Appendix
As part of the effort to apply LCA as a tool for environmental preferable purchasing within
FRED, three pilots were undertaken to test how best to perform the FRED LCA system in order
to make it:
§ Easy to use
§ Yield results in a timely manner
§ Meet the needs of procurement officials and vendors
§ Conform, as much as possible, to the requirements of DIS 14042 for comparative assertions
§ Support the needs of the EPP program
§ Support the needs of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in its goals
relating to the Technology Transfer Act.
Two of those pilots (found in Appendix A - Motor Oil and Appendix B - Wall Insulation) were
based on the inventory data sets collected by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology's Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) program. The
third pilot (found in Appendix C - Asphalt Coating) was based on original data collection from a
small vendor.
The first two pilots, derived from existing BEES life cycle inventory data, were used primarily in
evaluating among environment and human health impact indicator models for inclusion in the
FRED LCA system. The third pilot, which used predominately original data, was utilized to
evaluate the resource requirements for a vendor to provide data for the FRED LCA system as
well as to develop an approach to evaluating results from the FRED LCA system. Pursuant to
these slightly different goals, the sections on interpretation of results and conclusions for the first
two pilots are not as detailed as reported in the third pilot.
-------
Appendix A: Motor Oil Case Study
Goal and Scope Definition
Goal
The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of evaluating the environmental
performance of three different types of motor oil by using the FRED LCA system. The three
types of oil evaluated were virgin oil, rerefined oil and bio-based oil.
Intended Applications and Audiences
The LCA itself was intended to be used to support a comparative assertion of environmental
superiority of a product over a competing product in the context of the Federal requirement for
environmentally preferable purchasing. Audiences include purchasing agents as well as other
federal and state officials. An ancillary use of the study is to support efforts towards
environmental improvement.
Scope
Description of the Product
Motor oil is used to cool the engine and reduce friction. Historically, motor oil was created by
extracting and refining crude oil. Due to technological advances, two alternatives to virgin oil
are now commercially available: rerefined oil and "bio-based" oil. Rerefined oil is essentially
used oil that has undergone the refining process a second time, with additives to remove
impurities. Bio-based oil is an all-vegetable (in the case of this pilot project, soybean), highly
biodegradable oil that performs comparably to petroleum-based oils.
System Function and Functional Unit
The function provided by the alternative products is automobile engine protection and
lubrication for 3,000 mile without viscosity breakdown. The functional unit is one quart, 10W30
motor oil.
System Boundaries
Data for all three products came from secondary sources according to the contractor for BEES.
Virgin and refined oil data came from petroleum associations representing 90 % of
manufacturers. Bio-based data was derived from an average of 14 states. Upstream materials
and energy use data came from national sources. All data is less than 10 years old. The flow
charts below identify the systems under study.
A - 2
-------
Figure 1: Virgin Motor Oil Process Flow Diagram
Virgin Motor Oil
Diesel
Fuel
Production
Coal
Production
Steam
Production
Electricity
Production
Foreing
Production
Domestic
production
Natural
Gas
Production
Petroleum
Coke
Production
Propane
Production
Heavy fuel
Oil
Production
End-of-Life
Ship
Transport
(Crude Oil)
Truck
Transport
Train
Transport
(Crude Oil)
Truck
Transport
(Crude Oil)
Crude Oil
Production
1 quart of Crude
Oil
A - 3
-------
Figure 2: Re-refined Oil Process Flow Diagram
Re-refined Oil
Truck
Transport
End-of-Life
Ship
Transport
Train
Transport
Re-refining
Oil
Production
Ship
Transport
(Re-refined
Oil)
Train
Transport
(Re-refined
Oil)
Truck
Transport
(Re-refined
Oil)
1 quart of re-
refined Oil
Crude Oil
refining
(see previous
graph)
A - 4
-------
Figure 3: Bio-Based Oil Process Flow Diagram
Bio-based Oil
Electricity
Production
Truck
Transport
End-of-Life
Ship
Transport
Train
Transport
Bio Oil
Production
Soy Bean
Production
Ship
Transport
(Bio Oil)
Train
Transport
(Bio Oil)
Truck
Transport
(Bio Oil)
1 quart of Bio
Oil
A - 5
-------
Data Gathering
The entire data gathering exercise for this project involved extracting data from the BEES
database. According to NIST, the BEES database includes both primary data as well as industry
average data.
Allocation
All allocation of emissions and resource use was performed based on a mass basis. This was
required for the production and transportation inventory results, but not for other inventory data.
Impact Assessment
Impact assessment was performed using the FRED indicators, as described in the body of this
work. The assignment of inventory data to impact categories is shown in the table below.
Table 1 Assignment of Inventory Results to Impact Categories
Inventory Result
Impact Category
Justification
Fossil Fuels and Uranium
Resource Depletion
Although Uranium is not truly a fossil
fuel, it is "used up" in a precisely
comparable fashion
C02, N20, Methane
Global Wanning
These are important greenhouse gases
which do not participate to a great extent
in other impact categories
CO
Human Toxicity
Photochemical Smog Global
Warming;
CO is a human and animal toxicant, as
well as a precursor to ozone formation
and a greenhouse gas. It can participate in
the first two of these environmental
mechanisms without losing its potency for
the others.
CFC's, HCFC's, Halons
Global Warming 100%
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
100%
These substances participate fully in both
of these parallel environmental
mechanisms
S02,
Acidification 100%
Although S02 contributes to visibility
deterioration, and human health effects
through the formation of Particulate
Matter, these environmental mechanisms
are not addressed by FRED.
HC1, HF
Acidification 100%
Human Health 100%
These acid gases have minor human
health effects as well as contributing to
acidification. It was thought that double
counting would not significantly skew
results.
Toxic Air and Water Emissions
Human Toxicity 100%
Ecotoxicity 100%
Since it was not possible to evaluate the
partitioning of these substances, they
were double counted so as not to
underestimate their impacts.
NOx
Acidification 100%
Since FRED does not currently evaluate
A - 6
-------
Inventory Result
Impact Category
Justification
Eutrophication 100%
the fate and transport of NOx, this
emission was double counted.
VOC's, ROG's
Photochemical Smog
These are the essential precursors to
photochemically produced ozone.
Although some of them are also toxic,
unspeciated data does not permit a toxic
evaluation.
nh4
Eutrophication (water
emissions); acidification (air
Emissions)
Although NH4 is not an acid gas, it
undergoes changes in the soil leading to
acidification effects.
po4
Eutrophication 100%
Phosphate does not participate in any
other environmental mechanism described
by the FRED methodology
Inventory
The table below shows the summary inventory for the three products compared. A full inventory
by life cycle stage can be found in Tables 7, 8 and 9.
Table 2 Summary Inventory
LCI Totals
Article
Units
Virgin
Re-refined
Bio
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
3.6e-02
7.6e-03
2.2e-02
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kg
6.8e-03
1.4e-03
4.1e-03
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
9.8e-02
1.5e-02
5.4e-02
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
9.1e-01
2.5e-02
4.6e-02
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kg
3.2e-04
2.1e-04
8.9e-06
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
5.5e-02
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
3.2e-02
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
kg
8.5e-07
1.8e-07
6.9e-07
Used Oil
kg
0.0e+00
8.6e-01
0.0e+00
Water Used (total)
liter
1.3e-01
3.6e-03
5.9e+02
(a) Aldehydes
g
l.le-04
2.4e-05
2.9e-04
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
2.3e-07
1.3e-07
1.6e-01
(a) Benzene
g
2.0e-04
5.5e-06
8.8e-06
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
-2.5e+03
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
6.1e+02
3.2e+02
3.4e+02
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
4.6e-01
2.6e-01
5.8e-01
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
2.6e-12
4.5e-13
4.6e-03
(a) Formaldehyde
g
2.7e-03
7.3e-05
1.2e-04
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
8
1.7e-01
3.9e-02
1.8e+00
A - 7
-------
IX 1 lot.ils
Article
I nits
\ irjiin
Re-refined
Bio
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
1.5e+00
8.9e-01
4.8e-01
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HC1)
g
1.9e-02
4.1e-03
1.0e-02
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
2.4e-03
5.1e-04
1.2e-03
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
6.0e-03
1.8e-04
3.0e-04
(a) Metals (unspecified)
g
2.4e-04
9.0e-05
6.7e-06
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
l.le+00
1.5e-01
4.6e-01
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
g
1.4e+00
7.0e-01
l.le+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
4.7e-02
1.9e-02
1.8e-02
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
5.3e-04
l.le-04
1.2e-02
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
9.9e-01
4.9e-01
7.4e-01
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
4.7e+00
1.6e+00
1.6e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.4e-04
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
1.4e-01
8.9e-02
4.0e-03
(w) Benzene
g
8.9e-14
1.9e-14
4.3e-14
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
g
9.5e-01
6.1e-01
3.0e-02
(w) Chlorides (C1-)
g
1.3e+01
3.5e-01
5.8e-01
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
g
8.0e+00
5.1e+00
2.4e-01
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
3.0e-18
6.4e-19
1.5e-18
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
1.3e+00
l.le+00
1.9e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
g
1.3e-04
2.7e-05
l.le-04
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
8.4e-04
2.3e-05
8.2e-01
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
2.9e-02
8.0e-03
l.le-03
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
3.0e-05
6.4e-06
2.5e-05
(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as N)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
6.2e+01
(w) Oils (unspecified)
g
4.3e-01
2.4e-01
1.4e-02
(w) Phenols
g
1.8e-02
1.2e-02
5.1e-04
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-, H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
9.7e+00
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
1.7e+01
4.5e-01
7.4e-01
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
2.7e-05
5.7e-06
2.3e-05
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
g
4.3e+00
2.8e+00
1.6e+03
Waste (50 years - prorated)
kg
8.2e-01
8.2e-01
8.6e-01
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
8.2e-01
8.2e-01
8.6e-01
Waste (Mfg.)
kg
2.1e-02
8.0e-03
1.6e-02
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
kg
8.2e-01
8.2e-01
8.6e-01
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
3.4e+01
-5.0e-02
2.5e-01
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.0e+01
2.2e+00
5.4e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
4.5e+01
2.1e+00
5.6e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
5.4e-02
1.2e-02
3.9e-02
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
4.5e+01
2.1e+00
5.7e+00
A - 8
-------
Indicator Results
The table below shows the indicator results for the three systems studied.
Table 3: LCIA Results
1 .C IA Tolsils
Imliciilor
\ ir»in Oil
RmTini'd Oil
liio-hiisod Oil
Ci\VIJ (ku ( '()2 a|iii\ )
(>4l>
[)l)lJiku( T( -1 1)
(i
(i
0
Auidil'icnlkiii (ku S< )2)
¦>
1 jili\>phic;ilimi (ku P( )4i
1
'()
Mkikidicmic;il Smou (ku () -)
(i "4
(i.r
" l(.
11 iiiiKiii To\icil\
(': nicer
: 121:-(14
5 ()(>l
-iK>
k) i -I:-(!(>
\iin( ;iiiccr
: s"i :-ii2
4 :<>\
-ii^
5 2'i:-ui
1 vnlii\kil>
s.nsi
4 'II
-o'
4 (K)i :-o2
kcMiiii\_v Dcplclkin
l ossil dons oil ci|W\ iilcnl)
i "in: no
i (i5i :-(H
-.2-i :-(i i
\linci';il ia|iii\ Ions)
(i
(i
(i
lJiv.viiiiis(a|Mi\ ions)
(i
(i
0
t )ihcr Indiciums
I.JIIld 1 sc (h;n
(i
(i
0
\V;iicr I so (km
i.:-(• i
- 5,ji:-()'
5 X'Jl! (>2
Solid \V;islc (km
x.i«ii:-oi
s.i'ji:-oi
S. 55I -ii 1
Interpretation
As one would expect, selecting either rerefined or bio-based oil potentially appears to reduce
fossil fuel depletion. Comparing the two alternatives to Virgin Oil, rerefined oil leads (as
preferable) in the categories for Eutrophication, Photochemical Smog, Non-Cancer, and Water
Use, when looking at order of magnitude differences. Also, a decrease in cancer effects is
indicated when moving from selecting virgin oil to either alternative product system. The
differences are negligible in the other categories.
It is possible to evaluate the sources of the various impacts in order to identify opportunities for
improvements. The table below shows the indicators for each product in term of percentage of
the indicators in the different life cycle stages.
A - 9
-------
Table 4: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Virgin Oil
Virgin Oil - by LC Stage
ntlicalor
Raw
Materials
Man niacin ring
Transport
I se
Disposal
(;\\i»
17
7?
|o
ii
ii
ODP
ii
0
0
ii
0
Acidification
:x
70
">
ii
0
Kiitrophicalion
ii
1>X
1
ii
0
Ph ol ocli em i en 1 Sm og
7S
5
17
ii
0
11 ii ill ;< n 1 leallli
( illKVI'
l>7
i
ii
0
\on( niiccr
7X
20
ii
0
Kco Health
Resource Depletion
I'ossil
S3
15
ii
0
Mineral
i)
0
0
ii
0
PlVCIOllS
i)
0
0
ii
0
Oilier Indicators:
I.uikI I sc
WatcrUscfe^^^^^
Solid Waste (kg)
i)
¦ - 97
0
0
ii
v,;:;;;;;;0
0
• y-v-v-v-v:6'
100
A- 10
-------
Table 5: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Rerefined Oil
Incliciilor
Raw
M ji n u ii ri n «
Transport
I so
Disposal
Mitlerinls
(;\yi»
4
7f)
:o
ii
ii
ODP
0
ii
0
ii
0
Acidification
1
<¦>
ii
0
Eutrophication
i)
ii
1)
Photochemical Smog
If)
1 1
74
ii
0
Human Health
Cancer
If)
7
7f)
ii
0
Non-Cancer
3
X5
\?
ii
0
Eco Health
Resource Depletion
Fossil
7
<•>2
}\
ii
0
Mineral
i)
ii
ii
ii
1)
Precious
0
ii
0
ii
0
Other Indicators:
Land Use
i)
ii
ii
ii
1)
Water Use (kg)
15
13
72
ii
0
Solid Waste (kg)
A
-------
Table 6: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Bio-Based Oil
;19B
Incliciilor
Raw
Miilerinls
M ji n u I'ncl ii ri n ii
Transport
1 SO
Disposal
(;\\i»
3d
51
ii
ii
ODP
0
ii
0
ii
0
Acidiliciilioii
(,2
5
ii
0
Kutrophiciilion
Itio
ii
0
ii
0
Pli ol oclicm i est 1 Sin o»
1 1
XX
T
ii
0
11 ii in n n 11 on It h
( aiKvr
5<>
I)
5<>
ii
1)
\oil-( illKVI'
|t)0
I)
0
ii
0
Eco Health
Resource Depletion
Fossil
24
1 1
ii
0
Mineral
ii
i)
ii
ii
0
Precious
0
i)
0
ii
0
Other Indicators:
Land Use
0
i)
0
ii
0
Water Use (kg)
SolichA/ast^kg^^l
Itio
i)
0
ii
0
For the most part, the majority of the three products indicator results can be found in the
manufacturing and the transportation phases of the life cycle. This result supports the guidance
of the FRED methodology, which recommends more intensive data gathering efforts in the
manufacturing phase for products which are durable goods which are not energy intensive in the
use phase.
Conclusions
This pilot project proved that existing LCA data sets can be used in the FRED LCA system.
Concern that arose during this pilot project centered around lack of information regarding the
LCA data sets. For example, more information regarding data sources, specificity, age, quality,
etc. would have been useful in framing the applicability of the FRED LCA system results.
A - 12
-------
Table 7: Life Cycle Inventory, Virgin Oil
Virgin Oil- LC Stage
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
(r) Baryte (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bauxite (AI203.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bentonite (AI203.4Si02.H20, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Clay (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
1,6e-02
1,9e-02
5.8e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Copper (Cu, Ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Diabase Rock
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Dolomite (CaC03.MgC03, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Feldspar (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Granite (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gravel (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gypsum (CaS04: in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) llmenite Ore (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Jute
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Kaolin (AI203.2Si02.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kg
3.1e-03
3.6e-03
1.1e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
4.6e-02
5.1e-02
1,6e-03
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
8.8e-01
5.5e-03
1,9e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kg
1.1e-06
3.2e-04
4.2e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pine Rosin
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potassium (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sand (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCI, in ground or
in sea)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
kg
3.9e-07
4.5e-07
1,4e-08
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Waste pa per
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wood (standing)
m3
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Cullet (from stock)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Fly Ash
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Iron Ore Slag
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Recovered Solids (iron scraps)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Used Oil
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
A- 13
-------
Virgin Oil- LC Stage
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
Water Used (total)
liter
1.3e-01
1.2e-03
2.6e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Aldehydes
g
4.9e-05
5.8e-05
1.9e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
7.4e-08
8.1e-08
7.9e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Benzene
g
2.0e-04
1.1e-06
4.2e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
8.5e+01
4.6e+02
6.2e+01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
8.7e-02
3.2e-01
5.4e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
9.5e-13
1.6e-12
4.0e-14
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Formaldehyde
g
2.7e-03
1.5e-05
5.6e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
g
1.4e-01
3.5e-03
3.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
1.5e-01
1.4e+00
2.4e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
g
8.7e-03
1.0e-02
3.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
1.1e-03
1.3e-03
3.9e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
5.9e-03
4.8e-05
1.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Lead (Pb)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Metals (unspecified)
g
6.5e-06
1.9e-05
2.5e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
6.8e-01
4.0e-01
2.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
g
2.6e-01
9.7e-01
1.4e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
2.7e-02
9.4e-03
1.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
2.4e-04
2.8e-04
8.8e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
2.4e-01
6.0e-01
1.5e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Phenolics
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
1.3e+00
3.3e+00
9.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
5.2e-04
1.4e-01
1.8e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic Halogene)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
g
4.0e-14
4.7e-14
1.4e-15
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
3.4e-03
9.3e-01
1.2e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Calcium (Ca++)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Chlorides (CI-)
g
1.3e+01
7.9e-02
2.7e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
g
2.9e-02
7.9e+00
1.1e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
1.4e-18
1.6e-18
4.9e-20
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
2.4e-01
2.5e-01
8.4e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
g
5.8e-05
6.8e-05
2.1e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
8.2e-04
5.1e-06
1.7e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
1.7e-02
1.2e-02
5.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
1.4e-05
1.6e-05
4.9e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as
N)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
A - 14
-------
Virgin Oil- LC Stage
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
(w) Oils (unspecified)
fl
6.7e-02
3.6e-01
6.2e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phenols
g
6.5e-05
1.8e-02
2.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
1.6e+01
1.0e-01
3.4e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
1.2e-05
1.4e-05
4.4e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
g
1.5e-02
4.2e+00
5.7e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Bio-Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Re-refine Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Virgin Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.0e+00
0.0e+00
Bio-oil
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 2
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 3
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Lubricants (kg)
kg
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
8.2e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (50 years - prorated)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
Waste (first replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (installation)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (Mfg.)
kg
5.9e-03
1.5e-02
3.2e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
Waste (second replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
3.8e+01
-3.1e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
2.6e+00
6.7e+00
8.9e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
4.0e+01
3.6e+00
8.8e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
2.5e-02
2.9e-02
8.8e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
4.0e+01
3.6e+00
8.9e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
A- 15
-------
Table 8: Life Cycle Inventory, Rerefined Oil
Rerefined Oil - LC Stac
e
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
(r) Baryte (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bauxite (AI203.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bentonite (AI203.4Si02.H20, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Clay (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
1,2e-04
6.9e-03
5.8e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Copper (Cu, Ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Diabase Rock
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Dolomite (CaC03.MgC03, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Feldspar (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Granite (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gravel (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gypsum (CaS04: in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) llmenite Ore (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Jute
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Kaolin (AI203.2Si02.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kg
2.3e-05
1,3e-03
1.1e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
3.4e-04
1,3e-02
1,6e-03
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
3.9e-03
2.0e-03
1,9e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kg
8.9e-07
2.0e-04
4.2e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pine Rosin
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potassium (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sand (iound)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCI, in ground or
in sea)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
kg
2.9e-09
1,6e-07
1,4e-08
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Waste pa per
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wood (standing)
m3
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Cullet (from stock)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Fly Ash
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Iron Ore Slag
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Recovered Solids (iron scraps)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
A- 16
-------
Rerefined Oil - LC Stac
e
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
Used Oil
kg
8.6e-01
8.6e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Water Used (total)
liter
5.5e-04
4.6e-04
2.6e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Aldehydes
g
4.0e-07
2.1e-05
1.9e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
1.7e-08
3.0e-08
7.9e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Benzene
g
8.8e-07
4.0e-07
4.2e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
1.3e+01
2.5e+02
6.2e+01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
1.1e-02
1.9e-01
5.4e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
8.5e-15
4.0e-13
4.0e-14
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Formaldehyde
g
1.2e-05
5.4e-06
5.6e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
g
6.6e-03
1.3e-03
3.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
5.2e-03
8.6e-01
2.4e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
g
6.6e-05
3.7e-03
3.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
8.2e-06
4.6e-04
3.9e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
2.9e-05
1.8e-05
1.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Lead (Pb)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Metals (unspecified)
g
5.4e-07
6.9e-05
2.5e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
4.5e-03
1.2e-01
2.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
g
3.1e-02
5.2e-01
1.4e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
2.4e-03
5.4e-03
1.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
1.9e-06
1.0e-04
8.8e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
3.2e-02
3.1e-01
1.5e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Phenolics
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
1.9e-02
1.5e+00
9.1e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
3.8e-04
8.7e-02
1.8e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic Halogene)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
g
3.0e-16
1.7e-14
1.4e-15
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
2.6e-03
5.9e-01
1.2e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Calcium (Ca++)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Chlorides (CI-)
g
5.6e-02
2.9e-02
2.7e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
g
2.2e-02
5.0e+00
1.1e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
1.0e-20
5.8e-19
4.9e-20
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
1.8e-01
9.2e-02
8.4e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
g
4.4e-07
2.5e-05
2.1e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
3.6e-06
1.9e-06
1.7e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
1.1e-04
7.3e-03
5.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
1.0e-07
5.8e-06
4.9e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
A- 17
-------
Rerefined Oil - LC Stac
e
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as
N)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Oils (unspecified)
n
1.3e-03
2.3e-01
6.2e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phenols
g
5.1e-05
1.1e-02
2.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
7.2e-02
3.7e-02
3.4e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
9.3e-08
5.2e-06
4.4e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
g
1.2e-02
2.7e+00
5.7e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Bio-Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Re-refine Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Virgin Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.0e+00
0.0e+00
Bio-oil
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 2
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 3
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Lubricants (kg)
kg
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
8.2e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (50 years - prorated)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
Waste (first replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (installation)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (Mfg.)
kg
6.7e-05
7.6e-03
3.2e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.2e-01
Waste (second replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
0.0e+00
-5.0e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.9e-01
1.1e+00
8.9e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
1.9e-01
1.0e+00
8.8e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
1.9e-04
1.0e-02
8.8e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
1.9e-01
1.0e+00
8.9e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
A- 18
-------
Table 9: Life Cycle Inventory, Bio-Based Oil
Bio-Based Oil - LC Sta<
e
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
(r) Baryte (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bauxite (AI203.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bentonite (AI203.4Si02.H20, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Clay (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
5.3e-03
1,6e-02
6.0e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Copper (Cu, Ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Diabase Rock
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Dolomite (CaC03.MgC03, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Feldspar (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Granite (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gravel (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gypsum (CaS04: in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) llmenite Ore (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Jute
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Kaolin (AI203.2Si02.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kg
9.2e-04
3.0e-03
1.1e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
9.3e-03
4.3e-02
1,7e-03
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
2.4e-02
2.6e-03
1,9e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kg
4.5e-06
O.Oe+OO
4.4e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
kg
5.5e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pine Rosin
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
kg
3.2e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potassium (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sand (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCI, in ground or
in sea)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
kg
3.0e-07
3.8e-07
1,4e-08
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Waste pa per
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wood (standing)
m3
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Cullet (from stock)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Fly Ash
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Iron Ore Slag
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Recovered Solids (iron scraps)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Used Oil
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
A- 19
-------
Bio-Based Oil - LC Stage
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
Water Used (total)
liter
5.9e+02
3.5e-03
2.7e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Aldehydes
g
1.7e-04
1.2e-04
2.0e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
1.6e-01
4.0e-05
8.3e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Benzene
g
4.4e-06
0.0e+00
4.4e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
-1.4e+03
-1.1e+03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
1.0e+02
1.7e+02
6.5e+01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
4.7e-01
5.2e-02
5.7e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
4.6e-03
1.4e-12
4.2e-14
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Formaldehyde
g
6.0e-05
2.6e-12
5.8e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
g
1.8e-01
1.6e+00
3.3e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
4.5e-01
1.3e-03
2.6e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
g
1.4e-03
8.6e-03
3.2e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
4.1e-05
1.1e-03
4.1e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
1.4e-04
1.0e-05
1.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Lead (Pb)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Metals (unspecified)
g
2.8e-07
2.5e-08
2.7e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
1.2e-01
3.2e-01
2.2e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
g
6.7e-01
3.2e-01
1.5e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
4.7e-03
1.6e-03
1.2e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
1.1e-02
2.4e-04
9.2e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
3.6e-01
2.3e-01
1.6e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Phenolics
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
3.2e-01
1.2e+00
9.5e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
1.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
2.1e-03
5.1e-05
1.9e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic Halogene)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
g
1.5e-15
4.0e-14
1.5e-15
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
1.7e-02
2.2e-04
1.3e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Calcium (Ca++)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Chlorides (CI-)
g
2.9e-01
7.7e-03
2.8e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
g
1.2e-01
1.8e-03
1.1e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
5.2e-20
1.4e-18
5.1e-20
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
9.6e-01
4.8e-02
8.8e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
g
4.7e-05
5.7e-05
2.2e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
4.1e-02
7.8e-01
1.8e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
5.5e-04
1.3e-05
5.4e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
1.1e-05
1.4e-05
5.1e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as
g
6.2e+01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
A-20
-------
Bio-Based Oil - LC Stage
Article
Units
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Use
End-of-
life
N)
(w) Oils (unspecified)
g
7.3e-03
4.2e-04
6.4e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phenols
g
2.5e-04
3.9e-06
2.5e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
9.7e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
3.7e-01
1.0e-02
3.6e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
1.0e-05
1.2e-05
4.6e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
g
1.6e+03
9.4e-04
5.9e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Bio-Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Re-refine Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1 quart (Virgin Oil)
quart
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Bio-oil
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.6e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 2
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 3
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Lubricants (kg)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (50 years - prorated)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.6e-01
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.6e-01
Waste (first replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (installation)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (Mfg.)
kg
2.2e-03
1.3e-02
3.3e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
8.6e-01
Waste (second replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
2.1e-01
3.5e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.6e+00
2.9e+00
9.2e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
1.8e+00
2.9e+00
9.2e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
1.4e-02
2.4e-02
9.2e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
1.8e+00
3.0e+00
9.2e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
A - 21
-------
Appendix B: Wall Insulation Case Study
Goal and Scope Definition
Goal
The goal of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of evaluating the environmental performance of four different
types of wall insulation by using the FRED LCA system. The four types of wall insulation evaluated were R-13 blown
cellulose insulation, R-ll fiberglass batt insulation, R-15 fiberglass batt insulation and R-12 blown mineral wool
insulation. Life cycle inventory data for this analysis was taken from NIST's Building for Environmental and Economic
sustainability program.
Intended Applications and Audiences
The LCA itself was intended to be used to support a comparative assertion of environmental superiority of a product over
a competing product in the context of the Federal requirement for environmentally preferable purchasing. Audiences
include purchasing agents as well as other federal and state officials. An ancillary use of the study is to support efforts
towards environmental improvement.
Scope
Description of the Product
The products evaluated represented several types of wall insulation with varying levels of thermal resistance. Blown
cellulose insulation is produced primarily from post-consumer wood pulp and is treated with fire retardant. Fiberglass
batt insulation is made by forming spun-glass fibers into batts. Blown mineral wool insulation is made from forming
fibers from either natural rock or iron ore blast furnace slag.
System Function and Functional Unit
The system function for the alternative products is to provide a constant thermal performance (for both heating and
cooling) for a house of 9600 cubic feet with an environment of 70 degrees F, given a typical wood frame-residential
construction, when the outside annual temperature is 55 degrees F, with average winter temperature of 32 degrees F and
average summer temperature of 85 degrees F. The functional unit is quantity of each insulation product required to
maintain the desired thermal performance over a 50-year period.
System Boundaries
The system studied included all unit processes for the manufacture of the insulation products as well as the heating/cooling
energy requirements associated with their use.
B - 1
-------
Data Gathering
The entire data gathering exercise for this project involved extracting data from the BEES database.
According to NIST, the BEES database includes both primary data as well as industry average data.
Allocation
According to the contractor for BEES, all allocation of emissions and resource use was performed
based on a mass basis.
Impact Assessment
Impact assessment was performed based on the FRED LCA system indicators, as described in the
body of this work. The assignment of inventory data to impact categories is shown in the table below.
Table 1: Assignment of Inventory Results to Impact Categories
Inventory Result
Impact Category
Justification
Fossil Fuels and Uranium
Resource Depletion
Although Uranium is not truly a
fossil fuel, it is "used up" in a
precisely comparable fashion
C02, N20, Methane
Global Warming
These are important greenhouse
gases which do not participate to a
great extent in other impact
categories
CO
Human Toxicity
Photochemical Smog
Global Warming;
CO is a human and animal
toxicant, as well as a precursor to
ozone formation and a greenhouse
gas. It can participate in the first
two of these environmental
mechanisms without losing its
potency for the others.
CFC's, HCFC's, Halons
Global Warming 100%
Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion 100%
These substances participate fully
in both of these parallel
environmental mechanisms
so2,
Acidification 100%
Although S02 contributes to
visibility deterioration, and human
health effects through the
formation of Particulate Matter,
these environmental mechanisms
are not addressed by FRED.
HC1, HF
Acidification 100%
Human Health 100%
These acid gases have minor
human health effects as well as
B - 2
-------
Inventory Result
Impact Category
Justification
contributing to acidification. It was
thought that double counting
would not significantly skew
results.
Toxic Air and Water
Emissions
Human Toxicity 100%
Ecotoxicity 100%
Since it was not possible to
evaluate the partitioning of these
substances, they were double
counted so as not to underestimate
their impacts.
NOx
Acidification 100%
Eutrophi cation 100%
Since FRED does not currently
evaluate the fate and transport of
NOx, this emission was double
counted.
VOC's, ROG's
Photochemical Smog
These are the essential precursors
to photochemically produced
ozone. Although some of them are
also toxic, unspeciated data does
not permit a toxic evaluation.
nh4
Eutrophi cation (water
emissions); acidification
(air Emissions)
Although NH4 is not an acid gas,
it undergoes changes in the soil
leading to acidification effects.
po4
Eutrophi cation 100%
Phosphate does not participate in
any other environmental
mechanism described by the
FRED methodology
Inventory
The table below shows the summary inventory for the four products compared. A full inventory by
life cycle stage can be found in Tables 8, 9, 10 and 11.
Table 2: Summary Inventory
LCI Totals
Article
Units
Blown
R-11
R-15
Mineral Wool
Cellulose
Fiberglass
Fiberglass
(r) Bauxite (AI203.2H20, ore)
kg
2.4e-05
1.0e-06
3.4e-06
3.0e-06
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
kg
5.1e-02
3.5e-03
1.1e-02
0.0e+00
B - 3
-------
LCI Totals
Article
Units
Blown
Cellulose
R-11
Fiberglass
R-15
Fiberglass
Mineral Wool
(r) Clay (in ground)
kg
2.2e-06
7.8e-08
2.6e-07
2.2e-07
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
9.3e-02
2.2e-02
6.0e-02
8.9e-02
(r) Diabase Rock
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
6.7e-02
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
kg
2.7e-05
7.7e-07
2.5e-06
2.1e-06
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kg
1.7e-02
1.7e-02
5.5e-02
1.3e-03
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
2.5e-01
4.2e-02
1.1e-01
1.5e-01
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
1.5e-01
1.8e-01
1.9e-01
1.8e-02
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kg
1.6e-05
1.7e-05
1.7e-05
1.6e-06
Cullet (from stock)
kg
0.0e+00
3.7e-03
1.2e-02
0.0e+00
Iron Ore Slag
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
2.7e-01
Water Used (total)
liter
1.2e+00
2.5e-01
4.7e-01
3.0e-01
(a) Aldehydes
g
2.7e-04
1.2e-04
2.5e-04
8.8e-04
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
6.4e-06
2.1e-05
2.2e-05
2.0e-05
(a) Benzene
g
1.6e-05
4.0e-05
4.0e-05
1.6e-06
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
9.4e+02
1.8e+02
4.7e+02
1.2e+02
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
6.5e-08
5.0e-09
1.6e-08
6.5e-03
(a) Formaldehyde
g
2.1e-04
9.0e-02
3.0e-01
8.0e-03
(a) Hydrocarbons (except
methane)
g
2.5e-01
9.1e-02
1.8e-01
1.9e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
1.1e+00
1.8e-01
2.9e-01
1.6e-01
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
g
5.2e-02
1.1e-02
3.1e-02
4.0e-03
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
5.8e-03
1.4e-03
3.9e-03
5.2e-04
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
1.1e-03
1.4e-03
1.5e-03
9.7e-05
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
1.6e+00
4.2e-01
1.0e+00
7.4e-01
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as
N02)
g
2.9e+00
5.4e-01
1.4e+00
3.9e-01
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
5.1e-02
9.2e-03
1.3e-02
4.0e-02
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
1.3e-03
3.9e-04
9.7e-04
1.8e-03
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
1.9e+00
2.4e+00
7.8e+00
1.4e+00
(a) Phenolics
g
0.0e+00
5.0e-01
1.6e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
5.5e+00
1.7e+00
4.5e+00
3.7e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
1.3e-02
2.3e-04
7.5e-04
6.6e-04
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
9.7e-03
7.2e-03
7.6e-03
7.8e-04
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic
Halogene)
g
0.0e+00
1.1e-05
1.1e-05
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
g
2.2e-13
5.2e-14
1.4e-13
1.7e-14
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
1.1e-01
1.0e-01
2.1e-01
1.0e-01
(w) Chlorides (CI-)
g
1.7e+00
2.5e+00
2.6e+00
1.1 e-01
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
6.2e-01
5.2e-01
7.3e-01
2.1e-01
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
7.3e-18
1.8e-18
4.9e-18
5.7e-19
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
3.4e+00
8.0e+00
8.2e+00
3.5e-01
B - 4
-------
LCI Totals
Article
Units
Blown
Cellulose
R-11
Fiberglass
R-15
Fiberglass
Mineral Wool
(w) Fluorides (F-)
fl
3.2e-04
7.6e-05
2.1e-04
2.6e-05
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
9.0e-03
4.9e-04
1.2e-03
9.5e-04
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
4.3e-02
5.3e-03
8.1e-03
3.5e-03
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
6.4e-02
2.6e-05
7.6e-05
3.7e-05
(w) Nitrogenous Matter
(unspecified, as N)
g
1.1e-03
3.9e-05
1.3e-04
1.1e-04
(w) Oils (unspecified)
g
9.3e-02
3.3e-02
3.5e-02
3.8e-03
(w) Phenols
g
9.4e-04
9.5e-04
9.9e-04
1.0e-04
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
0.0e+00
4.9e-06
1.6e-05
2.4e-05
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
1.5e+00
3.3e+00
3.3e+00
1.4e-01
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
8.9e-02
6.8e-04
2.0e-03
1.2e-03
(w) Suspended Matter
(unspecified)
g
2.6e-01
2.9e-01
4.4e-01
1.5e-01
Waste (50 years - prorated)
kg
1.3e+00
2.3e-01
3.8e-01
3.3e-01
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
1.3e+00
2.3e-01
3.8e-01
3.3e-01
Waste (installation)
kg
4.0e-01
1,2e-02
2.0e-02
2.2e-02
Waste (Mfg.)
kg
3.5e-02
1.3e-02
3.8e-02
7.7e-02
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
5.4e+00
7.4e+00
7.7e+00
7.6e-01
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.7e+01
3.4e+00
8.7e+00
1.0e+01
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
2.3e+01
1.1e+01
1.6e+01
1.1e+01
E Renewable Energy
MJ
1.6e-01
1.9e-01
2.5e-01
2.1e-02
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
2.3e+01
1.1e+01
1.6e+01
1.1e+01
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.0e+01
2.2e+00
5.4e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
4.5e+01
2.1e+00
5.6e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
5.4e-02
1.2e-02
3.9e-02
Total Primary Energy
MJ
4.5e+01
2.1e+00
5.7e+00
Indicator Results
The table below shows the indicator results for the four systems studied.
Table 3: LCIA Results
I.CIA
icsuhs
Indicator
Blown
Cellulose
Fiberglass
R-11
Fiberglass
R-15
Mineral Wool
GW P (kg CO, equiv)
I
f l
s
1 5.1
OI)P(k«( l ( -II)
0
0
i)
0
B - 5
-------
LCIA Results
Indicator
Blown
Cellulose
Fiberglass
R-11
Fiberglass
R-15
Mineral Wool
Acidification (kg SO,)
S
->
5
4
Kutrophicalion (kg !'(),)
o 1452
oil W
0 1021
0 0471
Photochemical Smog (kg (),)
1 os
2 lo
(•> 45
7 02
Human Toxicity
Cancel'
1 oM>o5
(H)i ;-o4
') 27I--04
2 571 >05
\onCancei'
2 Nl
(\52l-:-o|
2 I4l¦ oo
5 Ml>02
Kcotoxicitv
1 lMi:-i)2
I 4lJl>o2
4 0lM :-o2
1 J
yc
4-
Resource Depletion
I'ossil (ions oil ec.|iii\ alcnl)
I 4oi; do
4 4Si:-o|
7 wi :-oi
1 421 >o I
Mineral (ec|iii\ ions)
<) n(11 ; do
o.ooi; oo
o.ooi: 00
o ooi: 00
Precious! e(.|iii\ Ions)
< i n< 11 ; on
o ooi: 00
o ooi: 00
o ooi: 00
Other Indicators:
l.aiul I sc (ha)
o
0
0
0
Water I se (ku)
i 151: oo
I J
' J\
4 731
.i 00| ;-0|
Solid Waste (ku)
2M-: 00
2 25i:-Q|
3 771>o|
3 2M>Q|
Interpretation
This is an example of when it may be difficult to make a decision based on the FRED LCA model
outputs. For instance, blown cellulose has a lower indicated impact in the Human Toxicity category,
but the other products have lower indicator results for Water Use and Solid Waste. Mineral wool also
has the lowest indicator result, by an order of magnitude, for Ecotoxicity.
It is also possible to evaluate the sources of the various impacts in order to identify opportunities for
improvements. The table below shows the indicators in term of percentage for the different life cycle
stages.
B - 6
-------
Table 4: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Blown Cellulose
Blown Cellulose - by LC Stage
Imlicator
Uaw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
I so
Disposal
(i\\ P
75
21
->
1
0
ODP
i)
0
0
0
0
Acidification
70
21
1
->
0
Eutrophicatio
n
i)()
1
5
0
Photochemic
al Smog
1
4
0
Human
Health
Cancer
SO
0
S
0
0
NonCancer
S7
0
S
5
0
Eco Health
\ A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Resource
Depletion
Fossil
1
o
0
Mineral
0
0
0
0
0
Precious
0
0
0
0
0
Other
Indicators:
Land Use
0
0
0
0
0
Water Use
(kg)
| 00
0
0
0
0
Solid Waste
(kg)
0
0
0
0
| 00
B - 7
-------
Table 5: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, R-ll Fiberglass
Imlicator
Raw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
I se
Disposal
GW l»
6
93
1
0
0
ODP
0
0
0
0
0
Acidification
4
96
0
0
0
Eutrophication
16
84
1
0
0
Photochemical
Smog
9
91
0
0
0
Human Health
Cancer
4
96
0
0
0
Non-Cancer
4
96
0
0
0
Eco Health
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Resource Depletion
Fossil
6
94
0
0
0
Mineral
0
0
0
0
0
Precious
0
0
0
0
0
Other Indicators:
Land Use
0
0
0
0
0
Water Use (kg)
38
62
0
0
0
ste (kg)
B - 8
-------
Table 6: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, R-15 Fiberglass
R-15 Fiberglass - by LC Stage
Indicator
Uaw
Materials
Manufacturing
Trims port
I se
Disposal
GW l»
X
1)\
1
i)
i)
ODP
i)
i)
i)
i)
i)
Acidification
5
0
i)
0
Eutrophication
M
i)
0
Photochemical
Smog
i)
i)
i)
1)
Human Health
Cancer
4
i)
0
1)
Non-Cancer
4
0
0
0
Eco Health
\ A
\ A
\ A
\ A
\ A
Resource Depletion
Fossil
12
SS
i)
i)
i)
Mineral
i)
i)
0
0
0
Precious
i)
i)
0
0
0
Other Indicators:
Land Use
i)
i)
0
i)
0
water use (Kg)
Solid Waste (kg)
oo
0
0
0
0
u
n
B - 9
-------
Table 7: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Mineral Wool
Mineral Wool - by LC Stage
Indicator
Uaw
Materials
Manufacturing
Transport
I se
Disposal
GW l»
34
7
i)
ODP
0
i)
i)
0
i)
Acidification
i)()
1
1
0
Eutrophication
ss
1
S
0
Photochemical
Smog
(•>
i)
1)
1)
Human Health
Cancer
<)(>
0
1
1)
Non-Cancer
11)1)
i)
0
1)
0
Eco Health
\ A
\ A
\ A
\ A
\ A
Resource Depletion
Fossil
1 1
SS
1
i)
i)
Mineral
i)
i)
0
0
0
Precious
i)
i)
0
0
0
Other Indicators:
Land Use
i)
i)
0
i)
0
Water Use (kg)
Solid Waste (kg)
100
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
n
For the most part, the majority of the four products indicator results can be found in the
manufacturing and the transportation phases of the life cycle. This result supports the guidance of the
FRED methodology, which recommends more intensive data gathering efforts in the manufacturing
phase for products which are durable goods which are not energy intensive in the use phase.
Conclusions
Like the pilot project described in Appendix A, this pilot proved that existing LCA data sets can be
used in the FRED LCA system. Concern that arose during this pilot project centered around lack of
information regarding the LCA data sets. For example, more information regarding data sources,
specificity, age, quality, etc., would have been useful in framing the applicability of the FRED LCA
system results.
B - 10
-------
Table 8: Life Cycle Inventory, Blown Cellulose
1)1 own Cellulose - I.C Sl:i»e
Article
I nils
Rsiw
Miileriiils
M;iniir;icliirin<>
Tninsporl
I se
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
(r) Baryte (in ground)
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bauxite (A1203.2H20, ore)
¥
2.4e-05
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bentonite (A1203.4Si02.H20,
in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
¥
5.1e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Clay (in ground)
2.2e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Coal (in ground)
¥
2.9e-02
6.3e-02
1.8e-04
1.2e-04
O.Oe+OO
(r) Copper (Cu, Ore)
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Diabase Rock
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Dolomite (CaC03.MgC03, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Feldspar (ore)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Granite (in ground)
k{?
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gravel (in ground)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gypsum (CaS04: in ground)
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Ilmenite Ore (in ground)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
k{?
2.7e-05
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Jute
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Kaolin (A1203.2Si02.2H20,
ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
¥
4.5e-03
1.2e-02
3.5e-05
2.3e-05
O.Oe+OO
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
k{?
2.4e-01
6.9e-03
5.0e-04
3.4e-04
O.Oe+OO
(r) Oil (in ground)
¥
1.3e-01
2.2e-03
5.9e-03
3.9e-03
O.Oe+OO
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
k{?
1.4e-05
O.Oe+OO
1.3e-06
9.0e-07
O.Oe+OO
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pine Rosin
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potassium (ore)
k{?
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sand (in ground)
k{?
4.6e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCl, in
ground or in sea)
kg
1.4e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
k{?
5.4e-07
1.5e-06
4.4e-09
2.9e-09
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wastepaper
¥
l.le+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wood (standing)
m3
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Cullet (from stock)
ks
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
B - 11
-------
1)1 own Cellulose - l.(' Sl:i»e
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miiteriiils
M jui ii I'ncl ii rin «
liiinspoil
I se
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
Fly Ash
¥
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Iron Ore Slag
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Recovered Solids (iron scraps)
¥
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Water Used (total)
liter
1.2e+00
1.9e-03
8.2e-04
5.5e-04
0.0e+00
Sq Foot of Insulation (Cellulose)
Sq Ft
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.0e+00
Cellulose Insulation
0.0e+00
1.3e+00
1.3e+00
1.3e+00
0.0e+00
Component 2
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 3
NA
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Aldehydes
g
7.6e-05
1.9e-04
6.1e-07
4.1e-07
0.0e+00
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
6.2e-06
2.3e-07
2.5e-08
1.7e-08
0.0e+00
(a) Benzene
g
1.4e-05
0.0e+00
1.3e-06
8.8e-07
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
7.1e+02
2.0e+02
2.0e+01
1.4e+01
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
1.0e+00
4.3e-02
1.7e-02
5.6e-02
0.0e+00
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
6.5e-08
0.0e+00
1.3e-14
8.6e-15
0.0e+00
(a) Formaldehyde
g
1.8e-04
1.0e-ll
1.8e-05
1.2e-05
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
g
2.3e-01
1.6e-03
9.9e-03
6.8e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
8
l.le+00
5.2e-03
7.7e-03
5.2e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HC1)
g
1.7e-02
3.4e-02
9.8e-05
6.6e-05
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
8
1.5e-03
4.3e-03
1.2e-05
8.3e-06
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
8
1.0e-03
4.1e-05
4.3e-05
2.9e-05
0.0e+00
(a) Lead (Pb)
8
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Metals (unspecified)
8
8.4e+03
9.8e-04
8.0e+02
5.4e+02
0.0e+00
(a) Methane (CH4)
8
l.le+00
4.7e-01
6.8e-03
4.9e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
8
2.1e+00
6.1e-01
4.6e-02
2.1e-01
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
8
4.3e-02
3.6e-03
3.6e-03
4.4e-04
0.0e+00
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
8
3.4e-04
9.4e-04
2.8e-06
1.9e-06
0.0e+00
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
8
9.6e-01
8.9e-01
4.7e-02
7.0e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Phenolics
8
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
8
4.3e+00
l.le+00
2.9e-02
1.9e-02
0.0e+00
(a) Volatile Organic Compounds
8
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
8
1.3e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
8
8.5e-03
2.0e-04
5.8e-04
3.9e-04
0.0e+00
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic
Halogene)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
8
5.6e-14
1,6e-13
4.6e-16
3. le-16
0.0e+00
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
§
1.0e-01
8.2e-04
3.9e-03
2.6e-03
0.0e+00
B - 12
-------
1)1 own Cellulose - l.(' Sl:i»e
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miiteriiils
M jui ii I'ncl ii rin «
liiinspoil
I se
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
Demand)
(w) Calcium (Ca++)
8
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Chlorides (C1-)
8
1.6e+00
3.1e-02
8.4e-02
5.7e-02
0.0e+00
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
5.5e-01
6.9e-03
3.3e-02
2.2e-02
0.0e+00
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
8
1.9e-18
5.4e-18
1.6e-20
1.0e-20
0.0e+00
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
8
2.9e+00
9.7e-02
2.7e-01
1.8e-01
0.0e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
8
9.3e-05
2.3e-04
6.6e-07
4.4e-07
0.0e+00
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
8
9.0e-03
2.0e-06
5.4e-06
3.6e-06
0.0e+00
(w) Metals (unspecified)
8
4.2e-02
5.2e-05
1.6e-04
l.le-04
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
8
6.4e-02
5.4e-05
1.6e-07
l.le-07
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrogenous Matter
(unspecified, as N)
g
l.le-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Oils (unspecified)
8
9.0e-02
4.7e-04
2.0e-03
1.3e-03
0.0e+00
(w) Phenols
8
8.0e-04
1.6e-05
7.6e-05
5.1e-05
0.0e+00
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sodium (Na+)
8
1.2e+00
4.0e-02
l.le-01
7.3e-02
0.0e+00
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
8
8.9e-02
4.8e-05
1.4e-07
9.3e-08
0.0e+00
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
§
2.3e-01
3.7e-03
1.8e-02
1.2e-02
0.0e+00
B - 13
-------
1)1 own Cellulose - l.(' Sl:i»e
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miiteriiils
M jui ii I'ncl ii rin «
liiinspoil
I se
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
Waste (50 years - prorated)
¥
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.3e+00
Waste (End-of-Life)
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
1.3e+00
Waste (first replacement)
¥
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (installation)
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
3.3e-01
6.6e-02
Waste (Mfg.)
¥
l.le-02
2.3e-02
1.0e-04
6.8e-05
0.0e+00
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (second replacement)
¥
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
5.4e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.4e+01
3.1e+00
2.8e-01
1.9e-01
0.0e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
1.9e+01
3.0e+00
2.8e-01
1.9e-01
0.0e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
6.1e-02
9.7e-02
2.8e-04
1.9e-04
0.0e+00
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
1.9e+01
3.1e+00
2.8e-01
1.9e-01
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
E Renewable Energy
MJ
B - 14
-------
Table 9: Life Cycle Inventory, R-ll Fiberglass
U-l 1 l'"ibcr«lass - LC Sisi«e
Article
I nils
Rsiw
Miileriiils
M;inul';ultirin
-------
U-l 1 l'"ihcr«liiss - IX' St:i»c
Article
I nils
Rsiw
Miilcriiils
Mniiii Ijictii rin^
liituspoit
I so
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
Water Used (total)
liter
7.3e-08
3.9e-05
1.4e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Sq Foot of Insulation (Cellulose)
Sq Ft
0.0e+00
3.5e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Cellulose Insulation
kg
1.1e+01
1.7e+02
2.1e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 2
NA
5.1e-03
7.3e-02
1.8e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Component 3
NA
5.0e-09
1.1 e-12
1.3e-15
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Aldehydes
g
3.9e-03
8.6e-02
1.9e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
fl
3.7e-02
5.3e-02
1.0e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Benzene
g
4.6e-02
1.3e-01
8.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
7.2e-04
1.1e-02
1.0e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
7.7e-05
1.3e-03
1.3e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
2.3e-05
1.3e-03
4.5e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Formaldehyde
g
4.4e+01
9.9e+03
8.4e+01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
g
2.6e-02
4.0e-01
7.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
5.2e-02
4.8e-01
4.8e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
g
4.6e-04
8.4e-03
3.8e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
3.0e-05
3.6e-04
2.9e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
1.0e+00
1.4e+00
5.0e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Lead (Pb)
g
0.0e+00
5.0e-01
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Metals (unspecified)
g
5.0e-02
1.7e+00
3.0e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
g
2.2e-04
8.2e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
5.5e-05
7.1e-03
6.0e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
0.0e+00
1.1e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
2.8e-15
4.9e-14
4.8e-17
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Phenolics
g
4.8e-02
5.1e-02
4.1e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
g
9.6e-03
2.5e+00
8.8e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
8.4e-02
4.3e-01
3.5e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
9.6e-20
1.7e-18
1.6e-21
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic
Halogene)
g
1.9e-02
8.0e+00
2.8e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
g
5.0e-06
7.1e-05
6.9e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
3.2e-04
1.6e-04
5.7e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Calcium (Ca++)
g
1.2e-03
4.0e-03
1.7e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Chlorides (CI-)
g
9.0e-06
1.7e-05
1.6e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
3.9e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
5.7e-04
3.2e-02
2.0e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
B - 16
-------
U-l 1 l'"ihcr«liiss - IX' St:i»c
Article
I nils
Rsiw
Miilcriiils
M;inul';ultirin
-------
Table 10: Life Cycle Inventory, R-15 Fiberglass
R-15 l-"iber«ilass - I.C St:i»e
Article
I nils
Rsiw
Miilcriiils
M:iiiii l':ictn rin^
Tninsporl
I so
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
(r) Baryte (in ground)
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bauxite (AI203.2H20, ore)
kg
3.4e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bentonite (AI203.4Si02.H20, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
kg
1.1e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Clay (in ground)
kg
2.6e-07
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
5.5e-03
5.4e-02
6.3e-05
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Copper (Cu, Ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Diabase Rock
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Dolomite (CaC03.MgC03, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Feldspar (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Granite (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gravel (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gypsum (CaS04: in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) llmenite Ore (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
kg
2.5e-06
1,4e-08
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Jute
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Kaolin (AI203.2Si02.2H20, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kg
4.4e-02
1.0e-02
1,2e-05
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
1,6e-02
9.5e-02
1,7e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
1.1e-02
1.8e-01
2.0e-03
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kg
2.4e-07
1,6e-05
4.6e-07
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pine Rosin
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potassium (ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sand (in ground)
kg
1.2e-01
6.1e-09
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCI, in
ground or in sea)
kg
3.5e-04
1,8e-05
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
kg
1.1e-07
1,3e-06
1.5e-09
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Waste pa per
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wood (standing)
m3
O.Oe+OO
1.1e-05
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Cullet (from stock)
kg
1,2e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Fly Ash
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Iron Ore Slag
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Recovered Solids (iron scraps)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
B - 18
-------
R-15 l-'ihei'uliiss - LC Sl:i»c
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miltcriiils
M;inul':uttirin
-------
R-15 l-'ihei'uliiss - LC Sl:i»c
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miltcriiils
Mil 11111:1 during
Tmnsporl
I so
Kiui-or-
lil'c
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
6.2e-02
8.0e+00
9.2e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
n
1.7e-05
1.9e-04
2.3e-07
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
1.1e-03
1.6e-04
1.9e-06
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
4.0e-03
4.1e-03
5.6e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
3.0e-05
4.6e-05
5.4e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrogenous Matter
(unspecified, as N)
g
1.3e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Oils (unspecified)
g
1.9e-03
3.2e-02
6.8e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phenols
g
2.1e-05
9.4e-04
2.6e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
g
1.6e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
2.4e-02
3.3e+00
3.8e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
1.8e-03
1.6e-04
4.8e-08
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
g
2.1e-01
2.2e-01
6.2e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (50 years - prorated)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (first replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (installation)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
2.0e-02
0.0e+00
Waste (Mfg.)
kg
1.7e-02
2.1e-02
3.5e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
3.8e-01
Waste (second replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
4.3e-01
7.3e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
1.0e+00
7.6e+00
9.7e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
1.5e+00
1.5e+01
9.7e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
9.9e-03
2.4e-01
9.7e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
1.5e+00
1.5e+01
9.7e-02
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
E Renewable Energy
MJ
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
B -20
-------
Table 11: Life Cycle Inventory, Mineral Wool
Mineral Wool - I.C Slsi«c
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miitcriiils
M:iiiii l':ictn rin^
Tmnsporl
I so
Kiul-ol"-
lil'e
(r) Baryte (in ground)
¥
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bauxite (AI203.2H20, ore)
3.0e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Bentonite (AI203.4Si02.H20, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Borax (Na20.2B203.10H20)
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Clay (in ground)
2.2e-07
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Coal (in ground)
kg
7.1e-03
8.2e-02
9.5e-05
3.2e-05
O.Oe+OO
(r) Copper (Cu, Ore)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Diabase Rock
6.7e-02
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Dolomite (CaC03.MgC03, in
ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Feldspar (ore)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Granite (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gravel (in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Gypsum (CaS04: in ground)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) llmenite Ore (in ground)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Iron (Fe, ore)
kg
2.1e-06
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Jute
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Kaolin (AI203.2Si02.2H20, ore)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Limestone (CaC03, in ground)
kfl
1.1e-03
1.5e-04
1.8e-05
6.0e-06
O.Oe+OO
(r) Natural Gas (in ground)
kg
1.3e-02
1.3e-01
2.6e-04
8.8e-05
O.Oe+OO
(r) Oil (in ground)
kg
1.2e-02
2.0e-03
3.0e-03
1.0e-03
O.Oe+OO
(r) Perlite (Si02, ore)
kfl
6.2e-07
8.0e-08
6.9e-07
2.3e-07
O.Oe+OO
(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pine Rosin
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potash (K20, in ground)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Potassium (ore)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sand (in ground)
kg
5.7e-08
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCI, in ground or
in sea)
kg
2.4e-04
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Uranium (U, ore)
kg
1.5e-07
1.9e-08
2.3e-09
7.6e-10
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wastepaper
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
(r) Wood (standing)
m3
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Cullet (from stock)
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Fly Ash
kg
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Iron Ore Slag
kfl
2.7e-01
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Recovered Solids (iron scraps)
kfl
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Water Used (total)
liter
3.0e-01
7.2e-05
4.2e-04
1.4e-04
O.Oe+OO
Sg Foot of Insulation (Cellulose)
Sg Ft
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
1.0e+00
O.Oe+OO
Cellulose Insulation
kfl
O.Oe+OO
3.4e-01
3.4e-01
3.4e-01
O.Oe+OO
Component 2
NA
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
Component 3
NA
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
O.Oe+OO
B -21
-------
Mi in.-r;il W.m.I - IX Sl:i»c
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miitcriiils
M:iiiii l':ictn rin^
Tmnsporl
I si-
Kiul-ol"-
lil'c
(a) Aldehydes
g
8.8e-05
7.9e-04
3.1e-07
ll e-07
0.0e+00
(a) Ammonia (NH3)
g
2.0e-05
4.4e-09
1.3e-08
4.4e-09
0.0e+00
(a) Benzene
g
6.1e-07
7.9e-08
6.8e-07
2.3e-07
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, biomass)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Dioxide (C02, fossil)
g
5.0e+01
6.1e+01
1.0e+01
3.5e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
g
2.1e-02
7.3e-02
8.9e-03
1.5e-02
0.0e+00
(a) Fluorides (F-)
g
1.0e-08
6.5e-03
6.6e-15
2.2e-15
0.0e+00
(a) Formaldehyde
g
8.0e-03
1.1 e-06
9.1 e-06
3.1 e-06
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane)
g
8.8e-02
1.8e+00
5.1e-03
1.8e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
1.6e-01
1.4e-03
4.0e-03
1.3e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
g
3.5e-03
4.2e-04
5.1e-05
1.7e-05
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
g
4.0e-04
1.1 e-04
6.4e-06
2.1 e-06
0.0e+00
(a) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
g
6.4e-05
3.1 e-06
2.2e-05
7.5e-06
0.0e+00
(a) Lead (Pb)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Metals (unspecified)
g
3.7e+02
4.8e+01
4.2e+02
1.4e+02
0.0e+00
(a) Methane (CH4)
g
8.3e-02
6.5e-01
3.5e-03
1.3e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as N02)
g
1.9e-01
1.2e-01
2.4e-02
5.4e-02
0.0e+00
(a) Nitrous Oxide (N20)
g
3.1e-03
3.5e-02
1.9e-03
1.1 e-04
0.0e+00
(a) Organic Matter (unspecified)
g
1.9e-04
1.6e-03
1.4e-06
4.8e-07
0.0e+00
(a) Particulates (unspecified)
g
6.2e-01
8.0e-01
2.4e-02
1.8e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Phenolics
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(a) Sulfur Oxides (SOx as S02)
g
2.0e-01
3.5e+00
1.5e-02
4.9e-03
0.0e+00
(a) Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Acids (H+)
g
6.6e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N)
g
3.4e-04
3.7e-05
3.0e-04
1.0e-04
0.0e+00
(w) AOX (Adsordable Organic
Halogene)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Benzene
g
1.4e-14
1.9e-15
2.4e-16
7.9e-17
0.0e+00
(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand)
g
1.0e-01
2.5e-04
2.0e-03
6.8e-04
0.0e+00
(w) Calcium (Ca++)
g
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Chlorides (CI-)
g
5.1e-02
5.4e-03
4.4e-02
1.5e-02
0.0e+00
(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
g
1.9e-01
2.1e-03
1.7e-02
5.8e-03
0.0e+00
(w) Cyanides (CN-)
g
4.9e-19
6.6e-20
8.0e-21
2.7e-21
0.0e+00
(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified)
g
1.5e-01
1.7e-02
1.4e-01
4.6e-02
0.0e+00
(w) Fluorides (F-)
g
2.3e-05
2.8e-06
3.4e-07
1.1e-07
0.0e+00
(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
g
9.5e-04
3.5e-07
2.8e-06
9.4e-07
0.0e+00
(w) Metals (unspecified)
g
3.4e-03
1.0e-05
8.4e-05
2.8e-05
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrates (N03-)
g
3.6e-05
6.6e-07
8.1e-08
2.7e-08
0.0e+00
(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as
N)
g
1.1 e-04
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
(w) Oils (unspecified)
g
2.3e-03
1.2e-04
1.0e-03
3.4e-04
0.0e+00
(w) Phenols
g
4.3e-05
4.7e-06
3.9e-05
1.3e-05
0.0e+00
(w) Phosphates (P04 3-, HP04-,
9
2.4e-05
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
B -22
-------
Miiu-nil Wool - IX Sl:i»c
Article
I nits
Rsiw
Miitcriiils
M:iiiii l':ictn rin^
Tmnsporl
I so
Kiul-ol"-
lil'c
H2P04-, H3P04, as P)
(w) Sodium (Na+)
g
5.5e-02
7.0e-03
5.6e-02
1.9e-02
0.0e+00
(w) Sulfates (S04-)
g
1.2e-03
5.9e-07
7.2e-08
2.4e-08
0.0e+00
(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified)
g
1.4e-01
1.1e-03
9.3e-03
3.1e-03
0.0e+00
Waste (50 years - prorated)
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (End-of-Life)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (first replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
Waste (installation)
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
2.2e-02
0.0e+00
Waste (Mfg.)
8.1e-03
6.8e-02
5.2e-05
1.7e-05
0.0e+00
Waste (non-recyclable, 50-year)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
3.3e-01
Waste (second replacement)
kg
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Feedstock Energy
MJ
7.5e-01
2.3e-03
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
7.1e-01
9.5e+00
1.5e-01
4.9e-02
0.0e+00
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
1.4e+00
9.5e+00
1.5e-01
4.9e-02
0.0e+00
E Renewable Energy
MJ
1.3e-02
7.9e-03
1.4e-04
4.9e-05
0.0e+00
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
1.5e+00
9.5e+00
1.5e-01
4.9e-02
0.0e+00
E Fuel Energy
MJ
E Non Renewable Energy
MJ
E Renewable Energy
MJ
E Total Primary Energy
MJ
B -23
-------
Appendix C: Asphalt Coating Case Study
Goal and Scope Definition
Goal
An important goal of this study was to evaluate whether a small vendor would be capable of
gathering the data necessary for a life cycle assessment, in a timely fashion. If this proved to be
impossible, the application of LCA for EPP would present a significant barrier for small businesses
seeking to sell goods to the Federal government. Asphalt Systems, a small manufacturer of asphalt
emulsions in Utah, participated in providing site specific information on the manufacture, application
and use of asphalt emulsions and hot mix asphalt.
Intended Applications and Audiences
The LCA itself was intended to be used to support a comparative assertion of environmental
superiority of a product over a competing product in the context of the Federal requirement for
environmentally preferable purchasing. Audiences include purchasing agents as well as other federal
and state officials. An ancillary use of the study is to support efforts towards environmental
improvement.
Scope
Description of the Product
The products evaluated represented two methods of maintaining roads: applying a thin layer (1.5
inches thick) of asphalt cement and applying an asphalt emulsion containing a natural mineral
product, gilsonite. Both of these products are applied to asphalt roads before significant deterioration
has occurred (three to five years into the life of the road), and neither adds structural strength to the
road. Each extends the life of the road considerably. In the case of the asphalt emulsion, for three to
five years, and in the case of the asphalt cement thin layer, seven to nine years. There are some other
specialized methods for maintaining asphalt cement roadways, but these tend to be based on trade
secret chemical compositions, and were not included in this study.
Asphalt emulsion is applied by spraying diluted emulsion from a distributor truck that simultaneously
spreads sand onto the emulsion. Application is at ambient temperature. A thin layer of asphalt cement
is applied by first spreading a tack coat (consisting of a simple asphalt emulsion) with a distributor
truck, then applying a layer of asphalt, and finally rolling the layer of asphalt to assure a smooth
surface. Typically, the asphalt cement is manufactured near the construction site at a hot-mix asphalt
cement plant, which heats the asphalt and mixes it with aggregate, which is then trucked to the road
C- 1
-------
site and applied as above. Asphalt cement must be applied at 165°F or above. Traffic can ensue one
to two hours after application is complete.
System Function and Functional Unit
The function provided by the alternative products is the maintenance of good quality roads (five on
a scale of ten). The functional unit is twenty years of one lane mile. The inventory includes two
application of the thin layer of asphalt cement, and five applications of the asphalt emulsion.
System Boundaries
The system studied included all unit processes except those used for the production of hydrochloric
acid. This material comprised less that one percent of the total mass of the products, and it was
expected from the composition of the materials that the acid would be neutralized in use.
All inputs and outputs were accounted for as long as they comprised at least:
1. One percent of the mass
2. One percent of the energy, or
3. One percent of the expected toxicity scores
Primary data was not available for the asphalt production, but was gathered from published sources.
Information on the production of the asphalt emulsion and the tack coat was obtained from the
manufacturer, as was information on the application of the asphalt emulsion, the tack coat and the
thin layer of asphalt cement. The flow charts below identify the systems under study.
C-2
-------
Asphalt Emulsion Coating
Sulfuric Acid
from S09
Water
Extraction
Petroleum
Extraction
Uranium
Mining
Coal Mining
Sand Extraction
Raw Material
Extraction
Production
of HC1
Production
of Detergent
Production
of Emulsifiers
and light oil
Production
of Emulsion
Production
of Asphalt
Production
of Electricity
Production
of Diesel
Manufacture
(includes intermediate transport)
Application
of Emulsion '
Application
and Use
Figure 1
C - 3
-------
Thin-Layer Hot Mix Asphalt Overlay
Raw Material
Extraction
Manufacture
(includes intermediate transport)
Application
and Use
Coal Mining
Uranium
Mining
Extraction
of Water
Production
of Diesel
Production
of Asphalt
Production
of HC1
Application
of HMA
Natural Gas
Extraction
Petroleum
Extraction
Production
of Electricity
Production
of Emulsifier
Production of
T ack Coat
Application of
T ack Coat
Extraction
of Aggregate
Sulfuric Acid
from SO,
Production of
Hot Mix Asphalt
C-4
-------
Data Gathering
In general, data gathering was quite rapid. The entire data gathering exercise for this project took
place over two months (January-March 1999). This situation was aided by the simple nature of the
materials under study. However, there were some difficulties that were encountered. For example,
the source of the asphalt in the emulsions and tack coat (a large refining company) was not willing
to provide site-specific information to this small vendor. Consequently, industry average data,
obtained from the American Petroleum Institute (API) was used for estimating the inventories of this
material.
Secondly, it was not possible to obtain site-specific information from any vendor that was not a direct
vendor to the manufacturer. Thus the inventory results from some products that were obtained from
a distributor (e.g. HC1 and some detergents) were derived from data bases.
Finally, the contents of some materials (emulsifiers) are considered to be trade secrets. The issue of
trade secrets is a common one in LCA's, no matter what size of vendor one might be evaluating.
Some of the trade secret material are considered to be potentially ecotoxic, and that is reflected in the
analysis reported here.
Allocation
All allocation of emissions and resource use was performed based on a mass basis. This was required
for the production of asphalt, and for transportation inventory results, but not for other inventory data.
Impact Assessment
Impact assessment was performed based on the FRED LCA system indicators, as described in the
body of this work. The assignment of inventory data to impact categories is shown in the table below.
C- 5
-------
Table 1. Assignment of Inventory Results to Impact Categories
Inventory Result
Impact Category
Justification
Fossil Fuels and Uranium
Resource Depletion
Although Uranium is not truly a
fossil fuel, it is "used up" in a
precisely comparable fashion
C02, N20, Methane
Global Warming
These are important greenhouse
gases which do not participate to a
great extent in other impact
categories
CO
Human Toxicity
Photochemical Smog
Global Warming;
CO is a human and animal toxicant,
as well as a precursor to ozone
formation and a greenhouse gas. It
can participate in the first two of
these environmental mechanisms
without losing its potency for the
others.
CFC's, HCFC's, Halons
Global Warming 100%
Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion 100%
These substances participate fully
in both of these parallel
environmental mechanisms
so2,
Acidification 100%
Although S02 contributes to
visibility deterioration, and human
health effects through the formation
of Particulate Matter, these
environmental mechanisms are not
addressed by FRED.
HC1, HF
Acidification 100%
Human Health 100%
These acid gases have minor
human health effects as well as
contributing to acidification. It was
thought that double counting would
not significantly skew results.
Toxic Air and Water
Emissions
Human Toxicity 100%
Ecotoxicity 100%
Since it was not possible to
evaluate the partitioning of these
substances, they were double
counted so as not to underestimate
their impacts.
NOx
Acidification 100%
Eutrophi cation 100%
Since FRED does not currently
evaluate the fate and transport of
NOx, this emission was double
counted.
VOC's, ROG's
Photochemical Smog
These are the essential precursors
C-6
-------
Inventory Result
Impact Category
Justification
to photochemically produced
ozone. Although some of them are
also toxic, unspeciated data does
not permit a toxic evaluation.
nh4
Eutrophication (water
emissions); acidification
(air Emissions)
Although NH4 is not an acid gas, it
undergoes changes in the soil
leading to acidification effects.
po4
Eutrophi cation 100%
Phosphate does not participate in
any other environmental
mechanism described by the FRED
methodology
The table below shows the gross inventory for the two options, normalized to the functional unit. The
functional unit is twenty years of one lane mile. The inventory includes two application of the thin
layer of asphalt cement, and five applications of the asphalt emulsion. Because the information about
asphalt cement was obtained from published sources rather than from primary data, it was not
possible to estimate the amount of land that was used to manufacture the asphalt. Since this product
uses aggregate, it is likely that the mining of gravel/aggregate produced somewhat higher land use
than the manufacture of the emulsion, perhaps ten times as much. However, the land use during
manufacturing of materials is very small. Even assuming that the production of hot mix asphalt used
ten times as much land, this would still be much smaller than the land use associated with the road
itself. Thus, the land use difference between the two products is probably not significant.
Inventory
The Table below shows the Summary inventory for the two products compared. A full inventory by
life cycle stage can be found in Tables 6 and 7.
C-7
-------
Table 2. Summary Inventory
System Description
Raw Materials
Asphalt Cement
Thin Layer (2applic)
lb/lane mile/20yr
Asphalt Emulsion
GSB88 (5 applic)
lb/lane mile/20yr
Asphalt
122,621
47,790
Aggregate
2,181,960
0
Diesel (application)
3,063
15
Diesel to prep hotmix
884
0
Sand
0
17,600
Gilsonite
0
21,500
HC1
32
24
Water
4,779
173,317
NP-40 (Detergent)
0
285
Surfactant
156
29
Light Cycle Oil
0
585
Land use (road, m2)
5888
5888
Land use (mfg, m2)
111
2
C- 8
-------
Indicator Results
The table below shows the indicator results for the two systems studied.
Table 3: LCIA Results
IX IA Totals
Indicator
Asphalt
Emulsion
Asphalt
Cement
GWP (kg C02 equiv)
16547
44368
ODP (kg CFC-11)
0
0
Acidification (kg S02)
145
344
Eutrophication (kg P04)
0.0065
0.0151
Photochemical Smog (kg Os)
36
77
Human Toxicity
Cancer
7.97E-02
1.78E-01
NonCancer
2.02E+00
4.51E+00
Ecotoxicity
6.61E+04
2.12E+03
Resource Depletion
Fossil (tons oil equivalent)
3.86E+04
8.55E+04
Mineral (equiv tons)
0
0
Precious(equiv tons)
0
0
Other Indicators:
Land Use (ha)
0.6
0.6
Water Use (kg)
76982
2292
Solid Waste (kg)
31729
816165
C-9
-------
Interpretation
We can make several interesting observations about the two products based on the total indicator
values noted in the table above. Of the 14 indicators and sub indicators evaluated, the numbers for
asphalt emulsion were significantly lower than those for asphalt cement in 11 categories, equal in two
categories (Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Land Use) and greater in one category (Water Use).
However, given the overall uncertainty of these numbers, it is important to also look where an order
of magnitude difference occurs. An order of magnitude difference is seen between the results for
Ecotoxicity (cement is lower), Water Use (cement is lower) and Solid Waste (emulsion is lower).
It is also possible to evaluate the sources of the various impacts in order to identify opportunities for
improvements. The table below shows the asphalt emulsion and asphalt cement indicators in term
of percentage of the indicators in the different life cycle stages.
Table 4. Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Asphalt Emulsion
Emulsion - by LC Stage
Indicator
Uaw
Materials
.Manufacturing
Transport
I se
Disposal
(i\\ P
12
34
54
i)
0
ODP
i)
0
0
0
i)
Acidification
15
17
(*)
0
0
Kulrophication
0
l->]
i)
0
0
Photochemical Smog
2o
7
73
0
0
IIiiiiKin Health
Cancer
n
7S
10
1)
0
\onCiinccr
m
SI
0
0
l.co Health
iJO
1
10
1)
1)
Resource Depletion
I'ossil
N5
b
i)
1)
1)
Mineral
0
0
i)
1)
1)
Precious
0
0
0
0
1)
Other Indicators:
1 .and I se
i)
0
| 01)
1)
WiUcr I se (ku)
i)
2X
1)
72
1)
Solid Waste (kg)
0
0
0
0
100
C- 10
-------
Table 5: Percentage of Indicator by Life Cycle Stage, Thin Layer Asphalt Cement
Cement -1>\ I.C Si;i«c
Inriiciilor
Raw
Miilcrinls
Manulacturinii
1ransport
I SO
Disposal
c;\\ p
<>
~<>
14
1
i)
om>
ii
ii
ii
i)
i)
Acid i ric;il ion
1 ^
(>(>
l<>
i)
Kiilrophiciilion
u
•JS
¦)
i)
i)
PholOCllClllicill Sllll!"
:u
2d
i)
i)
lliiniiin Ik-iillh
Cancer
i:
S5
i)
i)
aiiccr
XX
¦)
i)
i)
l.co Health
:<>
5(1
:i
i)
Resource Depict ion
s:
l(>
¦>
i)
i)
Mineral
ii
II
0
i)
i)
I'lVUlUls
ii
II
i)
i)
i)
Oilier Indicators:
Land I ^c
ii
II
i)
1 ()()
i)
Wilier I seikm
Solid Waste (kg)
ii
~
Inn
i)
i)
0
i)
100
For the most part, the majority of the two products indicator results can be found in the
manufacturing and the transportation phases of the life cycle. This result supports the guidance of the
FRED methodology, which recommends more intensive data gathering efforts in the manufacturing
phase for products which are durable goods which are not energy intensive in the use phase.
Conclusions
Although there were some issues around gathering primary data for the performance of this LCA,
overall, the data gathering went quite smoothly. This was true especially for data gathered from the
primary vendor and from one step up and one step down the vendor chain (i.e. from manufacturers
of ingredients and from contractors/customers using the materials under study). For goods that have
a very long or complicated vendor chain, (e.g., electronics) this may not be the case.
C- 11
-------
Table 6: Life Cycle Inventory, Asphalt Emulsion
Asphalt
Sum
Extraction
Manufacture
Transport
Use
Disposal
Emulsion
Product
Inputs
Resources
Coal,Bituminous
Kg
430
167
170
93
1.34E-01
0
Coal,Lignite
Kg
79
31
31
17
2.46E-02
0
Coal, Subbituminous
Kg
235
92
92
51
7.32E-02
0
Crude Oil
Kg
25,972
23,282
311
2,372
7
0
Gilsonite
Kg
9,336
0
9,336
0
0
0
Natural Gas
Kg
725
270
381
74
2.03E-01
0
U02
Kg
2.41E-03
9.43E-04
9.46E-04
5.25E-04
7.53E-07
0
Fresh Water
Kg
76,982
0
21,845
0
55,136
0
Land Use
ha
0.6
.002
0.6
Fuels
Coke,Petroleum
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Crude Oil
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distillate Oil
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distillate Oil,#l
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distillate Oil,#2
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Electricity
kW
h
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel,Other
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gasoline,Automotive
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
C- 12
-------
Asphalt
Emulsion
Sum
Extraction
Manufacture
Transport
Use
Disposal
LPG
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Natural Gas
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Residual Oil
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Steam,Low Pressure
btu
8.57E-01
3.96E-04
7.77E-01
7.92E-02
2.39E-04
0
Still Gas
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Air Emissions
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Kg
1.25E-02
5.79E-06
1.14E-02
1.16E-03
3.49E-06
0
Aldehydes,Unspeciated
Kg
2.98E+00
4.12E-02
1.85E-03
2.94E+00
1.34E-05
0
Ammonia
Kg
1.12E-01
5.16E-05
1.01E-01
1.03E-02
3.11E-05
0
Benzene
Kg
7.97E-02
9.98E-03
6.21E-02
7.60E-03
2.22E-05
0
Carcinogen,Unspeciated
Kg
6.91E-03
3.18E-06
6.27E-03
6.35E-04
1.92E-06
0
CO
Kg
73
16
11
46
8.07E-03
0
C02
Kg
15846
1509
5421
8914
2.48
0
Cyclohexane
Kg
2.52E-02
1.16E-05
2.29E-02
2.33E-03
7.01E-06
0
Ethyl Benzene
Kg
2.47E-02
2.49E-03
1.99E-02
2.34E-03
6.90E-06
0
Ethylene
Kg
3.04E-02
1.40E-05
2.76E-02
2.81E-03
8.46E-06
0
HC1
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Iso-Octane
Kg
2.63E-03
9.78E-04
1.38E-03
2.67E-04
7.37E-07
0
Methane
Kg
33.38
19.86
9.05
4.46
9.20E-03
0
Methanol
Kg
1.19E-02
5.49E-06
1.08E-02
1.10E-03
3.31E-06
0
MTBE
Kg
2.80E-02
1.29E-05
2.54E-02
2.58E-03
7.79E-06
0
n-Hexane
Kg
1.71E-02
6.36E-03
8.99E-03
1.74E-03
4.79E-06
0
NOx
Kg
154
21.81
15.08
117.57
1.12E-02
0
Organic Acids
Kg
2.45E-03
9.56E-04
9.60E-04
5.33E-04
7.64E-07
0
C- 13
-------
Asphalt
Emulsion
Sum
Extraction
Manufacture
Transport
Use
Disposal
Organic
Compounds,Unspeciated
Kg
9.25E-03
3.61E-03
3.63E-03
2.01E-03
2.89E-06
0
Particulate
Kg
2.61E+00
3.42E-01
1.16E+00
1.11E+00
7.78E-04
0
PM10
Kg
15.69
1.91E-01
5.77E-01
14.92
5.13E-04
0
Propylene
Kg
9.75E-02
4.50E-05
8.84E-02
8.99E-03
2.71E-05
0
SOx
Kg
35.66
5.65
13.45
16.55
6.02E-03
0
TNMOC,Unspeciated
Kg
7.71E+00
1.56007433
3.81E-01
5.7682512
2.15E-03
0
Toluene
Kg
1.55E-01
1.38E-02
1.26E-01
1.46E-02
4.31E-05
0
VOC,Unspeciated
Kg
27.04
0.17414189
9.91
16.95
3.15E-03
0
Xylene
Kg
1.00E-01
7.83E-03
8.29E-02
9.44E-03
2.79E-05
0
Water
Emissions
Ammonia
Kg
1.94E-02
8.9449E-06
1.76E-02
1.79E-03
5.39E-06
0
BOD
Kg
5.32E-04
0
5.32E-04
0
0
0
Carcinogen,Unspecia
Kg
2.71E-05
1.3144E-07
6.713E-07
2.625E-05
7.92E-08
0
COD
Kg
6.83E-04
0
6.83E-04
0
0
0
Dissolved Solids
Kg
3.55
1.32
1.87
0.36
0.000995
0
Oil & Grease
Kg
0.56
0
0
5.59E-01
0
0
Methanol
Kg
3.45E-04
1.7316E-07
3.10E-04
3.459E-05
1.04E-07
0
MTBE
Kg
1.16E-03
5.4019E-07
1.05E-03
1.08E-04
3.25E-07
0
Oil & Grease
Kg
5.91E-02
2.94E-04
1.59E-03
5.71E-02
1.72E-04
0
Phosphate
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Produced Water
Kg
9,780
8,758
116
904
2.72
0
Surfactant
Kg
3.51
3.51
C- 14
-------
Asphalt
Sum
Extraction
Manufacture
Transport
Use
Disposal
Emulsion
Solid Wastes
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Kg
1.36E-04
5.9119E-08
1.24E-04
1.181E-05
3.56E-08
0
Ammonia
Kg
1.50E-03
6.8698E-07
1.37E-03
1.37E-04
4.14E-07
0
Ash, Bottom
Kg
13.87
5.42
5.44
3.02
4.33E-03
0
Ash, Fly
Kg
44.21
17.26
17.32
9.61
1.38E-02
0
Carcinogen,Unspeciated
Kg
6.18E-04
2.9683E-07
5.58E-04
5.928E-05
1.79E-07
0
Cyclohexane
Kg
2.72E-04
1.1884E-07
2.48E-04
2.374E-05
7.16E-08
0
Ethyl Benzene
Kg
4.08E-04
1.7735E-07
3.72E-04
3.543E-05
1.07E-07
0
FGD Sludge
Kg
14
5.47
5.49
3.05
0.004367
0
Solid Waste,Drilling
Kg
939
826
25
86.98
0.26
0
Solid Waste,Hazardous
Kg
8.44E-01
3.90E-04
7.65E-01
7.78E-02
2.35E-04
0
Solid Waste.Refiner
Kg
22
1.03E-02
20
2.06
6.20E-03
0
Spent Fuel,Nuclear
Kg
4.21E-03
1.64E-03
1.65E-03
9.15E-04
1.31E-06
0
Toluene
Kg
1.23E-03
5.582E-07
1.12E-03
1.11E-04
3.36E-07
0
Xylene
Kg
1.64E-03
7.7116E-07
1.49E-03
1.54E-04
4.65E-07
0
Landfilled Waste
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mining Waste
Kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Waste in waste roadway
Kg
31,729
0
0
0
0
31,729
C- 15
-------
Table 7: Life Cycle Inventory, Thin Layer Asphalt Cement
AsphaltCement
0 vear-lane mile
Product
Inputs
Resources
Fuels
Extraction
anufactur
Disposal
Total
Transport
Coal,Bituminous
Coal. Lignite
Coal, Subbituminous
Crude Oil
Cilsonitc
Sfatural Gas
U02
Land Use
Fresh Water
Coke,Petroleum
Crude Oil
Distillate Oil
Distillate Oil,# 1
Distillate Oil,#2
Electricity
c
W
Fuel,Other
rasoline^Vutomotive
^PG
Natural Gas
Residual Oil
897
164
490
57,493
0
5.04E-03
2,292
SteamXow Pressure
1.92
Still Gas
355
66
195
49,601
575
2.01E-03
NA
0
0.001
411
75
223
6,451
984
2.29E-03
NA
128
24
70
1,290
0
7.23E-04
NA
1.87
0
0.043
151
1.59E-05
NA
0
0.005
and Use
Air Emissions
4-Tnmethylbenzen
80E-02
1.24E-05
2.73E-02
6.29E-04
7.35E-05
ldehydes,Unspeciated
0.087795277
1.53E-02
1.87E-01
C- 16
-------
AsphaltCemei
it
¦
Total
Extraction
Manufacture
Transport
Use
Disposal
-------
AsphaltCement
Total
Extraction
Manufacture
Transport
Use
Disposal
Dissolved Solids
ECp
7.89
2.81
4.81
2.44E-01
2.10E-02
0
3il & Grease
ECp
1.19
0
0
1.19
0
0
Methanol
7.75E-04
3.70E-07
7.53E-04
1.88E-05
2.20E-06
0
VTTBE
fCp
2.60E-03
1.15E-06
2.54E-03
5.87E-05
6.86E-06
0
3il & Grease
ECp
1.92E-01
6.27E-04
1.56E-01
3.15E-02
3.62E-03
0
Phosphate
ECp
0
0
0
0
0
0
Produced Water
21,861
18,658
2,652
494
57.34
0
Surfactant
Kg
19.78
0
0
0
19.78
Solid Wastes
1,2,4-
rrimethylbenzene
Ammonia
A.sh, Bottom
A.sh, Fly
"arcinogen,Unspeciated
Cyclohexane
Ethyl Benzene
FGD Sludge
Solid Waste,Drilling
Solid
Waste,Hazardous
Solid Waste.Refiner
Spent Fuel.Nuclear
foluene
Xylene
Landfilled Waste
Mining Waste
Waste Roadway
3.03E-04
1.26E-07
2.96E-04
6.42E-06
7.51E-07
0
3.36E-03
1.47E-06
3.27E-03
7.47E-05
8.73E-06
0
28.94
11.54
13.16
4.15
9.12E-02
0
92.22
36.77
41.93
13.23
2.91E-01
0
1.38E-03
6.33E-07
1.35E-03
3.23E-05
3.77E-06
0
6.07E-04
2.54E-07
5.92E-04
1.29E-05
1.51E-06
0
9.09E-04
3.78E-07
8.88E-04
1.93E-05
2.25E-06
0
29.22
11.65
13.28
4.19
9.20E-02
0
2,098
1,760
284
47.92
5.51
0
1.89
8.31E-04
1.84
4.23E-02
4.95E-03
0
49.84
2.20E-02
48.57
1.12
1.31E-01
0
8.78E-03
3.50E-03
3.99E-03
1.26E-03
2.77E-05
0
2.75E-03
1.19E-06
2.68E-03
6.07E-05
7.09E-06
0
3.68E-03
1.65E-06
3.58E-03
8.38E-05
9.79E-06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
816,165
0
0
0
0
816,165
C- 18
-------
Table 8: Data Collection Tables
Resource
Consumption
Facility Name
Amount I Units I Date used I Source of data I Estimated Error
Fuel usage
Diesel
Fuel Oils (list type)
Gasoline
Natural Gas
Electricity
Coal
Minerals (list)
Chemical Usage (list)
Freshwater use
provide source , e.q. well, river)
I Land Use
\rea Paved
\rea Disturbed (e.g. by mining)
C- 19
-------
Air Emissions
Facility Name
Emission
Amount limits
Dates of emissions IData Source (Estimated Error
CO, (Carbon Dioxide)
CO (Carbon monoxide)
CH, Methane
NoO (Nitrous Oxide
CFC/HCFC s list
SOx (Oxides of Sulfur)
NOx (Oxides of Nitrogen)
HCI (Hydrogen Chloride)
HF (Hydrogen fluoride)
NH4 (Ammonia)
Other acid gases (list)
Volatiles (list)
Hazardous Air Pollutants
C - 20
-------
Water
Emissions
Facility Name
Emission
lAmount |Units |Dates of emissions |Data Source lEstimated Error
Suspended Solids
Conforms^
Ammonia_
Phosphate^
Cyanide__
Oi^^Grease
Heavy Metals (list)
Hazardous Substances
2
3
4
iTotal Water released
Does water go to POTW?
f direct discharge, what is water body?
c
-21
-------
Solid Wastes
Facility Name
|Amount|Units IDates of
lemissions
I Data Source lEstimated
lError
Tota^oli^/VastMlandfilled)
Mining wastes (managed on
ropertv
Hazardous wastes (list)
1
Distance to Landfills (list)
1
The authors wish to express their gratitude for the assistance provided by Jose Garcia of the National Highway
Administration for his extensive help in providing data on asphalt roadways and their maintenance.
C - 22
------- |