A FPA "nvi—,sa, Protection ^\xSmartWay LI »» Agency U.S. Environmental protection Agency » 2021 SmartWay Rail Carrier Partner Tool: Technical Documentation U.S. Version 2.0.20 (Data Year 2020) EPA-420-B-21-016 I April 2021! SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway ------- United States Environmental Protection ^1 llAgency ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^ 2021 SmartWay Rail Carrier Partner Tool: Technical Documentation U.S. Version 2.0.20 (Data Year 2020) Transportation and Climate Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-420-B-21-016 ApriL 2021 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Table of Contents 1.0 DATA SOURCES 3 2.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION 4 3.0 ACTIVITY INPUT VALIDATION 12 REFERENCES 14 APPENDIX A: LOCOMOTIVE EMISSION FACTORS A-l APPENDIX B: SURROGATE LOCOMOTIVE DATA B-l APPENDIX C: DERIVATION OF NATIONAL AVERAGE G/KW-HR EMISSION FACTORS C-l SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Table of Contents 1 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J List of Tables Table l. Example Operation Hour Allocation by Tier Level 5 Table 2. Emission Factors by Tier Level and Unit Type 5 Table 3. Emission Factors by Engine Tier Only 7 Table 4. National Average Railcar Volume Data (Tool Defaults) 9 Table 5. 2011 Ri Activity Data and Rail Tool Validation Ranges 13 Table A-i. Line Haul Locomotive Emission Factors (grams per gal) A-i Table A-2. Small Line-haul Locomotive Emission Factors (grams per gal) A-i Table A-3. Yard Locomotive Emission Factors (grams per gal) A-i Table B-i. Fuel Usage Surrogates B-i Table B-2. Surrogates for Estimating Annual Miles and Ton-Miles B-2 Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix (From Annual Energy Outlook 2016) Error! Bookmark not defined. Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate Error! Bookmark not defined. Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets).... Error! Bookmark not defined. SmartWay Technical. Documentation | ListofTables 2 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Data Sources The technical approach recommended for the SmartWay railroad model was developed to encourage railroad participation by providing methods to calculate emissions, fuel consumption, and comparison metrics based, to the extent possible, based on data the participating railroad companies have on hand and provide annually to the Department of Transportation's Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). For example, the approach presented uses data elements that Class l railway companies submit in their annual R-i reports. Class I Railroad companies can use their most recent R-i data for this SmartWay Tool. The relevant data reported annually to the FRA's R-i forms include: Power Unit Information - Form 710 Locomotive Unit Miles - Form 755, lines 8-14 ^ Railcar Miles - Form 755, line 30 ^ Fuel Consumption by Fuel Type and Unit Type - Form 750, lines 1-3 Ton-Mile Data - Form 755, lines 104,110,113 As Class 2 and 3 railroads do not need to provide detailed information to the FRA, in order for them to participate in the SmartWay Program they need to develop and submit the required data specific for their operations. Where a Class 2 or 3 railroad company does not have all of the required information, surrogate data are provided in the Appendix B of this report that may be useful to develop some of the basic data required for the Tool. SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section l 3 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Emission Estimation Regardless of the Locomotive class, the SmartWay Rail Tool was designed to calculate C02 performance metrics based on fuel consumption estimates, and NOx and PM emissions based on tier-specific engine operation information. In the SmartWay Rail Tool, the data for line-haul (including short line-haul and passenger rail) and yard operations are handled separately, even though many of the data elements are the same. Line-haul and yard operations are sufficiently different that they require separate emission factors associated with the different duty cycles. If operational surrogates are needed, then these should be compiled specific to either line-haul or yard operations. The specific Rail Tool calculation outputs include: ^ total mass emissions (C02, NOx, PMi0 and PM2,5) ^ g/ton-mile (gross, revenue, non-revenue) g/railcar-mile (just total miles) g/truck-equivalent-mile (just total miles) The following presents the calculation procedures used to estimate these performance metrics. l Calculating mass emissions (total grams) a. C021 i. Diesel fuel: grams of C02 = total gallons diesel (freight + passenger + switching) x 10,180 g C02/gallon. ii. Biodiesel: The Tool uses the biodiesel blend percentage to interpolate between regular diesel and 100% biodiesel fuel factors, with 100% biodiesel = 9,460 g/gallon. Therefore 20% biodiesel (B20) has a fuel factor of 10,180 - (10,180 - 9,460) x (20/100) = 10,036 g C02/gallon iii. LNG: grams of C02 = total gallons LNG (freight + passenger + switching) x 4,394 g C02/gallon. iv. CNG: If input in cubic feet, grams of C02 = total cubic feet (freight + passenger + switching) x 57.8. If CNG input is in equivalent gallons, the Tool multiplies total gallons by 7,030 g C02/gallon. v. Electric: grams of C02 = total kWh x 607 g C02/kWhr. See Appendix C for details. a 1 With the exception of the electricity factors, the source of the fuel-based C02 factors are discussed in the SmartWay Truck Tool Technical Documentation. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 4 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J b. NOx, PM and Black Carbon (BC) i. Diesel - Data Input Methods 2 and 4 (inputs differentiated by line haul and switcher) 1) The Tool first calculates the proportion of hrs/units by Tier level, a) The following provides an example for line haul units: Table 1. Example Operation Hour Allocation by Tier Level Tier Level Hrs Fraction Non-Tier - 3,000 0.15 0 0 0 0+ 1,000 0.05 1 2,000 0.1 i* 5,000 0.25 2 0 0 z* 4,000 0.2 3 5,000 0.25 4 0 0 Total 20,000 1.00 b) The Tool repeats this calculation for the switcher distribution c) The Tool then calculates weighted average fuel factors for NOx and PM, using the following table.2 d) BC is calculated by multiplying PM2,5 values by 0.6767.3 Table 2. Emission Factors by Tier Level and Unit Type g/gal Engine Tier Unit Type z 0 X PM10 PM2.5 Non-tier Line-Haul/Passenger 270.40 6.66 6.46 Switcher 264.48 6.69 6.49 Tier o Line-Haul/Passenger 178.88 6.66 6.46 Switcher 191.52 6.69 6.49 Tier o + Line-Haul/Passenger 14976 4.16 4.04 2 EPA 2009, Emission Factors for Locomotives. https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvN ET.exe/Pi00500B.TXT?ZvActionD=ZvDocument&Client=EPA&lndex=2006+Thru+20i0&Docs=&Querv=&Time=&EndTime=&Se archMethod=i&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntrv=&QFieLd=&QFieLdYear=&QFieLdMonth=&QFieLdDav=&lntQFieLdOp=0&ExtQFieLdOp=0&XmLQuerv=&FiLe=D%?A% 5CzvfiLes%5Clndex%20Data%5Co6thruio%5CTxt%5Cooooooio%5CPioo50QB.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonvmous&SortMethod=h%7C- &MaximumDQCuments=l&FuzzvDegree=0&lmageQuaLitv=r7fig8/r7fig8/xlfi0vlfi0gl6/i42fi&DispLav=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZvActionL&Back=Zv ActionS&BackDesc=ResuLts%20paae&MaximumPaaes=i&ZvEntrv=i&SeekPaae=x&ZvPURL. Accessed 3-3-21. 3 Commission for Environmental Cooperation 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines - Methods for Estimating Black Carbon Emissions, http://www.cec.ora/north-american-black-carbon-emissions-estimation-auidelines-i/. Accessed 3-3-2021. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 5 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Table 2. Emission Factors by Tier Level and Unit Type g/gal Engine Tier Unit Type z 0 X PM10 PM2.5 Switcher 161.12 350 340 Tier 1 Line-Haul/Passenger 139.36 6.66 6.46 Switcher 150.48 6.54 6.34 Tier 1 + Line-Haul/Passenger 139.36 4.16 4.04 Switcher 150.48 350 340 Tier 2 Line-Haul/Passenger 102.96 374 363 Switcher 110.96 2.89 2.80 Tier 2* Line-Haul/Passenger 102.96 1.66 1.61 Switcher 110.96 1.67 1.62 Tier 3 Line-Haul/Passenger 102.96 1.66 1.61 Switcher 68.40 1.22 1.18 Tier 4 Line-Haul/Passenger 20.80 0.31 0.30 Switcher 15.20 0.23 0.22 i) Example calculation for the weighted NOx factor for line-haul case above: Weighted average = 270.4 x 0.15 +178.88 x 0.0 +149.76 x 0.05 +139.36 x 0.1 + 139.36 x 0.25 +102.96 x 0.0 +102.96 x 0.1 +102.96 x 0.25 = 132.86 g/gal NOx ii) The Tool repeats these calculations for PMio/2,5 iii) All calculations are then repeated for switchers 2) The Tool multiplies gallons of (freight + passenger) diesel by weighted average fuel factors for line-haul/passenger category. 3) The Tool multiplies gallons of switcher diesel by weighted average fuel factors for switchers. 4) The Tool sums grams for line-haul/passenger and switchers to obtain total tons for NOx, PM10, PM2i5 and BC. ii. Diesel - Data Input Methods 1 and 3 (inputs NOT differentiated by line haul and switcher) 1) The Tool uses Table 2 to calculate the weighted average fuel factors4 4 The factors in Table 2 are calculated by weighting the Line haul/passenger and switcher values from Table 1 by the national average relative fuel consumption levels for these categories (0.925 and 0.075, respectively). National average values were obtained from 2010 R-i reports. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 6 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Table 3. Emission Factors by Engine Tier Only g/gal Engine Tier z 0 X PM10 PM2.5 Non-Tier 269.96 6.66 6.46 Tier 0 179.83 6.66 6.46 Tier 0+ 150.61 4.11 399 Tier 1 140.19 6.65 6.45 Tier 1* 140.19 4.11 399 Tier 2 103.56 368 357 Tier 2* 103.56 1.66 1.61 Tier 3 100.37 1.63 1.58 Tier 4 20.38 O.31 0.30 2) The Tool follows the same process as for Data Input Methods 2 and 4, but there is no need to sum across unit types (step 4 above). iii. Biodiesel - 1) Biodiesel NOx, PM10/2,5and BC emissions are calculated by applying an adjustment factor to diesel emissions. Therefore, the first is to multiply the biodiesel gallons by the diesel fuel factors as described above to calculate an unadjusted estimate for grams of NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and BC. 2) Next the Tool calculates adjustment factors based on % biodiesel blend specified - see Truck Tool Technical Documentation for references. a) % change in emissions = (exp[a * (vol% biodiesel)] -1} * 100% Where a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and a = -0.006384 for PM10/2,5 and BC b) The Tool applies the adjustment factor to the unadjusted grams of NOx, PM10/2,5 and BC calculated above. In general PM/BC emissions are somewhat lower than diesel emissions, while NOx emissions increase slightly. iv. LNG - 5 1) The Tool first sums total gallons of LNG across line-haul, passenger, and switchers 2) The Tool then multiplies total gallons by 20.3 g/gal to obtain grams NOx; and by 1.35 g/gal to obtain PMi0. The Tool multiplies the gallons value by 1.31 to obtain PM2,5. See Appendix A regarding the source of these fuel-based factors. 5 LNG, CNG, and Electricity factors do not vary with engine tier. Therefore the Tool does not calculate weighted averages based on tier Level distributions, but simply uses the gallons and/or kWh amounts from the Operations screen. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 7 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J 3) The Tool estimates BC emissions by multiplying the PM2.5 value by 0.059, the fraction of PM2.5 emissions attributable to elemental carbon as estimated by the MOVES3 model for Class 8b onroad natural gas trucks. v. CNG - 1) The Tool converts cubic feet of CNG to gallons if necessary with 1 standard cubic foot of CNT = 0.00823 equivalent gallons. 2) The Tool sums total gallons of CNG across line-haul, passenger, and switchers 3) The Tool multiplies total gallons by 20.3 g/gal to obtain grams NOx; and by 1.35 g/gal to obtain PM10. The Tool multiplies the gallons value by 1.31 to obtain PM2,5. See Appendix A regarding the source of these fuel-based factors. 4) The Tool estimates BC emissions by multiplying the PM2,5 value by 0.059, the fraction of PM25 emissions attributable to elemental carbon as estimated by the MOVES3 model for Class 8b onroad natural gas trucks. vi. Electricity - 1) The Tool sums total kWh of electricity across line-haul, passenger, and switchers 2) The Tool then multiplies total kWh by 0.220 to obtain grams NOx; by 0.059 for grams PMi0; by 0.028 for grams PM25, and by 0.0026 for BC. See Appendix C for details. 2 Calculate g/ton-mile for each pollutant (three types of "ton-miles") a. Grams per gross ton-mile: the Tool divides the grams of each pollutant (fleet total) by gross ton- miles entered on Operations screen. b. Grams per revenue ton-mile: the Tool divides the grams of each pollutant (fleet total) by revenue ton-miles entered on Operations screen.6 c. Grams per non-revenue ton-mile: the Tool divides the grams of each pollutant (fleet total) by non-revenue ton-miles entered on Operations screen. 3 Calculate g/railcar-mile for each pollutant7 a. The Tool divides the grams of each pollutant by total railcar-miles entered. 4 Calculate g/truck-equivalent-mile a. Since rail operators do not provide railcar type/volume information, a national default value of 6,091 cubic feet per car is assumed for all carriers - see the Shipper Tool Technical Documentation for details. b. Calculate the "truckload equivalents" factor (TE): divide the national average railcar volume by 3,780 cubic feet.8 c. g/truck-equivalent-mile = g/railcar-mile / TE, and is calculated for each pollutant. 6 Value reported in SmartWay Public Bin Export Report. 7 Ibid. 8 Truck industry average freight volume is 2.78 TEU = 3,780 cubic feet (see Shipper Tool Technical Documentation). SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 8 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Table 4. National Average Railcar Volume Data (Tool Defaults) Type in Tool Railcar Type Cubic Feet Source/Assumption Key: Norfolk Southern (NS), Union Pacific (UP), Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), CSX Transportation (CSX), Guide to Railcars (GTRC), Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL), Union Tank Car Company (UTCC), U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) Box-Plain 50' + Box Equipped Boxcar 50 ft and longer including equipped boxcars 7,177 Based on the average of the following boxcar types: ro ft assumed to be ^.6q4 freflectina the averaae of ci.'W (NS), 5,431 (UP), 5,238 (CSX), 6,175 (BSNF), 6,269 (GTRC)]. 60 ft assumed to be 6.648 freflectina the averaae of 6.618 (NS), 6,389 (UP), 6,085 (CSX), 7,500 (BNSF)]. ro ft hiah cube assumed to be 6.^04 freflectina the average of 6,339 (NS) and 6,269 (CSX)]. 60 ft hiah cube assumed to be 6.Q17 freflectina the average of 7,499 (NS), 6,646 (CSX), and 6,607 (GTRC)]. 86 ft assumed to be q.qqq (NS). Autooarts assumed to be 7.4QQ (NS). Box-Plain 40' Boxcar 40ft 4,555 Based on estimate of 50 ft boxcar volume described above. Assumed 40 ft length would result in 20% reduction in volume. Flat TOFC/COFC Flat General Service Flat all other Flat car - all types except for multi-level 6,395 Based on the average of the following flat car types: 60 ft assumed to be 6.73Q (BNSF). 8q ft assumed to be Q.^72 (BNSF). Coil assumed to be 3,387 (NS). Covered coil assumed to be R.2QA freflectina the averaae of 8,328 (NS) and 2,260 (BNSF)]. Centerbeam assumed to be 6.^46 freflectina the averaae of 5,857 (UP) and 7,236 (BNSF)]. Bulkhead assumed to be 7.0^0 (BNSF). Flat Multi level Multi-level flat car 13,625 Based on the average of the following multi-level flat car types: Unilevel (that carrv verv larae carao. such as vehicles/tractors) assumed to be 12.183 (NS). Bi-level assumed to be 14.38i(NS). Tri-level assumed to be 14.313 (based on averaae of 15,287 (NS) and 13,339 (BNSF). Flat Car - all types-including multi-level 7,428 Based on the average volumes of the flatcar types described above including multi-level as a single flat car type. Gondola Plain Gondola Equipped Gondola - all types Including equipped 5,190 Based on the average of the following gondola car types: ^2-^ ft assumed to be 2.626 fbased on averaae of 2.66^ (NS), 2,743 (CSX), 2,400 (BNSF), and 2,697 (CRLC)]. 60-66 ft assumed to be ^72 fbased on averaae of ^.281 (NS), 3,242 (CSX), 3,350 (BNSF), CRCL-3,670, and 3,366 (GTRC)]. SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 2 9 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Table 4. National Average Railcar Volume Data (Tool Defaults) Type in Tool Railcar Type Cubic Feet Source/Assumption Key: Norfolk Southern (NS), Union Pacific (UP), Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), CSX Transportation (CSX), Guide to Railcars (GTRC), Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL), Union Tank Car Company (UTCC), U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) Municipal Waste assumed to be 7.QQQ (NS). Woodchip assumed to be 7.781 [based on averaae of 7,862 (NS) and 7.700 (CRCL)]. Coal assumed to be 4.170 fbased on averaae of "3.785 (NS) and 4.556 (BNSF)]. Refrigerator Mechanical Refrigerated non- mechanical Refrigerated - Mechanical /non- Mechanical 6,202 Based on the average of the following refrigerated car types: 48-72 ft assumed to be 6.Q63 [based on averaae of 6.04? (UP) and 7.883 (BNSF)]. 50 ft assumed to be 5,i67(GTRC). 40-Q0 ft assumed to be 6.476 [based on averaae of 6.Q52 (UP) and 6,000 (BNSF)]. Hopper Open Top- General Service Open Top Hopper 4,220 Based on the average of the following open top hopper car types: 42 ft assumed to be 3,000 (UP). 54 ft assumed to be 3,700 (UP). 60 ft assumed to be 5.188 [based on averaae of 5.125 (UP) and 5,250 (GTRC)]. 45 ft+ assumed to be 4.105 [based on averaae of 4.500 (UP) and 3.710 (BNSF). Woodchip assumed to be 7075 [based on averaae of 7525 (NS), 5999 (UP), and 7700 (CRCL)]. Small Aaareaate assumed to be 2.252 [based on averaae of 2,150 (NS), 2,106 (BNSF), and 2,500 (CRCL)]. Hopper Covered Covered Top Hopper 4,188 Based on the average of the following covered top hopper car types: 45 ft assumed to be 5,250 (GTRC). Aaareaate assumed to be 2.575 [based on averaae of 2,150 (NS) and 3,000 (CRCL)]. Small Cube Gravel assumed to be 2.cm [based on average of 2,655 (NS), 3,100 (CSX), and 3,063 (BNSF). Med-Larae Cube Ores and Sand assumed to be 416Q [based on average of 3,750 (NS) and 4,589 (BNSF)]. Jumbo assumed to be 5147 [based on averaae of 4.875 (NS), 4.462 (CSX), 5.175 (BNSF), and 6,075 (CRCL)]. Pressure Differential (flour) assumed to be 5050 [based on average of 5,124 (NS) and 4,975 (CRCL)]. Tank under 22,000 gallons Tank Cars under 22,000 gallons 2,314 Assumes 1 gallon=0.i337 cubic foot (USDA). Based on small tank car average volume of 17,304 SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 2 10 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Table 4. National Average Railcar Volume Data (Tool Defaults) Type in Tool Railcar Type Cubic Feet Source/Assumption Key: Norfolk Southern (NS), Union Pacific (UP), Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), CSX Transportation (CSX), Guide to Railcars (GTRC), Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL), Union Tank Car Company (UTCC), U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) gallons, which is the average of the following currently manufactured tank car volume design capacities of 13,470,13,710,15,100,15,960,16,410,17,300,19,900, 20,000, 20,590, and 20,610 gallons (GTRC). Tank over 22,000 gallons Tank Cars over 22,000 gallons 3,857 Assumes 1 gallon = 0.1337 (USDA). Based on large tank car volume of 28,851 gallons, which is the average of the following currently manufactured tank car volume design capacities of 23,470, 25,790, 27,200, 28,700, 30,000, 33,000, and 33,800 gallons (GTRC). All other cars Work Equip & company Freight No payment car- miles All Other Cars 5.014 Based on average volume presented above for each of the nine railcar types (all flatcars are represented by the line item that includes multi-level flatcars - 7,428). References Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), Available at: http://www.bnsf.com/customers/how-can-i- ship/individual-railcar/#%23subtabs-3. Accessed 3-3-21. CSX Transportation (CSXT), Customer Equipment. Available at: https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/customers/resources/equipment/. Accessed 3-3-21. Norfolk Southern Railway Company (NS), Customer Equipment. Available at: http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/shippina-tools/equipment-auide/merchandise- equipment.html. Accessed 3-3-21. Union Pacific Railroad (UP), Customer Equipment, Car Types. Available at: http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/index.shtml. Accessed 3-3-21. Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL), Rail Car Types. Available at: https://www.crdx.com/railcars. Accessed 3-3- 21. Surface Transportation Board (STB), Industry Data, Economic Data and Statistical Reports, Class 1 Annual Report Financial Form R-i. Available at http://www.stb.dot.aov/stb/industry/econ reports.html. Accessed 3-3-21. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service,20005-4788, June 1992, Agricultural Handbook Number 697, Washington, DC. Available at: https://www.ers.usda.aov/publications/pub- details/?pubid=4i88i. Accessed 3-3-21. Union Tank Car Company, Chicago, IL, Basic Design Specifications. Available at: https://www.utlx.com/. Accessed 3-3-21. SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 2 11 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Activity Input Validation SmartWay has developed general validation criteria based on 2011 R-i report data in order to perform range checks on Partner activity inputs. These range checks are simply intended to identify unreasonable data entries only. Table 4 summarizes the R-i data used for each Class 1 Rail Line, as well as the range check values derived from the carrier-specific data. Range check values are displayed in bold. Maximum acceptable values for fuel use, ton-miles, car-miles, and unit miles for Class 1 operators were set equal to three times the rail-line specific maximum shown in the table. Similarly, minimum acceptable values for Class 1 operators were set equal to one tenth for fuel use, ton-miles, car-miles, and unit miles. Maximum acceptable values for Class 2 and 3 operators were set at one tenth of the Class 1 maximum value. SmartWay will re-evaluate validation ranges to make them more precise, comprehensive, and consistent as Rail Partner data is collected in the future. I SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 3 12 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ¦» Table 5. 2011 Ri Activity Data and Rail Tool Validation Ranges Rail Line Total Fuel Use (gallons diesel oil) Gross ton miles total (thousands) Revenue Freight ton miles (thousands) Non revenue Freight ton miles (thousands) Total freight car miles (thousands) Total Locomotive unit miles Locomotive Train switching unit miles Locomotive Yard switching unit miles BNSF 1,340,634.000 1,200,654,478 648,431.637 6,117,197 11,316,277 495.865,213 2,161,568 14,323.105 CSX 500,735.225 456,207,620 228,394.651 1,216,165 4,789.143 186,017,342 6,557.484 14.352,854 GTC 124,776,076 105.195.469 51,253.084 518,201 1,241,217 31.375.934 2,686,536 4.714.915 KCSR 64.833.378 55.889,957 30,485,863 1.338,343 628,431 23,846,725 516,654 26,504,929 NS 473.887,662 392,056,820 191,712,562 1,267,931 4,327.021 170,767,368 7,042,003 14,060,355 Soo 72,442,000 70,325,676 34.581,354 333.090 807,927 27.407.979 2,686,353 2,577.600 UP 1,117,851,152 1,072,705.764 544.397.317 5,485.720 11,012,608 424,786,444 12,635,406 19,169.964 Class l max 4,021,902,000 3,601,963,434 1.945.294.911 18,351.591 33.948,831 1.487.595.639 37,906,218 79.514.787 Class l min 6,483,338 5,588,996 3,048,586 33.309 62,843 2,384.673 51.665 257.760 Class 2/3 max 134,063,400 120,065,448 64,843,164 611,720 1,131,628 49.586,521 1,263,541 2,650,493 Class 2/3 min > 0 > 0 > 0 > 0 > 0 > 0 > 0 > 0 SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Section 3 13 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J References California Air Resource Board Rail Yard Agreement, Sacramento California 2007. U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Freight in America, January 2006. U.S. Department of Transportation Surface Transportation Board, Form R-i United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Section Chapter 1, Subchapter Q, Part 600.113, Fuel Economy Calculations U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Support Document: Locomotive Emission Standards Final Rule, 1997. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2009 Locomotive Emission Factor Study, Ann Arbor, Ml.2009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MARKAL Input Data for non-Light Duty Vehicles, Research Triangle Park, NC 2009 SmartWay Technical. Documentation | References 14 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency + Appendix A: Locomotive Emission Factors A-l. FUEL-BASED EMISSION FACTORS Table A-l. Line Haul Locomotive Emission Factors (grams per gal) Pollutant Z 0 X PM10 co2 Diesel 270.402 6.662 10,180 Biodiesel (B-20) 1731 7.881 94604 CNG 7.0304 LNG 20.33 1.353 3.8654 1. MARKAL data (2009) 2. EPA Locomotive Emission Factors (2009) 3. ARB Rail Yard Agreement (2007) in terms of diesel equivalents 4.40 CFR 600.113 Table A-2. Small Line-haul Locomotive Emission Factors (grams per gal) Small Line Emission Factor Haul g/gal z 0 X 236.60 PM10 582 co2 10,180 Uncontrolled yard locomotive emission factors were obtained from EPA's Locomotive Emission Factors (2009). Table A-3. Yard Locomotive Emission Factors (grams per gal) Emission Factor Yard g/gal z 0 X 264.48 PM10 6.69 co2 10,180 Uncontrolled yard locomotive emission factors were obtained from EPA's Locomotive Emission Factors (2009). All emission factors listed here reflect uncontrolled (i.e., pre-Tier 0) emission levels. SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix A A-1 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency + Appendix B: Surrogate Locomotive Data SURROGATE DATA FOR EMISSION ESTIMATION Data provided in the R-i reports have been compiled and evaluated to identify useful surrogates that may help Partners gap-fill missing data. Because the data is from Class I operations, it may be biased to larger operations. SURROGATES FOR CALCULATING FUEL CONSUMPTION The basic approach allows for emission calculations that roughly approximate emissions using reported total annual fuel consumption. If annual fuel consumption data are unknown, surrogate data, such as locomotive population, miles traveled, annual ton-miles or TEU-miles, can be used to provide an estimate for line-haul locomotive fuel consumption, as noted in the following table. Table B-i. Fuel Usage Surrogates Line Haul Surrogate Data Options in Absence of Annual Fuel Usage Number of Locomotives Total Annual Locomotive Miles Total Annual Ton Miles Freight Transported Total Annual TEU mile Equivalents Multiplication Factor for estimating Annual Fuel Usage (gal/yr) 132,800 (gal/yr per locomotive) 2.44 (gal/ locomotive miles) 0.002 (gal/ton miles freight transported) 0.053 (gal/TEU-mile Equivalents) Values used to develop the surrogates were derived from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2012 National Transportation Statistics Table 4-17. When using the basic approach to estimate yard locomotive emissions, the number of locomotives can be applied to the fuel consumption factors noted in the following equation to estimate annual fuel usage: Yard Fuel Use (gal/yr) = 195,451 (gal/yr per yard locomotive) x Number of Yard Locomotives SURROGATES FOR METRIC COMPARISONS The railroad model is designed to apply calculated emissions to a variety of operational parameters. This allows the derivation of metrics that can be used as a reference point to evaluate a Partner's environmental performance relative to others. In instances where the necessary information has not been provided, surrogate data presented in Table B-2, may be used to estimate total miles traveled or the total annual ton-miles, based on the number of active line-hail locomotives in the Partner's fleet. SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-1 ------- ^SmartWay OMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ¦ Table B-2. Surrogates for Estimating Annual Miles and Ton-Miles Metric for Which Surrogate Data is Needed Total Annual Train Miles Traveled Total Annual Ton Miles Multiplication Factor for Estimating Train miles or ton-miles based on the Number of Locomotives 54,400 (miles/yr per Locomotive) 63,744.000 (ton- miles/yr per Locomotive) SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix B B-2 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 201Q. http://areet.es.anL.aov/ l. ELectric Generation Mix (eGRID U.S. Average 2018 Data (https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)) U.S. Mix Residual oil 0.6% Natural gas 35.1% Coal 27.5% NucLear power 194% Biomass 1.6% Hydro 6.9% Wind 6.5% SoLar 1.5% GeothermaL 0.4% Other 0.3% 2. ELectric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 4.87% 3. Power PLant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of ELectricity AvaiLabLe at Power PLant Gate GREET CaLcuLated Emission Factors By Fuel Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation) Oil Fired NG Fired Coal Fired Biomass Fired TOTAL based on US Mix z 0 X 397 0.21 O.36 O.92 0.21 PM10 0.16 0.011 0.06l 2.09 O.O56 PM2.5 0.11 0.011 0.043 0.6l 0.026 BC 0.0073 0.0015 0.0018 0.0015 0.0025 co2 840 404 947 0 407 Assumes no emissions from nucLear power pLants, hydro, wind, soLar, geothermaL, and "Other" 4. Power PLant Emissions: Grams per kWh of ELectricity AvaiLabLe at User Sites (waLL outLets) TotaL power pLant gate emissions/(i-eLectric transmission and distribution Loss) TotaL delivered based on US electric generation mix NOx 0.22 PM10 0.059 SmartWay Technical. Documentation | Appendix C C-1 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J PM2.5 0.028 BC 0.0026 co2 428 SmartWay TechnicaL Documentation | Appendix C C-2 ------- ^VSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J For more information: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, DC 20460 (734)214-4333 www.epa.aov/transportation-air-pollution-and- climate-chanae U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory 2565 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200 www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national- vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratorv-nvfel EPA 420 B 21 016 | April 20211 SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway ------- |