 2012 Economic Census. Also, the size standards for this NAICS code are not available in the 2007, 2016 or 2017 SBA Size Standards. There is not even a description of this NAICS code in any of the SBA Size Standards. It could be a 2002 NAICS code. We found its description as a 2002 NAICS Code in the "Survey of Current Business: Volume 88, Issues 1-6, January 1,2008, U.S. Department of Commerce. 482111 NAICS code (line-haul railroad) is excluded from the Economic Census therefore no data are available. 541715 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, therefore there are no data available in the 2012 Economic Census. Four Industries in the 2012 NAICS structure have been expanded for 2017. 541712—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) has been expanded to include 541713—Research and Development in Nanotechnology 541715—Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology). On 812330 is not a valid 2012 NAICS code; therefore, there are no data available in the 2012 Economic Census. This code seems to be not a NAICS code but an IRS Statistics of ^ Income (SOI) Program Industry Code for coding the industrial activities of corporations filing returns (https://www.irs.gov/irm/partl/irm_01-013-007). The SOI codes correspond to NAICS codes such as 812330 corresponds to 812332 Industrial Launderers and 812331 Linen Supply,but is a different code. For NAICS 611310, Colleges and Universities establishment and employment data are from County Business Patterns but there are no revenue data. Geography Area Series: County Business Patterns by Employment Size Class more information 2012 Business Patterns. NAICS 922140 (Correctional Institutions), NAICS 927110 (Space Research and Technology), NAICS 928110 (National Security) are government/public administration NAICS codes not covered by the Census. NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code and therefore no data are available for it. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, St. Louis Federal Reserve. ------- 6.2 Developing Economic and Small Entity Regulatory Relief Impact Measures We measured the impacts of the rule on small entities in each sector using methods presented in the EPA's Final SBREFA Guidance (U.S. EPA, 2006c). Because the rule covers a large number of sectors and primarily covers businesses, the analysis generated a set of sales tests (represented as potential avoided cost-to-receipt ratios)32 for NAICS codes associated with the affected sectors. Although the appropriate SBA size definition should be applied at the parent company (enterprise) level, data limitations allowed us only to compute and compare ratios for a model establishment for 6 establishment size ranges (i.e., all categories, establishments with 19 or fewer employees, 20 to 99 employees, 100 to 499 employees, 500 to 999 employees, 1,000 to 2,499 employees, and 2,500+ employees). This approach allowed us to account for differences in establishment receipts between large and small establishments and differences in small business definitions across affected industries. It is also a conservative approach because an establishment's parent company (the "enterprise") may have other economic resources that could be used to cover the costs of the reporting program. 6.3 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial and Other Sources under the Primary Scenario The "sales test" is an approach that computes the annualized compliance costs as a share of sales for each company. The "sales test" is the methodology the EPA employs in economic impact analyses such as this one as opposed to a "profits test," in which annualized compliance costs are calculated as a share of profits. This is because revenues or sales data are commonly available for entities affected by EPA regulations, and profits data normally made available are often not the true profits earned by firms because of accounting and tax considerations. Firms and entities often have ways legally available in the tax code to minimize reported profits; thus, using reported profits may lead to a less than accurate estimate of the economic impact of a regulation to an affected firm or entity and their consumers. Although screening-level analyses 32 The following metrics for other small entity economic impact measures (if applicable) would potentially include the following: ¦ Small government (if applicable): "Revenue" test—annualized compliance cost as a percentage of annual government revenues. ¦ Small nonprofits (if applicable): "Expenditure" test—annualized cost as a percentage of annual operating expenses. 6-48 ------- are often employed to estimate impacts to small businesses or entities as part of an analysis in compliance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by SBREFA, a screening-level analysis can also be employed in an economic impact analysis such as this one whose focus is on regulated companies. Given the general lack of information on the identity of owners of companies potentially affected by the proposed rule, the EPA implemented the recommended sales test by computing avoided cost-to-sales ratios for affected sectors at the establishment (or facility) level.33 The ratios compare the average establishment's total yearly avoided costs to the average establishment receipts for enterprises within several employment categories. The average entity avoided costs used to compute the sales test vary across sources but are the same across establishment size categories. As a result, the sales test will overstate the avoided cost-to-sales ratio for establishments owned by small businesses, because the reporting costs are likely lower than average entity estimates provided by the MM2A cost analysis. These avoided cost-to-sales ratios were calculated as follows. First, for each source category, the industry net projected cost savings excluding permitting costs to the state agency for year 1 and net projected cost savings for year 2 were calculated. For year 1, the projected net cost savings included the facility's permitting costs, supporting statement cost savings, and the estimated area source rule burden; for year 2, the projected net cost savings included only the supporting statement cost savings and estimated area source rule burdens, because there are no permitting costs in year 2. Because many of the source categories shared primary NAICS codes, we aggregated the year 1 net projected cost savings excluding permitting costs to the state agency, and year 2 net projected cost savings, and the number of facilities projected to obtain area source status. Then we calculated the average projected net cost savings per facility for year 1 (see "Average Cost per Entity" in Table 6-4) and year 2 (see "Average Cost per Entity" in Table 6-5). 33 Typically, SBREFA impact assessments are conducted at the ultimate parent company level. As noted above, we assumed that the Census definition of enterprise is equivalent to the ultimate parent company. Theoretically, the comparison of compliance costs to sales should be conducted at the enterprise level. Because Census only provides data for typical establishments within various enterprise size categories, the EPA chose to compute the cost-to-sales ratio at the establishment (or facility level). The same ratio could be computed at the enterprise level by multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the typical number of establishments per enterprise in the appropriate enterprise size categories. Using the Economic Census data on typical establishments means that the cost-to- sales ratios are identical, whether computed at the establishment level or at the enterprise level. 6-49 ------- Next, we calculated the average receipts per establishment for each NAICS code overall and for each size category by dividing the receipts (Table 6-3) by the number of establishments (Table 6-1). Frequently, receipts data are not available, so we were not able to calculate average receipts per establishment (or later, avoided cost-to-sales ratios) for certain size categories. Finally, we calculated the year 1 and year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios for the primary scenario by dividing the average projected net cost savings per facility by the average receipts per establishment for the overall NAICS and the establishment size categories. The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-4, and the year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-5. The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%, with a median potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.16% respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 12.05%, with a median potential avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06%across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratios in year 2 are 0.02% and 0.22% respectively across all employment size categories. Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger in year 2 than year 1, and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger. For example, NAICS 337110 (Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.56% and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.86%. Some NAICS codes that have less than 0.01% ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as NAICS 326150 (Urethane and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing), which has an overall avoided cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01% in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2. As discussed above, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates. In year 1, some small size categories have small avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category of NAICS 424510 (Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers) has a 0.04% avoided cost-to-sales ratio, and the "20 to 99 employees" category of NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing) has a less than 0.01% avoided cost-to-sales ratio. However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in year 1 including the "fewer than or 6-50 ------- equal to 19 employees" category ofNAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing), which has a 11.08% avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1. For the same size category, NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 2.66% in year 1. Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per establishment is $0.7 million which is less than the SBA size standard of $27.5 million. In year 2, small entities generally have larger cost savings and the resulting avoided cost- to-sales ratios are larger. For example, for NAICS 213112 (Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations) the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.85% in year 1 and in year 2, the ratio is 1.08%. Establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 213112 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis because the average receipts per establishment is $2.1 million which is less than the SBA size standard of $38.5 million. For NAICS 339999, for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category, the avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 is 12.05%. Smaller entities having larger impacts in some cases is probably a result of smaller establishments generally having lower average receipts per establishment than larger establishments and the assumption that the average cost per entity is approximately the same for different establishment sizes within a NAICS code. As is evident from Tables 6-4 and 6-5, we did not calculate and report avoided cost-to- sales ratios in certain cases, because we used the 2012 Economic Census to collect and organize data on number of establishments, employment and receipts for affected sources represented by six-digit NAICS codes. However, because of confidentiality issues, some data values were not available or were reported with a range of values. Also, some source categories are not completely covered by the 2012 Economics Census. Table 7-1 in Section 7 describes the data limitations for the source categories not completely covered by the 2012 Economic Census. These data limitations prevented us from reporting avoided cost-to-sales ratios entirely for some NAICS codes and for every employment size category for some NAICS codes. The number of establishments was not reported for the larger employee size categories for some NAICS codes. For example, for NAICS 221320 (Sewage Treatment Facilities) the number of establishments was only reported for "500+ employees" instead of separately for "500 6-51 ------- to 999 employees," "1,000 to 2,499 employees," and "2,500+ employees." Similarly, for NAICS codes 486210 (Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas), 493110 (General Warehousing and Storage), and 562211 (Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal), the number of establishments was only reported for "100+ employees." This issue arises for employment and receipts data as well as for these NAICS codes in the same employee size categories. Therefore, we were not able to compute impact estimates for these size categories for these NAICS codes. Regarding the reporting of employment data in the 2012 Economic Census, an issue is that many categories are reported in ranges. For example, the "2,500+ employees" category for NAICS 211111 (Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction) is simply reported as "10,000- 24,999" employees. Employment does not directly affect the calculation of the impact estimates, so this limitation is not an issue for the avoided cost-to-sales ratios. For receipts data, many data values are not available especially for the different employee size categories. More commonly, unavailable data are reported as "Q," meaning "Revenue not collected at this level of detail for multi-establishment firms," or "D," meaning "Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies." Receipts data are essential to calculating the avoided cost-to-sales ratios, but because many data values are unavailable, we are limited in which avoided cost-to-sales ratios we can calculate and report. Also, receipts data are defined differently depending on the NAICS codes. The underlying establishment and receipts data are a limiting factor because if either of these measures is not reported for a certain category, we cannot calculate the average receipts per establishment, which is needed for the avoided cost-to-sales ratio calculation. However, there are cases where avoided cost-to-sales ratios are not reported because zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status; therefore, there are no facilities to calculate the average cost per entity. The public administration NAICS have facilities projected to obtain area source status, but because these NAICS codes comprise government facilities, the relevant sales data (establishments and revenue) are not available for these NAICS codes. Similarly, NAICS 999999 is an unclassified code, and the 2012 Economic Census does not provide establishments or revenue data for this NAICS code. Therefore, no data or cost-to-sales ratios are presented for them. All of this data can be found in ProposalMM2ARIAdataspreadsheetMay_2019.xls that can be found in the docket for this rulemaking. 6-52 ------- Table 6-4 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Primary Scenario Average „ , „ „ , ... ,,, SBA Size Avoided Sector Source Category NAICS ... • Standard (2017) Cost/Entity (2014$) Agriculture Energy Energy Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Energy Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction Natural Gas Liquid Extraction Iron Ore Mining Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining All Other Metal Ore Mining Industrial Sand Mining Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations Hydroelectric Power Generation Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Biomass Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power GenerationA Electric Power Distribution Natural Gas Distribution Water Supply and Irrigation Systems Sewage Treatment Facilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply Other Animal Food Manufacturing Wet Corn Milling Soybean ProcessingA Other Oilseed ProcessingA 115114 211111 211112 212210 212231 212234 212299 212322 212324 212391 212399 213112 221111 221112 221117 221118 221119 221122 221210 221310 221320 221330 311119 311221 311222 311223 $27.5 million 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 500 750 750 500 $38.5 million 500 750 250 250 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 $27.5 million $20.5 million $15 million 500 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 9,845 5,487 38,142 18,153 9,845 9,845 9,845 18,153 18,153 56,521 9,845 18,153 9,845 34,315 56,521 9,845 50,509 9,845 38,891 18,153 19,628 29,657 18,153 18,153 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) ah ^io -m on 100~ 500~ 1000~ sunn All <19 20-99 499 999 2499 >2500 * * * * * * * 0.01% * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% * 0.03% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * * 0.01% * 0.13% 0.01% * * * 0.01% * * * * * * 0.00% * * * 0.00% * * 0.02% * * 0.01% * * * 0.14% 0.44% 0.09% 0.02% * * * 0.06% * 0.14% 0.02% * * * 0.05% * * * 0.01% * * 0.23% * 0.12% * * * * 0.20% 0.85% 0.19% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * 0.16% * * * * * * 0.06% * * * * * * 0.81% * * * * * * 0.40% * * * * * * 0.48% * * * * * * 0.02% * * * * * * 0.10% * * * * * * 0.75% * * * * * * 0.98% * * * * * * 0.19% * * * * * * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 0.01% * 0.03% 0.00% * * * 0.01% * * * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing 311224 311225 311313 311314 311411 311421 311422 311513 311514 311613 311812 311919 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 313311 313320 314992 316110 1,000 1,000 750 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,250 1,250 750 750 1,000 1,250 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 28,724 9,845 0.01% 0.01% * ** * * ** * ** * ** * ** ** 0.01% ** * * ** * ** ** * ** ** 0.00% * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 18,153 9,845 9,845 9,845 0.05% 0.02% 0.00% 0.04% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** 0.12% * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** 0.00% 0.00% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 18,153 9,845 9,845 18,153 14,981 9,845 0.15% 0.13% 0.15% 0.16% 0.26% 0.11% 0.01% 0.15% 0.04% 0.08% 0.02% 0.08% 0.01% 4,975 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Sawmills Wood Preservation Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic PrintingA Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing 321113 321114 321211 321212 321213 321219 321911 321912 321999 322110 322121 322122 322130 322211 322220 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 324122 324199 325110 325120 500 500 500 1,250 750 750 1,000 500 500 750 1,250 750 1,250 1,250 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 750 500 1,000 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 35,060 0.53% 2.60% 0.27% 0.07% * * * 18,153 0.17% * 0.07% * * * * 18,153 0.17% * * 0.04% * * * 31,639 0.07% * * 0.04% 0.02% * * 56,521 0.65% * * 0.09% * * * 26,945 0.09% * * 0.03% * * * 18,153 0.22% * * 0.04% * * * 18,153 0.29% 1.22% 0.16% * * * * 18,153 0.61% 2.07% 0.20% 0.04% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 15,992 0.06% 0.49% 0.06% 0.02% * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.25% * * * * * * 11,985 0.36% * 0.15% 0.03% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.20% * * 0.04% 0.02% * * 158,951 0.00% * 0.06% 0.00% * 0.00% * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 1,465 0.00% * * 0.00% * * * 9,845 0.06% 0.15% 0.04% * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS ^ ® & • Standard (2017) Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1,000 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 750 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 1,000 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA 325181 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Carbon Black ManufacturingA 325182 500 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 750 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 1,000 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 1,250 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 1,250 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin 325211 1,250 Manufacturing Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 1,000 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 1,000 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 1,000 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 750 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 1,000 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical 325411 1,000 Manufacturing Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 1,250 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1,250 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 1,000 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 1000- 999 2499 >2500 9,845 15,383 10,961 6,771 4,152 18,153 43,179 142,365 (2,082) 18,153 97,301 43,731 18,153 50,389 9,845 115,787 0.01% ** 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% ** 0.01% ** 0.04% 0.17% 0.00% 0.03% ** 0.15% 0.08% 0.01% 0.07% 0.03% 0.10% * ** 0.01% ** 0.07% 0.33% 0.00% 0.08% 0.08% * 0.08% 0.06% 0.00% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% * * * * * 0.01% 0.00% * * 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.00% * 0.04% 0.02% 0.01% 115,828 0.54% 0.39% 0.09% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 325520 325613 325620 325920 325991 325992 326112 326113 326121 326122 326140 326150 326191 326199 326211 326220 326291 326299 327110 500 750 1,250 750 500 1,500 325998 500 1,000 750 500 750 326130 500 1,000 750 750 750 1,500 750 750 500 1,000 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 9,845 0.04% ** 0.24% * ** 0.03% ** 0.01% * ** * * ** * * ** * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 18,153 0.08% * 0.07% 0.01% * * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% * * * 15,383 0.09% 0.49% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% * * 56,521 0.17% 1.81% 0.27% 0.07% * * * 31,838 0.10% * 0.15% 0.03% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.06% * 0.08% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.05% 0.23% 0.04% 0.02% * * * 47,186 0.31% * 0.30% * * * * 9,845 0.05% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * 510 0.00% * 0.00% 0.00% * * * 18,153 0.23% * 0.19% * * * * 32,510 0.25% 2.17% 0.29% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% * 30,079 0.02% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 56,521 0.27% * * 0.08% 0.04% * * 18,153 0.11% * * 0.03% 0.01% * * 35,914 0.22% 1.82% 0.25% 0.05% * * * 12,008 0.36% * 0.18% 0.03% * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 327120 327124 327211 327212 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 327999 331110 331111 331112 331210 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 331410 331411 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,000 750 1,500 750 1,500 500 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 1000- 999 2499 >2500 18,153 17,453 18,153 29,906 56,521 17,517 9,845 18,153 46,947 18,153 27,336 16,491 18,153 18,153 9,845 2,660 18,153 0.20% 0.19% 0.03% 0.35% 0.22% 0.07% 0.06% 0.10% 0.25% 0.19% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.06% ** 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 1.13% 0.18% 0.04% * 0.03% 0.81% 0.12% * 0.34% * 0.12% 0.37% 0.06% * 0.05% * 0.02% * 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.00% 0.05% * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On VO Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum )A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^ Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 331419 331420 331422 331491 331492 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 332119 332212 332311 332312 332321 332322 332431 332439 332722 332811 332812 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 750 1,000 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 500 750 500 1,500 500 500 750 500 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.04% * 0.04% 0.01% * * * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 23,302 0.08% * * 0.04% 0.01% * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.12% 0.73% 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.17% * * * * * * 9,845 0.10% * 0.07% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.11% * 0.08% 0.02% * * * 50,509 0.54% * 0.50% 0.11% 0.03% * * 9,845 0.19% 0.75% 0.11% 0.03% * * * 38,331 0.04% * 0.07% 0.03% * * * 15,383 0.14% 1.14% 0.10% 0.03% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.08% 0.67% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.12% * 0.12% * * * * 37,156 0.69% 4.59% 0.37% 0.05% * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On On O Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 332813 332990 332992 332993 332999 333111 333112 333120 333131 333293 333316 333415 333512 333513 333611 333618 333923 333992 334220 500 NA 1,250 1,500 750 1,250 1,500 1,250 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 1,250 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 1000- 999 2499 >2500 15,383 9,845 9,845 15,383 15,383 50,509 9,845 74,964 18,153 9,845 9,845 0.50% * 0.03% 0.02% 0.39% 0.16% 0.02% 0.13% 0.07% 0.18% 0.10% 1.95% 0.26% 1.79% 0.19% 0.03% 0.01% * * 0.40% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% * * 0.50% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% * 0.12% 0.02% * * * 0.07% * * * 9,845 0.03% 0.54% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 9,845 9,845 9,845 56,521 9,845 18,153 0.06% 0.07% 0.01% 0.06% 0.03% 0.10% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 2.34% 0.27% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * 0.07% 0.01% * * 1.15% 0.12% 0.02% * 0.00% 9,845 0.03% 0.46% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 334411 334412 334413 334512 334613 335110 335224 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 335932 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,250 500 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 750 1,250 1,250 500 1,000 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Dost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 9,845 0.06% * * * * * * 9,845 0.12% * 0.12% 0.03% * * * 34,533 0.06% * 0.12% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.11% * 0.09% * 0.00% * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.03% * * 0.02% * * * 23,546 * * * * * * * 18,153 0.01% * * * 0.00% * * 9,845 0.04% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.07% * 0.16% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.06% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% * * * 50,509 0.21% * 0.32% 0.06% * * * 35,785 0.01% * * * * 0.00% 0.00% 56,521 0.00% * * 0.11% * * 0.00% 43,731 0.01% * * * 0.01% 0.00% * 43,731 0.28% * 0.40% 0.08% 0.02% * * 9,845 0.05% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.05% * 0.14% 0.02% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.04% * * * * * * 18,153 0.05% * * * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing 336330 336340 336350 336360 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 336413 336415 336510 336611 336612 336992 337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337214 337215 337920 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 1,500 1,250 1,000 1,500 750 1,000 750 500 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... on 100- 500- 1000- (2014$) AU "19 2°~" 499 999 2499 22500 18,153 0.04% * 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.02% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.03% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.02% * 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.03% 0.47% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 34,282 0.09% 1.30% 0.17% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * 18,153 0.05% * * * * * * 96,328 0.02% * 0.97% 0.10% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 43,731 0.05% 2.16% 0.33% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 43,731 0.11% * 0.32% 0.06% 0.02% * 0.00% 9,845 0.01% * * * * 0.00% * 9,845 0.01% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * * 42,999 0.12% 2.90% 0.40% 0.07% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 75,897 0.91% * 0.74% 0.12% 0.06% * * 18,153 0.01% * * 0.02% * * * 9,068 0.56% * * 0.03% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.21% * * 0.05% 0.01% * * 33,500 1.91% * 0.59% 0.12% * * * 9,845 0.14% * 0.14% 0.03% * * * 56,521 0.80% * 0.79% 0.12% * * * 25,671 0.07% * 0.29% 0.04% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.16% * 0.12% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.19% * 0.12% 0.03% * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On On LtJ Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage Other Warehousing and Storage Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Miniwarehouses) Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ All Other Support Services 339112 1,000 339113 750 339910 500 339920 750 339940 750 339991 500 339995 1,000 339999 500 424510 200 424710 200 481111 1,500 482111 1,500 486110 1,500 486210 $27.5 million 486910 1,500 488210 $15 million 488320 $38.5 million 493110 $27.5 million 493190 $27.5 million 531120 $27.5 million 541380 $15 million 541715 1,000 561990 $11 million Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 18,153 0.06% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.05% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 9,845 0.26% 1.48% 0.11% * * * * 9,845 0.15% 1.33% 0.10% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% * 9,845 0.18% * 0.11% 0.01% * * * 18,153 0.15% * 0.17% 0.04% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.26% * * * * * * 56,521 2.77% 11.08% 0.84% 0.08% * * * 9,845 0.02% 0.04% 0.01% * * * * 56,521 0.03% 0.08% 0.02% * * * * 18,153 0.02% 0.36% 0.07% * * * * 9,845 * * * * * * * 9,845 0.09% 0.24% 0.04% * * * * 9,073 0.08% 0.19% 0.03% * * * * 9,845 0.09% 0.29% * * * * * 18,153 0.46% 1.64% 0.26% * * * * 18,153 0.09% 0.60% 0.10% * * * * 20,298 1.14% 2.35% 0.72% * * * * 18,153 0.73% 2.66% 0.53% * * * * 9,845 0.34% 0.57% 0.04% * * * * 18,153 0.76% 2.10% 0.32% * * * * 18,153 * * * * * * * 9,845 0.63% 1.33% 0.19% * * * * ------- Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 $38.5 million 80,813 0.99% 4.74% 0.70% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 $38.5 million 85,650 2.06% 3.99% 0.64% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 $38.5 million 18,153 0.08% * 0.05% * * * * Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 $20.5 million 9,845 0.27% 0.86% 0.14% * * * * Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 $27.5 million 41,217 * * * * * * * Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 $38.5 million 9,845 0.03% 0.42% 0.13% * * * * Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 NA 9,845 * * * * * * * Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 $38.5 million 18,153 0.32% 1.22% 0.30% * * * * Notes: Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus SBA Size Standards are not available. *No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. "Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. "'Denotes data status as the combination of footnotes * and **. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May 12, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. ------- Table 6-5 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Primary Scenario Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) On On Agriculture Energy Energy Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction Natural Gas Liquid Extraction Iron Ore Mining Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining All Other Metal Ore Mining Industrial Sand Mining 115114 211111 211112 212210 212231 212234 212299 212322 $27.5 million 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 500 14,813 10,455 43,110 23,121 14,813 14,813 14,813 23,121 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 750 23,121 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 750 61,489 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 500 14,813 Energy Utilities Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations Hydroelectric Power Generation 213112 221111 $38.5 million 500 23,121 14,813 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 750 39,283 Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power GenerationA Electric Power Distribution Natural Gas Distribution 221117 221118 221119 221122 221210 250 250 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 61,489 14,813 55,477 14,813 43,859 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 $27.5 million 23,121 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 $20.5 million 24,596 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 $15 million 34,625 Industrial Industrial Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing Wet Corn Milling Soybean ProcessingA 311119 311221 311222 500 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 23,121 23,121 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) ah -m on 100~ 500~ 1000~ All <19 20-99 499 999 2499 >2500 0.02% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.18% 0.08% 0.05% 0.35% 0.25% 0.24% 0.07% 0.88% 0.59% 0.53% 0.04% 0.11% 0.96% 1.23% 0.22% ** 0.01% 0.07% 0.55% 1.08% 0.01% 0.03% 0.16% 0.12% 0.18% 0.18% 0.25% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.03% 0.05% 0.00% 0.00% * * 0.00% * * * 0.01% * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.04% 0.00% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 On On On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 311225 1,000 311313 750 311314 1,000 311411 1,000 311421 1,000 311422 1,250 311513 1,250 311514 750 311613 750 311812 1,000 311919 1,250 311920 750 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 313311 313320 314992 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 33,692 0.01% 0.01% 14,813 23,121 14,813 14,813 14,813 0.01% ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.07% 0.04% 0.00% 0.06% * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** 0.15% ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.00% * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.00% 0.00% 14,813 23,121 14,813 14,813 23,121 19,949 14,813 0.23% 0.17% 0.23% 0.24% 0.34% 0.15% 0.02% 0.19% 0.05% 0.12% 0.03% 0.11% 0.02% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing 316110 500 On On ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Sawmills Wood Preservation Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic PrintingA Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing 321113 321114 321211 321212 321213 321219 321911 321912 321999 322110 322121 322122 322130 322211 322220 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 324122 500 500 500 1,250 750 750 1,000 500 500 750 1,250 750 1,250 1,250 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 750 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... on 100- 500- 1000- - (2014$) AU "19 2°~" 499 999 2499 22500 9,943 0.12% * 0.04% 0.02% * * * 40,028 0.60% 2.97% 0.31% 0.08% * * * 23,121 0.22% * 0.09% * * * * 23,121 0.21% * * 0.05% * * * 36,607 0.08% * * 0.05% 0.02% * * 61,489 0.71% * * 0.09% * * * 31,907 0.11% * * 0.04% * * * 23,121 0.28% * * 0.05% * * * 23,121 0.37% 1.55% 0.21% * * * * 23,121 0.77% 2.63% 0.25% 0.05% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 20,942 0.08% 0.64% 0.08% 0.03% * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.38% * * * * * * 16,953 0.51% * 0.21% 0.04% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.25% * * 0.05% 0.02% * * 163,910 0.00% * 0.06% 0.01% * 0.00% * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On On 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA Carbon Black ManufacturingA All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 324199 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 325180 325181 325182 325188 325192 325193 325194 325199 325211 325212 325220 325221 325222 325311 325312 325320 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,000 Average Avoided Cost/Entity 1Q (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 6,423 14,813 0.00% 0.09% 0.22% 0.06% 0.00% 14,813 20,351 17,883 11,921 9,186 23,121 0.02% ** 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% ** 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 48,147 147,326 2,886 23,121 0.04% 0.18% 0.00% 0.03% 0.08% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.34% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% * * * 0.10% 0.02% 0.00% * 102,067 48,699 23,121 55,357 0.16% 0.09% 0.01% 0.07% 0.09% 0.09% 0.02% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 1,000 On On VO Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 325412 325414 325510 325520 325613 325620 325920 325991 325992 325998 326112 1,250 1,250 1,000 500 750 1,250 750 500 1,500 500 1,000 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326113 326121 326122 326130 326140 326150 750 500 750 500 1,000 750 Industrial Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326191 326199 750 750 Average Avoided Cost/Entity 1Q (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 120,755 0.05% 0.10% 0.09% 0.02% 0.04% 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 120,796 14,813 23,121 14,813 0.56% 0.06% ** ** 0.10% 0.05% 0.35% * ** ** * ** 0.40% 0.05% ** * ** 0.09% 0.01% ** * ** 0.08% 0.02% 0.07% 0.01% ** * ** * ** * ** 20,351 0.11% 0.65% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01% 61,489 0.19% 1.97% 0.30% 0.08% 36,806 0.12% 0.17% 0.04% 0.01% 14,813 0.09% 0.12% 0.03% 14,813 0.07% 0.34% 0.06% 0.02% 52,154 0.34% 0.33% 14,813 0.07% 0.09% 0.02% 0.01% 5,478 0.04% 0.03% 0.01% 23,121 0.30% 0.24% 37,478 0.29% 2.51% 0.33% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On o Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 326211 326220 326291 326299 327110 327120 327124 327211 327212 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 327999 331110 331111 331112 331210 331221 331312 331313 331314 1,500 750 750 500 1,000 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,000 750 1,500 750 1,500 500 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Dost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 35,057 0.02% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 61,489 0.29% * * 0.09% 0.04% * * 23,121 0.14% * * 0.04% 0.01% * * 40,882 0.25% 2.07% 0.28% 0.06% * * * 16,148 0.48% * 0.24% 0.04% * * * 23,121 0.25% 1.43% 0.22% 0.05% * * * 22,421 0.24% * * * * * * 23,121 0.04% * * * * * * 34,874 0.40% * * * 0.02% * * 61,489 0.24% * * * * * * 22,485 0.09% * * * * * * 14,813 0.08% * 0.05% * * * * 23,121 0.13% 1.03% 0.15% 0.02% 0.00% * * 51,915 0.28% * 0.38% 0.06% * * * 23,121 0.25% * 0.15% * * * * 32,304 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 21,459 0.01% * * * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 23,121 0.03% 0.47% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 23,121 0.07% * 0.07% * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.01% * 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * * 7,628 0.01% * 0.02% * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'^ Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 331315 331316 331318 331410 331411 331419 331420 331422 331491 331492 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 332119 332212 332311 332312 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 750 1,000 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 500 Average Avoided Cost/Entity 1Q (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 23,121 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 14,813 0.06% 0.07% 0.02% 28,299 ** 0.10% ** ** ** * ** 0.05% 0.01% * ** 14,813 0.03% * * 0.02% 0.00% 14,813 0.18% 1.09% 0.15% 0.03% 0.01% 14,813 0.25% 14,813 0.15% 14,813 0.17% 0.11% 0.03% 0.11% 0.02% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 750 On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing 332322 332431 332439 332722 332811 332812 332813 332990 332992 332993 332999 333111 333112 333120 333131 333293 333316 333415 500 1,500 500 500 750 500 500 NA 1,250 1,500 750 1,250 1,500 1,250 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 55,477 14,813 43,299 20,351 14,813 14,813 42,124 20,351 14,813 14,813 20,351 0.59% 0.29% 0.05% 0.19% 0.12% 0.18% 0.79% 0.66% 0.04% 0.03% 0.55% 0.12% 1.12% * 1.50% 1.01% 0.17% 0.08% 0.13% 0.12% 0.17% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 5.21% 0.42% 0.05% 2.59% 0.35% 0.04% * * 0.01% 0.01% 20,351 55,477 14,813 80,054 23,121 14,813 14,813 0.51% 2.36% 0.26% 0.05% 0.01% 0.17% 0.03% 0.14% 0.09% 0.27% 0.15% 0.43% 0.06% 0.01% 0.01% * 0.01% 0.00% * 0.54% 0.08% 0.01% 0.00% 0.16% 0.02% * * * * * * 0.11% * * * 14,813 0.04% 0.82% 0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On ^1 LtJ Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube Manufacturing" Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 333512 333513 333611 333618 333923 333992 334220 334411 334412 334413 334512 334613 335110 335224 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,250 500 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 750 1,250 1,250 500 Average Avoided Cost/Entity 1Q (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 14,813 14,813 61,489 14,813 0.09% 0.11% 0.02% 0.07% 0.05% * * 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 2.54% 0.30% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * 0.10% 0.02% * * 23,121 0.13% 1.47% 0.15% 0.03% 0.00% 14,813 0.04% 0.69% 0.09% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 14,813 14,813 39,548 14,813 0.09% 0.18% 0.07% 0.16% 0.18% 0.04% * * 0.13% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% 0.14% 0.01% 14,813 28,514 23,121 14,813 23,121 14,813 14,813 0.05% * 0.01% 0.06% 0.09% 0.03% 0.09% * 0.03% * * * * * * 0.01% 0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 0.21% 0.03% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.13% 0.03% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing" Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing" Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing 335932 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 336330 336340 336350 336360 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 336413 336415 1,000 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 Industrial Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 336510 1,500 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 0.04% * 0.07% 0.02% * * * 55,477 0.23% * 0.35% 0.07% * * * 40,753 0.01% * * * * 0.00% 0.00% 61,489 0.00% * * 0.12% * * 0.00% 48,699 0.01% * * * 0.01% 0.00% * 48,699 0.31% * 0.45% 0.08% 0.02% * * 14,813 0.08% * 0.14% 0.02% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.06% * 0.18% 0.03% 0.00% * * 14,813 0.06% * * * * * * 23,121 0.06% * * * * * * 23,121 0.05% * 0.13% 0.02% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.03% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.03% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 14,813 0.03% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% * * 14,813 0.04% 0.71% 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 39,250 0.10% 1.49% 0.19% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% * 23,121 0.06% * * * * * * 101,296 0.02% * 1.02% 0.11% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 48,699 0.06% 2.41% 0.37% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 48,699 0.12% * 0.36% 0.07% 0.02% * 0.00% 14,813 0.01% * * * * 0.00% * 14,813 0.02% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 336611 336612 336992 337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337214 337215 337920 339112 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 1,250 1,000 1,500 750 1,000 750 500 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 1,000 750 500 750 750 500 1,000 500 200 200 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 47,967 80,875 23,121 14,036 23,121 38,468 14,813 61,489 30,639 14,813 14,813 23,121 14,813 14,813 14,813 14,813 23,121 23,121 61,489 14,813 61,489 0.13% 3.23% 0.97% * 0.02% * 0.86% * 0.26% * 2.19% * 0.22% * 0.87% * 0.09% * 0.24% * 0.29% * 0.08% * 0.08% * 0.39% 2.23% 0.23% 0.27% 0.45% 0.79% 2.00% 0.19% * 0.34% * 3.02% 12.05% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.09% 0.08% 0.13% 0.03% 0.68% 0.13% 0.20% 0.04% 0.86% 0.13% 0.35% 0.05% 0.17% 0.02% 0.21% 0.04% * * 0.91% 0.08% 0.01% * 0.02% * 0.03% 0.06% 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01% 0.18% 0.04% 0.01% * 0.18% 0.04% * * * 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.16% * * * 0.14% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% ------- Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) „ , „ „ , ... ,,, SBA Size Avoided Sector Source Category NAICS ... ,,,,, ,,,,,,, & • Standard (2017) Cost/Entity 10 QQ 100- 500- 1000- (2014S) 499 999 2499 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 1,500 23,121 0.03% 0.46% 0.09% * * * * Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1,500 14,813 * * * * * * * Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1,500 14,813 0.14% 0.36% 0.06% * * * * Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 $27.5 million 14,041 0.13% 0.30% 0.04% * * * * Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1,500 14,813 0.13% 0.44% * * * * * Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 $15 million 23,121 0.59% 2.09% 0.33% * * * * Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 $38.5 million 23,121 0.12% 0.77% 0.12% * * * * Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 $27.5 million 25,266 1.42% 2.92% 0.89% * * * * Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 $27.5 million 23,121 0.93% 3.39% 0.67% * * * * Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) 531120 $27.5 million 14,813 0.51% 0.86% 0.06% * * * * Commercial Testing Laboratories 541380 $15 million 23,121 0.96% 2.68% 0.41% * * * * Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 1,000 23,121 * * * * * * * Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 $11 million 14,813 0.94% 2.00% 0.29% * * * * Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 $38.5 million 85,781 1.05% 5.03% 0.75% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 $38.5 million 90,616 2.17% 4.22% 0.68% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 $38.5 million 23,121 0.10% * 0.07% * * * * Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 $20.5 million 14,813 0.41% 1.30% 0.21% * * * * Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 $27.5 million 46,185 * * * * * * * Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 $38.5 million 14,813 0.05% 0.63% 0.20% * * * * Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 NA 14,813 * * * * * * * Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 $38.5 million 23,121 0.41% 1.55% 0.38% * * * * Notes: Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code thus SBA Size Standards are not available. ------- *No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. "Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. '•"Denotes the data status as a combination of footnotes * and **. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group.. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources, t Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. On ------- 6.4 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial and Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 1 For the first alternative scenario with a threshold of 50%, the year 1 avoided costs-to- sales ratios are reported in Table 6-6, and the year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-7. The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from -0.01% to 4.67%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.04% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.14% respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 5.16%>, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.03% and 0.23% respectively across all employment size categories. Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are larger and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are higher in year 2 than year 1. For example, NAICS 493110 (General Warehousing and Storage) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 1.14%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 1.42%. Three NAICS codes, 324110 (Petroleum Refineries), 325110 (Petrochemical Manufacturing), and 336112 (Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing), have less than 0.01% overall avoided cost-to-sales ratios in both year 1 and year 2. NAICS 326150 (Urethane and Other Foam Product [except Polystyrene] Manufacturing) is the only NAICS code to have a negative avoided cost-to-sales ratio (-0.01%) in year 1, but in year 2, its avoided cost-to-sales ratio is positive (0.02%). Like the primary scenario, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates for the alternative scenario 1. In year 1, some small size categories have low avoided cost-to-sales ratios. NAICS 424710 (Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.02% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category and 0.01%) for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1. However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1 and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has an avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.56% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category in year 1, and NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has a year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 3.39% for the same size category. As 6-78 ------- explained previously, establishments in the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" size category for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis based on the SB A size standard for this NAICS code. 6-79 ------- Table 6-6 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 1 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 $27.5 million * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 5,875 0.01% * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% * Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 31,350 0.03% 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * * Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 750 9,845 0.00% * 0.07% 0.00% * * * Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 750 ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 500 9,845 0.08% 0.24% 0.05% 0.01% * * * Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 750 9,845 0.03% * 0.08% 0.01% * * * Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212391 750 18,153 0.02% * * * 0.00% * * Industrial 212399 500 ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 $38.5 million 9,845 0.11% 0.46% 0.10% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% * Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 500 ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 750 35,267 0.06% * * * * * * Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 250 18,153 0.26% * * * * * * Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 250 4 million MWH ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 (2007 Size Standards) 15,383 0.15% * * * * * * Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1,000 ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 1,000 16,491 0.04% * * * * * * Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 $27.5 million ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 $20.5 million 2,664 0.13% * * * * * * Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 $15 million 34,282 0.22% * * * * * * Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 500 ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 1,250 ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 500 (2007 Size Standards) ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Other Oilseed Processing" 311223 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills 311224 1,000 311225 1,000 311313 750 311314 1,000 311411 1,000 311421 1,000 311422 1,250 311513 1,250 311514 750 311613 311812 311919 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 313311 313320 314992 316110 321113 750 1,000 1,250 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 500 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... on 100- 500- 1000- - (2014S) AU "19 2°~" 499 999 2499 22500 32,362 0.01% * 0.01% 9,845 0.03% * 0.06% 9,845 0.14% * * 9,392 0.07% * 0.05% 4,975 0.06% * 0.02% 35,266 0.53% 2.62% 0.27% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0.01% 0.07% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Wood Preservation Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic Printing" Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing 321114 321211 321212 321213 321219 321911 321912 321999 322110 322121 322122 322130 322211 322220 322222 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 324122 324199 325110 325120 500 500 1,250 750 750 1,000 500 500 750 1,250 750 1,250 1,250 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 750 500 1,000 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 18,153 0.17% * 0.07% * * * * 18,153 0.17% * * 0.04% * * * 35,790 0.08% * * 0.04% 0.02% * * 56,521 0.65% * * 0.09% * * * 26,622 0.09% * * 0.03% * * * 18,153 0.22% * * 0.04% * * * 18,153 0.29% 1.22% 0.16% * * * * 18,153 0.61% 2.07% 0.20% 0.04% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 16,681 0.06% 0.51% 0.07% 0.02% * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.25% * * * * * * 12,300 0.37% * 0.15% 0.03% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.20% * * 0.04% 0.02% * * 164,509 0.00% * 0.06% 0.01% * 0.00% * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 1,265 0.00% * * 0.00% * * * 9,845 0.06% 0.15% 0.04% * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 LtJ Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA Carbon Black ManufacturingA All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325130 325131 325132 325180 325181 325182 325188 325192 325193 325194 325199 325211 325212 325220 325221 325222 325311 325312 325320 325411 325412 325414 325510 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,000 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided 'ost/Kntity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.01% * * * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 18,153 0.03% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * * 10,834 0.01% * * * * * * 6,517 0.01% * * * * * * 4,042 0.01% * * * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 18,153 0.01% * 0.01% 0.00% * * * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 48,184 0.04% * 0.08% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% * 142,533 0.17% * 0.33% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% * (757) 0.00% * 0.00% * * * * 18,153 0.03% * 0.08% 0.01% 0.00% * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 111,371 0.18% * * * * * * 56,521 0.11% * 0.10% * * * * 18,153 0.01% * * * * * * 34,171 0.05% * 0.06% 0.01% * * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * 114,785 0.09% * * 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** 114,766 0.54% * 0.38% 0.08% * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS • Standard (2017) Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 500 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 750 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 1,250 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 750 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 500 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical 325992 1,500 Industrial Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 500 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 1,000 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 750 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 500 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet 326122 750 Industrial (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 500 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1,000 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 750 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 750 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 750 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 1,500 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 750 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 750 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 500 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 1,000 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 9,845 0.04% ** 0.24% * ** 0.03% ** 0.01% * ** * * ** * * ** * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 18,153 0.08% * 0.07% 0.01% * * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% * * * 18,153 0.10% 0.58% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.06% 0.58% 0.09% 0.02% * * * 38,891 0.13% * 0.18% 0.04% 0.01% * * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 15,383 0.10% * 0.10% * * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** (1,565) -0.01% * -0.01% 0.00% * * * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 31,766 0.24% 2.12% 0.28% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% * 33,816 0.02% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 18,153 0.09% * * 0.03% 0.01% * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 16,491 0.10% 0.83% 0.11% 0.02% * * * 23,327 0.70% * 0.34% 0.06% * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 327120 327124 327211 327212 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 327999 331110 331111 331112 331210 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 331410 331411 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,000 750 1,500 750 1,500 500 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 20,735 0.22% 14,202 18,153 17,826 9,845 22,976 0.16% * 0.07% * 0.07% * 0.05% 0.44% 0.12% * 0.06% 0.17% * ** 0.01% 0.03% * ** 0.01% * ** 0.00% 27,297 16,491 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * ** 18,153 18,153 0.02% 0.37% 0.06% * 0.06% 0.05% * ** 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 9,845 2,694 18,153 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries" Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool Manufacturing" Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers 331419 331420 331422 331491 331492 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 332119 332212 332311 332312 332321 332322 332431 332722 332811 332812 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 750 1,000 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 500 750 500 1,500 Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 500 500 750 500 Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 100- Cost/Entity ^ £l9 2(MJ9 Jy() 500- 1000- 999 2499 >2500 9,845 0.04% 0.04% 0.01% 23,657 0.08% 9,845 9,845 9,845 9,845 9,845 56,521 9,845 42,400 18,153 9,845 9,845 0.02% * 0.12% 0.73% 0.17% * 0.10% * 0.11% * 0.60% * 0.19% 0.75% 0.05% * 0.08% 0.67% 0.12% * 0.10% * 0.07% 0.08% 0.11% 0.08% 0.17% 1.34% 0.12% 0.08% 0.12% 0.04% ** 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.56% 0.12% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.02% 0.01% ** 0.00% 0.01% 0.04% * * 0.01% 0.01% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 36,793 0.69% 4.55% 0.37% 0.05% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Fleating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Floist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 332813 332990 332992 332993 332999 333111 333112 333120 333131 333293 333316 333415 333512 333513 333611 333618 333923 333992 500 NA 1,250 1,500 750 1,250 1,500 1,250 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 Average Avoided Cost/Entity 1Q (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 18,153 9,845 9,845 18,153 18,153 15,383 0.59% 2.31% 0.31% * * * 0.03% * * 0.03% * * 0.46% 2.11% 0.23% 0.05% * 0.12% 0.04% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 72,138 0.13% 0.48% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 18,153 0.02% 0.75% 0.09% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA 334220 334411 334412 334413 334512 334613 335110 335224 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 335932 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,250 500 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 750 1,250 1,250 500 1,000 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Dost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 34,273 0.06% * 0.11% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.03% * * 0.02% * * * 23,546 * * * * * * * 18,153 0.01% * * * 0.00% * * 9,845 0.04% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.07% * 0.16% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.06% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% * * * 50,509 0.21% * 0.32% 0.06% * * * 39,554 0.01% * * * * 0.00% 0.00% 56,521 0.00% * * 0.11% * * 0.00% 50,509 0.01% * * * 0.01% 0.00% * 50,509 0.32% * 0.46% 0.09% 0.02% * * 9,845 0.05% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.05% * 0.14% 0.02% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.04% * * * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On 00 VO Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing 336312 336330 336340 336350 336360 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 336413 336415 336510 336611 336612 336992 337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337214 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 1,500 1,250 1,000 1,500 750 1,000 750 500 1,000 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Dost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 18,153 0.05% * * * * * * 18,153 0.04% * 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.02% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.03% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.02% * 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.03% 0.47% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 38,891 0.10% 1.48% 0.19% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% * 18,153 0.05% * * * * * * 96,767 0.02% * 0.98% 0.10% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 50,509 0.06% 2.50% 0.38% 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 43,731 0.11% * 0.32% 0.06% 0.02% * 0.00% 9,845 0.01% * * * * 0.00% * 9,845 43,704 79,000 0.01% 0.12% 0.95% * 2.95% * 0.04% 0.41% 0.77% 0.01% 0.07% 0.13% 0.00% 0.03% 0.06% * 0.01% * * 0.00% * 18,153 0.01% * * 0.02% * * * 9,082 0.56% * * 0.03% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.21% * * 0.05% 0.01% * * 34,282 1.96% * 0.60% 0.12% * * * 9,845 0.14% * 0.14% 0.03% * * * 56,521 0.80% * 0.79% 0.12% * * * 24,919 0.07% * 0.28% 0.04% 0.01% * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Od o Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage Other Warehousing and Storage Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) Testing Laboratories 337215 337920 339112 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 481111 482111 486110 486210 486910 488210 488320 493110 493190 531120 541380 500 1,000 1,000 750 500 750 750 500 1,000 500 200 200 1,500 1,500 1,500 $27.5 million 1,500 $15 million $38.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million $15 million Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 9,845 9,845 0.16% 0.19% 0.12% 0.12% 0.02% 0.03% ** 0.01% ** 9,845 18,153 0.14% 0.89% 3.56% 0.27% 0.02% 15,383 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 9,182 0.08% 0.19% 0.03% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.25% 0.89% 0.14% 20,298 18,153 1.14% 0.73% 2.35% 2.66% 0.72% 0.53% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ------- Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 1,000 * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 $11 million ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 $38.5 million 79,570 0.98% 4.67% 0.69% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 $38.5 million 85,585 2.05% 3.99% 0.64% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 $38.5 million 18,153 0.08% * 0.05% * * * * Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 $20.5 million 9,845 0.27% 0.86% 0.14% * * * * Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 $27.5 million 34,282 * * * * * * * Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 $38.5 million ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 NA * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 $38.5 million 9,845 0.18% 0.66% 0.16% * * * * Notes: Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus SBA Size Standards are not available. *No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. "Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. '•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. ------- Table 6-7 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 1 Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 On Od to Agriculture Energy Energy Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Energy Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction Natural Gas Liquid Extraction Iron Ore Mining Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining All Other Metal Ore Mining Industrial Sand Mining Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations Hydroelectric Power Generation Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Biomass Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power GenerationA Electric Power Distribution Natural Gas Distribution Water Supply and Irrigation Systems Sewage Treatment Facilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply Other Animal Food Manufacturing Wet Corn Milling Soybean ProcessingA Other Oilseed ProcessingA Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Fats and Oils Refining and Blending Beet Sugar Manufacturing 115114 211111 211112 212210 212231 212234 212299 212322 212324 212391 212399 $27.5 million 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 500 750 750 500 213112 $38.5 million 221111 221112 221117 221118 221119 221122 221210 221310 221320 221330 311119 311221 311222 311223 311224 311225 311313 500 750 250 250 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 $27.5 million $20.5 million $15 million 500 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 750 10,843 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 36,318 0.03% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * * 14,813 0.01% * 0.10% 0.00% * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.12% 0.36% 0.08% 0.02% * * * 14,813 0.05% * 0.12% 0.02% * * * 23,121 0.02% * * * 0.01% * * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.16% 0.69% 0.16% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 40,235 0.07% * * * * * * 23,121 0.33% * * * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 20,351 0.19% * * * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 21,459 0.06% * * * * * * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 7,632 0.38% * * * * * * 39,250 0.25% * * * * * * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 37,330 0.01% * 0.01% * * * * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On VO LtJ Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing Fruit and Vegetable Canning Specialty Canning Cheese Manufacturing Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing Commercial Bakeries Other Snack Food Manufacturing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills Wood Preservation Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 311314 1,000 311411 1,000 311421 1,000 311422 1,250 311513 1,250 311514 750 311613 750 311812 311919 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 313311 313320 314992 316110 321113 321114 1,000 1,250 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 500 500 321211 500 321212 1,250 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 14,813 14,360 9,943 40,234 23,121 23,121 40,758 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.04% ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.22% 0.11% 0.12% 0.61% 0.22% 0.21% 0.09% * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 2.99% * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** 0.10% * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** 0.08% * ** 0.04% 0.31% 0.09% ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** 0.02% 0.08% * 0.05% 0.05% * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.02% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic PrintingA Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 321213 750 321219 321911 321912 750 1,000 500 321999 500 322110 322121 322122 322130 750 1,250 750 1,250 322211 1,250 322220 750 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 324122 750 324199 500 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 61,489 0.71% * * 0.09% * * * 31,604 0.10% * * 0.04% * * * 23,121 0.28% * * 0.05% * * * 23,121 0.37% 1.55% 0.21% * * * * 23,121 0.77% 2.63% 0.25% 0.05% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 21,660 0.08% 0.66% 0.09% 0.03% * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.38% * * * * * * 17,268 0.52% * 0.21% 0.04% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.25% * * 0.05% 0.02% * * 169,471 0.00% * 0.07% 0.01% * 0.00% * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 6,228 0.00% * * 0.00% * * * 14,813 0.09% 0.22% 0.06% * * * * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.02% * * * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Od Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" Carbon Black Manufacturing" All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing" Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" Noncellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325180 1,000 325181 325182 325188 325192 325193 325194 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 325199 1,250 325211 1,250 325212 1,000 325220 1,000 325221 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 325222 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 325311 1,000 325312 750 325320 1,000 325411 1,000 325412 1,250 325414 1,250 325510 1,000 325520 500 325613 750 325620 1,250 325920 750 325991 500 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 23,121 17,569 11,293 9,082 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 23,121 ** 0.01% ** * ** 0.01% ** * ** 0.00% ** 53,152 147,505 4,211 23,121 0.05% 0.18% 0.01% 0.03% 0.09% 0.34% 0.01% 0.10% 0.02% 0.04% * 0.02% 0.00% 0.01% * 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 117,367 61,489 23,121 39,139 14,813 119,753 0.19% 0.12% 0.01% 0.05% 0.05% 0.10% 0.11% * 0.07% 0.09% 0.01% 0.02% 0.04% 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 119,734 14,813 23,121 0.56% 0.06% ** ** ** 0.10% 0.35% * ** ** * ** 0.40% 0.05% ** ** * ** n nsoz 0.09% 0.01% * ** ** * ** 0.02% * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ------- Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) „ , „ „ , ... ... SBA Size Avoided S.CO, NAICS CMmm! 2(k99 SJK. 1MJK (2014$) 499 999 2499 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 1,500 14,813 0.05% * 0.07% 0.01% * * * Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 500 23,121 0.13% 0.74% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% * * Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 1,000 23,121 0.07% 0.74% 0.11% 0.03% * * * Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 750 43,859 0.14% * 0.20% 0.05% 0.01% * * Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 500 ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 750 ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 500 20,351 0.13% * 0.13% * * * * Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1,000 ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 750 3,403 0.02% * 0.02% 0.01% * * * Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 750 ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 750 36,734 0.28% 2.46% 0.32% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01% * Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 1,500 38,902 0.02% * * 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% * Industrial Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 750 23,121 0.11% * * 0.03% 0.02% * * Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 750 ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 500 21,459 0.13% 1.08% 0.15% 0.03% * * * Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 1,000 29,714 0.89% * 0.44% 0.08% * * * Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 750 ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 500 (2007 Size Standards) 26,413 0.28% * * * * * * Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 1,000 ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212 1,250 19,170 0.22% * * * 0.01% * * Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 1,000 23,121 0.09% * * * * * * Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 750 22,834 0.09% * * * * * * Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1,500 ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 750 14,813 0.08% 0.66% 0.09% 0.01% 0.00% * * Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 1,500 27,944 0.15% * 0.20% 0.03% * * * Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 327999 500 ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331110 331111 331112 331210 331221 331312 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 331313 1,000 331314 750 331315 331316 331318 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 331410 1,000 331411 331419 331420 331422 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 331491 750 331492 750 331511 331513 1,000 500 Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 100- 500- 1000- Cost/Entity AU <19 20~99 1UU~ 3UU~ 1UUU~ >2500 (2014S) 499 999 2499 32,265 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 21,459 0.01% ***** 23,121 0.03% 0.47% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 23,121 0.07% * 0.07% * * * 14,813 0.01% * 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * 7,662 0.01% * 0.02% * * * 23,121 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% * 14,813 0.06% * 0.07% 0.02% 28,632 0.10% * * 0.05% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Od 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Fland and Edge Tool Manufacturing" Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Fleat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Flome Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing" 331521 331524 332112 332119 332212 332311 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 332312 500 332321 332322 332431 332439 750 500 1,500 500 332722 500 332811 750 332812 500 332813 500 332990 332992 NA 1,250 332993 1,500 332999 750 333111 1,250 333112 1,500 333120 333131 333293 1,250 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.03% * * 0.02% 0.00% * * 14,813 0.18% 1.09% 0.15% 0.03% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.25% * * * * * * 14,813 0.15% * 0.11% 0.03% * * * 14,813 0.17% * 0.11% 0.02% * * * 61,489 0.65% * 0.61% 0.13% 0.04% * * 14,813 0.29% 1.12% 0.17% 0.04% * * * 47,368 0.05% * 0.08% 0.03% * * * 23,121 0.21% 1.71% 0.15% 0.05% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.12% 1.01% 0.12% 0.03% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.18% * 0.17% * * * * 41,761 0.78% 5.16% 0.42% 0.05% * * * 23,121 0.75% 2.94% 0.40% * * * * 14,813 * * * * * * * 14,813 0.04% * * * * * * 23,121 0.04% * * * * * * 23,121 0.58% 2.68% 0.29% 0.05% 0.01% * * 20,351 0.06% * 0.16% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 77,099 0.14% * 0.52% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On Od VO Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing 333316 1,000 333415 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333513 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333611 1,500 333618 1,500 333923 1,250 333992 1,250 334220 1,250 334411 334412 750 334413 1,250 334512 500 334613 1,000 335110 1,250 335224 1,250 335228 1,000 335311 750 335312 1,250 335911 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 100- 500- 1000- Cost/Entity AU <19 20~99 1UU~ 3UU~ 1UUU~ >2500 (2014S) 499 999 2499 23,121 0.03% 0.96% 0.11% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 39,385 0.07% * 0.13% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% 14,813 0.05% * * 0.03% * 28 514 ***** 23,121 0.01% * * * 001o/o 14,813 0.06% * 0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 23,121 0.09% * 0.21% 0.03% * 14,813 0.03% * * 0.02% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On O O Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing 335931 500 335932 1,000 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 750 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336330 1,000 336340 1,250 336350 1,500 336360 1,500 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 336413 1,000 1,000 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 1,500 1,250 336415 1,250 336510 1,500 336611 1,250 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity AU <19 20~99 50°0°~ >2500 (2014$) 499 999 2499 14,813 0.09% * 0.13% 0.03% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.04% * 0.07% 0.02% * * * 55,477 0.23% * 0.35% 0.07% * * * 44,522 0.01% * * * * 0.00% 0.00% 61,489 0.00% * * 0.12% * * 0.00% 55,477 0.02% * * * 0.01% 0.00% * 55,477 0.35% * 0.51% 0.10% 0.03% * * 14,813 0.08% * 0.14% 0.02% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.06% * 0.18% 0.03% 0.00% * * 14,813 0.06% * * * * * * 23,121 0.06% * * * * * * 23,121 0.05% * 0.13% 0.02% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.03% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.03% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 14,813 0.03% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% * * 14,813 0.04% 0.71% 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 43,859 0.11% 1.67% 0.21% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% * 23,121 0.06% * * * * * * 101,735 0.03% * 1.03% 0.11% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 55,477 0.07% 2.74% 0.42% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 48,699 0.12% * 0.36% 0.07% 0.02% * 0.00% 14,813 0.01% * * * * 0.00% * 14,813 0.02% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * 48,672 0.13% 3.28% 0.46% 0.08% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On O Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage 336612 1,000 336992 1,500 337110 750 337121 1,000 337122 750 337127 337211 500 1,000 337214 1,000 337215 337920 339112 339113 339910 339920 500 1,000 1,000 750 500 750 339940 750 339991 500 339995 339999 1,000 500 424510 200 424710 481111 482111 486110 486210 200 1,500 1,500 1,500 $27.5 million 486910 1,500 488210 488320 493110 $15 million $38.5 million $27.5 million Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 83,991 1.01% * 0.82% 0.14% 0.06% * * 23,121 0.02% * * 0.03% * * * 14,050 0.86% * * 0.04% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.26% * * 0.07% 0.02% * * 39,250 2.24% * 0.69% 0.14% * * * 14,813 0.22% * 0.20% 0.04% * * * 61,489 0.87% * 0.86% 0.13% * * * 29,887 0.09% * 0.34% 0.05% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.24% * 0.18% 0.04% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.29% * 0.18% 0.04% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.22% * * * * * * 23,121 1.13% 4.53% 0.34% 0.03% * * * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 20,351 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% * * * * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,150 0.13% 0.30% 0.04% * * * * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.38% 1.34% 0.21% * * * * ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 25,266 1.42% 2.92% 0.89% * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Standard (2017) Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 $27.5 million 23,121 0.93% 3.39% 0.67% * * * * $27.5 million ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** $15 million ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 1,000 * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** $11 million ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** $38.5 million 84,538 1.04% 4.96% 0.74% * * * * $38.5 million 90,553 2.17% 4.22% 0.68% * * * * $38.5 million 23,121 0.10% * 0.07% * * * * $20.5 million 14,813 0.41% 1.30% 0.21% * * * * $27.5 million 39,250 * * * * * * * $38.5 million NA $38.5 million 14,813 ** * ** 0.26% ** * ** 1.00% ** * ** 0.25% * ** * ** * * ** * ** * * ** * ** * * ** * ** * Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Waste Treatment Educational Services Commercial Commercial Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Mini warehouses) Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ All Other Support Services Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Solid Waste Landfill Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators Remediation Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools Amusement and Theme Parks Linen and Uniform Supply Industrial Launderers 493190 531120 541380 541715 561990 562211 562212 562213 562910 611310 713110 812330 812332 Notes: Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus an SBA Size Standard is not available. *No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. "Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. '•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. ------- 6.5 Implementing the Sales Test to Measure Impacts on Industrial, Commercial and Other Sources under Alternative Scenario 2 For alternative scenario 2, which has a threshold of 125%, the year 1 cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-8, and the year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios are reported in Table 6-9. The year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 11.08%, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.05% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 1 are 0.01% and 0.16% respectively across all employment size categories. The year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratios range from less than 0.01% to 12.05%>, with a median avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.06% across all employment size categories. The twenty-fifth percentile and seventy-fifth percentile avoided cost-to-sales ratio in year 2 are 0.02% and 0.21% respectively across all employment size categories. Because facilities do not face permitting costs in year 2, the cost savings are generally larger and the resulting avoided cost-to-sales ratios are larger in year 2 than year 1. For example, NAICS 561990 (All Other Support Services) has an overall year 1 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.63%) and an overall year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 0.94%. Some NAICS codes that have less than 0.01% ratios in year 1 have positive ratios in year 2, such as NAICS 326150 (Urethane and other Foam Product [except Polystyrene Manufacturing]), which has an overall avoided cost-to-sales ratio of less than 0.01% in year 1 and 0.04% in year 2. Like for the primary scenario and alternative scenario 1, we conducted a small entity analysis for both year 1 and year 2 impact estimates for alternative scenario 2. In year 1, some small size categories have low avoided cost-to-sales ratios. For instance, NAICS 424510 (Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers) has an avoided cost-to-sales of 0.04% for the "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category and 0.01%for the "20 to 99 employees" category in year 1. However, there are cases of larger positive economic impacts for small size categories in years 1 and 2. NAICS 339999 (All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing) has a year 1 "fewer than or equal to 19 employees" category avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 11.08%), and NAICS 493190 (Other Warehousing and Storage) has a year 2 avoided cost-to-sales ratio of 9.02% for the same size category. As explained before, establishments in the size category "fewer than or equal to 19 6-103 ------- employees" for NAICS 493190 are considered small businesses for purposes of this analysis based on the SBA size standard for this NAICS code. 6-104 ------- Table 6-8 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 1 under the Alternative Scenario 2 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Agriculture Energy Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 115114 211111 $27.5 million 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 9,845 4,982 * 0.01% * * * 0.01% * 0.00% * 0.00% * 0.00% * * Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 34,813 0.03% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * * Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 750 18,153 0.01% * 0.13% 0.01% * * * Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 9,845 0.01% * * * * * * Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 9,845 0.00% * * * 0.00% * * Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining Industrial Sand Mining Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212299 212322 212324 212391 750 500 750 750 9,845 18,153 18,153 56,521 0.02% 0.14% 0.06% 0.05% * 0.44% * * * 0.09% 0.14% * 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% * * * * 0.01% * * * * * * * * Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 500 9,845 0.23% * 0.12% * * * * Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 $38.5 million 18,153 0.20% 0.85% 0.19% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * Utilities Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221111 221112 500 750 9,845 34,013 0.16% 0.06% * * * * * * * * * * * * Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 250 56,521 0.81% * * * * * * Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Other Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power GenerationA Electric Power Distribution Natural Gas Distribution 221118 221119 221122 221210 250 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 9,845 50,509 9,845 38,891 0.40% 0.48% 0.02% 0.10% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 $27.5 million 18,153 0.75% * * * * * * Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 $20.5 million 17,392 0.87% * * * * * * Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 $15 million 28,133 0.18% * * * * * * Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 500 ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Wet Corn Milling Soybean ProcessingA Other Oilseed ProcessingA Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 311221 311222 311223 311224 1,250 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 1,000 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 750 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 1,000 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 1,000 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1,000 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 1,250 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 1,250 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 750 Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 750 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 1,000 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1,250 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 32,362 0.01% 0.01% 18,153 9,845 9,845 9,845 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.05% 0.02% 0.00% 0.04% ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** 0.12% * ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.00% ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** 0.00% ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 9,845 18,153 9,845 9,845 0.15% 0.13% 0.15% 0.16% 0.15% 0.08% 0.04% 0.02% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills Wood Preservation Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic PrintingA Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 313311 313320 314992 316110 321113 321114 321211 321212 321213 321219 321911 321912 321999 322110 322121 322122 322130 322211 322220 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 500 500 500 1,250 750 750 1,000 500 500 750 1,250 750 1,250 1,250 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided ost/Kntity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 18,153 0.26% * * * * * * 14,048 0.11% * 0.08% * * * * 9,845 0.01% * * * * * * 4,975 0.06% * 0.02% 0.01% * * * 34,309 0.52% 2.55% 0.27% 0.07% * * * 18,153 0.17% * 0.07% * * * * 18,153 0.17% * * 0.04% * * * 31,639 0.07% * * 0.04% 0.02% * * 56,521 0.65% * * 0.09% * * * 26,892 0.09% * * 0.03% * * * 18,153 0.22% * * 0.04% * * * 18,153 0.29% 1.22% 0.16% * * * * 18,153 0.61% 2.07% 0.20% 0.04% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 104,239 0.04% * * 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 16,206 0.06% 0.49% 0.07% 0.02% * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 9,845 0.25% * * * * * * 11,760 0.35% * 0.14% 0.03% 0.01% * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Books Printing Petroleum Refineries Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA Carbon Black ManufacturingA All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 323117 324110 1,250 1,500 324122 750 324199 500 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 325180 325181 325182 325188 325192 325193 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 325194 1,250 325199 1,250 325211 325212 325220 325221 325222 325311 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 18,153 0.20% * * 0.04% 0.02% * 172,499 0.00% * 0.07% 0.01% * 0.00% 9,845 0.02% * 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.02% * 0.01% * * * 1,394 0.00% * * 0.00% * * 9,845 0.06% 0.15% 0.04% * * * 9,845 0.01% * * * * 15,383 0.03% * 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 11,388 0.01% * * * * 6,777 0.01% * * * * 4,902 0.01% * * * * 15,383 0.01% * 0.01% 0.00% * 48,331 0.04% * 0.08% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 142,633 0.17% * 0.33% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% (2,082) 0.00% * 0.00% * * * 18,153 0.03% * 0.08% 0.01% 0.00% * 127,921 0.20% * * 38,891 0.07% * 0.07% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 325312 325320 325411 325412 325414 325510 325520 325613 325620 325920 325991 750 1,000 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 500 750 1,250 750 500 325992 1,500 325998 500 326112 1,000 326113 750 326121 500 326122 750 326130 500 326140 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 15,383 0.01% ****** 50,389 0.07% * 0.08% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * 125,827 0.10% * * 0.04% 0.02% 0.01% * 117,743 0.55% * 0.39% 0.09% * * * 9,845 0.04% 0.24% 0.03% 0.01% * * * 18,153 0.08% * 0.07% 0.01% * * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% * * * 15,383 0.09% 0.49% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% * * 56,521 0.17% 1.81% 0.27% 0.07% * * * 31,838 0.10% * 0.15% 0.03% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.06% * 0.08% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.05% 0.23% 0.04% 0.02% * * * 47,186 0.31% * 0.30% * * * * 9,845 0.05% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS & • Standard (2017) On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Floses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA 326150 750 326191 326199 326211 326220 326291 326299 327110 327120 327124 327211 327212 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 750 750 1,500 750 750 500 1,000 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,250 1,000 750 1,500 750 1,500 327999 500 331110 1,500 331111 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 510 0.00% * 0.00% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.23% * 0.19% * * * 32,510 0.25% 2.17% 0.29% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 29,928 0.02% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 56,521 0.27% * * 0.08% 0.04% * 18,153 0.11% * * 0.03% 0.01% * 37,337 0.23% 1.89% 0.26% 0.06% * * 12,008 0.36% * 0.18% 0.03% * * 18,153 0.20% 1.13% 0.18% 0.04% * * 17,453 0.19% ***** 18,153 0.03% ***** 29,906 0.35% * * * 002% * 56,521 0.22% ***** 17,517 0.07% ***** 9,845 0.06% * 0.03% * * * 18,153 0.10% 0.81% 0.12% 0.02% 0.00% * 46,947 0.25% * 0.34% 0.05% * * 18,153 0.19% * 0.12% * * * 30,422 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 43,731 0.01% ***** 9,845 0.01% ***** 56,521 0.08% 1.14% 0.20% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting FoundriesA Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 331410 1,000 331411 331419 331420 331422 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 331491 750 331492 750 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 1,000 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 56,521 0.18% * 0.16% * * 18,153 0.01% * * * * 18,153 0.01% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% 3,491 0.01% * 0.01% * * 56,521 0.04% * * 0.03% 0.01% 9,845 0.03% * * * * 18,153 0.05% * * 0.02% * 9,845 0.01% * 0.01% * 0.00% 9,845 0.02% * * * * 18,153 0.02% * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 9,845 0.02% * * * * 18,153 0.07% * 0.08% 0.02% * 18,153 0.03% * 0.03% 0.01% * 22,161 0.08% * * 0.04% 0.01% 18,153 0.08% * 0.16% 0.03% 0.01% 9,845 0.05% * * * * 18,153 0.26% * 0.25% 0.04% * 9,845 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing 332119 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 332311 750 332312 500 332321 750 332322 500 332431 1,500 332439 500 332722 500 332811 750 332812 500 332813 500 332990 NA 332992 1,250 332993 1,500 332999 750 333111 1,250 333112 1,500 333120 1,250 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 9,845 0.12% 0.73% 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% * 9,845 0.17% ***** 9,845 0.10% * 0.07% 0.02% * * 9,845 0.11% * 0.08% 0.02% * * 43,731 0.46% * 0.44% 0.10% 0.03% * 9,845 0.19% 0.75% 0.11% 0.03% * * 36,539 0.04% * 0.06% 0.02% * * 15,383 0.14% 1.14% 0.10% 0.03% 0.01% * 9,845 0.08% 0.67% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% * 9,845 0.12% * 0.12% * * * 36,935 0.69% 4.56% 0.37% 0.05% * * 15,383 0.50% 1.95% 0.26% * * * 9 $45 * ***** 9,845 0.03% ***** 15,383 0.02% ***** 15,383 0.39% 1.79% 0.19% 0.03% 0.01% * 50,509 0.16% * 0.40% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 9,845 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.00% * 71,327 0.13% * 0.48% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use 333131 500 333293 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333316 1,000 333415 1,250 333512 333513 333611 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333618 1,500 333923 1,250 333992 1,250 334220 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 334412 750 334413 1,250 334512 500 Industrial Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing 1,000 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 18,153 0.07% * 0.12% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.18% ****** 9,845 0.10% * 0.07% * * * * 9,845 0.03% 0.54% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 9,845 0.06% ****** 9,845 0.07% ****** 9,845 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 56,521 0.06% 2.34% 0.27% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.03% * 0.07% 0.01% * * * 18,153 0.10% 1.15% 0.12% 0.02% * 0.00% * 9,845 0.03% 0.46% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 9,845 0.06% ****** 9,845 0.12% * 0.12% 0.03% * * * 34,239 0.06% * 0.11% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.11% * 0.09% * 0.00% * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 335110 1,250 335224 1,250 335228 1,000 335311 750 335312 1,250 335911 1,250 335931 500 335932 1,000 335991 750 336111 1,500 336112 1,500 336120 1,500 336211 1,000 336212 1,000 336310 1,000 500 (2007 Size 336311 Standards) 336312 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336330 1,000 336340 1,250 336350 1,500 336360 1,500 Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014S) 499 999 2499 9,845 0.03% * * 0.02% * * * 23 546 * ****** 18,153 0.01% * * * 000o/o * * 9,845 0.04% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.07% * 0.16% 0.02% * * * 9,845 0.02% * * 0.01% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.06% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% * * * 50,509 0.21% * 0.32% 0.06% * * * 34,802 0.01% * * * * 000o/o 000o/o 50,509 0.00% * * 0.10% * * 0.00% 43,731 0.01% * * * 001o/o 000o/o * 43,731 0.28% * 0.40% 0.08% 0.02% * * 9,845 0.05% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.05% * 0.14% 0.02% 0.00% * * 9,845 0.04% ****** 15,383 0.04% ****** 18,153 0.04% * 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.02% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * * 18,153 0.03% * 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% * 9,845 0.02% * 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336370 1,000 336390 1,000 336399 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336411 1,500 336412 1,500 336413 1,250 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 336415 1,250 336510 1,500 336611 1,250 336612 1,000 336992 1,500 337110 750 337121 1,000 337122 750 337127 500 337211 1,000 337214 1,000 337215 500 337920 1,000 339112 1,000 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 9,845 0.03% 0.47% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 34,282 0.09% 1.30% 0.17% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * 18,153 0.05% * * * * * * 96,078 0.02% * 0.97% 0.10% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 43,731 0.05% 2.16% 0.33% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 38,891 0.10% * 0.29% 0.05% 0.02% * 0.00% 9,845 0.01% * * * * 0.00% * 9,845 0.01% * 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% * * 42,979 0.12% 2.90% 0.40% 0.07% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 72,718 0.87% * 0.71% 0.12% 0.06% * * 18,153 0.01% * * 0.02% * * * 9,571 0.59% * * 0.03% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.21% * * 0.05% 0.01% * * 43,731 2.49% * 0.77% 0.15% * * * 9,845 0.14% * 0.14% 0.03% * * * 43,731 0.62% * 0.61% 0.09% * * * 25,094 0.07% * 0.28% 0.04% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.16% * 0.12% 0.02% 0.01% * * 9,845 0.19% * 0.12% 0.03% * * * 18,153 0.06% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 481111 482111 486110 486210 486910 488210 488320 493110 750 500 750 750 500 1,000 500 200 200 1,500 1,500 1,500 $27.5 million 1,500 $15 million $38.5 million $27.5 million Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 $27.5 million Commercial Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings b 531120 $27.5 million (except Mini warehouses) Testing Laboratories 541380 $15 million Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Avoided Cost/Entity ... in 20~99 100~ 500~ 1000~ >2S00 (2014$) 499 999 2499 9,845 0.05% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 9,845 0.26% 1.48% 0.11% * * * 9,845 0.15% 1.33% 0.10% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 9,845 0.18% * 0.11% 0.01% * * 18,153 0.15% * 0.17% 0.04% 0.01% * 18,153 0.26% ***** 56,521 2.77% 11.08% 0.84% 0.08% * * 9,845 0.02% 0.04% 0.01% * * * 56,521 0.03% 0.08% 0.02% * * * 18,153 0.02% 0.36% 0.07% * * * 9 $45 * ***** 9,845 0.09% 0.24% 0.04% * * * 8,736 0.08% 0.18% 0.03% * * * 9,845 0.09% 0.29% * * * * 18,153 0.46% 1.64% 0.26% * * * 18,153 0.09% 0.60% 0.10% * * * 20,259 1.14% 2.34% 0.71% * * * 56,521 2.27% 8.29% 1.64% * * * 9,845 0.34% 0.57% 0.04% * * * 18,153 0.76% 2.10% 0.32% * * * ------- Average Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 Commercial Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 541715 1,000 18,153 * * * * * * * Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 $11 million 9,845 0.63% 1.33% 0.19% * * * * Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 $38.5 million 79,412 0.97% 4.66% 0.69% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 $38.5 million 85,545 2.05% 3.98% 0.64% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 $38.5 million 15,383 0.07% * 0.05% * * * * Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 $20.5 million 9,845 0.27% 0.86% 0.14% * * * * Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 $27.5 million 38,142 * * * * * * * Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 $38.5 million 9,845 0.03% 0.42% 0.13% * * * * Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 NA 9,845 * * * * * * * Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 $38.5 million 18,153 0.32% 1.22% 0.30% * * * * Notes: Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus an SBA Size Standard is not available. *No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. For Source Category "Pulp & Paper (non-combust) MACT" (NAICS 322121) that is assessed using an extrapolated approach, one facility is extrapolated to obtain area source status. However, in the estimation of Extrapolated Costs (Savings) "No facilities are expected to be area sources" and therefore these costs (savings) are estimated as zero. We make the same assumption for this category in our calculation of Extrapolated Costs (Savings) in Year 1 without state permitting costs. "Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. '•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. ------- Table 6-9 Avoided Cost to Sales in Year 2 under the Alternative Scenario 2 Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Agriculture Energy Energy Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Energy Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Utilities Industrial Industrial Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction Natural Gas Liquid Extraction Iron Ore Mining Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 115114 211111 211112 212210 212231 Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 All Other Metal Ore Mining Industrial Sand Mining Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations Hydroelectric Power Generation Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Biomass Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power Generation Other Electric Power GenerationA Electric Power Distribution Natural Gas Distribution Water Supply and Irrigation Systems Sewage Treatment Facilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply Other Animal Food Manufacturing Wet Corn Milling 212299 212322 212324 212391 213112 221111 221112 221117 221118 221119 221122 221210 221310 221320 221330 $27.5 million 1,250 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 750 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 1,500 (Feb 2016 Size Standards) 750 500 750 750 212399 500 $38.5 million 500 750 250 250 4 million MWH (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 $27.5 million $20.5 million $15 million 14,813 9,950 39,781 23,121 14,813 14,813 14,813 23,121 23,121 61,489 14,813 23,121 14,813 38,981 61,489 14,813 55,477 14,813 43,859 23,121 22,360 33,101 311119 500 311221 1,250 Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) 100- 500- 1000- All _19 20—99 ijijij 2499 —2500 0.02% * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% * 0.03% 0.07% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * * 0.01% * 0.16% 0.01% * * * 0 01% * * * * * * 0.01% * * * 0.00% * * 0.02% * * 0.01% * * * 0.18% 0.55% 0.12% 0.03% * * * 0.08% * 0.18% 0.03% * * * 0.05% * * * 0.01% * * 0.35% * 0.18% * * * * 0.25% 1.08% 0.25% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% * 0 24% * * * * * * 0 07% * * * * * * 0 88% * * * * * * 0 59% * * * * * * 0 53% * * * * * * 0 04% * * * * * * 0 11% * * * * * * 0 96% * * * * * * 1 12% * * * * * * 0 21% * * * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Soybean ProcessingA Other Oilseed ProcessingA Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311222 311223 311224 Coffee and Tea Manufacturing Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing Spice and Extract Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing Breweries Distilleries Tobacco Manufacturing Yarn Spinning MillsA Thread MillsA Broadwoven Fabric Mills Narrow Fabric MillsA Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 311920 311930 311942 311999 312120 312140 312230 313111 313113 313210 313221 313310 313311 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 1,000 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 750 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 1,000 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 1,000 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1,000 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 1,250 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 1,250 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 750 Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 750 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 1,000 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1,250 750 1,000 500 500 1,250 1,000 1,500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 37,330 0.01% 0.01% 23,121 14,813 14,813 14,813 14,813 23,121 14,813 14,813 23,121 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.07% 0.04% 0.00% 0.06% 0.23% 0.17% 0.23% 0.24% 0.34% ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** * ** 0.15% * ** * ** ** 0.19% 0.12% 0.00% 0.05% 0.03% ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 0.00% 0.02% ** ** ** ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to o Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Fabric Coating Mills Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA Leather and Flide Tanning and Finishing Sawmills Wood Preservation Flardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper Manufacturing" Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Commercial Lithographic Printing" Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) Books Printing Petroleum Refineries 313320 314992 316110 321113 321114 321211 321911 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 500 500 500 321212 1,250 321213 750 321219 750 1,000 321912 500 321999 322110 322121 322122 322130 500 750 1,250 750 1,250 322211 1,250 322220 322222 322291 322299 323110 323111 323117 324110 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,500 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 1,250 1,500 Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) v osi i.iiun (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 19,016 0.15% * 0.10% * * * * 14,813 0.02% * * * * * * 9,943 0.12% * 0.04% 0.02% * * * 39,277 0.59% 2.91% 0.30% 0.08% * * * 23,121 0.22% * 0.09% * * * * 23,121 0.21% * * 0.05% * * * 36,607 0.08% * * 0.05% 0.02% * * 61,489 0.71% * * 0.09% * * * 31,866 0.11% * * 0.04% * * * 23,121 0.28% * * 0.05% * * * 23,121 0.37% 1.55% 0.21% * * * * 23,121 0.77% 2.63% 0.25% 0.05% * * * ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 109,207 0.04% * * 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** 21,172 0.08% 0.64% 0.09% 0.03% * * * ** * ** ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 14,813 0.38% * * * * * * 16,728 0.50% * 0.20% 0.04% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.25% * * 0.05% 0.02% * * 177,464 0.00% * 0.07% 0.01% * 0.00% * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Industrial Gas Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing" Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Alkalies and Chlorine Manufacturing" Carbon Black Manufacturing" All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing" Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing" Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Cellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" Noncellulosic Organic Fiber Manufacturing" Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 324122 750 324199 325110 325120 325130 325131 325132 325180 325181 325182 325188 325192 325193 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 325194 1,250 325199 1,250 325211 325212 325220 325221 325222 325311 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 325312 750 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 14,813 6,363 14,813 14,813 20,351 18,684 12,020 9,928 20,351 0.03% 0.03% 0.00% 0.09% 0.02% ** 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% ** 0.01% 0.22% * ** 0.02% 0.02% * 0.06% ** 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% 53,299 147,600 2,886 23,121 133,699 43,859 20,351 0.05% 0.18% 0.00% 0.03% 0.21% 0.08% 0.01% 0.09% 0.34% 0.01% 0.10% 0.08% 0.02% 0.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing Paint and Coating Manufacturing Adhesive Manufacturing Surface Active Agent Manufacturing Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Explosives Manufacturing Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 325320 325411 325412 325414 325510 325520 325613 325620 325920 325991 325992 1,000 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,000 500 750 1,250 750 500 1,500 325998 500 326112 1,000 326113 750 326121 500 326122 750 326130 500 326140 1,000 326150 750 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 55,357 14,813 130,795 122,711 14,813 23,121 14,813 0.07% 0.05% 0.11% 0.57% * 0.06% 0.35% ** ** 0.10% 0.05% ** * ** 0.09% 0.09% * * ** 0.41% 0.05% ** ** * ** 0.08% 0.07% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04% ** 0.09% 0.01% * ** ** * ** 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 0.02% 0.01% * ** * ** * ** 20,351 0.11% 0.65% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01% 61,489 0.19% 1.97% 0.30% 0.08% 36,806 14,813 14,813 0.12% 0.17% 0.04% 0.01% 0.09% * 0.12% 0.03% 0.07% 0.34% 0.06% 0.02% 52,154 14,813 0.34% 0.07% 0.33% 0.09% 0.02% 0.01% 5,478 0.04% 0.03% 0.01% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 326191 750 326199 750 326211 1,500 326220 750 326291 750 326299 500 327110 1,000 327120 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 327211 1,000 327212 1,250 327310 1,000 327410 750 327420 1,500 327910 750 327993 1,500 327999 500 331110 1,500 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 331210 1,000 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 1,000 Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) (2014$) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 23,121 0.30% * 0.24% * * * * 37,478 0.29% 2.51% 0.33% 0.07% 0.02% 0.01% * 34,876 0.02% * * 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 61,489 0.29% * * 0.09% 0.04% * * 23,121 0.14% * * 0.04% 0.01% * * 42,305 0.26% 2.14% 0.29% 0.06% * * * 16,148 0.48% * 0.24% 0.04% * * * 23,121 0.25% 1.43% 0.22% 0.05% * * * 22,421 0.24% * * * * * * 23,121 0.04% * * * * * * 34,874 0.40% * * * 0.02% * * 61,489 0.24% * * * * * * 22,485 0.09% * * * * * * 14,813 0.08% * 0.05% * * * * 23,121 0.13% 1.03% 0.15% 0.02% 0.00% * * 51,915 0.28% * 0.38% 0.06% * * * 23,121 0.25% * 0.15% * * * * 35,390 0.01% * * 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 48,699 0.02% * * * * * * 14,813 0.01% * * * * * * 61,489 0.08% 1.25% 0.21% 0.06% 0.01% 0.01% * 61,489 0.19% * 0.17% * * * * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing" Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)" Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) Drawing" Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries" Aluminum Foundries (except Die- Casting) Nonferrous Forging 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 331410 331411 331419 331420 331422 331491 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 750 1,250 750 (2007 Size Standards) 750 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 1,000 1,000 (2007 Size Standards) 750 331492 750 1,000 500 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 750 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 23,121 23,121 8,459 61,489 14,813 23,121 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04% 0.04% 0.07% 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% 0.03% 0.03% 0.00% 0.01% 14,813 0.02% 0.02% 0.00% 14,813 0.03% 23,121 14,813 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 23,121 0.09% 0.11% 0.03% 23,121 0.04% 0.04% 0.01% 27,132 23,121 14,813 23,121 14,813 0.10% 0.10% 0.07% 0.33% 0.03% 0.20% 0.32% 0.04% 0.04% 0.06% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing 332119 500 332212 332311 750 500 (2007 Size Standards) 332312 500 332321 750 332322 500 332431 1,500 332439 500 332722 500 332811 750 332812 500 332813 500 332990 NA 332992 1,250 332993 1,500 332999 750 333111 1,250 333112 1,500 333120 1,250 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 14,813 14,813 14,813 48,699 14,813 41,507 20,351 14,813 14,813 41,903 0.18% 0.25% 0.15% 0.17% 0.52% 0.29% 0.05% 0.19% 0.12% 0.18% 1.09% 0.15% 0.11% 0.11% 0.49% 0.17% 0.07% 0.13% 0.12% 0.17% 1.12% * 1.50% 1.01% 0.78% 5.18% 0.42% 0.03% * 0.03% 0.02% 0.11% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% * 0.05% 0.01% 0.03% * * 0.01% 0.01% 20,351 14,813 14,813 20,351 20,351 55,477 14,813 0.66% 2.59% 0.35% * * 0.04% * * * * 0.03% * * * * 0.51% 2.36% 0.26% 0.05% 0.01% 0.17% 0.03% * 0.43% 0.06% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% * 76,304 0.14% 0.51% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to On Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing 333131 500 333293 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333316 1,000 333415 1,250 . 500 (2007 Size Standards) 500 (2007 Size Standards) 333611 1,500 333618 1,500 333923 1,250 333992 1,250 334220 1,250 334411 334412 750 750 (2007 Size Standards) 334413 1,250 334512 500 334613 1,000 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 23,121 14,813 14,813 0.09% 0.27% 0.15% 0.16% 0.02% 0.11% 14,813 0.04% 0.82% 0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 14,813 14,813 14,813 61,489 14,813 23,121 0.09% * 0.11% * 0.02% * 0.07% 2.54% 0.05% * 0.30% 0.02% 0.04% 0.10% 0.02% 0.13% 1.47% 0.15% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% * * * 0.00% 14,813 0.04% 0.69% 0.09% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 14,813 14,813 39,262 0.09% 0.18% 0.07% 0.18% 0.04% * * 0.13% 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% 14,813 0.16% 0.14% 0.01% * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to ^1 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 335110 1,250 335224 1,250 335228 1,000 335311 750 335312 1,250 335911 1,250 335931 500 335932 1,000 335991 750 336111 1,500 336112 1,500 336120 1,500 336211 1,000 336212 1,000 336310 1,000 336311 336312 500 (2007 Size Standards) 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336330 1,000 336340 1,250 336350 1,500 336360 1,500 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014S) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 28,514 23,121 0.05% 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% 14,813 0.06% 0.11% 0.02% 0.01% 23,121 14,813 14,813 14,813 55,477 39,770 55,477 48,699 48,699 14,813 23,121 14,813 20,351 0.09% 0.03% 0.09% 0.04% 0.23% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.31% 0.08% 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.21% * 0.13% 0.07% 0.35% 0.45% 0.14% 0.18% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.07% * 0.10% 0.08% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% * 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.02% * 0.01% * 0.00% * 23,121 0.05% 0.13% 0.02% 0.01% 14,813 23,121 14,813 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.06% 0.01% 0.01% * 0.09% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) On to 00 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing 336370 1,000 336390 1,000 336399 750 (2007 Size Standards) 336411 1,500 336412 1,500 336413 1,250 336415 1,250 336510 1,500 336611 1,250 336612 1,000 336992 1,500 337110 750 337121 1,000 337122 750 337127 500 337211 1,000 337214 1,000 337215 500 337920 1,000 339112 1,000 Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) v osi i.iiun (2014S) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 0.04% 0.71% 0.10% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 39,250 0.10% 1.49% 0.19% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% * 23,121 0.06% * * * * * * 101,046 0.02% * 1.02% 0.11% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 48,699 0.06% 2.41% 0.37% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 43,859 0.11% * 0.32% 0.06% 0.02% * 0.00% 14,813 0.01% * * * * 0.00% * 14,813 0.02% * 0.06% 0.01% 0.00% * * 47,947 0.13% 3.23% 0.45% 0.08% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 77,707 0.93% * 0.76% 0.13% 0.06% * * 23,121 0.02% * * 0.03% * * * 14,539 0.89% * * 0.04% 0.01% * * 23,121 0.26% * * 0.07% 0.02% * * 48,699 2.78% * 0.86% 0.17% * * * 14,813 0.22% * 0.20% 0.04% * * * 48,699 0.69% * 0.68% 0.10% * * * 30,062 0.09% * 0.34% 0.05% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.24% * 0.18% 0.04% 0.01% * * 14,813 0.29% * 0.18% 0.04% * * * 23,121 0.08% * * 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% * ------- Sector Source Category NAICS SBA Size Standard (2017) Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Energy Energy Energy Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products Support Activities for Rail Transportation Marine Cargo Handling General Warehousing and Storage Other Warehousing and Storage Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Miniwarehouses) Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)^ 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 481111 482111 486110 486210 486910 488210 488320 493110 493190 531120 541380 750 500 750 750 500 1,000 500 200 200 1,500 1,500 1,500 $27.5 million 1,500 $15 million $38.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million $27.5 million $15 million 541715 1,000 Average Avoided Cost/Entity (2014$) Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- 2499 >2500 14,813 0.08% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 14,813 0.39% 2.23% 0.16% * * * * 14,813 0.23% 2.00% 0.14% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% * 14,813 0.27% * 0.17% 0.02% * * * 23,121 0.19% * 0.21% 0.04% 0.02% * * 23,121 0.34% * * * * * * 61,489 3.02% 12.05% 0.91% 0.08% * * * 14,813 0.03% 0.06% 0.01% * * * * 61,489 0.03% 0.09% 0.02% * * * * 23,121 0.03% 0.46% 0.09% * * * * 14,813 * * * * * * * 14,813 0.14% 0.36% 0.06% * * * * 13,704 0.12% 0.29% 0.04% * * * * 14,813 0.13% 0.44% * * * * * 23,121 0.59% 2.09% 0.33% * * * * 23,121 0.12% 0.77% 0.12% * * * * 25,227 1.42% 2.92% 0.89% * * * * 61,489 2.47% 9.02% 1.78% * * * * 14,813 0.51% 0.86% 0.06% * * * * 23,121 0.96% 2.68% 0.41% * * * * ------- SBA Size Average Avoided Avoided Cost to Sales/Entity by Employee Size Categories (%) Sector Source Category NAICS Cost/Entity (2014$) Standard (2017) All <19 20-99 100- 499 500- 999 1000- >2500 2499 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 $11 million 14,813 0.94% 2.00% 0.29% * * * * Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 $38.5 million 84,380 1.03% 4.95% 0.74% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 $38.5 million 90,510 2.17% 4.21% 0.68% * * * * Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 $38.5 million 20,351 0.09% * 0.06% * * * * Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 $20.5 million 14,813 0.41% 1.30% 0.21% * * * * Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 $27.5 million 43,110 * * * * * * * Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 $38.5 million 14,813 0.05% 0.63% 0.20% * * * * Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 NA 14,813 * * * * * * * Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 $38.5 million 23,121 0.41% 1.55% 0.38% * * * * Notes: Blanks in "Average Avoided Cost/Entity" column are for NAICS where zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status. NA means it is not a valid 2012 NAICS code, thus an SBA Size Standard is not available. *No receipts data available from Census; cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. "Zero facilities projected to obtain area source status and no projected net costs (savings); cost-to-sales ratios cannot be calculated. '•"Denotes a data status as a combination of footnotes * and **. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. May, 2019. SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards. ------- 6.6 Comparison of the Percentile Results for Each Scenario As depicted in Table 6-10 below, the year 1 and 2 percentile results across all employment size categories are similar across the three scenarios with year 1 showing more similarity across scenarios than year 2. In year 1 the twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.01 for each scenario, the medians are 0.04% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.05% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2, and the seventy-fifth percentiles are 0.14% for alternative scenario 1 and 0.16%) for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2. In year 2 the twenty-fifth percentiles are 0.02% for both the primary scenario and alternative scenario 2 and 0.03% for alternative scenario 1, the medians are 0.06 % for each scenario, and the seventy-fifth percentiles are between 0.21% and 0.23% for the three scenarios (0.21% for alternative scenario 2, 0.22% for the primary scenario and 0.23% for alternative scenario 1). Table 6-10 Cost-to-Sales Ratios Percentile Results for the Three Scenarios Primary Scenario Alternative Scenario 1 Alternative Scenario 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 25th Percentile 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% 0.02% 50th Percentile (Median) 0.05% 0.06% 0.04% 0.06% 0.05% 0.06% 75th Percentile 0.16% 0.22% 0.14% 0.23% 0.16% 0.21% Note: The year 2 percentile results are for year 2 and are also the annual results for years thereafter. Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns, 2017 SBA Size Standards, SBA February 2016 Size Standards, SBA 2007 Size Standards, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research, Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources. Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. ------- 7. LIMITATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES The costs and economic impacts estimated in this RIA are subject to limitations and uncertainties. The most prominent uncertainty is that the EPA does not know what sources will take advantage of the opportunity to reclassify to area source status. The original 2007 proposal did not provide analyses of removing the OIAI because it was stated that impacts could not be quantified without knowing which sources will avail themselves of the regulatory provisions proposed in this rule and what methods of HAP emission reductions will be used. In addition, the 2007 proposal also indicated, "It is unknown how many sources would choose to take permit conditions that would limit their PTE to below major source levels." Within this group, it also is not known how many sources may increase their emissions from the major source MACT level (assuming the level is below the major source thresholds). Similarly, we cannot identify or quantify the universe of sources that would decrease their HAP emissions to below the level required by the NESHAP to achieve area source status. The proposed rule provides potential regulatory relief (i.e., the avoided costs) to affected major sources. Regulatory relief estimates as measured by avoided costs are provided for years 1 and 2 after promulgation of this rulemaking. The avoided costs are based on the best data available currently regarding sources affected and burden cost estimates but are subject to uncertainties. This RIA is limited in its analyses because it estimates administrative burden reduction and some economic impact as measured by avoided cost-to-sales ratios, and we are unable to provide a quantitative estimate of benefits or disbenefits as explained in the benefits section of this RIA. The analysis does not measure costs or cost savings related to changes in the use of control equipment (e.g., decrease in control device operating and maintenance costs due to reduced device use) except for potential control cost impacts associated with the illustrative 125% scenario as presented in Chapter 4 and does not provide quantitative estimates of changes in benefits. In addition, the analysis presumes a zero probability of an area source reclassifying to major status after the source has reclassified to area. Moreover, because these estimates presume a fixed state of the affected industries, it does not capture the potential for increased entry into affected markets because of the alleviated regulatory burden. This could subsequently induce 7-1 ------- additional regulatory costs on new firms and state regulatory agencies. With these considerations in mind, the cost savings estimates in the RIA may serve as an upper bound. 7.1 Avoided Cost Estimate Limitations and Uncertainties 7.1.1 Uncertainties in Estimates of Affected Sources These estimates presume that the number of sources in the RTR modeling files is an accurate indication of the number of sources and their HAP emissions for source categories currently and in the near future. Some of the RTR modeling files contain emissions and source data that are several years old. In addition, the NEI data used to estimate the number of affected sources for some source categories are from 2014. Changes in the source categories due to mergers and acquisitions and other economic factors since then may mean some differences between the information used in the analysis and numbers of sources in these categories currently and in the near future. 7.1.2 Uncertainties in Permitting Costs The permitting costs used in the cost analysis to generate the cost savings estimates are average values across sources. Thus, there may be variation in such costs by source category at the source level that this analysis may not capture. In addition, the costs in the ICRs used in the cost savings analysis may reflect older source-level data that may differ from current and near- term data. These uncertainties are relevant for the estimates of PV and EAV for each scenario as well as the estimates of reduced administrative burden provided by the May, 2019 ERG Cost Analysis Memorandum. 7.2 Economic Impact Limitations and Uncertainties There is uncertainty in the estimates of sources affected by this proposed rule and the burden costs used to estimate the regulatory relief from this rule. These uncertainties also affect the economic impact analysis conducted. The economic impact analysis compares the avoided burden cost estimates with average industry revenues to gauge the impact of the proposed MM2A rule for affected sources. We used average industry revenue and average establishment revenue estimates by entity size to estimate the avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The actual impacts to individual entities affected by this policy change may differ from industry averages. 7-2 ------- The average entity costs used to compute the sales test vary across sources but are the same across establishment size categories. As a result, the sales test will likely overstate the cost- to-receipt ratio for establishments owned by small businesses. In addition, a major assumption in the estimation of potential cost savings is that all major sources in each source category that can reclassify to an area source will do so subject to a HAP PTE limits. It is possible that major sources may choose not to reclassify based on cost savings not being a sufficient incentive to do so, or for other reasons (e.g., companies concerned with their environmental reputation). 7.3 Economic Impact Data Limitations and Uncertainties Using the 2012 Economic Census, we collected and organized data on number of establishments, employment, and receipts for affected sources represented by NAICS codes. However, because of confidentiality issues, some data values were not available or reported with a range of values. In addition, some NAICS codes were not valid 2012 NAICS codes, and either no data were reported for them in the 2012 Economic Census or limited data were reported not broken down by size categories. These data limitations prevented us from reporting avoided cost- to-sales ratios for every employment size category for some NAICS codes. Table 7-1 lists these data limitations by NAICS code. Table 7-1 Data Limitations for Specific NAICS Codes NAICS Data Limitations 115114 Not covered in Economic Census, used 2012 County Business Patterns (no revenue data) 221119 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 311222 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 311223 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 313111 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 313113 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 313221 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 313311 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 314992 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment categories) size 7-3 ------- NAICS Data Limitations 322222 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 323110 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325131 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325132 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325181 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325182 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325188 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325192 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325221 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 325222 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 327124 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331111 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331112 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331312 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331411 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331419 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331422 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 331521 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 332212 2007 NAICS: categories) Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 332990 Invalid NAICS Code 333293 2007 NAICS: Data only categories) available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 333512 2007 NAICS: Data only categories) available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 333513 2007 NAICS: Data only categories) available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 334411 2007 NAICS: Data only categories) available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 336311 2007 NAICS: Data only categories) available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census no data for employment size 7-4 ------- NAICS Data Limitations 336312 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment size categories) 336399 2007 NAICS: Data only available for all establishments in 2012 Economic Census (no data for employment size categories) 482111 Not covered in Economic Census 541715 2017 NAICS: Not covered in 2012 Economic Census 611310 Not covered in Economic Census, used 2012 County Business Patterns (no revenue data) 812330 Invalid NAICS Code 922140 Not covered in Economic Census 927110 Not covered in Economic Census 928110 Not covered in Economic Census 999999 Unclassified NAICS Sources: 2012 Economic Census, 2012 County Business Patterns. The underlying establishment and receipts data are a limiting factor because if either of these measures is not reported for a certain category, we cannot calculate the average receipts per establishment, which is needed for the avoided cost-to-sales ratio calculation. However, there are cases where avoided cost-to-sales ratios are not reported because zero facilities are projected to obtain area source status; therefore, there are no facilities to calculate the average cost per entity. This RIA estimates administrative burden reduction and some economic impact as measured by avoided cost-to-sales ratios. The analysis does not measure costs or cost savings related to control equipment changes and does not provide quantitative estimates of emission changes and benefits. 7.4 Benefits Limitations and Uncertainties We are uncertain as to the distribution of the changes in HAP and other emissions across the broad array of sources impacted by this proposal. As such, we are unable to quantify the changes in emissions across these sources and cannot either simulate the change in air quality or characterize the impact of these changes to human health. This is not to imply that changes in emissions will not affect human health. Rather, our approach reflects the challenges associated with modeling the direct and indirect impacts of the reductions in emissions for these sectors with the data currently available. In place of quantitative estimates of the quantity and economic value of the pollutant changes, we instead characterize these impacts in qualitative terms. 7-5 ------- 8. REFERENCES Aksoy, M. 1989. Hematotoxicity and carcinogenicity of benzene. Environ Health Perspect 82: 193-197. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT). 1980. A twenty-four month inhalation toxicology study in Fischer-344 rats exposed to atmospheric toluene. 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Accessed September 2018. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size Standards Table.pdf 8-6 ------- ATTACHMENT A SECTORS AND SOURCE CATEGORIES AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED MM2A RULE Table A-l Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under the Primary Scenario Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 1 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 64 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 15 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 2 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 1 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 1 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 1 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 2 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 2 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 4 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 1 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 2 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 1 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 72 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 4 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 1 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation^ 221119 8 5 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 1 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 7 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 2 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 10 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 12 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 2 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 2 Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 5 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 14 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 1 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product 311514 3 0 Manufacturing Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 A-l ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to MACT Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 2 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 1 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 1 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 1 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 1 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 2 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 1 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 1 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 2 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 29 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 1 Industrial Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 43 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 Industrial Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 21 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) 321213 6 4 Manufacturing Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 205 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product 321999 Manufacturing J L Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 0 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 132 Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper 322220 17 0 Manufacturing Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product 322299 1 0 Manufacturing Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 110 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 149 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials 324122 3 0 Manufacturing Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products 324199 A 0 Manufacturing Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 238 A-2 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 2 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 3 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA 325181 4 1 Industrial Carbon Black ManufacturingA 325182 21 8 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 93 35 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 1 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 2 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 24 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 307 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 4 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 3 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 6 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 2 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 6 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 11 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 26 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and 325998 10 Preparation Manufacturing .5 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 4 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 10 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 1 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 1 A-3 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 5 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 1 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 19 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 2 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 101 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 27 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 4 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 2 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 9 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 3 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 2 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 4 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 2 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware 327212 17 11 Manufacturing Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 4 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 22 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 1 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 2 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 6 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral 327999 Product Manufacturing L L Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 45 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 5 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product A/f q m i fq r* t n t*i n fr^ 331112 1 0 Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum Production^ Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331210 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 331410 331411 6 2 16 53 6 1 22 2 0 A-4 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'"* Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 331419 331420 331422 331491 331492 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 332119 332212 332311 332312 332321 332322 332431 332439 332722 332811 332812 332813 332990 332992 332993 332999 333111 333112 333120 333131 333293 333316 83 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 14 4 1 1 436 30 2 1 1 40 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 8 3 1 1 332 1 1 3 3 5 1 20 2 1 1 A-5 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA 333415 333512 333513 333611 333618 333923 333992 334220 334411 334412 334413 334512 334613 335110 335224 335228 335311 335312 335911 335931 335932 335991 336111 336112 336120 336211 336212 336310 336311 336312 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 23 1 1 13 2 6 66 5 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 16 1 1 11 2 5 33 4 6 6 1 A-6 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation Line-Haul Railroads 336330 336340 336350 336360 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 336413 336415 336510 336611 336612 336992 337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337214 337215 337920 339112 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 424710 481111 482111 2 1 2 1 1 13 2 125 8 10 1 1 92 123 347 2 14 1 5 19 1 9 2 99 6 1 57 81 260 2 10 1 4 12 A-7 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 1 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 284 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 1 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 2 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 2 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 86 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 2 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Miniwarehouses) 531120 1 1 Commercial Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, 541380 2 2 Commercial Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)AA 541715 2 2 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 1 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 26 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 330 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 2 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 13 Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 1 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 1 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 2 Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources." Memorandum for U.S. EPA/O AQPS/SPPD. A-8 ------- Table A-2 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative Scenario 1 Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 0 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 52 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 11 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 1 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 0 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 0 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 0 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 1 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 1 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 2 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 0 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 1 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 0 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 60 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 2 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 0 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 3 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 0 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 5 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 0 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 8 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 9 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 0 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 0 Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 5 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 2 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 0 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product 311514 3 0 Manufacturing Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 A-9 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to MACT Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 1 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 0 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 0 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 0 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 0 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 0 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 0 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 0 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 1 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 20 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 0 Industrial Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 34 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 Industrial Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 17 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) 321213 6 4 Manufacturing Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 161 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product 321999 Manufacturing J L Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 0 Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 99 Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper 322220 17 0 Manufacturing Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product 322299 1 0 Manufacturing Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 95 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 124 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials 324122 3 0 Manufacturing Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products 324199 A 0 Manufacturing Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 215 A-10 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 2 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 2 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA 325181 4 1 Industrial Carbon Black ManufacturingA 325182 21 8 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 93 31 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 1 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 2 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 20 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 231 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 3 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 2 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 4 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 2 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 2 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 7 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 23 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and 325998 10 Preparation Manufacturing L Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 2 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 7 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 0 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 0 A-ll ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing Clay Refractory ManufacturingA Flat Glass Manufacturing Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Cement Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Gypsum Product Manufacturing Abrasive Product Manufacturing Mineral Wool Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing Iron and Steel MillsA Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing Primary Aluminum ProductionA Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 326130 326140 326150 326191 326199 326211 326220 326291 326299 327110 327120 327124 327211 327212 327310 327410 327420 327910 327993 327999 331110 331111 331112 331210 331221 331312 331313 331314 331315 331316 331318 7 1 19 2 148 39 2 14 4 46 8 2 17 6 43 1 4 13 72 50 1 6 2 16 53 6 1 3 0 17 0 68 18 2 18 0 1 4 43 5 0 20 2 0 A-12 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to MACT Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting 331410 1 0 and Refining Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA 331411 0 0 Industrial Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous 331419 2 0 Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Industrial Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and 331420 3 0 Alloying Industrial Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA 331422 1 0 Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) 331491 3 1 Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Industrial Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of 331492 2 0 Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Industrial Iron Foundries 331511 83 38 Industrial Steel Foundries (except Investment) 331513 2 0 Industrial Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'"* 331521 1 0 Industrial Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) 331524 2 0 Industrial Nonferrous Forging 332112 1 1 Industrial Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping 332119 1 1 (except Automotive) Industrial Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA 332212 1 1 Industrial Prefabricated Metal Building and Component 332311 1 1 Manufacturing Industrial Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332312 1 1 Industrial Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332321 5 4 Industrial Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332322 1 1 Industrial Metal Can Manufacturing 332431 14 7 Industrial Other Metal Container Manufacturing 332439 4 2 Industrial Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer 332722 1 1 Manufacturing Industrial Metal Heat Treating 332811 1 1 Industrial Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and 332812 436 251 Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Industrial Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and 332813 3 2 Coloring Industrial Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing 332990 1 1 Industrial Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332992 1 1 Industrial Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing 332993 3 2 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal 332999 Product Manufacturing J L Industrial Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 8 3 Industrial Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and 333112 1 0 Garden Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 30 15 Industrial Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333131 2 0 A-13 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 333293 1 0 333316 1 0 333415 1 0 333512 1 0 333513 1 0 333611 1 0 333618 5 2 333923 1 0 333992 2 0 334220 1 0 334411 1 0 334412 1 0 334413 23 13 334512 1 0 334613 0 0 335110 1 1 335224 13 11 335228 2 2 335311 1 1 335312 2 2 335911 1 1 335931 1 1 335932 1 1 335991 6 5 336111 66 18 336112 5 4 336120 8 5 336211 8 5 336212 1 1 336310 2 2 A-14 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 336311 336312 336330 336340 336350 336360 336370 336390 336399 336411 336412 336413 336415 336510 336611 336612 336992 337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337214 337215 337920 339112 339113 339910 339920 339940 339991 339995 339999 424510 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 13 2 125 8 10 1 1 92 123 347 14 1 5 19 1 7 2 84 5 1 48 64 238 2 9 1 4 A-15 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 3 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 0 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 0 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 0 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 229 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 0 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 1 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 0 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 75 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 2 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Miniwarehouses) 531120 1 0 Commercial Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, 541380 2 0 Commercial Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)AA 541715 2 0 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 0 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 21 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 262 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 2 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 9 Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 0 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 0 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 1 Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources." Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. A-16 ------- Table A-3 Sources Expected to Experience Regulatory Relief under Alternative Scenario 2 Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Agriculture Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning) 115114 1 1 Energy Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211111 120 72 Energy Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211112 26 17 Industrial Iron Ore Mining 212210 9 2 Industrial Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212231 1 1 Industrial Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212234 1 1 Industrial All Other Metal Ore Mining 212299 1 1 Industrial Industrial Sand Mining 212322 3 2 Industrial Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212324 3 2 Industrial Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212391 6 4 Industrial All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212399 1 1 Energy Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 3 2 Utilities Hydroelectric Power Generation 221111 1 1 Utilities Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 221112 334 82 Utilities Biomass Electric Power Generation 221117 5 4 Utilities Other Electric Power Generation 221118 1 1 Utilities Other Electric Power GenerationA 221119 8 5 Utilities Electric Power Distribution 221122 1 1 Utilities Natural Gas Distribution 221210 13 7 Utilities Water Supply and Irrigation Systems 221310 2 2 Utilities Sewage Treatment Facilities 221320 19 11 Utilities Steam and Air-Conditioning Supply 221330 22 13 Industrial Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 1 0 Industrial Wet Corn Milling 311221 16 0 Industrial Soybean ProcessingA 311222 16 0 Industrial Other Oilseed ProcessingA 311223 5 0 Industrial Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing 311224 116 2 Industrial Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 2 0 Industrial Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 11 0 Industrial Cane Sugar Manufacturing 311314 3 0 Industrial Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311411 2 0 Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311421 1 0 Industrial Specialty Canning 311422 2 0 Industrial Cheese Manufacturing 311513 2 0 Industrial Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product 311514 3 0 Manufacturing Industrial Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing 311613 1 0 Industrial Commercial Bakeries 311812 2 0 Industrial Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311919 1 0 Industrial Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 1 0 A-17 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to MACT Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 1 0 Industrial Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311942 4 0 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311999 6 0 Industrial Breweries 312120 3 2 Industrial Distilleries 312140 1 1 Industrial Tobacco Manufacturing 312230 1 1 Industrial Yarn Spinning MillsA 313111 1 1 Industrial Thread MillsA 313113 1 1 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Mills 313210 2 2 Industrial Narrow Fabric MillsA 313221 1 1 Industrial Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 1 1 Industrial Broadwoven Fabric Finishing MillsA 313311 3 2 Industrial Fabric Coating Mills 313320 50 34 Industrial Tire Cord and Tire Fabric MillsA 314992 1 1 Industrial Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing 316110 6 5 Industrial Sawmills 321113 61 45 Industrial Wood Preservation 321114 3 2 Industrial Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321211 3 2 Industrial Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing 321212 29 21 Industrial Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) 321213 6 4 Manufacturing Industrial Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 284 211 Industrial Wood Window and Door Manufacturing 321911 4 2 Industrial Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing 321912 4 2 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product 321999 Manufacturing J L Industrial Pulp Mills 322110 18 0 Industrial Paper (except Newsprint) Mills 322121 281 l Industrial Newsprint Mills 322122 7 0 Industrial Paperboard Mills 322130 36 0 Industrial Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing 322211 213 157 Industrial Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper 322220 17 0 Manufacturing Industrial Coated and Laminated Paper ManufacturingA 322222 12 0 Industrial Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 2 0 Industrial All Other Converted Paper Product 322299 1 0 Manufacturing Industrial Commercial Lithographic PrintingA 323110 1 1 Industrial Commercial Printing (except Screen and Books) 323111 188 124 Industrial Books Printing 323117 3 2 Industrial Petroleum Refineries 324110 424 185 Industrial Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials 324122 3 1 Manufacturing Industrial All Other Petroleum and Coal Products 324199 A 1 Manufacturing Industrial Petrochemical Manufacturing 325110 597 283 A-18 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325120 4 1 Industrial Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing 325130 1 0 Industrial Inorganic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325131 3 1 Industrial Synthetic Organic Dye and Pigment ManufacturingA 325132 2 0 Industrial Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 325180 10 3 Industrial Alkalies and Chlorine ManufacturingA 325181 4 1 Industrial Carbon Black ManufacturingA 325182 21 9 Industrial All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical ManufacturingA 325188 93 42 Industrial Cyclic Crude and Intermediate ManufacturingA 325192 1 0 Industrial Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing 325193 7 3 Industrial Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 325194 2 0 Industrial All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 77 32 Industrial Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 833 412 Industrial Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing 325212 24 4 Industrial Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing 325220 6 2 Industrial Cellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325221 1 0 Industrial Noncellulosic Organic Fiber ManufacturingA 325222 8 3 Industrial Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 325311 16 7 Industrial Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing 325312 30 3 Industrial Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 22 6 Industrial Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing 325411 4 1 Industrial Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 325412 36 15 Industrial Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing 325414 1 0 Industrial Paint and Coating Manufacturing 325510 51 34 Industrial Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 4 1 Industrial Surface Active Agent Manufacturing 325613 2 0 Industrial Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 325620 2 0 Industrial Explosives Manufacturing 325920 2 0 Industrial Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 325991 5 2 Industrial Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing 325992 4 1 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and 325998 10 Preparation Manufacturing .5 Industrial Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing 326112 5 4 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing 326113 16 10 Industrial Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing 326121 12 1 Industrial Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 326122 1 1 A-19 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Industrial Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing 326130 7 5 Industrial Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing 326140 1 1 Industrial Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 326150 19 19 Industrial Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 326191 2 2 Industrial All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing 326199 148 101 Industrial Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 326211 39 27 Industrial Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing 326220 6 4 Industrial Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use 326291 2 2 Industrial All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing 326299 14 8 Industrial Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 327110 4 3 Industrial Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing 327120 46 2 Industrial Clay Refractory ManufacturingA 327124 8 4 Industrial Flat Glass Manufacturing 327211 2 2 Industrial Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware 327212 17 11 Manufacturing Industrial Cement Manufacturing 327310 6 4 Industrial Lime Manufacturing 327410 43 22 Industrial Gypsum Product Manufacturing 327420 1 1 Industrial Abrasive Product Manufacturing 327910 4 2 Industrial Mineral Wool Manufacturing 327993 13 6 Industrial All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral 327999 Product Manufacturing L L Industrial Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing 331110 72 50 Industrial Iron and Steel MillsA 331111 50 6 Industrial Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Product ManufacturingA 331112 1 1 Industrial Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel 331210 5 4 Industrial Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing 331221 6 4 Industrial Primary Aluminum ProductionA 331312 2 2 Industrial Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production 331313 16 2 Industrial Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 331314 53 27 Industrial Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing 331315 6 4 Industrial Aluminum Extruded Product ManufacturingA 331316 1 1 InHiictrliil Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and ^1^18 ? ? A-20 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Primary Smelting and Refining of CopperA Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)A Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying Copper Wire (except Mechanical) DrawingA Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Iron Foundries Steel Foundries (except Investment) Aluminum Die-Casting Foundries'"* Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting) Nonferrous Forging Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) Hand and Edge Tool ManufacturingA Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing Metal Window and Door Manufacturing Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing Metal Can Manufacturing Other Metal Container Manufacturing Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing Metal Heat Treating Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Other Fabricated Metal Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing Construction Machinery Manufacturing Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 331410 331411 331419 331420 331422 331491 331492 331511 331513 331521 331524 332112 332119 332212 332311 332312 332321 332322 332431 332439 332722 332811 332812 332813 332990 332992 332993 332999 333111 333112 333120 333131 83 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 14 4 1 1 436 30 2 46 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 I II 3 1 1 371 1 1 3 3 5 1 23 2 A-21 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Printing Machinery and Equipment ManufacturingA Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Machine Tool (Metal Cutting Types) ManufacturingA Machine Tool (Metal Forming Types) ManufacturingA Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail System Manufacturing Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing Electron Tube ManufacturingA Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for Residential, Commercial, and Appliance Use Blank Magnetic and Optical Recording Media Manufacturing Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing Household Laundry Equipment Manufacturing Other Major Household Appliance Manufacturing Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing Motor and Generator Manufacturing Storage Battery Manufacturing Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing Truck Trailer Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 333293 1 1 333316 1 1 333415 1 1 333512 1 1 333513 1 1 333611 1 1 333618 5 4 333923 1 1 333992 2 2 334220 1 1 334411 1 1 334412 1 1 334413 23 18 334512 1 1 334613 0 0 335110 1 1 335224 13 11 335228 2 2 335311 1 1 335312 2 2 335911 1 1 335931 1 1 335932 1 1 335991 6 5 336111 66 37 336112 5 5 336120 8 6 336211 8 6 336212 1 1 336310 2 2 A-22 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Projected to Subject to Obtain Area MACT Source Status Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Commercial Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve ManufacturingA Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts ManufacturingA Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing All Other Motor Vehicle Parts ManufacturingA Aircraft Manufacturing Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing Ship Building and Repairing Boat Building Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Office Furniture (except Wood) Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Blind and Shade Manufacturing Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Office Supplies (except Paper) Manufacturing Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing Burial Casket Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers 336311 1 1 336312 3 3 336330 2 2 336340 1 1 336350 2 2 336360 1 1 336370 1 1 336390 13 9 336399 2 2 336411 125 107 336412 8 6 336413 10 7 336415 1 1 336510 1 1 336611 92 74 336612 123 94 336992 2 2 337110 347 289 337121 2 2 337122 14 12 337127 1 1 337211 5 6 337214 19 17 337215 1 1 337920 1 1 339112 2 2 339113 1 1 339910 1 1 339920 1 1 339940 1 1 339991 2 2 339995 3 2 339999 5 4 424510 1 1 A-23 ------- Facilities Sector Source Category NAICS Category Subject to MACT Projected to Obtain Area Source Status Commercial Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 424710 7 4 Commercial Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation 481111 2 2 Commercial Line-Haul Railroads 482111 1 1 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 486110 1 1 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 486210 501 326 Energy Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products 486910 1 1 Commercial Support Activities for Rail Transportation 488210 3 2 Commercial Marine Cargo Handling 488320 2 2 Commercial General Warehousing and Storage 493110 180 108 Commercial Other Warehousing and Storage 493190 6 4 Commercial Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except Miniwarehouses) 531120 1 1 Commercial Testing Laboratories Research and Development in the Physical, 541380 2 2 Commercial Engineering and Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)AA 541715 2 2 Commercial All Other Support Services 561990 1 1 Waste Treatment Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 562211 41 32 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Landfill 562212 522 399 Waste Treatment Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 562213 3 3 Waste Treatment Remediation Services 562910 1 1 Educational Services Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 611310 23 15 Commercial Amusement and Theme Parks 713110 1 1 Commercial Linen and Uniform Supply 812330 1 1 Commercial Industrial Launderers 812332 3 2 Sources: 2012 Economic Census; Eastern Research Group. May, 2019. Analysis of Potential Costs and Cost Savings Associated with Facilities Reclassifying as Area Sources." Memorandum for U.S. EPA/OAQPS/SPPD. A-24 ------- ATTACHMENT B SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY AND DATA USED TO ESTIMATE CHANGES IN EMISSIONS As described in the Emission Impact Analysis Technical Support Memorandum, the EPA and ERG reviewed the reclassification of 34 sources that as of May 2019 had reclassified to area source status or were in the process of reclassifying to area source status since January 2018. The EPA also performed an illustrative emission impact analysis for six source categories. The illustrative analysis focuses on the technology basis for the major source NESHAP and effects of the MM2A policy on the facilities in each source category, including the effect of other federal and state rules (e.g., NSPS or state rules to limit VOC emissions in ozone nonattainment areas). The details of the review of the reclassification actions and the illustrative analysis of the six source categories, including the methodology and the rationale for EPA's key assumptions and assessments, can be found in the Emission Impact Analysis Technical Support Memorandum, available in the docket.34 Below we summarize the analysis of reclassifications and the illustrative analysis of the six source categories. This analysis of the six source categories is purely illustrative in nature and does not serve as an analysis of emissions impacts for all source categories affected by the proposal. Reclassifications Analysis The EPA reviewed reclassification permits associated with 34 reclassifications to area source status. Of the 34 sources reviewed for this analysis, 21 sources can be classified as coating type sources; five as oil and gas sources; four as fuel combustion/boiler sources, three as chemical sources and one as heavy industry. (See Table 2 of Emission Impacts Analysis TSM available in the docket). To assess the potential for emission impacts due to reclassification, the EPA focused the review on the enforceable conditions associated with the HAP PTE limitations for the emission units previously subject to major source NESHAP requirements and whether the sources that reclassified will continue to use the major source NESHAP compliance obligations for these emission units as an enforceable condition on the source's PTE. A summary of the permit review and emission evaluation is presented in Table 2 and Appendix 1 of the Emission Impacts Analysis TSM available in the docket. The EPA's findings from the permit review and 34 U.S. EPA. Documentation of the emission impacts analysis for the proposed rulemaking: "Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act." May 2019. B-l ------- emission evaluation is that sources that reclassify to area source status would, in most cases, achieve and maintain area source status by operating the emission controls or continuing to implement the practices they used to comply with the major source NESHAP requirements. Below is an overview of the EPA's findings from the permit review and evaluation: • Of the 21 coating sources (Facilities # 1-21 on Table 2 of Emission Impact Analysis TSM), 20 used compliant materials (low-HAP/no-HAP) to meet applicable major source requirements, and their continued use of compliant materials is an enforceable condition after reclassification. Only one source (Facility # 13) used a regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO) to meet the applicable major source requirements and their continued use of the RTO is an enforceable condition after reclassification. Thus, the EPA does not expect emissions increases from those sources using compliant materials (low-HAP/no-HAP) both before and after reclassification. Similarly, for the coating source using the RTO, the permit for this source continues to require the use of an RTO ensuring a HAP destruction efficiency of 95 percent as an enforceable permit requirement. Therefore, we don't expect emissions increases resulting from the reclassification of this facility. • All five oil and gas sources (Facilities # 22-26 on Table 2 of Emission Impact Analysis TSM), that reclassified or are in the process of reclassifying relied on the use of control technologies to meet applicable major source requirements before reclassification, and their continued use of these control technologies is an enforceable condition after reclassification. Four of these facilities (#22, #24, #25, and #26) were subject to the major source requirements of the Oil and Natural Gas Production NESHAP while one facility (#23) was subject to the major source requirements of the Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) NESHAP. o The facility (#23) previously subject to the major source RICE NESHAP requirements, replaced old engines with new engines equipped with a catalytic oxidizer designed to reduce HAP emissions (formaldehyde by 90 percent) prior to the reclassification. Since reclassification, this facility continues to be subject to enforceable conditions on the operation of the engines and the catalytic oxidizer to reduce formaldehyde by 90 percent. Thus, we don't expect emissions increases resulting from the reclassification of this facility. B-2 ------- o Of the four facilities that were subject to the major source requirements of the Oil and Natural Gas Production NESHAP, two (#22 and #26) relied on the use of flares and enclosed combustion devices to meet applicable major source requirements before reclassification, and their continued use of these control technologies is required as an enforceable condition after reclassification. The permit for another facility (#24), as proposed, will impose enforceable emission restrictions for an existing installed and operating emissions unit and associated voluntarily installed and operated control device. The proposed enforceable conditions include the operation of an enclosed combustor to control the VOC and HAP emissions from a triethylene glycol dehydrator still vent. If these enforceable conditions are finalized, we don't expect emissions increases resulting from the reclassification of this facility. The last facility in this category (#25) took additional enforceable limits on the amount of low-pressure relief gas vented to the atmosphere to ensure emissions of the individual HAP 2,2,4- trimethylpentane (largest individual HAP for the gas compression/venting operation) emissions are below 10 tpy. This enforceable limitation ensures HAP emissions will not increase as a result of the modification to vent the low-pressure gas directly to the atmosphere instead of being recovered in a vapor recovery unit. Without the enforceable limitations in the amount of low-pressure relief gas vented to the atmosphere, emissions from the gas compression/venting would have increased (uncontrolled PTE) to 10.3 tpy for the largest individual HAP. The actions taken by this facility to reclassify to area source status resulted in emission reductions. • Of the four fuel combustion/boiler sources (Facilities # 27-30 on Table 2 of Emission Analysis TSM), three of these sources (#27, #28, #29) had emissions above the major source thresholds as reported in the 2014 National Emission Inventory (NEI). To reclassify, these sources either ceased combustion of coal, ceased operation of boilers, or obtained enforceable restrictions on the combustion of natural gas. For each of these three sources, their actions to reclassify resulted in a reduction of HAP emissions. Another source (#30) relied on material limits and operational restrictions on natural gas usage to meet the applicable major source requirements, and the continued use of these B-3 ------- compliance methods is required by an enforceable condition after the reclassification. Thus, the EPA does not expect emission increases from the reclassification of this source. • Two of the chemical sources are gasoline distribution facilities (Facilities #31 and #33 on Table 2 of Emission Analysis TSM). These facilities were subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart R and relied on vapor flare/vapor combustion to meet the major source requirements before reclassification, and their continued use of this control technology is required as an enforceable condition after reclassification. Since reclassification, their permit continues to require the operation of the vapor flare/vapor combustor at all times when the facility's loading racks are loading gasoline into transports. These sources are now subject to the area source NESHAP requirements in 40 CFR part 63, subpart BBBBBB that regulate emissions from tanks, transfer racks, roof landings, and maintenance. For these facilities, the EPA reviewed the operating parameters associated with the vapor flare/vapor combustion. The permit for one facility (#31) includes a requirement for annual periodic testing in addition to the continuous monitoring of the presence of the pilot flame to ensure that the enclosed combustor is operational when loading operations occur. The annual performance test together with the monitoring of the presence of the flame ensure operation and performance. We, therefore, do not expect emission increases due to the reclassification of this source. The other gasoline distribution facility (#33) continues to be subject to flare operating and monitoring requirements in 40 CFR part 60, subpart XX (New Source Performance Standards for Bulk Gasoline Terminals). The flare operating and monitoring requirements in 40 CFR part 60, subpart XX are identical to those that the source was previously subject to under 40 CFR part 63, subpart R. This permit also requires testing for specific HAP associated with the vapor combustor to ensure operation and performance. We do not expect emission increases due to the reclassification of this source. • As for the incinerator (Facility #32 on Table 2 of Emission Analysis TSM), the source continues to be subject to the same NESHAP requirements in 40 CFR part 63 subpart, EEEE as before reclassification, and it has been reclassified for purposes of applicability with 40 CFR part 63, subpart DD (Off-Site Waste Recovery Operations), which covers emissions from tanks and equipment leaks. This source relied on control technologies B-4 ------- (fixed roofs with closed vents systems routed to carbon absorption units) as their method of compliance before reclassification and is required by an enforceable condition to continue to operate the same control technologies after reclassification. The source is also subject to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulation/permit requirements. The RCRA permit for this facility requires the source to control emissions by venting the tanks through closed vent systems to carbon adsorption units designed and operated to recover the organic vapors vented to them with an efficiency of 95 percent or greater by weight. The tanks shall be covered by a fixed roof and vented directly through the closed vent system to a control device. Therefore, we don't expect emissions increases due to the reclassification of this source. • As for the lime manufacturing plant (Facility # 34 on Table 2 of Emission Analysis TSM), after reclassification this source remains subject to other regulatory obligations, including PM emission limitations, use of a baghouse, and monitored opacity as an operating limit with operation of a COMs. Because of the inherent scrubbing properties of lime and the requirements for the use of a baghouse, we don't expect emissions increases resulting from the reclassification of this facility. The results of the analysis of these reclassifications show that three sources with NEI 2014 emissions above the major source thresholds took actions that reduced their emissions below what is required by their previously applicable major sources NESHAP and to below the major source thresholds in order to reclassify to area source status. The results also support the conclusion that the remaining 31 sources that reclassified from major to area source status since January 2018 will have no change in emissions. Illustrative Analysis In addition to the evaluation of the reclassification actions presented above, the EPA performed an illustrative assessment for six source categories: Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations, Surface Coating of Metal Cans, Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products, Wet-Formed Fiberglass Mat Production, HC1 Production, and Non-Gasoline OLD. The analysis of these six source categories is informative in some respects but is only illustrative and speculative in nature and can only present a range of possible outcomes that is dependent on the assumption that we made in the assessment. The following discussion summarizes the illustrative B-5 ------- emission impact analysis and results of it. The full discussion of the illustrative analysis, including the rationale for our key assumptions and assessments, is presented in the technical support memo for the emission analysis, which is available in the docket. Consistent with the review and evaluation of the reclassification actions, the illustrative analysis focuses on whether sources in the evaluated source categories could adjust the types of add-on control equipment used to comply with the major source NESHAP requirements upon reclassification. The EPA considered two set of assumptions for the illustrative analysis. The first set of assumptions aligns with the findings of our permit review presented above in which sources continue to use the same compliance obligations before and after reclassification and add-on controls are not adjusted to decrease control efficiency after the source is reclassified. The second set of assumptions addresses sources that limits and use adjustable add-on controls, estimating possible emission impacts if these sources were allowed by their regulatory authority {i.e., permitting authority) to change the operating parameters of the adjustable add-on controls after reclassifying. To assess the potential for emission changes if sources taking HAP PTE limitations were to be allowed by their permitting authority to change the operating parameters of adjustable add- on control, we assumed the following: • For a source category employing adjustable controls, emissions could potentially increase for all facilities with actual emissions below the 75 percent thresholds. • For sources with only a single HAP reported in the NEI and an adjustable control, a potential increase in emissions was calculated as the difference between 7.5 tpy and the estimate of the single largest HAP. Otherwise, the potential emissions increase was estimated as the larger difference between 18.75 tpy and the estimate of total HAP emissions and between 7.5 tpy and the single HAP emissions. For our illustrative assessment, we also considered whether other non-HAP regulatory requirements apply to the facilities that could potentially reclassify and increase emissions that would provide some level of control of HAP from the source/pollutants {i.e., NSPS, control techniques guidelines, etc.) and the extent to which those other regulatory requirements would serve as a backstop that would prevent emission increases and whether area source NESHAP requirements would apply to a source that reclassifies. B-6 ------- Surface Coating Source Categories 1. Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (40 CFR part 63 subpart MMMM) • Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: organic HAP. • HAP that could be emitted from source category: xylenes, toluene, phenol, cresols/cresylic acid, glycol ethers, styrene and ethyl benzene. • Subpart MMMM was promulgated in 2004 and amended in 2006. EPA is currently working on the RTR with a court-ordered promulgation date of March 2020. • The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is low-HAP coatings for all subcategories (except magnet wire, for which the standard is based on the use of a catalytic oxidizer that is part of the curing oven and is integral to the process). • These facilities are not subject to an NSPS, but they may be subject to state rules based on 1978 and 2008 CTGs. Facilities that are area sources may be subject to the area source NESHAP standard for paint stripping and miscellaneous surface coating operations (subpart HHHHHH). • Based on our data, 371 facilities are subject to subpart MMMM. We estimate 285 facilities could obtain area source status at the 75% threshold. o EPA has reviewed the permits from 107 major source facilities; approximately 30% of these facilities have add-on controls. o If these facilities were to reclassify, the fact that they have either already re- engineered their coatings or use emission controls integral to their curing ovens supports the conclusion they will continue to use low-HAP coatings and controls to comply with any VOC coating limits. o Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases from these facilities if they were to reclassify. • We estimate 47 additional facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source thresholds and could potentially reclassify. o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (160 tpy for combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. However, the reclassification decision is not as clear-cut as it is for facilities that have emissions below 75%) of the major source thresholds. Facilities with emissions at major source levels would have to weigh the costs of reducing emissions against the avoided costs associated with the major source NESHAP requirements when deciding whether to pursue reclassification. We examine this cost consideration in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several source categories. 2. Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations (40 CFR part 63 subpart JJ) • Pollutants regulated by the major source NESHAP: volatile organic HAP (VOHAP) and formaldehyde. B-7 ------- • HAP that could be emitted from source category: toluene, xylene, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, glycol ethers and formaldehyde. • Subpart JJ was promulgated in 1995 and amended in 1998. The RTR was promulgated in 2011. • The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is low-HAP coatings and high-efficiency application methods. The RTR confirmed that most facilities are using low- and no-formaldehyde coatings and contact adhesives and found only one facility using an add-on control. • These facilities are not subject to an NSPS, but they could be subject to state rules based on a 1996 Control Technology Guidance (CTG) document.35 The CTG is used in the establishment of reasonably available control technology (RACT) for VOC for ozone nonattainment areas. • In the RTR, we estimated that on average, 50% of all VOC is HAP. • Based on emissions data, 333 facilities are subject to subpart JJ and 250 facilities could potentially reclassify to area source status at the 75% thresholds. o If these facilities were to reclassify, we expect they would continue the use of no- HAP/low-HAP coatings and high-efficiency application methods because they have already re-engineered their processes and need to continue using these measures to maintain area source status. o Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases from these facilities if they were to reclassify. • We estimate an additional 26 facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source thresholds (above 7.5 but below 12.5 tpy for one HAP and above 18.75 but below 31.25 tpy for combined HAP) and could potentially reclassify. o Some of these facilities may already be using low-HAP coatings but have high production volumes. Others may rely on formulations that contain a higher percentage of HAP due to product specifications. o Based on this review, we would expect some potential for emission decreases (125 tpy for combined HAP) if these facilities were to reclassify. As noted above, facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several source categories. 3. Surface Coating of Metal Cans (40 CFR part 63 subpart KKKK) • Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: organic HAP. o HAP that could be emitted from source category: xylene, hexane, glycol ethers (other than EGBE), isophorone, ethyl benzene, formaldehyde, napthalene, cumene and toluene. 35 Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations. EPA-453/R- 96-007. April 1996. B-8 ------- • Subpart KKKK was promulgated in 2003 and amended in 2006. EPA is currently working on the RTR with a court-ordered promulgation date of March 13, 2020. • The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is a combination of low-HAP coatings and add-on controls (e.g., thermal oxidizers). • Some facilities may be subject to NSPS subpart WW (beverage can surface coating) and could be subject to state rules based on CTG. • Based on our data, five facilities are subject to subpart KKKK, and one could obtain area source status at the 75% threshold. o Facility emissions: total HAP from NEI = 7.70 tpy; single HAP = 1.97 tpy. o Based on a permit review, the one facility that could obtain area source status at the 75% threshold uses thermal oxidizers to comply with subpart KKKK and is required to capture and control VOC separate from subpart KKKK requirements. o If the facility reclassified, the state requirement would necessitate it continue to operate the control technology as it has done in the past. o Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases from these facilities if they were to reclassify. • We estimate two additional facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source thresholds and could potentially reclassify. o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (4 tpy for combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. As noted above, facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several source categories. Heavy Industry Source Categories 4. Wet-Formed Fiberglass Mat Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart HHHH) • Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: formaldehyde (surrogate for total HAP emissions). • HAP that could be emitted from source category: formaldehyde and methanol (present in some resins). • Subpart HHHH was promulgated in 2002 and EPA promulgated the RTR on February 28, 2019. • The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is the use of thermal oxidizers or similar controls (e.g., RTO, regenerative catalytic oxidizer) and the demonstration of compliance with the percent-reduction requirement (96% destruction efficiency of formaldehyde). Formaldehyde-free resins are used in limited applications. • There are no individual state rules/NSPS/CTG that limit HAP from these sources, though some may be subject to state VOC limits. • Based on our data, seven facilities are subject to subpart HHHH, and we estimate five could potentially reclassify to area source status at the 75% threshold. B-9 ------- o Consistent with the findings of our permit review presented above, under the first set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, if these sources were to reclassify we could expect them to operate the add-on controls at the same control level as prior to reclassification, resulting in no potential increases in emissions due to the reclassification. o Under the second set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, we reviewed whether these five facilities could potentially be allowed to adjust the operating parameters to achieve less than 96% reduction of formaldehyde, o Based on permit reviews, two facilities have permit requirements associated with VOC control. Because formaldehyde is a VOC, we assumed that if these two facilities were to reclassify, the state requirements would prevent any potential for changes to the operating parameters of the add-on controls. Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases if these two facilities were to reclassify, o Based on permit reviews, the other three facilities are not subject to other state rules limiting VOC or HAP emissions or that require operation and maintenance of an emission capture and control system. These sources demonstrate compliance with the percent-reduction NESHAP standard, indicating >96% control, and most of that level of control would be needed to maintain area source status, o If these three facilities were to reclassify and the permit requires control of formaldehyde at a lower percentage reduction (less than 96% control), emissions could potentially increase (6.1 tpy for a single HAP or 32.5 tpy for combined HAP). We estimate there are no facilities with emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source thresholds, and we do not estimate any potential emission reductions from this category. 5. Hydrochloric Acid (HCD Production (40 CFR part 63 subpart NNNNN) • Pollutants regulated by the major source NESHAP: HC1 and chlorine (Cb). • Subpart NNNN was promulgated in 2003 and amended in 2006. EPA proposed the RTR in February 2019 and has a court-ordered promulgation date of March 13, 2020. • The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard is the use of caustic acid- gas scrubbers (99% reduction) on process vents, storage tanks, and transfer operations, plus the use of a site-specific leak detection and repair (LDAR) program. • There are no individual state rules/NSPS that would otherwise limit HAP from these sources. • Based on our data, 19 facilities are subject to subpart NNNNN. EPA estimates three could potentially reclassify to area source status at the 75% threshold. o Consistent with the findings of our permit review presented above, under the first set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, if these sources were to reclassify we could expect them to operate the scrubbers to control emissions from HC1 and CL2 at the same control level as prior to reclassification, resulting in no potential increases in emissions due to the reclassification, o Under the second set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, we reviewed whether these five facilities could potentially be allowed to adjust the operating parameters to achieve less than 99% reduction of HC1 and Cb. B-10 ------- o One facility has a permit limit on annual HC1 emissions that is at least as stringent as the NESHAP, this state requirements would prevent any potential for changes to the operating parameters of the add-on controls. Based on this review, we would expect no emissions increases if this facility were to reclassify, o Based on permit reviews, there are no other requirements for two facilities that would limit emissions or that require operation and maintenance of emission capture and control systems that could serve as backstops, o If these three facilities were to reclassify and the permit required control of HC1 and Cb at a lower percentage reduction (less than 99% control), emissions could potentially increase (11 tpy for a single HAP or 27 tpy for combined HAP). • We estimate two additional facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source thresholds. o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (4 tpy for combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. As noted above, facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several source categories. 6. Organic Liquids Distribution (OLD Non-Gasoline) (40 CFR part 63 subpart EEEE) • Pollutant regulated by the major source NESHAP: organic HAP. o HAP that could be emitted: benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, vinyl chloride and xylenes. • Subpart EEEE was promulgated in 2004 and amended in 2006 and 2008. EPA is currently working on the RTR with a court-ordered promulgation date of March 13, 2020. • Emission sources controlled by the major source OLD NESHAP are storage tanks, transfer operations, transport vehicles while being loaded, and equipment leak components (valves, pumps, and sampling connections). • The technology basis of the major source NESHAP standard for storage tanks is a floating roof or closed vent system and control device (combustion, scrubber or adsorber) with a 95% reduction; for transfer racks, it is a closed vent system and control device (combustion) with 98% destruction; for equipment leaks, it is an LDAR work practice; and for transport vehicles, it is a vapor tightness or vapor collection certification work practice. • Based on our data, we estimate 178 facilities are subject to subpart EEEE. o Sixty-two OLD facilities are stand-alone and not co-located with other NESHAP sources. These are typically pipeline or marine terminals, o One hundred-sixteen OLD facilities are co-located with other NESHAP sources (e.g., HON, MON, MCM,36 coating and printing, bulk gasoline distribution), o Fifty OLD facilities are also subject to NSPS 40 CFR part 60 subpart Kb ("Standards for Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Vessels, Including Petroleum Liquid Storage Vessels, for Which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification 36 HON = Hazardous Organic NESHAP (subparts F, G, H, and I), MON = Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (subpart FFFF), and MCM = Miscellaneous Coatings Manufacturing NESHAP (subpart HHHHH). B-ll ------- Commenced After July 23, 1984.") and some could also be subject to state or local VOC standards if located in ozone nonattainment areas. We estimate 89 OLD facilities could potentially obtain area source status at the 75% threshold. Of these, 41 are stand-alone OLD facilities and 18 are subject to NSPS subpart Kb. Consistent with the findings of our permit review presented above, under the first set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, if these sources were to reclassify we could expect them to operate the combustion devices to control emissions from organic HAP from tanks and transfer racks at the same level as prior to reclassification, resulting in no potential increases in emissions due to the reclassification. Under the second set of assumptions for our illustrative analysis, we reviewed whether these 89 OLD facilities could potentially be allowed to adjust the operating parameters to achieve less than 98% destruction of organic HAP. o First, we determined which of these 89 OLD facilities are in ozone nonattainment areas. ERG then reviewed the permits for 15 of those OLD facilities located in ozone nonattainment areas that could reclassify to assess whether there are existing state rules or other permit conditions that could prevent the facility from increasing emissions if the facility obtained area source status, o Based on the permit review, at the 75% threshold seven facilities would not be expected to increase emissions because they are subject to state rules or permit requirements that directly or indirectly affect HAP emissions, o For the remaining 82 OLD facilities, if these facilities were to reclassify and the permit required organic HAP control at a lower percentage reduction (rather than 95-98%) control), there could be a potential emissions increase of 1,140 tpy (for combined HAP). o If the NSPS Kb acted as a backstop for 22 facilities, the potential for emissions increases would be reduced to 913 tpy (for combined HAP), a difference of 227 tpy of HAP. o , 4% of HAP emissions in the NEI come from transfer racks and 17% from equipment leaks (21% combined), and these two sources, as well as wastewater operations, are not regulated by these NSPS. (In the NEI, 44% of emissions could not be assigned to a specific source.) At the 22 facilities subject to NSPS Kb, transfer racks and equipment leaks may represent about 48 tpy of the projected HAP increase, and this increase would not be prevented by subpart Kb. o Therefore, the potential HAP emissions increase could be slightly higher because there is no NSPS backstop on emissions from transfer racks, equipment leaks, or wastewater operations. We estimate 19 facilities have emissions between 75% and 125% of the major source thresholds. o Based on this review, we would expect some emission decreases (77 tpy for combined HAP) from these facilities if they were to reclassify. As noted above, facilities will consider the costs to reduce emissions as part of their decision to reclassify. We examine this in our analysis of the illustrative 125% threshold as applied to several source categories. B-12 ------- United States Office of Air Quality Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency Air Economics Group May 2019 Research Triangle Park, NC ------- |