EPA-600/R-98-019
F ebruary 1998
DEVELOPMENT OF A
NO-VOC/NO-HAP WOOD FURNITURE COATINGS SYSTEM
Prepared by:
Eddy W. Huang
AeroVironment Environmental Services, Inc.
222 E. Huntington Drive
Monrovia, CA 91016
EPA Contract No. 68-D5-0128
EPA Project Officer:
Robert C. McCrillis
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460

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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Insinictions on the reverse before comf
iii mi ii mi iiiii
iiiiii iii iii
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/R-98-019
PB98-1273 01
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Development of a No-VOC/No-HAP Wood Furniture
Coatings System
s: REPORT i}ATE
February 1998
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Eddy W. Huang
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
AeroVironment Environmental Services, Inc.
222 E. Huntington Drive
Monrovia, California 91016
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D5-0128
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 9/95 - 2/97
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. supplementary notes APPCD project officer is Robert C. McCrillis, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2733.
i6. abstract rep0rt gives results of the development and demonstration of a no~
VOC (volatile organic compound) /no-HAP (hazardous air pollutant) wood furniture
coating system. The performance characteristics of the new coating system are
excellent in terms of adhesion, drying time, gloss, hardness, mar resistance,
chemical resistance, and stain resistance. The VOC contents of the topcoat, sanding
sealer, and stain base are < 10 g/L. The HAP contents of the topcoat, sanding sea-
ler, and stain base are not detected or less than the practical quantification limit.
In addition to the field demonstration at a selected wood furniture manufacturing
facility, a workshop was held to provide detailed information to wood furniture manu-
facturers, coating suppliers, corporate users, and regulatory agencies on what is
required to change to a new coating system. Topics such as product performance
data, application techniques, coating repair procedures, drying time, curing proce-
dures, and spray equipment cleaning techniques were presented. In parallel with this
demonstration project, surveys were conducted with the South Coast Air Quality Man-
agement District to gain an understanding of the effort required by the wood furniture
industry to change over to water-based coating systems in general. The survey re-
sults were presented in the report.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Organic Compounds
Wood Products Volatility
Furniture
Coatings
Coating Processes
Emission
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Volatile Organic Com-
pounds (VOCs)
Hazardous Air Pollu-
tants (HAPs)
13 B 07C
11L 20 M
15E
11C
13	H
14	G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
95
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)

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NOTICE'
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
Reproduced from ||PJ<
best available copy.fjy
ii

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FOREWORD
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with pro-
tecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national
environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions lead-
ing to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural
systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research
program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental pro-
blems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our eco-
logical resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and pre-
vent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for
investigation of technological and management approaches for reducing risks
from threats to human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's
research program is on methods for the prevention and control of pollution to air,
land, water, and subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water
systems; remediation of contaminated sites and groundwater; and prevention and
control of indoor air pollution. The goal of this research effort is to catalyze
development and implementation of innovative, cost-effective environmental
technologies; develop scientific and engineering information needed by EPA to
support regulatory and policy decisions; and provide technical support and infor-
mation transfer to ensure effective implementation of environmental regulations
and strategies.
This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratory's strategic long-
term research plan. It is published and made available by EPA's Office of Re-
search and Development to assist the user community and to link researchers
with their clients.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
iii

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ABSTRACT
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has contracted with AeroVironment
Environmental Services, Inc. and its subcontractor, Adhesive Coatings Co., to develop and
demonstrate a no-VOC (volatile organic compound)/no-HAP (hazardous air pollutant) wood
furniture coating system. The objectives of this project are to develop a new wood coating
system that is sufficiently mature for demonstration and to develop a technology transfer plan to
get the product into public use. The performance characteristics of this new coating system are
excellent in terms of adhesion, drying times, gloss, hardness, mar resistance, chemical resistance,
and stain resistance.
The YOC contents of the topcoat, sanding sealer, and stain base are less than 10 g/1. The HAP
contents of the topcoat, sanding sealer, and stain base are not detected or less than the practical
quantification limit. In addition to the field demonstration at a selected wood furniture
manufacturing facility, a workshop was held to provide detailed information to wood furniture
manufacturers, coating suppliers, corporate users, and regulatory agencies on what is required to
change to the new coating system. Topics such as product performance data, application
techniques, coating repair procedures, drying times and curing procedures, and spray equipment
cleaning techniques were presented.
In parallel with this demonstration project, surveys were conducted with the South Coast Air
Quality Management District (SCAQMD) to gain an understanding of the effort required by the
wood furniture industry to change over to water-based coating systems in general. The survey
results were presented in this report including coating performance, consumer acceptance, spray
techniques, ease of use, repair procedures, dry times, equipment cleanup, and materials cost. A
cost analysis, including costs of materials, capital outlay, and labor was conducted for this new
system. An environmental impact study was included in this project to address emissions
benefits, disposal cost saving, and energy conservation based on data gathered during the in-
plant, full-scale demonstrations.
iv

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section	Page
ABSTRACT	lv
LIST OF TABLES	vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	
vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION	1
2.0 COATING CHARACTERISTICS 	2
2.1	VOC/HAP Contents	2
2.2	Wood Panel Testing	3
3.0 OPERATING AND QA/QC PROCEDURES	10
3.1	QA/QC Procedures 	10
3.2	Operating Procedures	10
3.3	Coating Refinishing/Repair Procedures	13
4.0 DEMONSTRATION	14
5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY AND COST ANALYSIS	16
6.0 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER	22
7.0 CONSUMER FOLLOW-UP PROGRAM	24
8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 	27
9.0 REFERENCES 	27
APPENDIX A - QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN	 A-l
APPENDIX B - COATING TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS AND MATERIAL SAFETY
DATASHEETS 	B-l
;:V

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LIST OF TABLES
Table	Page
1.	NUMBER OF COMPONENTS FOR THE TOP COAT, SANDING SEALER, AND
STAIN 			......2
2.	TOTAL NUMBER OF TESTS FOR THE TOP COAT, SANDING SEALER, AND
STAIN 	3
3.	VOC AND HAP ANALYSIS RESULTS	4
4.	TOTAL NUMBER OF WOOD PANEL TESTS 	5
5.	COATING PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TEST
RESULTS 	9
6.	ENERGY SAVINGS			17
7.	TOTAL WASTE SAVINGS	18
8.	COST SAVINGS	19
9.	RAW MATERIAL COST FOR THE NO-VOC/NO-HAP WOOD COATING
SYSTEM			20
10.	COST OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURE OF RES ILEX EPOXY
RESIN 	21
10a. Raw Materials 	21
10b. Equipment 	21
10c. Labor/Overhead	21
lOd. Total	21
11.	WOOD COATINGS MARKET 	23
12.	NUMBERS AND TYPES OF COMPANIES CONTACTED 	24
13.	RESULTS FOR COMPANIES THAT COMPLETED SURVEY	25
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was conducted under USEPA Contract 68D50128 by AeroVironment Environmental
Services, Inc. The author would like to thank the Adhesive Coatings Co. staff for their technical
support, consultant John Hornung for panel testing, and the wood furniture coaters for sharing
their data and concerns with him.
vi

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Under United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sponsorship, AeroVironment
Environmental Services, Inc. and Adhesive Coatings Co. (ADCO) are teamed to develop and
demonstrate a no-VOC (volatile organic compound)/no-HAP (hazardous air pollutant) wood
furniture coating system. This two-part system consists, in general, of an epoxy resin emulsion
and an aqueous solution of a reaction product of certain polyamines and urea-formaldehyde ether
monomers1,2,3. The objectives of this project are to develop a new wood coating system that is
sufficiently mature for demonstration and to develop a technology transfer plan to get the product
into public use. The performance characteristics of this new coating system are excellent in terms
of adhesion, drying times, gloss, hardness, mar resistance, level of solvents, and stain resistance4.
In parallel with this demonstration project, surveys were conducted with the South Coast" Air
Quality Management District (SCAQMD) to gain an understanding of the effort required by the
wood furniture industry to change over to water-based coating systems in general. The survey
results are presented in this report: coating acceptance, cost, spray techniques, coating repair
procedures, dry times and procedures, spray equipment cleanup, and materials and techniques.
In addition to the research and development work, a cost analysis was performed on furniture
finished with the new wood coating system. The analysis considers new product introduction
decisions such as realistic material cost, capital outlay requirements, and labor.
The VOC content of the new system (stain, sealer, and topcoat) is less than 10 g/1. This system's
performance and properties on finished material compared favorably with other low-VOC
waterborne systems4. The focus of the follow-on work will be to adapt this new system to other
furniture lines. Also, effort will be spent on testing this new system on kitchen cabinets.
Extended technology transfer efforts will be required to encourage widespread use of the new
coating system. Results and overall findings of this research program are discussed in the
following sections.
1

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2.0 COATING CHARACTERISTICS
The goal of this program is to demonstrate a new no-VOC/no-HAP wood coating system (stain,
sanding sealer and top coat) that will find wide applicability across the wood furniture industry.
The efforts are directed at developing a complete wood coating system that exhibits the following
attributes:
•	Contains no VOCs
•	Contains no HAPs
•	Is "dry to touch" in 10 minutes or less
•	Is "dry to handle" in 15 minutes or less
•	Exhibits acceptable hardness
•	Exhibits excellent intercoat adhesion with wood top/finishing coat
•	Exhibits "sandable" characteristics
•	Contains a demonstrated chemical, water stain, and chip resistance comparable to other
products for the same general use
•	Exhibits an acceptable level of wood discoloration
The new wood coating system includes a single-component epoxy stain, a two-part epoxy
sanding sealer and a two-part epoxy top coat. The number of components for each coat in this
system are list in Table 1. The basic compositions of each part of the coating system can be
found in the Material Safety Data Sheets in the Appendix B of this report.
TABLE 1. NUMBER OF COMPONENTS FOR THE TOP COAT, SANDING SEALER, AND STAIN

Topcoat
Sanding Sealer
Stain
Number of Components
2
2
1
2.1 VOC/HAP Contents
Most wood furniture is finished with nitrocellulose-resin-based coatings averaging 750 g/1 (6.3
lb/gal) VOCs and 375 g/1 (3.1 lb/gal) HAPs. In finishing a typical dining room table (4x6 ft),
about 9 kg of VOCs and 4.5 kg of HAPs are emitted4. While progress has been made in
formulating low-VOC coating systems, many use ethylene glycol ethers, which are more toxic
than most solvents used with nitrocellulose systems. The SCAQMD/California Furniture
Manufacturers Association/Southern California Edison Cooperative Study5 of low-VOC wood
furniture coatings confirmed that most commercially available water-based systems contained
VOCs and air toxic compounds.
SCAQMD Method 3046 (Determination of VOCs in Various Materials) was used to conduct
VOC analysis. Method 304 is nearly identical to EPA Method 247. ASTM D 1475s was used to
determine the density of coatings. Total volatile content was measured by ASTM D 23699, and
water content was determined by ASTM D 379210. The number of tests for the topcoat, sanding
2

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sealer, and stain are listed in Table 2. Table 3 summarizes the VOC content and the HAP level
using EPA Method 8240 (GC-MS/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)11 for the final
formulations including stain, sanding sealer (part A and part B mixed together), and topcoat (part
A and part B mixed together).
TABLE 2. TOTAL NUMBER OF TESTS FOR THE TOP COAT, SANDING SEALER, AND STAIN
Measurement
Method
Topcoat
Sanding Sealer
Stain


(Part A, Part B,
(Part A, Part B,



and A, B mixed)
and A, B mixed)

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)




Volatile content
ASTM-D-2369
9
9
3
Density
ASTM-D-1475
9
9
3
Water content
ASTM-D-3792 (GC)
9
9
3
Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP)
EPA Method 8240,
9
9
3

or equivalent (GC/MS)



2.2 Wood Panel Testing
Oak veneer was chosen for the first test set because it is a hard wood. Oak is also very
unforgiving—it contains tannic acid which causes discoloration, and a coarse grain structure that
is difficult to fill or obtain good flow out with the higher solids coatings. For the second test set,
solid pine was chosen because it is a soft wood. The substrates were lightly sanded before the
stain was applied and between each pair of coats. The effect of using stain on the two substrates
was obtained. The shade of a stain is affected dramatically by the hardness of the wood. This
illustrates how color matching will affect the conversion to a water-based coating. The two parts
of the coating were mixed and then applied using a high volume low pressure (HVLP) spray gun.
All of the coated panels were cured at room temperature. Two replicates were done of each
wood/treatment combination. All tests were conducted based on standard ASTM methods, no
controls were needed. The number of wood panel tests are listed in Table 4. Table 5
summarizes all performance characteristic test results. The test procedures are detailed below.
Hot/Cold Check. Sanding sealer and topcoat were tested in the Weatherometer on the stain-
coated oak and pine samples. The methods described by ASTM D 121112 as modified to be used
with the Atlas XR-35-A Weatherometer were followed. The following test cycle was performed:
Maintain the relative humidity at 50% throughout the test.
Run the test without ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Start the system at 70°F (21 °C).
Raise the temperature to 120°F (49°C) within 15 minutes.
Hold this temperature for 1 hour.
Lower the temperature to -5° F (-21 °C) within 30 minutes.
Hold this temperature for 1 hour.
Return the temperature to 70° F (21 °C) within 15 minutes.


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This comprises one cycle which takes 3 hours. Repeat this test cycle 8 times, which
will take 24 hours.
TABLE 3. VOC AND HAP ANALYSIS RESULTS
Measurement
Method
Unit
PQL"
Topcoat
Concentration
Sanding Sealer
Stain
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

g/cm3
%




Density
ASTM-D-1475

1.021
0.983
0.9313
Water content
ASTM-D-3792
0.1
65
68
79
Volatile content
ASTM-D-2369b
%
0.1
61
62
69
VOC Content
Calculated
%
0.1
N.D.C
N.D.
N.D.
Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP)
EPA 8240 (GC/MS)
Acetone
mg/kg
100
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Acrolein
mg/kg
100
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Acrylonitrile
mg/kg
50
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Benzene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Bromodichloromethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Bromoform
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Bromomethane
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
mg/kg
100
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Carbon disulfide
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Carbon tetrachloride
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Chlorobenzene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Chlorodibromomethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Chloroethane
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Chloroform
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Chloromethane
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Dibromomethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,4-Dichloro-2-Butene
mg/kg
100
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Dichlorodifluoromethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,1-Dichloroethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,2-Dichloroethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,1-Dichloroethene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,2-Dichloropropane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Ethyl benzene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Ethyl methacrylate
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
2-Hexanone
mg/kg
50
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Iodomethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Methylene chloride
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
mg/kg
50
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Styrene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Tetrachloroethene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Toluene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Trichloroethene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Trichlorofluoromethane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Vinyl acetate
mg/kg
50
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Vinyl chloride
mg/kg
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
o-Xylene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
m-Xylene, p-Xylene
mg/kg
5
N.D.
N.D.
5"
a.	PQL: Practical Quantification Limit.
b.	This method did not result in evaporation of all the water. D-1475, a GC method, yields a much more accurate measure of water
content. As shown, VOCs were N.D. and there were no exempt solvents present.
c.	N.D.: Not Detected or < PQL.
d.	Likely a contaminant from tape used to seal sample jars.
4

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TABLE 4. TOTAL NUMBER OF WOOD PANEL TESTS
Measurement
Method
Oak (Veneer)
with Stain,
Sealer,
and Topcoat
Pine (Solid)
with Stain,
Sealer,
and Topcoat
Pencil Hardness
ASTM D 3363
20
20
Gloss
ASTM D 523-89
20
20
Parallel Groove Adhesion
ASTM D 3359-90
6
6
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar
ASTM D 2197
6
6
Hot/Cold Check
ASTM D 1211-87
6
6
Household Chemical
ASTM D 1308-87
20
20
Dry Time
ASTM D 1640-83
20
20
Water Resistance
ASTM D 1308-87
20
20
UV Rresistance
ASTM G53-88
20
20
Printing/Block
ASTM D 2091-88
20
20
Using this evaluation method we determined the resistance to checking or cracking of coatings applied
to wood substrates when subjected to sudden changes in temperature. Cold checks manifest themselves
in two ways: (1) long continuous wavy lines either parallel with or at various angles that can be
perpendicular to the grain; or (2) innumerable fine lines erratic in direction and length forming a
network over a portion or all of the panel. This effect is similar to crazing of the coating film.
On plywood, the direction of the cracks often varies because of the stresses set up by other than the top
stratum. For this reason, all checks were considered failures, and appropriate notations on the character
of the cracks were made to assist in the interpretation. While it is recognized that the cracks in
substrates may occur (veneer checking), failures in the coating may be due to action of moisture or of
cold, or both. Checking because of moisture appears along the grain and is characterized by short cracks
[usually not more than 0.5 in. (1.3cm) long] occurring either singly or in clusters. These lines or
clusters may progress along the grain in a discontinuous fashion.
Results: There was no evidence of checking. The coating did not show any signs of failure due to
changes in temperature and humidity.
Gloss. When evaluating the appearance of a surface, gloss is an optical phenomenon. The evaluation of
gloss describes a surface's ability to reflect direct light. Gloss is often used as a criterion for evaluating a
product's quality, especially where aesthetic appearance is important. A visual gloss evaluation includes
5

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many subjective sources of error and is insufficient. To be objective, an instrument was used to put a
measured value on the degree of gloss. However, it must be realized that gloss, as perceived by the
human eye, is a subjective sensation, and visually observed differences cannot always be measured
physically using glossmeters. The methods described in ASTM D 52313 and the BYK Tri-gloss meter
instructions were followed. This evaluation was performed on all substrates.
The degree of coating gloss on a wood substrate is dependant on the glossyness of the coating and the
surface profile of the wood itself. In the case of the gloss reported on our samples, the coating gloss
was high but the surface of the wood was translated to the coating film. In other
words, if the coating were sprayed on a smooth surface (as opposed to the relatively rough surface of
the wood) the gloss reading would be between 90 and 100 based on an 80 degree meter. However, the
current industry practice in measuring gloss value is based on a 60 degree scale.
The gloss was specified to be a 65-degree sheen on a 60-degree scale. Variations of the gloss readings
with the same coating on different substrates resulted from the absorptivity of the coating material into
the substrate: the higher the gloss, the more the imperfections. A satin sheen tends to hide
imperfections in the coating, and makes the coating look better. On the other hand, it can also make the
coating look milky. The instrument was calibrated with black glass at a 60-degree incidence.
Results: Four gloss readings were taken on each panel, spaced evenly and vertically down the center of
each panel (see Table 5 for averaged values). The panel having a softer grain, had a lower gloss
reading. The panels with the higher gloss reading could have had a heavier coating on them than the
panels with the lower gloss readings. If another coat of topcoat was applied to the panels, the readings
would be higher. For this testing, glossy topcoat was sprayed on pine samples and satin-finished
topcoat was applied on oak panels.
Parallel Groove Adhesion. If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, it
must adhere to it for the expected service life. Surface preparation, or lack of it, has a drastic effect on a
coating's adhesion. Evaluating adhesion to different substrates, or of different coatings to the same
substrate, is of considerable importance to the industry.
Using the ASTM D 335914 evaluation method, the adequacy of a coating's adhesion was determined. A
tool which cuts parallel grooves was used to cut a cross-hatch pattern in the coating down to the
substrate, then tape was applied over the grooves and removed. After removing the tape, the cross-hatch
and tape were inspected to detect any flakes lifted at the edge of the cuts. The appearance of the
crosshatches were then rated against the standards listed below.
(The Gt numbers shown below are the ratings given by ASTM. However, for the purpose of this test
anything worse than Gt 1/4 B was noted as a failure. Any reading equal to or higher than Gt 2/3 B was
considered as having insufficient adhesion properties for most uses in furniture industry.)
• Gt 0/5 B: The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; no lattice squares are
attached.
6

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•	Gt 1/4 B: Small coating flakes are detached at intersections; less than 5% of the lattice area is
affected.
•	Gt 2/3 B: Coating flakes are detached along the edges and/or at intersections of cuts; the
lattice area affected is 5 to 15%.
•	Gt 3/2 B: The coating has flaked along the edges and/or parts of the squares; the lattice area
affected is 15 to 35%.
•	Gt 4/1 B: The coating has flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons, and/or parts of the
squares or whole squares have detached; the lattice area affected is 35 to 65%.
•	Gt 5/0 B: Flaking and detachment are greater than 65% of the lattice squares.
Results: All samples showed a rating of Gt 0/5B, which is excellent. The coating was very hard and not
brittle.
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar. Water-based coatings are more plastic and mar resistant than solvent-based
coatings. When scraping pressure is applied to solvent-based coatings, the surface of the substrate tends to
scrape off. Water-based coatings (being more plastic) are tougher and tend to indent the substrate, actually
deforming the coating surface without rupturing it.
A modified version of ASTM D 219715 was followed. This evaluation method covers the determination of
the adhesion of coatings when applied to smooth flat panels. After complete curing, the
adhesion/scrape/mar resistance was determined by pushing the panels beneath a round stylus or loop with
increasing pressure until marring of the coating was detected. This method has proven useful in
characterizing a coating's degree of hardness, especially for relative ratings of a series of coated panels
exhibiting significant differences in mar resistance.
The value given is the weight in grams applied to the stylus before marring was detected. The results of the
tests are relative. The mean value of the weight amount to mar the surface of solvent-based coatings was
300 g. From previous studies comparing the mar resistance with solvent-based coatings, we concluded that
any coating which mars at 300 g or higher is satisfactory.
Results: All samples were tested at 1000 g (maximum capacity of the test equipment) and showed no
marks, which is excellent. In tests performed at Southern California Edison's Customer Technical
Assistance Center5, solvent-borne coatings tested at 300 g showed marks. Since water-based coatings were
being compared to solvent- borne coatings in that test, 300 g was used as a standard. This proved that this
newly developed water-based coating system is more than 3 times as durable as typical solvent-borne
coatings.
Orange Peel. Orange peel is an irregularity in a paint film's surface which results from the wet film's
inability to "level out" after being applied. Orange peel appears as an uneven or dimpled surface to the eye,
but usually feels smooth to the touch.
Results: There was no indication of orange peel on the samples. The coating flowed out nicely.
7

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Household Chemical. The ASTM D 130816 method was followed to test coatings using household
chemicals. This evaluation method was used to determine the effect household chemicals have on organic
finishes. Household chemicals may result in objectionable alteration of a surface; e.g., discoloration, change
in gloss, blistering, softening, swelling, or loss of adhesion.
Resistance to various home-use chemicals is an important characteristic of organic finishes. Test methods
provide the means by which the relative performance of coating systems may be evaluated. The open-spot
evaluation method was used. That is, the reagent was placed directly on a surface and allowed to remain
uncovered for an hour. The surface was then examined for a chemical reaction. It must be noted that
chemicals such as acetone and nail polish remover do not remain (they evaporate quickly) on a surface for
an hour. However, the time they do remain wet on a surface is normally long enough to mar it. In past tests
with other coatings, they either melted the coatings, or turned them white.
The household chemicals used were catsup, mustard, coffee, acetone, margarine, vinegar, nail polish
remover, and cold and hot tap water. The ratings were: (1) no effect, (2) slight effect, (3) medium effect,
and (4) heavy effect.
Results: Only mustard showed very slight yellow stain on coated wood panels. The remaining chemicals
showed no effect at all.
Aesthetics. Customer acceptance of new water-based coatings are based on both coating performance and
aesthetics. The aesthetics evaluation was performed by JH Associates, an independent consultant in
Anaheim, California.
The untrained eye knows when it sees a good finish, but can't explain why. Each panel was inspected and a
value placed which best described the appearance, color, and clarity of each substrate's coating.
Descriptors, used to best define how the coated panels looked, are described below.
(a)	Appearance
The appearance was judged on 10 characteristics which would best describe the coating's flowing
characteristics. They were: good, graininess, mottled, orange peel, flow problems, blistering, checking,
cracking, flaking, and filling.
(b)	Color
The color was judged on six different characteristics: good, bleached, red, green, natural, and
yellowing.
(c)	Clarity
The clarity was judged on two different characteristics: good and milky.
8

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Results: The coating system has a nice slightly amber color. Both oak and pine panels received "good"
ratings for appearance, color, and clarity.
Other Performance Tests. Pencil hardness test (ASTM D 3363)11, drying time test (ASTM D 1640)18,
UV resistance to fading (ASTM G53-88)19and printing/blocking (ASTM D 2091)20 test were also
performed. The results are presented in Table 5.
TABLE 5. COATING PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TEST RESULTS


Results

Measurement
Method
Oak (Veneer) with Stain,
Sealer, and Topcoat
Pine (Solid) with Stain,
Sealer, and Topcoat
Pencil Hardness
ASTM D 3363
2H
2H
Gloss
ASTM D 523
29.2 (Satin)
49.1 (Glossy)
Parallel Groove Adhesion
ASTM D 3359
Gt 0/5B (excellent)
Gt 0/5B (excellent)
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar
ASTM D 2197
No marks at 1000 g
(excellent)
No marks at 1000 g
(excellent)
Hot/ColdCheck
ASTM D 1211
No checking or cracking
No checking or cracking
Household Chemical
Catsup
Mustard
Coffee
Acetone
Margarine
Vinegar
Cold tap water
Hot tap water
Nail polish remover
ASTM D 1308
No effect
Very slight yellow stain
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
Very slight yellow stain
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
No effect
Drying Time (Air dry)
ASTM D 1640
30 minutes
30 minutes
Water Resistancea
ASTM D 1308
No effect
No effect
Printing/Block
ASTM D 2091
No effect
No effect
Orange Peel
Visual inspection
No indication of orange peel
No indication of orange peel
Aesthetics
Appearance
Color
Clarity
Visual inspection
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
a Measure change in pencil hardness 1 hour after recovery from water.
9

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3.0 OPERATING AND QA/QC PROCEDURES
3.1	QA/QC Procedures
The Quality Assurance Project Plan was based on information provided by EPA2122. The
Revised Quality Assurance Project Plan, reflecting EPA's comments on the original submittal,
was approved by the EPA Project and QA Officers and is attached as Appendix A of this report.
Laboratory analyses for VOC content and HAP level were performed by Applied P & Ch
Laboratory (APCL) in Chino, California. Coating properties and characteristics were performed
by JH Associates, an independent consultant in Anaheim, California, and Adhesive Coating Co.
in San Mateo, California. The sampling procedures, analytical procedures and calibration, and
quality assurance procedures described in the QAPP were followed by the laboratory and
independent consultant who performed the tests. The precision for the VOC analysis is <=25%,
and the accuracy and precision for HAP analyses are +/- 25% and <=25%, respectively. QA
objectives are not applicable to the wood panel tests. APCL is audited by government agencies
or private companies approximately every two months. Some of the organization which
performed the audits are California Department of Health Services, U.S. Navy, U.S. Army,
International Technology Corporation, and James Montgomery Watson. All deficiencies were
corrected during the system audits,
3.2	Operating Procedures
The basic operational methods for applying the no-VOC water-based coatings are listed below.
These procedures are generalized for most wood products. A plan should be made to determine
the actual procedures which is best applicable to the new product. The plan should consider
many production steps other than only applying the finish to the product. The operating
procedures include:
(1)	Review the current finish steps
(2)	Plan the steps required for the water-based finish
(3)	Check the equipment
(4)	Review advantages of new processes (ovens, conveyors, pumps)
(5)	Train personnel
(6)	Make the conversion
This report concentrates on the basic procedures for applying water-based stain, sealer and
topcoat. Water-based products are supplied ready for use; no thinning or reducing is required.
10

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They should be stirred well and strained before use in order to remove any dry particles that may
collect around the lid of the containers and fall into the coating.
The containers should be made of plastic or be plastic-lined or coated. Because of the nature of
the coating, metallic containers will rust or oxidize and, thus, contaminate the material. The
coatings should be stirred to mix (not shaken). Shaking causes bubbles. Another method of
mixing would be to lay the container on its side and gently roll it back and forth.
Water is absorbed by all woods: veneer, solids, particle board or MDF (medium density
fiberboard). Some grain raising will occur depending on the type of wood used. There may be
slight to heavy grain raising after a seal coat is applied. For instance, there is more grain raising
on a solid wood panel than on a veneer panel. Grain raises less on veneer panels because the
veneer is thinner (1/40 inch) and has a glue line immediately under it, which helps seal the wood.
Grain raising is a function of how wet the substrate becomes and how much coating is applied to
the raw substrate. Some coatings have much more wetting action than others which causes the
grain raising. Softer open-pore woods will have more grain raising than the harder, closed-pore
woods. However, it must be said that many of the coatings being manufactured today cause very
little grain raising.
Some water-based stains raise the grain. A technique used to minimize grain raising when using
a water-based stain would be to use 400-grit wet or dry sandpaper to cut the grain follicles off
while applying the stain. By using this method the stain will re-color the wood substrate as the
raised grain is being cut off and no raw wood surfaces will show. The stain would then be wiped
off using conventional methods. The best way to minimize grain raising is to sand the piece
properly prior to applying the finish. The substrate should be sanded within 24 hours of coating,
using as a minimum, 180-grit stearated aluminum oxide sandpaper.
Stains
Stains are normally supplied ready for use and are either based on transparent soluble dyes (wood
shades) or pigmented dispersions (pastel and bright colors). They are applied directly to the
substrate prior to the sealer or topcoat. The stain may be applied with a brush, wiped on with a
rag, or sprayed. The excess stain should then be wiped off with a rag. The wiping should be in
the direction of the grain, and done until the desired wood grain appearance and shade of
lightness or darkness is achieved. The difference between solvent- and water-based stains is in
their application; there is not as much open time with the water-based stains. That is water-based
stains dry faster; therefore you have to wipe them off sooner or they will be too dark or blotchy in
spots due to uneven drying. Some water-based stains will wet back, that is, if they were rewetted
they will dissolve and spread or blend out. Sometimes a damp rag can be used to spread the stain
or cause highlights in the color.
As with solvent-based stains, blotchiness can also be attributed to uneven sanding. Since staining
is the first process, grain raising will occur to a greater degree at this stage. However, sanding
11

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should not be done until after the first seal coat is applied. Stains will normally take 10-15 minutes
to air dry in temperatures above 72 degrees F.
Sealers
Sealing stained or unstained substrates should cause very little color change. However, the sealer
will enhance the color and will make the surface look richer. It will also bring out the clarity of
the color. After the stain has dried, the next step is to apply the sealer. After the sealer has dried
(air drying will take approximately 30 minutes, with heat this could be reduced to approximately
10 minutes), scuff sanding or de-nibbing is required. Dry time is defined as the time required by the
coating to where it can be sanded and recoated. If heat is used (140 degrees F max.), a minimum of
two minutes should be allowed for the coating to flash (let the bubbles and solvents out of the coating
and allow it to settle or flow out so it looks flat and smooth) prior to applying heat.
Single overlapping passes (which result in approximately 2-3 mils wet film thickness) should be
applied. The proper application amount is when the wet coating looks slightly milky white or has a
blue haze (depending on its chemistry). This color will disappear as it dries. Methods of spraying
which cause overspray on adjacent surfaces or passes should be avoided. This will cause graininess
and an orange peel effect and will require more sanding prior to the next coat.
Different types of abrasives can be used depending on the smoothness of the sealed substrate.
•	240- or 320-grit stearated aluminum oxide sandpaper
•	medium grade Scotch Brite™
Steel wool should not be used because rust marks may occur as a result of the water in the
coating. Care should be taken to sand off the raised grain and a little bit of the sealer until it turns
to a white powder. Do not sand through the sealer into the stain so the color of the stain is
sanded off to the bare wood. Sand in the direction of the grain to avoid any cross-grain scratches.
Sanding between water-based coatings is done for the following reasons: (1) to smooth the surface
before the next coating is applied, (2) to cut-off any wood fibers that were raised from the water in the
sealer, (3) to flatten the surface, and (4) to scratch the surface of the sealer for a good mechanical bond
for the next coat. Water-based coatings require this bond, because unlike solvent-based coatings, they
do not dissolve back into themselves for adhesion.
Depending on the substrate and appearance required, it may be necessary to apply one sealer coat
and one topcoat, two sealer coats and one topcoat, or one sealer coat and two topcoats. In any
case, sanding between coats is required as described above.
Topcoats
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Topcoats are available in many sheens or glosses ranging from: dead flat, satin, semi-gloss,
medium gloss, high gloss, and wet look. Numerically, they range from 0 to 100 degree sheen on a
60 degree gloss meter. In many cases the very-high gloss wet look has to be buffed and polished
in order to obtain the final gloss. Topcoats should be applied in the same manner as the sealer
coat. If more than one coat is applied, the surface should be sanded (as described above).
Depending on number of coats applied, air drying takes 45 to 60 minutes; heat drying takes 15
minutes (allow three minutes for flash before applying heat).
3.3 Coating Refinishing/Repair Procedures
There are many reasons for refinishing or repair. Reasons for refinishing are described below:
(1)	Damage caused in manufacturing (glue marks, putty marks, scratches, gouges,
nail or screw holes, poor joints, etc.).
(2)	Flaws in the grains of the wood (sap wood, light vs. dark grain, splits,
cracks). Some may just require shading in the finishing process.
(3)	Handling or stacking damage (printing/blocking, scuff marks, light scratches,
deep scratches, gouges, chips, rub marks).
(4)	Flaws in the finish process (incomplete finishing, runs, sags, overspray).
Usually, the defects from items one and two above are found and repaired in the finish room.
Some of the flaws described above are very easy to repair, while others require a great deal of
skill. In general, solvent-based coatings are easier to repair since new layer of coatings can melt
with the existing layer. Water-based coatings will require sanding between new layer and
existing layer. A visible flaw (e.g., in the center of a high gloss conference table) would require
more skill to repair than one not so visible (e.g., on the side of a cabinet). A visible flaw may
require resanding and respraying, or refinishing. Touch-up and refinishing is an art. Sometimes
touch-up is required before shipping, and sometimes it is required after shipping. There are
many different types and methods of refinishing.
13

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4.0 DEMONSTRATION
Demonstration of the new no-VOC, no-HAP wood coating system was conducted at Commercial
Casework, Inc. in Fremont, California, on February 6, 1997. They manufacture finished panels,
desks, reception counters and other miscellaneous office furniture and architectural wood
products. The purpose of the demonstration was to show that this new no-VOC, no-HAP wood
coating system could be used successfully in a commercial wood finishing operation. The
following summarizes the demonstration process.
Date:
February 6, 1997
Place:
Commercial Casework, Inc.
41780 Christy Street
Fremont, CA 94538
Present:
Mr. Robert McCrillis - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Dr. Eddy Huang - AeroVironment Environmental Services, Inc.
Mr. John Kitlas - Commercial Casework, Inc.
Mr. James Shannon - Adhesive Coatings Co.
Mr. James Birdsall - Adhesive Coatings Co.
Products used: New No-VOC/No-HAP Wood Topcoat Gloss (WTC-96-RT4)
New No-VOC/No-HAP Wood Topcoat Satin (WTC-96-ISA)
New No-VOC/No-HAP Wood Sanding Sealer (WSS-96-25)
New No-VOC/No-HAP Stain Base (WST-96-3)
Conditions: Temperature:	65°F
Relative Humidity: 50%
A number of wood and laminates panels and molding strips (including cherry, maple, pine, and
walnut) were laid out on finishing racks. They were lightly sanded and dusted.
Two stain colors were prepared by adding universal tints of burnt umber and yellow oxide to the
new no-VOC/no-HAP stain base. The stains were applied to the wood products by rubbing with
a rag until an even color was achieved. The stains were easy to work with, blended well, and
gave a pleasing appearance.
Five minutes later the sanding sealer was applied to all panels at package viscosity using a
DeVilbis cup gun. This was allowed to completely clear, about fifteen minutes, before sanding.
Then the panels were lightly sanded using 200-grid sandpaper. As soon as the sanding sealer was
dry to the touch it was easily sanded and smoothed.
14

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After sanding and dusting, the new no-VOC/no-HAP wood topcoats were applied using the same
gun at package viscosity. Some of the panels were coated with gloss and some with satin
topcoat. These coats dried in approximately 20 minutes with good results. Some panels were
given two topcoats.
As an experiment, a solvent-borne "toner" was applied to the finished panels to darken the color.
On one panel, the toner was allowed to dry and then another coat of new no-VOC/no-HAP wood
topcoat was applied. The solvent base of the toner seemed to interfere slightly with the topcoat
and gave a rough look to the piece. On another panel, the topcoat was applied over the wet toner
with good results.
The finished panels were cut into small pieces and given to the EPA project officer with a
videotape that was taken during the demonstration. Some small pieces of panels were brought
back to the laboratory for further testing.
15

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5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY AND COST ANALYSIS
Traditional coating technologies emit large quantities of pollutants into the air and consume
energy in the drying processes. In addition to causing tropospheric ozone formation, acid rain
formation, water contamination and hazardous waste, there are considerable health and safety
concerns created in the workplace. By using this new, promising no-VOC water-based coating
technology, significant air emission reductions, hazardous waste reductions, and energy savings
could be achieved without installation of add-on controls. As a result, cost savings will be
achieved from eliminating VOC control equipment and hazardous waste disposal, and from
energy savings. Therefore, commercialization of the proposed technology will provide a cost-
effective way to comply with current and future emissions standards for coating operations
imposed by federal, state, and local government agencies. The energy savings, emission
reductions, hazardous waste reductions, and cost savings presented below are estimated based on
the data provided by ADCO and John L. Armitage & Company.
Energy Savings
This technology has great potential in affecting a sizable reduction in energy consumption in
thermal oxidizing VOCs from solvent-based coating operations. Potential energy savings are
estimated to be 8,400 million Btu (8.87 TJ) /yr/unit. Table 6 summarizes the energy reduction
potential of this no-VOC water-based coating technology.
Air Emission Reductions and Hazardous Waste Reductions
Potential air emission reductions and hazardous waste reductions per year per unit are estimated
to be 1,500 tons of VOCs, 492 tons of C02, 0.59 tons of NOx, 0.01 tons of particulate matter and
8.50 tons of hazardous waste. Table 7 shows the reduction potential of VOC, COz NOx, PM, and
hazardous waste.
Cost Savings
Potential cost savings are estimated to be $38,640 (U.S.) per year per unit. Table 8 summarizes
the cost saving potential of this no-VOC water-based coating technology.
Cost Analysis
Based on the data provided by John L. Armitage & Company (Parsippany, NJ) and ADCO, a cost
analysis was conducted on the new no-VOC/no-HAP coating system. The analysis considers
new product introduction decisions such as realistic material cost, capital outlay requirements,
and labor. Table 9 summarizes the preliminary raw material cost estimated for the no-VOC/no-
HAP wood coating system in laboratory scale, and Table 10a to lOd summarizes the preliminary
cost estimated for the development and manufacture of Resilex epoxy resin. All Tables
16

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involving comparisons of "Current Technology" and "ADCO's No-VOC Technology" are based
on the following assumptions:
Definition of "Unit"
A unit is an average size production plant which:
1.	has 1 production lines.
2.	operates 18 hours per day, 21 days per month, 12 months per year.
3.	consumes 1 million gallons coatings per year.
Definition of Current Technology
1.	Conventional solvent coatings.
2.	VOC emissions from solvent-based coating operations are reduced by added-on control
equipment. A typical thermal oxidizer burns eight-million cubic feet of natural gas per
year (equivalent to 8.4-billion Btu of energy per year).
Definition of ADCO's "No-VOC Technology"
1.	ADCO's no-VOC Coatings.
2.	No VOC will be emitted from no-VOC coating operations; therefore, no added-on
control equipment is required.
TABLE 6. ENERGY SAVINGS
(a) (b)	(c)a (d)	(e)b
Current ADCO's No-VOC	Energy Savings U.S. Units	2010 Energy
Technology Technology	(MMBtu/yr/unit) in Place	Savings
(MMBtu/yr (MMBtu/yr/unit)	in 2010	(MMBtu/yr)
	/unit)	
Thermal Oxidizer 8,400 0	8,400 30	252,000
as Natural Gas
a.	(c) = (a) - (b)
b.	(e) = (d) x (c)
17

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TABLE 7. TOTAL WASTE SAVINGS

(a)
(b)
(c)a
(d)
(e)b
Waste Generated
Current
ADCO's No-
Waste
U.S. Units
Annual

Technology
VOC
Savings
in Place
Waste

(Tons/yr
Technology
(Tons/yr
in 2010
Savings in

/unit)
(Tons/yr/unit)
/unit)

2010





(Tons/yr)
VOCs from Coating
1,500
0
1,500
30
45,000
Applications





C02 Emissions from
492
0
492
30
14,760
Natural Gas





Combustion





NOx Emissions from
0.59
0
0.59
30
17.7
Natural Gas





Combustion





PM Emissions from
0.01
0
0.01
30
3
Natural Gas





Combustion





Hazardous Waste
8.50
0
8.50
30
255
from Coating





Oversprayc





Total Discharge
2001.10
0
2001.10
30
60,035.7
a.	(c) = (a) - (b)
b.	(e) = (d) x (c)
c.	Overspray by the coating applicator amounts to about 20% of the coating sprayed. An
average coating density of 8.5 pounds per gallon was used in the overspray calculation.
Hazardous waste amount was calculated as 1% of the overspray.
18

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TABLE 8. COST SAVINGS

(a)
(b)
(c)b
(d)
(e)c

Current
ADCO's No-
Cost
U.S. Units in
Annual Cost

Technology
VOC
Difference
2010
Savings in

(U.S.
Technology
(U.S. Dollars)

2010

Dollars)
(U.S.
Dollars)


(U.S. Dollars)
Routine Operation
16,000
0
16,000
30
480,000
and Maintenance





per Thermal





Oxidizer per Year





Energy Cost for
15,840
0
15,840
30
475,200
VOC Incineration





(each Thermal





Oxidizer)d





Cost for Hazardous
6,800
0
6,800
30
204,000
Waste Disposal6





Total
38,640
0
38,640
30
1,159,200
b.	Costs in U.S. dollars per unit.
b.	(c) = (a) - (b)
c.	(e) = (d) x (c)
d.	Assumes natural gas cost of $1.98 per 1000 cubic feet.
e.	Assumes hazardous waste disposal cost of $0.40 per pound.
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TABLE 9. RAW MATERIAL COST FOR THE NO-VOC/NO-HAP WOOD COATING
SYSTEM
Raw Material
Weight %
Unit Price
($/pound)
1. Topcoat:


Water
24.50
—
Part A Resin
19.20
1.02
Part B Resin
9.60
0.90
Polyamine
5.00
0.90
Wax Emulsion
3.40
0.60
Epoxy Emulsion
38.30
0.62
Total for Topcoat
100.00

2. Sanding Sealer:


Part A Resin
33.90
1.02
Water
29.60
--
Defoamer
0.20
4.20
Part B Resin
6.20
0.90
Polyamine
2.50
0.90
Wax
2.20
0.60
Epoxy Emulsion
25.40
0.62
Total for Sanding Sealer
100.00

3. Stain:


Resin
87.00
1.20
Surfactant
4.00
3.10
Wetting Agent
4.00
2.50
Defoamer
0.20
—
Water
4.80
—
Total for Stain
100.00

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TABLE 10. COST FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURE OF RESILEX
EPOXY RESIN
Table 10a. Raw materials
Raw material
Volume
(Gallons)
Weight
(Pounds)
Unit Price
(per pound)
Cost ($)
Epoxy Resin
1,800
8,640
1.60
13,824.00
Emulsifier
275
1,150
1.33
1,529.00
Misc. Additives
2
17
3.00
51.00
Total Raw Materials Cost per
3,300 Gallons of Coating



15,404.00
Table 10b. Equipment
Equipment
Cost
2 Reactors, Copper Coils, Installation
Blade Fabrication
Controls, Solenoids, Electrical
Total Equipment Cost	
$5,000.00
$500.00
$1,000.00
$6,500.00
Table 10c. Labor/Overhead
Personnel
Hours Hourly Rate ($/Hr)
Cost ($)
Manager
Development Technician
Operator
Total
300
800
200
62.50
37.50
18.75
18,750.00
30,000.00
3,750.00
52,500.00
Table lOd. Total.
Category
Cost
Cost of Raw materials
Cost of Equipment
Labor/Overhead Cost
Grand Total
$15,404.00
$6,500.00
$52,500.00
$74,404.00
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6.0 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
The goal is to exploit worldwide this new resin and coatings technology, technical data and
know-how. The target is the wood coatings market, which offers the best opportunity for large
and relatively rapid penetration. This market is estimated to represent over $1 billion in sales
each year in the United States (Table 11). California comprises a significant portion of this
market.
The technology transfer strategy is to form noncompetitive strategic alliances with established
companies that have demonstrated a competitive advantage in certain coatings markets.
ADCO has already negotiated an alliance in the traffic paint market to exploit a new no-VOC
traffic marking paint. In a strategy similar to traffic paint, the team will license its technology for
manufacture and sale of environmental resins for use in the wood coatings industry. Discussions
have already begun with several companies to form a strategic alliance for entry into various
wood coatings markets including wood furniture and kitchen cabinet finishing.
While the potential application of these technologies is vast, the team has chosen to focus on
wood coatings: a product area in a large market that appears to need the most help in reducing
VOC emissions. In this area, federal, state and local legislation appear ready to crack down on
excessive or extraneous VOC emissions. Unfortunately for manufacturers, reformulation has
been both costly and difficult and in some cases quality standards have suffered. Alternative
method technologies are growing in acceptance, but are greatly limited by both cost and difficulty
of application.
This strategy is based on the principal competitive advantages of the successful basic research
and development that has been done to date, the proprietary and patent-protected resin
technology, our understanding of the worldwide coatings markets and customer needs, and
ability to form a strategic alliance with major coatings companies that currently enjoy a large
market share. The commercial success will be driven by the ability to: (a) consummate strategic
alliances with dominant companies in the industry; (b) continuously enhance product
performance; (c) concurrently start international sales and cross border alliances; (d) identify
additional commercial applications for other related products that would employ these resin
technologies.
The industry has set the market specification; i.e., the need for a water-borne spray, brush or
roller applied, odor-free, solvent-free, chemical, solvent and grease resistant epoxy wood coating
with very low or no-VOCs that can be used for wood application. Within the guidelines of these
industry standards, this contract would allow us to incorporate the use of the technology into an
wood coating with the following properties:
•	The mixed components remain usable in excess of four hours.
•	The mixed components have shown 10-hour pot life on a laboratory basis.
The new no-VOC wood coating can be applied by brush, roller, or spray. There is no wet or dry
film odor, no color, very high gloss, no- or very low-VOCs; and the flexibility of the coating can
be modified through polymer choice and amine curative choice.
In order to accelerate the spread of this new no-VOC/no-HAP wood coating technology to
manufacturers, AeroVironment Environmental Services, Inc. (AVES) staff attended the
"Emerging Solutions to VOC and Air Toxics Control" Specialty Conference held in San Diego
22

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for technology transfer. The conference was sponsored by the Air and Waste Management
Association (AWMA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on February 26-28, 1997.
Conference attendees numbered about 100. The topics of this specialty conference included:
Emerging and Innovative Technologies, Regulatory Issues and Hybrid Technologies, Compliance
for Coatings Operations, and Air Management for Least-cost Abatement and Case Histories.
The paper23 entitled "Demonstration of No-VOC/No-HAP Wood Furniture Coating System",
was presented by AVES staff on February 27, 1997. The properties and performance testing data
were summarized and discussed in detail. The wood panels coated with the new no-VOC/no-
HAP stain, sealer, and topcoat were exhibited and the technical coating data sheets (see
Appendix B) were handed out to the interested parties. AVES solicited manufacturers to
participate in full-scale demonstration of this no-VOC/no-HAP wood coating.
TABLE 11. WOOD COATING MARKET24 25
Coatings Market
Coating Consumption
(Million gal/yr)
Cnlpc
(U.S. Dollars/vr)
U.S. Wood Coatings Market
61
$595 Million
Furniture industry
34
$325 Million
Kitchen cabinets
12
$114 Million
Other industries3
15
$156 Million
(a) Other industries includes new case goods, plywood (hardboard), regenerated wood products,
flat stock finishes, and specialty product finishes.
23

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7.0 CONSUMER FOLLOW-UP PROGRAM
A survey was conducted under the sponsorship of U.S. EPA and SCAQMD. The objectives were
to survey wood furniture manufacturers and determine:
•	the extent of industry's conversion to date to compliant wood coatings.
•	the degree to which compliant wood coatings are realistically available for use.
•	existing problems with currently available technologies.
•	consumer acceptability of furniture finished with water-based wood coating systems.
•	relative advantages and disadvantages of available water-based wood coating systems.
The survey was based on a detailed questionnaire26 covering the spectrum of issues faced by the
wood coaters' industry that might affect their ability to achieve compliance with low-VOC coatings.
It was amended several times to eliminate leading questions and to avoid any perceived biases by
the SCAQMD staff and the Industry Working Group, which was comprised of representatives from
coating manufacturers, wood coaters, spray equipment vendors, and consultants.
The SCAQMD provided the survey team with a computerized list of companies, locations, contact
persons, phone numbers, permit numbers, and Standard Industrial Classifications (SICs). Tables 12
and 13 summarize the survey results.
TABLE 12. NUMBERS AND TYPES OF COMPANIES CONTACTED
Category
B
Total
Type of Business
Number of Manufacturing
Companies in the South
Coast Air Basin
Companies Contacted
Using One or More
Water-based Coatings
No Water-based Coatings
Used
Household Furniture
297
49
6
Office Furniture
18
16
3
315
65
9
11
24

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TABLE 13.RESULTS FOR COMPANIES THAT COMPLETED SURVEY11
Question	Answer*
Are your finishing processes:
Less than 6 coating steps?	14
6 or more coating steps?	8
Is the final product satisfactory?
Depth of gloss
Yes/No/Don't Know:
9/9/0
Gloss
Yes/No/Don't Know:
12/6/1
Solvent resistance
Yes/No/Don't Know:
11/5/0
Durability
Yes/No/Don't Know:
11/6/0
Fade resistance
Yes/No/Don't Know:
10/8/0
Shipping durability
Yes/No/Don't Know:
9/7/0
Hardness
Yes/No/Don't Know:
10/7/0
Drying time
Yes/No/Don't Know:
5/13/0
Overall quality appearance
Yes/No/Don't Know:
9/10/0
Finish defects
Yes/No/Don't Know:
10/7/0
Color/stain matching
Yes/No/Don't Know:
10/7/0
Clarity
Yes/No/Don't Know:
11/7/0
Repairability
Yes/No/Don't Know:
9/9/0
Material cost
Yes/No/Don't Know:
6/12/0
Labor cost
Yes/No/Don't Know:
7/10/0
Safety
Yes/No/Don't Know:
16/3/0
Grain raising
Yes/No/Don't Know:
9/7/0
Overall cost
Yes/No/Don't Know:
6/12/0
How are you repairing low-VOC coatings?
(Do you use a wash/barrier/tie coat?)	Not using water.
Sand and touch-up stain, respray topcoat.
Testing has been very limited. Can't fix a spot. Have
to do a whole piece, wash off, and start over.
Mohawk aerosol stain lacquer and sealer.
Requires complete refinishing.
It's more difficult. No tie coat.
We must use a tie coat.
Sand and recoat with washcoat.
Strip and refinish.
Are additional steps in your manufacturing process necessary
in order to use the low-VOC coatings you've tried?	Yes/No/Don't Know:	11/7/0
Have the low-VOC coatings caused an increase in line rejections?	Yes/No/Don't Know:	6/4/1
What type of application equipment are you using?
Stain
Sealer
Topcoat
Other
High Volume Low Pressure (HVLP)
15
17
17
3
Air Assisted Airless
1
1
1
0
Manual
14
13
13
3
Wiping
1
0
0
1
(continued)
25

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TABLE 13. RESULTS FOR COMPANIES THAT COMPLETED SURVEY (CONCLUDED)"
Question
Answer1"
Do you experience any problems cleaning the equipment?
Does your coating need to be force dried?
Do you have ovens or drying equipment?
Gas
Electric
IR
UV
Will additional employees be required because of
the implementation of low-VOC coatings?
Is additional warehouse or floor space required for the drying
or curing of the low-VOC coating before packaging?
Approximately, how much will the conversion to low-VOC cost?
About how much has it cost so far?
Do you have a conveyor? If so, at what line speed does it run?
Line speeds:
Does the customer find the finish acceptable?
Rate customer response to low-VOC coatings:
Yes/No:	4/13
Yes/No:	8/9
Yes/No:	8/13
3
1
4
0
Yes/No/Don't Know: 9/6/2
Yes/No:	11/9
$2,000 - $3 million
$2,000 - over $2 million
Yes/No	7/13
10-12 fpm
Varies
6.5 fpm
14 fpm
10-15 fpm
Yes/No	7/7
Highly Positive	0
Positive	4
No Comment	8
Somewhat Negative	2
Negative	4
Don't Know	2
a.	All respondees did not answered all questions; therefore, the total number of answers may differ from question to question.
b.	The survey results are based on answers from companies which used or tested water-based coatings. It was not the survey's
objective to discuss the performance of solvent-based coatings.
26

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8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1.	Some water-based coatings are currently available on the market.27 However, they work well
only in some applications, and cannot be applied across all finishing lines according to the
results of the consumer following-up program.
2.	The physical characteristics of these new wood coatings are excellent. They successfully
passed all tests. Laboratory analysis confirmed that these new coatings have no VOCs and no
HAPs.
3.	The keys to successful conversion to new water-based coatings are staff training and technical
support from the coating manufacturers. Personnel may need retraining on spraying
techniques for water-based wood coating applications.
4.	When using the no-VOC, no-HAP water-based coatings developed in this project, additional
finishing steps including sanding and force drying may be required. Increased labor costs may
result because of the additional finishing steps.
5.	By using this new, promising no-VOC water-based coating technology, significant air
emission reductions, hazardous waste reductions, energy savings, and cost savings could be
achieved without installation of add-on controls. Therefore, commercialization of the
proposed technology will provide an alternative to comply with current and future emissions
standards for coating operations imposed by federal, state, and local government agencies.
6.	The new coating system should find wide applicability across many segments of the wood
furniture industry.
9.0 REFERENCES
1.	U.S. Patent No. 4,812,493, "Dual cure rate water-based coating composition," Adhesive
Coatings Co., San Mateo, CA, March 14, 1989.
2.	U.S. Patent No. 4,906,726, "Water-based coating compositions containing hydroxides and
oxides of calcium and strontium and barium," Adhesive Coatings Co., San Mateo, CA, March
6, 1990.
3.	Huang, E.W., L. Watkins, and R.C. McCrillis, Formulating Ultra-Low-VOC Wood Furniture
Coatings; Modern Paint and Coatings. Volume 83, Number 12, November 1993, p. 41-43.
4.	Huang, E.W., and R. McCrillis, Developing a No-VOC Wood Topcoat; Modern Paint and
Coatings, Volume 85, Number 7, July 1995, p. 38-41.
5.	Evaluation of Complete Waterborne Coatings Systems, A Cooperative Partnership Project by
South Coast Air Quality Management District, California Furniture Manufacturers Association,
and Southern California Edison, August 1995.
27

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6.	Choa, C.B., and S. Horn, Laboratory Methods of Analysis for Enforcement Samples, "Method
304-91, Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Various Materials," South
Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, June 1991.
7.	40 CFR, Ch. I, Part 60, Appendix A, "Method 24 - Determination of Volatile Matter Content,
Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings," July 1, 1994.
8.	D 1475-90, "Standard Test Method for Density of Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
Products," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
9.	D 2369-93, "Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings," American Society for
Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
10.	D 3792-91, "Standard Test Method for Water Content of Water-Reducible Paints by Direct
Injection into a Gas Chromatograph," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race
St., Philadelphia, PA.
11.	EPA Method 8240B, "Volatile Organics by Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS):
Packed Column Technique," Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical
Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, November 1990.
12.	D 1211-87, "Standard Test Method for Temperature-Change Resistance of Clear Nitrocellulose
Lacquer Films Applied to Wood," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St.,
Philadelphia, PA.
13.	D 523-89, "Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss," American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
14.	D 3359-90, "Standard Test Method for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test," American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
15.	D 2197-91, "Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion,"
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
16.	D 1308-87, "Standard Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and
Pigmented Organic Finishes," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St.,
Philadelphia, PA.
17.	D 3363-74, "Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test," American Society for
Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
18.	D 1640-83, "Standard Test Method for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings
at Room Temperature," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St.,
Philadelphia, PA.
28

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19.	G53-88, "Standard Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
(Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials," American
Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
20.	D 2091-88, "Standard Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers," American Society for
Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA.
21.	(no author), AEERL Quality Assurance Procedures Manual for Contractors and Assistance
Recipients. U.S. EPA internal document, 1994.
22.	Simes, G.F., Preparation Aids for the Development of Category in Quality Assurance
Project Plans. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,Cincinnati, OH, EPA/600/8-91/005 (NTIS PB91-167569), February 1991.
23.	Huang, E.W., R. Guan, and R.C. McCrillis, "Demonstration of No-VOC/No-HAP Wood
Furniture Coating System," in Proceedings: Emerging Solutions to VOC and Air Topics
Control, AWMA Specialty Conference, San Diego, CA, February 26-28, 1997.
24.	Kusumgar, M., S. Nerlfi, and M. Growney, The U.S. Paint & Coatings Industry - A
Multiclient Study. KUSUMGAR, NERFLI & GROWNEY, Inc., North Caldwell, NJ, June
1997.
25.	U.S. Dept. Of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Industrial Report - Paint and Allied
Products, Annual Summary, Issued August 1997.
26.	Guan R., and E.W. Huang, Final Report: Informative Study for Wood Coatings, South
Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, May 1996.
27.	Huang, E.W. "Demonstration of No-VOC Wood Topcoat, Low- and No-VOC Coating
Technologies," 2nd Biennial International Conference, Durham, NC, March 13-15, 1995.
28.	Huang, E.W., and R.C. McCrillis, "Source Reduction of VOC and Hazardous Organic
Emissions from Wood Furniture Coatings," in Proceedings: The Emission Inventory: Key to
Planning, Permits, Compliance and Reporting, New Orleans, LA, September, 4-6, 1996.
29

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APPENDIX A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
TITLE PAGE	 A-2
PREFACE 	 A-3
1.	PROJECT DESCRIPTION	 A-5
2.	QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES 	 A-12
3.	SAMPLING PROCEDURES	 A-15
4.	ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND CALIBRATION	 A-18
5.	DATA REDUCTION, VALIDATION, AND REPORTING	 A-23
6.	INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS	 A-26
7.	PERFORMANCE AND SYSTEM AUDITS	 A-28
8.	CALCULATION OF DATA QUALITY INDICATORS	 A-29
9.	CORRECTIVE ACTION	 A-32
10.	REFERENCES 	 A-33
ATTACHMENT A - Week Laboratories SOP 	 A-35
A-l

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95-04-206D-R1
Quality Assurance Project Plan
for the
Development of a Zero-Volatile Organic Compound (VOC),
Zero-Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Wood Furniture Coating System
Robert C. McCrillis
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Emissions Characterizations & Prevention Branch (MD61)
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Submitted to
By
AeroVironment Inc.
222 E. Huntington Drive
Monrovia, CA 91016
Eddy Huang
David Bush
QA/QC Manager
Principal Investigator
vv'	• -
Richard C. Shores
obert C. McCriili^
Approved by:
Project Officer
Quality Assurance Officer
April 1996
A-2

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PREFACE
THE QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN
This Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) is based on and consistent with the
following:
1.	AEERL Quality Assurance Procedures Manual for Contractors and Financial
Assistance Recipients (EPA, 1994)111.
2.	Preparation Aids for the Development of Category III Quality Assurance Project
Plans (EPA, 1991)[2l
3.	Interim guidelines and specifications for preparing quality assurance project
plans (EPA, 1980)[3].
The QAPP defines the data quality objectives of the project and presents, in specific
terms, the policies, organization, objectives, and activities needed to achieve them. It
details what quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures will be used to
ensure that the technical data are accurate, precise, complete, and representative of
actual field conditions. It includes periodic calibrations, duplicate checks, and
examination of the data for reasonableness and consistency. It provides
documentation upon which claims of accuracy are, in part, based.
The QAPP covers all field and laboratory investigations that generate data. These
include: (1) measurement of coating properties and performance characteristics, and
(2) determination of the presence or absence of pollutants in the wood coating system.
The EPA has identified 15 elements that must be included in all QAPPs (EPA 1980).
1.	Title Page
2.	QA Project Plan Approval Form
3.	Table of Contents
4.	Project Description
5.	Project Organization and Responsibilities
6.	Quality Assurance Objectives for Measurement Data in Terms of Precision,
Accuracy, Completeness, Representativeness and Comparability

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7.
Sampling Procedures.
8.
Sample Custody
9.
Analytical Procedures and Calibration
10.
Data Reduction, Validation, and Reporting
11.
Internal QC Checks
12.
Performance and System Audits
13.
Calculation of Data Quality Indicators
14.
Corrective Action
15.
References
Each of these items are described in this QAPP for the Development of a Zero-Volatile
Organic Compound (VOC), Zero-Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP)*Wood Furniture
Coating System at AeroVironment Inc. (AV), 222 East Huntington Drive, Monrovia, CA
91016 and Adhesive Coating Company (ADCO), 2755 Campus Drive, Suite 125, San
Mateo, CA 94403.
(*) In this QAPP, zero-VOC, zero-HAO is used in place of the no-VOC, no-HAP used in
the rest of the report.

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SECTION 1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is implementing increasingly stringent
environmental regulations designed to minimize or eliminate the emissions of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). It is estimated that the annual U.S. market for wood
coatings is approximately 240,000 m3 (63 million gallons)[4l On this basis, between 57
and 91 million kilograms (125 to 200 million pounds) of VOCs are emitted into the air
each year from the use of presently used water-borne and solvent-borne systems.
EPA actions have a profound effect on the marketing of coatings, and the organic and
inorganic binders which are widely used in the industry. Some companies, in their
panic to meet applicable EPA standards, seek to qualify coatings thinned with
"conforming" solvents such as chlorinated hydrocarbons. Other companies have
sought to approve latex-based coatings even with the knowledge that such materials
require that they ignore the drying rate specifications and the chemical resistance or
durability during those critical first days after application. There is an increasing use of
durable water-borne and water reducible coatings which are, in fact, free of so-called
"keying agent" or "coalescing agent" solvents. Finally, there is a resurgence of interest
in solvent-free coatings such as powder and radiation-cure, which would probably not
have reached such research intensity were it not for the air, water, and toxicity
legislation at the state and federal levels.
The wood coating industry can be separated into two categories: flat stock coating and
the coating of three-dimensional objects—each having different requirements with
respect to application technique. Coating of flat stock is usually done on a continuous
coating line of some type, and more complicated three-dimensional objects such as
furniture, usually require spray application and batch drying. The kitchen cabinet
industry uses nitrocellulose (N/C) for the high end, or conversion varnish/conversion
lacquer for the bulk of its finishing needs. Conversion varnishes and lacquers contain
up to 50% of urea or melamine formaldehyde resins which are only partially cured at
the low temperatures allowable for wood surfaces; thus there is a significant level of
free formaldehyde emanating from the coating throughout its useful life.
Formaldehyde has been designated by the EPA and California Air Resources Board as
a suspected carcinogen. The N/C must be replaced to meet VOC regulations and the
uncured urea/melamine formaldehyde-containing coatings replaced to meet the very
low parts per million (ppm) of "free formaldehyde" requirements.
Water-based products have been introduced to much of the lumber industry to replace
the high VOC materials previously used on plywood, hardboard, particle board, and
95-04-206D-R1
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regenerated wood-finger jointed wood products. These products, however, are a full
step down in performance properties such as hardness, toughness, adhesion, solvent
and stain resistance. Their second weakness is in energy consumption; i.e., they
require long time/temperature exposure for curing. They may or may not meet the free
formaldehyde requirements that become more exacting each year.
The South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) "Rule 1136 - Wood
Products Coatings" regulates the allowable VOC concentration of wood coating
products. It is estimated that SCAQMD-wide compliance with these rules would reduce
VOC emissions by about 18 mg (20 tons) per day through a gradual shift from high to
low VOC coatings. By phasing in low VOC coatings, instead of requiring installation of
add-on controls, SCAQMD believes that furniture manufacturers will be able to comply
with SCAQMD's rules without increased costs. Rule 1136 currently limits the VOC
content to 680 g/l of clear topcoat and 600 g/l of pigmented coating, less water and less
exempt compounds. A final compliance limit of 275 g/l[5l for both clear topcoats and
pigmented coatings is currently set to take effect by July 1, 1996.
AeroVironment Inc. and Adhesive Coating Co. (ADCO) are teaming on this EPA
contract No. 68-D5-0128 entitled, "Development and Demonstration of a Zero-
VOC/Zero-HAP Wood Furniture Coating System." A new zero-VOC wood coating
which consists of an epoxy component and an amine curing component was developed
by Adhesive Coatings Co. (ADCO), San Mateo, California. The two-component system
exhibits extremely fast-drying, good sealer and sanding characteristics that are required
for a sanding sealer coating. The complete absence of organic solvents means that
this new coating system is not only less hazardous to use but emits practically no
VOCs; and therefore, it does not significantly contribute to air pollution. This new two-
component water-based epoxy wood coating system has the potential to set a new
standard and therefore replace a very significant share of current organic solvent
systems in use. This new zero-VOC coating's high gloss and excellent chemical
resistance properties are ideal for the wood manufacturing industry for flat stock,
particle, chip, and wood floor products, spray primers for door skins, and finishing
systems for interior wood products such as furniture and kitchen cabinets. This material
can be manufactured using readily available raw materials and standard resin
manufacturing equipment without polluting the atmosphere.
1.1.1 STATEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to develop a new zero-VOC/zero-HAP wood coating
system through continuing research, formulation adjustments, and application testing.
Efforts will be dedicated to develop a new, promising zero-VOC/zero-HAP wood coating
system that is sufficiently mature for demonstration to wood furniture manufacturers.
The high-value-added coating products will be developed using existing technical know-
how and data related to the new water-based epoxy technologies. In addition to the
research and development of a new zero-VOC/zero-HAP wood coating system, on-site
demonstration and workshops will be included as part of this program.
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ADCO currently holds patents on some of these formulations. The Center for Emissions
Research and ADCO were awarded an initial contract (No. S-C93101) from EPA and
SCAQMD to develop work on a no-VOC wood topcoat. Under this contract, ADCO's
coatings were reformulated, and performance characteristics and emission testing were
conducted. The resulting topcoat showed excellent performance characteristics in
terms of adhesion, gloss value, dry time, hardness, level of solvents, and chemical/stain
resistance. The VOC contents of both the clear topcoat and the white pigmented
topcoat were less than 10 g/l. This coating's performance and properties in finished
material compared favorably with other low-VOC waterbome wood coatings. However,
low-/no-VOC "stain" and "sealer" wood coatings need to be developed so that a
complete low-/no-VOC wood coating system will be available for public use. It would be
desirable to determine the compatibility of coating components (a stain and a sealer) to
go with the topcoat. Follow-on work would focus on adapting this new zero-VOC
coating to other furniture lines. Some effort might also be needed to combine this new
coating with other components (stains and sealers) to comprise complete low-/no-VOC
coating systems. The transition to widespread application across the United States will
require extended technology transfer efforts.
1.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The tasks will be directed toward making the necessary formulation adjustments to the
initially developed topcoat that will meet the following target parameters:
(a)	The product will contain VOCs less than the detection limit as measured by
ASTM Method D2369-90 et seq.
(b)	The product will contain no HAP by EPA Method 311 or equivalent (GC-MS).
(c)	The product will have a high-gloss value (90-100 range as measured on an
80-degree gloss meter) as well as a wide variety of other sheens.
(d)	The product will "dry to the touch" in 10 minutes or less and "dry to handle" in 15
minutes or less for temperatures in the range of 45 to 60 degrees Celsius with a
relative humidity not to exceed 80%.
(e)	The coating will have a demonstrated pencil hardness of at least 2H.
(f)	The product will have a demonstrated chemical, water stain and chip resistance
comparable to other products for the same general use.
(g)	The product will have a demonstrated adhesion/scrape/mar resistance
comparable to other products for the same general use.
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(h)	The product will have a demonstrated resistance to checking, crazing and
cracking comparable to other products for the same general use.
(i)	The product will have a demonstrated UV resistance comparable to other
products for the same general use.
0) The product will have a demonstrated printing/blocking resistance comparable to
other products for the same general use.
The number of tests for the topcoat and sanding sealer are listed in Table 1-1.
TABLE 1-1. TOTAL NUMBER OF TESTS FOR THE TOP COAT AND SANDING SEALER
MEASUREMENT	METHOD	TOPCOAT SANDING COMPLETED DEMONSTRATION
SEALER SYSTEM
Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Volatile content
Density
Water content
ASTM-D-2369
ASTM-D-1475
ASTM-D-3792 (GC)
2
2
2
2
2
2
-
-
Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP)
EPA Method 311,
or equivalent (GC/MS)
2
2
-
-
Pencil Hardness
ASTM D 3363
20
-
6
-
Gloss
ASTM D 523-89
20
-
6
300
Parallel groove adhesion
ASTM D 3359-90
-
-
6
-
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar
ASTM D 2197
-
-
6
-
HotfCold check
ASTM D 1211-37
-
-
6
-
Household Chemical
ASTM D 1308-87
20
-
6
-
Dry time
ASTM D 1640-83
20
20
-
300
Water resistance
ASTM D 1308-87
20
-


UV resistance
ASTM G53-88
20
-
-
-
Printing/Block
ASTM D 2091-88
20
-
-
.
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1.3 SCHEDULE
Quality assurance activities will focus on coating performance tests. All coating
performance tests will be conducted in Phase. The proposed project schedule is
shown as follows:
NO-VOC/NO-HAP WOOD FURNITURE COATING PROJECT SCHEDULE
Year	1995	199
	6	
Task List Project Month	9 10 11 12 1234567 89
PHASE I
TASK 1 A-VOC ANALYSIS
B - HAP ANALYSIS
C-GLOSS VALUE
D-DRY TIME
E-HARDNESS
F - RESISTANCE
TASK 2 SANDING SEALER DEVELOPMENT
TASK 3 QA/QC PROCEDURES
TASK 4 REFINISHING REPAIR PROCEDURES
TASK 5 REPORTING
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

IS

PHASE II
TASK 1 DEMONSTRATION
TASK 2 COST ANALYSIS
TASK 3 MARKETING PLAN & SEMINARS
TASK 4 CUSTOMER SURVEY
TASK 5 ENV. IMPACT ANALYSIS
TASK 6 REPORTING
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
LEGEND: AEROVIRONMENT
ADCO
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1.4 PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITY
The organization chart for this project is presented in Figure 1-1.
Dr. Eddv Huang. Principal Air Quality Engineer. Ph.D.. M.S.. and B.S.. Chemical
Engineering. 11 years' experience. Dr. Huang is the project manager for this zero-
VOC/zero-HAP coating system development and demonstration program.
Mr. Charles Botsford. P.E. Principal Air Quality Engineer. M.S. and B.S.. Chemical
Engineering. 12 years' experience. Mr. Charles Botsford is the assistant project
manager for this program.
Mr. David Bush. Air Quality Scientist. B.S.. Atmospheric Science. 15 years'
experience. Mr. David Bush is assigned the task of managing the Quality Assurance
and Quality Control program. He is responsible for overseeing the QAPP and the
QA/QC activities for the project.
Ms. Ruilina Guan. Air Quality Engineer. M.S.. Chemical Engineering. B.S.. Polymer
Science and Engineering. 6 years' experience. Ms. Guan is an air quality engineer and
will be responsible for environmental impact analysis and coating formulation tasks.
Mr. Ronald Lopez. Hazardous Waste Engineer. M.S.. Chemical Engineering. B.S..
Chemistry. 12 years' experience. Mr. Lopez is the task manager for coating procedures
and consumer follow-up.
Mr. William Webster. B.S.. Business and B.A.. Economics. 22 years' experience.
Mr. Webster is the Head of Commercialization for AeroVironment. Mr. Webster is
responsible for overseeing the commercialization of products, intellectual property, and
new business areas. Mr. Webster is also responsible for assisting with new product
design, development and management, and raising outside capital. Mr. Webster will
assist with the marketing survey and commercialization task.
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Figure 1-1. Zero VOC/Zero HAP Wood Furniture Coating System Project Organizational Chart
AeroVlronment Inc
Tim Conver
President
US EPA
Contract Manager
Sol D400387M1
AeroVlronment Inc
Michael Wynn, CPA
Contract Manager
AeroVlronment Inc
Dave Bush
QA/QC Manager
Charles Botsford, P.E.
Assistant Project Manager
Aero Vlronment Inc
Eddy Huang, Ph.D.
Project Manager
AeroVlronment Inc
Rul-Llng Guan
Task Manager
Coating Formulation
Environmental
Analysis
Impact
AeroVlronmenl Inc
Eddy Huang, Ph.D.
Task Manager
Coating Demonstration
Work Shop
AeroVlronment Inc
Bill Webster
Task Manager
Product Commercialization
Marketing
AeroVlronment Inc
Ronald Lopez
Task Manager
Coating Procedures
Consumer Follow-Up
ADCO
Edward Welnthaler
Task Manager
Coating Development
Cost Analysis
Coaling Demonstration

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SECTION 2
QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES
2.1	DETERMINING QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES
The quality assurance (QA) objectives are to ensure that all laboratory investigation
activities meet the requirements of federal, state and local air pollution agencies, and to
ensure that reported data are valid, accurate, precise, complete, and representative of
actual coating VOC, HAP contents, and coating properties and performance
characteristics.
2.2	QUANTITATIVE QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES: PRECISION,
ACCURACY, METHOD DETECTION LIMIT AND COMPLETENESS
The project accuracy, precision, and completeness goals are based on the following
EPA definition of these terms:
Accuracy is the degree of agreement between the measurement or the
average of measurements for a parameter and the accepted reference or true
value. It is a combination of the bias and precision in a measurement
system.
Precision is a measure of mutual agreement among individual measurements
of the same property.
Completeness is a measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a
measurement system compared to the amount that was expected to be
obtained.
Specific QA objectives for this program are included in Table 2-1. Accuracy of the data
will be obtained from the results of laboratory performance tests and internal audits.
Precision will be determined using duplicate measurements. Any data that fail to satisfy
the QA objectives listed in Table 2-1 will be rejected and corrective action will be taken.
2.3	QUALITATIVE QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES: COMPARABILITY AND
REPRESENTATIVENESS
The project comparability and representativeness are based on the following EPA
definition of these terms:
Comparability is the degree to which one data set can be compared to
another.
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Representativeness is the degree to which a sample or group of samples is
indicative of the population being studied.
Our contractor will use consistent methods and standards from reliable sources for all
analyses and tests to ensure that adequate comparability is achieved.
Our contractor will take enough samples for all analyses and tests to ensure that
adequate representativeness is achieved.
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TABLE 2-1. QA OBJECTIVES FOR ACCURACY. PRECISION, AND COMPLETENESS
MEASUREMENT	METHOD	MDL	ACCURACY	PRECISION	COMPLETENESS
Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Volatile content
Density
Water content
ASTM-D-2369
ASTM-D-1475
ASTM-D-3792 (GC)
-
<1.6%
<2.9%
<2.9%
90
90
90
Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP)
EPA Method 311,
or equivalent (GC/MS)
5 ppb ~ 100 ppb +/- 25%
<25%
90
Pencil Hardness
ASTM D 3363
-
+/- 1 Pencil Grade
90
Gloss
ASTM D 523-89
-
+/- 5%
90
Parallel groove adhesion
ASTM D 3359-90
-
+/- 10%
90
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar
ASTM D 2197
-
+/- 0.1 grams
90
Hot/Cold check
Relative Humidity
Temperature
Time
ASTM D 1211-87
-
+/- 20%
+/- 5%
+/- 2 °F
+/- 30 seconds
90
Household Chemical
ASTM D 1308-87
-
+/- 10%
90
Dry time
ASTM D 1640-83
-
+/- 5%
90
Water resistance
ASTM D 1308-87
-
+/- 1 Pencil Gradea
90
UV resistance
ASTM G53-88
-
+/- 15%
90
Printing/Block
ASTM D 2091-88
-
+/- 20%
90
a Measure change in pencil hardness one hour after recovery from water.

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SECTION 3
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
3.1	SAMPLING PROCEDURES
The following liquid sampling procedures for VOC and HAP analysis are based on
SCAQMD Laboratory Sampling and Analytical Procedure 304[6i. and EPA Method
311m
•	Prior to sample collection, the coating will be mixed to ensure that a
representative, homogeneous sample is obtained.
•	Each component of two-component coatings will be sampled separately. The
component mix ratios will be submitted to the analytical laboratory.
•	Select a sample collection container with at least 25 percent greater capacity
than the paint can in which the sample is to be transported. Make sure both
sample containers are clean and dry. Using clean, long-handled tongs, turn the
sample collection container upside down and lower it into the coating reservoir.
The mouth of the sample collection container should be at approximately the
midpoint of the reservoir. Turn the sample collection container over and slowly
bring it to the top of the coating reservoir. Rapidly pour the collected coating into
the paint can, filling it completely to avoid any loss of volatiles due to
volatilization into the headspace. Return any unused coating to the reservoir or
dispose as appropriate.
•	Once the sample is collected, place the paint can on a firm surface and place the
lid on it, hammer the lid in place with a rubber mallet. Use clean towels or rags
to remove all residual coating material from the outside of the paint can.
•	Affix a sample label clearly identifying the sample, date collected, and person
collecting the sample.
3.2	SAMPLE CUSTODY
3.2.1 Chain-of-Custody Record
A chain-of-custody form will be filled out for each sampling period. It will document
sample possession from the time of collection to the time of receipt by the laboratory. It
will include:
•	sample identification number
•	date and time of sampling
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•	analyses required
•	sampling team members' names and appropriate signatures
•	shipping time and date
A sample of the Chain-of-Custody form is shown in Table 3-1.
3.2.2 SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING
When sample collection is complete, the samples will be placed in boxes for shipment
to the laboratory. All shipping boxes will contain a chain-of-custody form. Shipping
labels will be attached to the boxes and protected from water with clear label-protection
tape. In case the shipping label is separated from the boxes during transport, the "to"
and "from" addresses will appear somewhere on the outside of the container other than
on the shipping label. The transported boxes will be securely closed with strapping
tape. The samples will be shipped at ambient temperature using express courier
services (the coating formulator does not recommend packaging and shipping the
coating samples in a refrigerated container).
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TABLE 3-1. Chain-of-Custody Form.
Send analysis results to:
AeroVironment Inc.
222 E. Huntington Drive
Monrovia, CA 91016
Attn: Eddy Huang
818-357-9980 ext. 397
FAX: 818-359-9628
Send samples to:
Week Laboratories, Inc.
14859 East Clark Avenue
Industry, CA 91745
Attn: Alfredo E. Pierri
818-336-2139
Analyses required:
ASTM Method D2369-90 for VOCs
Sample ID
Sample Date
Sample Time















AeroVironment Air Quality Engineer:
Samples Relinquished by:	
Laboratory:
Samples Received by:		
Shipping Date:	
Shipping Time:		
Send original chain-of-custody record with samples to analysis laboratory.
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SECTION 4
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND CALIBRATION
4.1 SAMPLE ANALYSES
Analysis of VOC and HAP samples will be performed using the following:
(a)	VOC Analysis: Volatile content by ASTM-D-2369[8], density by ASTM-D-
1475[91, water content by ASTM-D-3792 (GC)[10], and calculation by ASTM-D-
3960 section 8.2.4.
(b)	HAP Analysis: HAP content by EPA Method 311[7] - Analysis of Hazardous Air
Pollutant Compounds in Paints and Coatings by Direct Injection into a Gas
Chromatograph or equivalent (gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry).
Coating properties and performance characteristics will be quantified using the following
methods.
Gloss
The methods described in ASTM D 523-89I11] and the BYK Tri-gloss meters instructions
will be followed. This evaluation will be performed on all substrates. The gloss will be
measured 24 hours after spraying.
Parallel Groove Adhesion
The method described by ASTM D3359-90112' will be followed. This evaluation method
is used to establish whether the adhesion of the coating is at an adequate level. A
cutting tool which cuts parallel grooves will be used to cut a cross-hatch pattern in the
coating down to the substrate. After the parallel grooves are cut into the coating, tape
will be applied over the grooves and removed. After the tape is removed, the cross-
hatch will be inspected through a magnifying glass and rated against the following
standards:
Gt 0/5 B The edge of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the squares of the
lattice are attached.
Gt 1/4 B Small flakes of the coating are detached at intersections; less than 5% of the
area is affected.
Gt 2/3 B Flakes of the coating are detached along the edges and/or at intersections of
cuts; the area affected is 5 to 15% of the lattice.
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Gt 3/2 B The coating has flaked along the edges and/or parts of the squares; the area
affected is 15 to 35% of the lattice.
Gt 4/1 B The coating has flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and/or parts
of the squares or whole squares have detached; the area affected is 35 to
65% of the lattice.
Gt 5/0 B Flaking and detachment is greater than 65% of the squares of the lattice.
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar
A modified version of ASTM D 2197[13] will be followed. This evaluation method covers
the determination of the adhesion of coatings when applied to smooth, flat panels.
After complete curing, the adhesion/scrape/mar resistance will be determined by
pushing the panels beneath a round stylus or loop that is loaded in increasing amounts
until marring of the coating is detected. This method has been found useful in
differentiating the degree of hardness of coatings. This evaluation is more useful in
providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences
in mar resistance.
In the methods described by ASTM D 2197, the adhesion/scrape/mar resistance is
determined by scratching on a coated smooth, flat panel, and then inspecting the panel
surface for flakes.
In the modified version of ASTM D 2197, which will be used for this program, the
adhesion/scrape/mar resistance is determined by pushing the panels beneath a round
stylus or loop that is loaded in increasing amounts until marring of the coating is
detected. This modified method is machine controlled and repeatable.
Hot/Cold Check
The methods described by ASTM D 1211-87, as modified to be used with the Atlas XR-
35-A Weatherometer, will be followed. This evaluation method includes the
determination of the resistance to checking, crazing and cracking of coatings applied to
wood or plywood substrates when subjected to sudden changes from high to low
temperatures.
The following evaluation method will be used. The solid oak panels will be put in the
Atlas XR-35-A Weatherometer, the system will be started at 70°F and the temperature
will be raised to 120°F within a 15-minute period. The temperature will be held for one
hour and then be lowered to minus 5°F within a 30-minute period and held for one hour.
The temperature will then be returned to 70°F within a 15-minute period. This
sequence of operations comprised one cycle, which takes three hours to complete.
The cycle will be repeated eight times: a total of 24 hours to complete. The relative
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humidity will be maintained at 50% during the test. The test will be run without UV
radiation.
In the methods described by ASTM D 1211-87, wood panels are heated in an oven,
and cooled in a refrigerator.
In the modified version of ASTM D 1211-87, which will be used for the Hot/Cold Check
for this program, an Atlas XR-35-A Weatherometer, which automatically controls the
relative humidity, temperature, and heating and cooling rate, is used to heat and cool
the wood panels.
Household Chemicals
The methods described by ASTM D 1308-871141 will be followed. This evaluation
method covers the determination of the effects household chemicals have on organic
finishes. These include any objectionable alternation of the surface, such as
discoloration, change in gloss, blistering, softening, swelling, loss of adhesion, or
special phenomena.
Resistance to various liquids used in the home is an important characteristic of organic
finishes. These test methods provide the means by which the relative performance of
coating systems may be evaluated. The open spot evaluation method will be used.
That is, the agent will be placed directly on the surface and allowed to sit uncovered for
one hour. The surface will then be examined for a reaction to the chemical.
Water Resistance
The methods described by ASTM D 1308-87[u] will be followed. This evaluation
method covers determination of the effect cold distilled water would have on organic
finishes. The immersion evaluation method will be used. That is, the wood panels will
be immersed to a depth of 50% in cold distilled water contained in beakers at 20°C for
24 hours. The surface will then be examined for change in pencil hardness one hour
after recovery from water.
Dry Time
A modified version of ASTM D 1640-831151 will be followed. This evaluation method
covers the determination of the various stages and rates of film formation in the drying
or curing of organic coatings. All drying tests will be conducted in a well-ventilated
room, free from direct drafts, dust, products of combustion, laboratory fumes and under
diffused light. All measurements will be made at a temperature of 45 to 60 degree
Celsius and a relative humidity of not to exceed 80% with the coated panels in a
horizontal position while drying.
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The following evaluation method will be used.
Dry-to-touch time—Lightly rub across the test film surface with a clean finger. The film
is considered dry-to-touch when it no longer adheres to the finger and does not rub up
appreciably. The test intervals will be 0.5 minutes.
Dry-to-handle time—The test panels will be placed in a horizontal position at a height
such that when the thumb is placed on the film, the arm of the operator is in a vertical
line from the wrist to the shoulder. The operator will bear down on the film with the
thumb, exerting the maximum pressure of the arm, at the same time turning the thumb
through an angle of 90° in the plane of the film. The film is considered dry-to-handle
when there is no loosening, detachment, wrinkling, or other evidence of distortion of the
film. The test intervals will be 0.5 minutes.
Deviation from standard conditions:
In the methods described by ASTM D 1640-83, all measurements should be made at a
temperature of 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity. All drying tests on the Zero-
VOC, Zero-HAP wood furniture coating will be made at a temperature of 45 to 60
degree Celsius and a relative humidity of not to exceed 80% with the coated panels in a
horizontal position while drying.
UV Resistance
The methods described by ASTM G53-881161 will be followed. This evaluation method
covers the simulation of the deterioration caused by sunlight and water as rain or dew
by using fluorescent ultraviolet (UV) and condensation apparatus. The test specimens
will be mounted in the specimen racks with the surfaces facing the lamp. The test
specimens will then be exposed to the repeated UV/condensation cycles under the
selected test conditions (4 hour UV at 50°C/4 hour condensation at 50°C) until a certain
number of total test hours or certain UV/water degradation has occurred in the test
specimen. The test specimens will be inspected daily.
Pencil Hardness
The methods described by ASTM D 3363-74t1?l will be followed. This evaluation
method covers the determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a
substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness.
The following evaluation method will be used: The coated panel will be placed on a
level, firm, horizontal surface. Starting with the hardest lead, the operator will hold the
pencil or lead holder firmly with the lead against the film at a 45° angle (pointing away
from the operator) and will push away from the operator. The operator will then exert
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sufficient uniform pressure downward then forward either to cut or scratch the film or to
crumble the edge of the lead. The gouge hardness (pencil hardness) will be
determined by repeating the process down the hardness scale until a pencil is found
that will not cut through the film for a stroke length of at least 1/8 in. (3 mm). The
scratch hardness will be determined by continuing the process until a pencil is found
that will not scratch the surface of the film.
Printing/Block
The printing and blocking evaluation will be conducted to evaluate the resistance of a
coating to printing under conditions of packaging, shipping and warehousing as
described in ASTM D 2091-88[13l Those samples that are subjected to this evaluation
will be placed under pressure for 16 to 18 hours after spraying.
Twenty-four hours after the spraying of the panel, a piece of cheesecloth and a block
(usually a piece of wood) will be placed over a uniform area of the panel. Certain
weight will be placed on the cheesecloth and block for a period of 18 hours at 73.5 ±
3.5°F (23 ± 2°C) and 50 ± 5% relative humility. The weight, applied to the surface area,
will result in a pressure of 2 pounds per square inch. After 18 hours, the weight, block,
and cloth will be removed. The panel surface will then be examined for impression of
the fabric into the coated surface.
Laboratory analyses for VOC content will be performed by Week Laboratories, Inc. in
Industry, California, or other analytical laboratories certified by the South Coast Air
Quality Management District. Laboratory analyses for HAP level will be performed by
Applied P & Ch Laboratory (APCL) in Chino, California, or other analytical laboratories
certified by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Coating properties and
characteristics will be performed by JH Associates in Anaheim, California, and
Adhesive Coating Co. in San Mateo, California.
Attachment A contains the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for VOC Analyses
from Week Laboratories, Inc., and the Quality Assurance Literature from APCL.
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SECTION 5
DATA REDUCTION, VALIDATION, AND REPORTING
The objective of the data processing and validation effort is a quality assured data base
containing the VOC, HAP and product characteristics data in a consistent format. The
procedures that AeroVironment has implemented for data processing and validation
ensure that reported data are valid. These procedures meet the requirements and
guidelines of the U.S. EPA. Data processing procedures for this program are discussed
below.
5.1	DATA REDUCTION
At the beginning of the project, before data are forwarded from the laboratories,
AeroVironment will create a project database directory. This directory will contain
information specific to the project.
The data will be entered into this data base directly, or uploaded onto AeroVironment's
computer from a floppy disk provided by the analysis laboratory.
Data that are lost can be recovered either from the data logger printouts or from the
floppy diskette backups.
The data will be processed using a personal computer and spreadsheet software. All
data processing activities will be performed using a spreadsheet created specifically for
this project. The following data for each sample will be forwarded from the laboratories:
•	VOC concentrations
•	HAP concentrations
•	high gloss value as well as a wide variety of other sheens
•	time for the product to "dry to the touch" for temperatures in the range of 45 to 60
degrees Celsius with a relative humidity not to exceed 80%
•	time for the product to "dry to handle" for temperatures in the range of 45 to 60
degrees Celsius with a relative humidity not to exceed 80%
•	pencil hardness of the coating
•	chemical resistance of the coating
•	water resistance of the coating
•	printing resistance of the coating
•	adhesion of the coating
•	adhesion/scrape/mar resistance of the coating
•	resistance to checking, crazing and cracking of the coatings
•	UV resistance of the coating
5.2	DATA VALIDATION
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All data produced by this project are reviewed before use. AeroVironment data
validation procedures start with observations and reports made by the lab operator and
continue with review and analysis of all logs, checklists and data.
All flagged or anomalous data are investigated. Unless there is substantial evidence
that suspect data are erroneous, these data will be retained. AeroVironment's data
processing procedures allow only the project's principal investigator (the project
manager for this program) to invalidate data.
Most of the performance tests will be performed by JH Associates. JH Associates will
report the test data to the principal investigator. Decisions about when performance
tests should be repeated will be made between the test operator, John R. Hornung and
the principal investigator, Eddy Huang.
5.3 DATA REPORT
A data report will be prepared by AeroVironment and sent to the U.S. EPA. The report
will include a description of the measurements, average value of the measurements
and standard deviations for all samples. Additionally, the data will be provided on a
floppy disk in an IBM-PC format.
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SECTION 6
INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS
Duplicate measurements will be made of all performance characteristics of the coating
formula. If a comparison of the two measurements shows a measured difference
outside of the precision goals for that measurement method (Table 2-1), corrective
action will be taken and/or the measurements will be repeated.
The following summarizes additional quality control (QC) procedures that will be
followed for this study.
Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile Content
We will follow the QC procedures described in ASTM-D-2369.
Density
We will follow the QC procedures described in ASTM-D-1475. The density
measurement method will be calibrated using freshly boiled deionized water at a
specified temperature.
Water Content
We will follow the QC procedures described in ASTM-D-3792(GC). One method blank
will be analyzed for every 10 samples.
Hazardous Air Pollutants
The analytical laboratory will follow the QC procedures described in EPA Method 311 -
Analysis of Hazardous Air Pollutant Compounds in Paints and Coatings by Direct
Injection into a Gas Chromatograph or equivalent (gas chromatograph-mass
spectrometry [GC/MS]). The GC/MS will be calibrated prior to sampling for potential
target compounds across the working range for that compound using at least three
NIST certified concentrations and a blank. A midpoint calibration check will be
performed after every 10 samples and at the end of the analysis sequence. In addition,
a method blank and a laboratory control sample will be analyzed with every batch of
samples. Finally, a Matrix Spike sample and a Matrix Spike Duplicate sample will be
analyzed after at least every 10 samples.
Field trip and system blanks will be collected during sampling and sent with the samples
to the laboratory.
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Performance Characteristics
Quality control for each of the following performance measurements will be obtained
following the procedures presented in their respective ASTM method protocol:
Pencil Hardness
Gloss
ASTM-D-3363
ASTM-D-523-89
Parallel Groove Adhesion ASTM-D-3359-90
Adhesion/Scrape/Mar ASTM-D-2197
Hot/Cold Check	ASTM-D-1211-87
Household Chemical ASTM-D-1308-87
Water Resistance
Dry Time
UV Resistance
Printing/Blocking
ASTM-D-1308-87
ASTM-D-1640-83
ASTM-G-53-88
ASTM-D-2091-88
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SECTION 7
PERFORMANCE AND SYSTEM AUDITS
AeroVironment's Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) department is a
separately managed and operated subgroup of AeroVironment's Finance and Contracts
Group, which reports directly to the Company's President. The QA/QC department
maintains standards and personnel that are independent of those used by other
subgroups of the Environmental Services Group. The Manager of the QA/QC
department reports directly to the Contracts Manager, and is therefore not accountable
to other subgroup project managers. For this project, the independence of QA
personnel from routine project operations will be strictly maintained in order to ensure
totally independent quality assessment of project results. Although not required by this
contract, AeroVironment proposes a contract level QA/QC Program Plan which
establishes the QA/QC requirements for each contract and the roles of all key
management personnel.
AeroVironment will provide the personnel and materials required to carry out program
system audits. AeroVironment's quality assurance department will perform system
audits of each of the measurement laboratories. The U.S. EPA has established
guidelines to assure the collection of accurate, complete, and precise data. A system
audit verifies that relevant guidelines are being adhered to and that data of acceptable
quality can be collected. It is a qualitative appraisal of the quality assurance/quality
control system used for the total program.
During the system audit, the organization and operation of each of the laboratories are
examined. The system audits will evaluate, where applicable, the instrument and
measurement system operations, calibration procedures, preparation and storage of
standards, QC checks (blanks and duplicates), chain-of-custody prtocols, data
reduction methods and documentation procedures as compared with the procedures
specified by the individual laboratories. A system audit checklist will be used when
performing the system audit. This checklist documents audit findings and provides a
standardized method for performing the system audit.
Upon completion of the system audits, the auditor will prepare a report detailing
deficiencies found during the audits. In the report, he will, if necessary, recommend
actions required to improve the project and to meet project data quality goals. Included
in the report will be copies of the system audit checklist. Both the QA/QC manager and
the project manager will receive the audit report.
*
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SECTION 8
	CALCULATION OF DATA QUALITY INDICATORS	
8.1 DATA QUALITY INDICATORS
Precision
For duplicate measurements, precision is calculated as:
RPD = (y-, - y2) x 100% / + y2) / 2]
where:
RPD = relative percent difference
y, = larger of the two observed values
y2= smaller of the two observed values
For three or more replicates, precision is calculated as:
RSD = (s/ ymean) x 100%
where:
RSD = relative standard deviation
s = standard deviation
Ymean. = mean of replicate analyses
Standard deviation will be calculated as:
S = {I[(y,-ymean)2/(n-1)]}"2
Ymean. — (S Yi) ^ ^
Where:
yi = measured value of the ith sample
n = number of samples
Accuracy
Accuracy is frequently expressed in terms of percent recovery (%R) whether Standard
Reference Materials (SRMs) or spiked samples (known concentrations of test materials
added to samples) are used.
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When SRMs are used, accuracy is expressed as follows:
%R = 100% x (CM/CSRM)
where:
%R = percent recovery
CM = measured concentration of SRM
Csrm = actual concentration of SRM
When matrix spikes are added to samples, %R is calculated as follows:
%R = 100% x (Cs - Cu)/Csa
where:
%R = percent recovery
Cs = measured concentration in spiked aliquot
Cu = measured concentration in unspiked aliquot
Csa = actual concentration of spike added
Completeness
Completeness is calculated as follows for all measurements:
%C = 100% x (VAT)
where:
%C = percent completeness
V = number of measurements judged valid
T = total number of measurements
8.2 VOC CONTENT
The VOC content of the sample expressed in grams VOC per liter of coating is
calculated as follows:
VOC, g/l (of coating) = [(100-N-W) x Dm] x [100 - (W x Dm) / Dw] x 1000
where:
N = nonvolatile matter, %
W = percent water in sample, %
95-04-206D-R1
A-29

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Dm = density of the sample, g/ml
Dw = density of water, g/ml, (Dw = 0.997 g/ml at 25°C
The VOC content of the sample expressed in grams VOC per liter of material is
calculated as follows:
VOC, g/l (of material) = (100-N-W) x Dm x 10
95-04-206D-R1
A-30

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SECTION 9
CORRECTIVE ACTION
Corrective action is initiated whenever a problem is identified. The goal of corrective
action is to remedy any problem before the project or equipment and/or parameters
drop below the desired accuracy, precision, or completeness.
The field and laboratory technicians are the primary individuals for identifying problems
and initiating corrective action. Once a problem is identified, the person who found it
will either remedy the problem, or will ask the project manager for assistance.
Whenever a problem is identified, the project manager is notified. A corrective action
report is made each time a problem is found. The project manager is responsible for
verifying that appropriate actions for maintaining the monitoring objective is performed.
95-04-206D-R1
A-31

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SECTION 10
REFERENCES
1.	Environmental Protection Agency (1994): AEERL Quality Assurance Procedures
Manual for Contractors and Financial Assistance Recipients. Unnumbered EPA
document.
2.	Environmental Protection Agency (1991): Preparation Aids for the Development of
Category III Quality Assurance Project Plans. EPA Document EPA-600/8-91-005.
3.	Environmental Protection Agency (1980): Interim Guidelines and Specifications for
Preparing Quality Assurance Project Plans. EPA Document QAMS-005/80.
4.	Huang, E. W., L. Watkins, and R. McCrillis (1993): Formulating Ultralow-VOC
Wood Furniture Coatings, Modern Paint and Coatings, Volume 83, Number 12, 41-
43.
5.	South Coast Air Quality Management District (1996): Preliminary Staff Report for
Proposed Amendments to Rule 1136 - Wood Products Coatings.
6.	Choa, C.B. and S. Horn, South Coast Air Quality Management District (1991):
Laboratory Methods of Analysis for Enforcement Samples. "Method 304-91,
Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Various Materials."
7.	Environmental Protection Agency (undated): Method 311, "Analysis of Hazardous
Air Pollutant Compounds in Paints and Coatings by Direct Injection into a Gas
Chromatograph."
8.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D-2369, "Standard Test Method for
Volatile Content of Coatings."
9.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D-1475, "Standard Test Method for
Density of Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products."
10.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D-3792, "Standard Test Method for
Water Content of Water-Reducible Paints by Direct Injection into a Gas
Chromatograph."
11.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D 523-89, "Standard Test Method for
Specular Gloss".
12.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D 3359-90, "Standard Test Method for
Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test."

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13.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D 2197, "Standard Test Method for
Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion."
14.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D 1308-87, "Standard Test Method for
Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes."
15.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D-1640-83, "Standard Test Method for
Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings at Room Temperature."
16.	American Society for Testing and Materials: G 53-88, "Standard Practice for
Operating Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation
Type) for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials."
17.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D-3363-74, "Standard Test Method for
Film Hardness by Pencil Test."
18.	American Society for Testing and Materials: D-2091-88, "Standard Test Method for
Print Resistance of Lacquers."

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ATTACHMENT A
Week Laboratories SOP (Determination of Volatile Organic Content in Paints and Related
Coatings).
A-34

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Week Laboratories, Inc. - Organic Section
Standard Operating Ptrfcpdures ORG02S.R02 Rev.07/94.
Approved by:	—	Date: ^j*2!
Title: De-termination of Volatile Organic Content (VOC) in Paints and
Related Coatings.
•1.0 Summary
1.1 This procedure describes the analysis of volatile organic content
in paints and related coatings. The analysis consists of three
parts: volatile content, density and water content. The VOC is
calculated as grams per liter of paints or coatings.
£.<) Sample Collection, Preservation and Holding Times
~ 2.1 Samples must be refrigerated at 4°C.
3*0 Apparatus
3.1	For Determination of Water Content
3.1.1	Gas Chromatography KP 5890.
3.1.2	Column: S5 from Alltech.
3.1.3	Detector: TCD & 250 'C.
3.1.4	Data system: 436DX/50 mhz computer running HP 5595
Chemstation software-
3-1.5	Temperature program: 80 °C fcr 3 min. tben to 220 'C § 25
°C/min.
3.1.6	Reference gas: Helium § 50 oil/min.
3.1.7	Carrier gas: Helium § 20 psi.
3.1.8	Liquid Charging Device: Micro-syringe of 10 ul capacity.
3.1.9	Septum Sample vials: 5-stl capacity with fluorocarbon-
faced septa.
3.2	For Determination of Volatile Content
3.2.1	Forced Convection Oven: Cenco—Cenfcral Scientific Co.
3.2.2	Syringe: 5-ml capacity.
3.2.3	Aluminum Foil Dish: 58 nun ir. diameter by 18 mm high with
a smooth bottom surface.
Page 1 of 6
A-35

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SOP ORG025.R02
SCAQMD 304
Page 2 of 6
3.3 For Determination of Density
3-3.1 Pycnometer, Fisher.
3.3.2	Thermometer, graduated in o.l3C.
3.3.3	Constant-Temperature Bath held at 25+0.1°C.
4>0 Reagents
4-1	Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all test.
4.2	Organic-free water.
4.3	Carrier Gas: Helium of 99.995%.
4.4	N,N-Dimethyl footamide(DMF) from Fisher Scientific. -
4.5	Isopropanol(IPA), analytical grade.
4.6	Toluene, analytical grade -
4.7	2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate.
fe.O Procedures
5.1 Determination of Density
5.1.1 Calibration of the Container: Determine the volume of
the container at specified tamperature by employing the
following steps.
5.1.1.1	Clean and dry the container with solvents and bring
it to constant weight (not exceed 0.001% of the
weight of the container). Record the weight, M, in
y rams«
5.1.1.2	Fill the container with freshly boiled DI water at
a temperature somewhat below that specified. Cap
the container, leaving the overflow orifice open.
Immediately remove eicess overflowed water or water
held in depressions by wiping dry with absorbent
material. Avoid occluding air bubbles in the
container.
5-1.1.3 Bring the container and contents to the specified
temperature using the constant-temperature bath or
room if necessary.
5.1.1.4 Remove the excess overflow by wiping carefully with
absorbent material, avoiding wicking of water out
of orifice, and immediately cap the overflow tube
A-36

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SOP ORG025.R02
SCAQMD 304
Page 3 of 6
5-1.1.4 (continued)
where such has been provided. Dry the outside of
the container, if necessary, by wiping with
absorbent material. Do not remove overflow that
occurs subsequent to the first wiping after
attainment of the desired temperature. Immediately
weigh the filled container to the nearest 0.001% of
its weight. Record this weight, N, in grams.
5.1.1.5	Calculate the container volune as follows:
V = (T - M)/P
where:
V = volume of container, ml.
T = weight of container and water, g-
M = weight of container, g.
p = absolute density of water at specified
temperature, g/ml (see Table I). .
5.1.1.6	Obtain the mean of at least three determinations.
5-1-2	Determination of density for samples
5.1.2.1 Repeat the steps in Section 5.1.1, substituting the
sample for the DI water and a suitable nonresidual
solvent for the acetone or alcohol. Record the
weight of the filled container, W, and the weight
of the empty container, w, in grams.
5.1.2.2 Calculate the density in graas per milliliter as
follows:
D. = 
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j.	i.	x -~ • w- i r :t.ui i	i_no^ x i '*s_	i «_)	OO f	t"' . ±U
SOP ORG025.R02
SCAQMD 304
Page 4 of 6
5.2.1	(continued)
entrapped, stir by hand until the air has been removed.
5.2.2	Using a syringe, weigh to 0.1 nig, by difference, a
specimen of 0.30+0.10 g for coatings believed to have a
volatile content less than 40 weight% or a specimen of
0.5+0.10 g for coatings believed to have a volatile
content greater than 40 weight%, into a tared aluminum
foil dish into which has been added 3+1 ml of suitable
solvent (normally water for water-reducible coatings, and
toluene for solvent-reducible coatings). Hfote: In certain
situations depending on the nature of the sample, the use
of a pipet may be the best way to measure the sample-
Add the specimen dropwise, shalcing (swirling) the dish to
disperse the specimen completely in the solvent. If the
material forms a lump that cannot be dispersed, discard
the specimen and prepare a new one. Similarly prepare a
duplicate.
5-2.3 Heat the aluminum foil dishes containing the dispersed
specimens in the forced convection oven for 60 min at
110°C ±5cC.
5.2.4	Remove the dishes from the oven/ place immediately in a
desiccator, cool to ambient temperature and weigh to 0.1
mg.
Note: If unusual decomposition or degradation of the
specimen occurs during heating, the actual time and
temperature used to cure the coating in practice may be
substituted for the time and temperature specified in
this method.
5.2.5	Calculate the percent volatile matter in the liquid
coating as follows:
Volatile matter, % = 100 - [((W2 - WjJ/S) x 100]
where:
Wx = weight of dish.
W2 = weight of dish plus specimen after heating.
S = weight of specimen.
5-2.5 The percent of nonvolatile matter in the coating may be
calculated by difference as follows:
N = Nonvolatile matter, % = 100 - Volatile matter
5.3 Determination of Water Content
5.3.1 Determination of Relative Response Factor
5.3.1.1 Weigh about 0.2 g of water and 0.2 g of IPA to the
nearest 0.1 mg into a septum vial. Add 2 ml of DMF
A-38

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12/yy^iyyb 14: bd hKuri wtuK LHbb iinu
JO r kj^ar r.u
SOP ORG025.R02
SCAQMD 304
Page 5 of 6
5.3.1.1	(continued)
to the vial and mix thoroughly.
5.3.1.2	Inject a 1 ul aliquot of the above solution onto
the column and record the chronatogram. The
retention order and approximate retention times
after the air peak are (1) water, about 0.7 min;
(2) IPA, about 2.8 min; and (3) DMF, about 7 min.
5.3.1.3	Inject the same size aliquot of dmf and IPS.
mixture/ but without added water, as a blank. Note
the area of the water peak in the blank.
5-3.1.4 Calculate the response factor for water as follows:
W. X (Ahjo - B)
R =		
where:
R	= response factor,
W:	= weight Of IPA,
wH,0	= weight of the water,
A=	= area of IPA peak,
AH20	= area of the water peak,
B	= area of the water peak the blank.
5.3.2 Determination of Water Content in Samples
5.3.2.1 Weigh to the nearest 0.1 jag 0.6 g of water-
reducible sample and 0.2 g of IPA into a septum
vial. Add 2 ml of DMF irvto the vial. Seal the vial.
Prepare a blank containing the IPA and DMF but no
sample.
5-3.2.2 Shake the vials on a wrist action shaker for 15
min. To facilitate the settling of the solids allow
the samples to stand for 15 ndn just prior to
injection into the GC. Low speed centrifugation may
also be used.
5.3.2.3 Inject a 1 ul sample of the supernatant from the
prepared solutions onto the GC colusm. Record the
chromatograms.
5-3.2-4 Measure the area of the water peak and the IPA
internal standard peak. Calculate the percent water
in samples as follows:
x W, x 100
W = H20, % = 		1	
Aj. X W5 X R
where:
A.^ = area of water peak,
A-39

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li' ^0/	I-*	rn.uri ujc.'_r\ lHDO ii'(^	iu
SOP ORG025.R02
SCAQHD 304
Page 6 of 6
5.3.2.4 (continued)
Ai - area of IPA,
W: - weight of IPA added,
W. = weight of sample,
R - response factor determined in 5.3.1.4.
5.4 Calculations of VOC
5.4.1	The VOC content of the sample expressed in graros VOC per
liter of coating is calculated as follows:
<100—N—W) x D„
VOC, g/L (of coating) =	x 1000
100 - 
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APPENDIX B
COATING TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CLEAR WOOD TOP COAT - PRODUCT DATA	B-2
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - WOOD TOP COAT - PART A	B-3
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - WOOD TOP COAT - PART B 	B-7
WOOD SANDING SEALER - PRODUCT DATA 	B-9
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - WOOD SANDING SEALER - PART A	B-10
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - WOOD SANDING SEALER - PART B	B-14
WOOD STAIN BASE - PRODUCT DATA	B-16
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - WOOD STAIN BASE	B-17
B-l

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ADCO
CLEAR WOOD TOP COAT
Solvent Free / 2 Component Epoxy
PRODUCT DATA
(#WTC-96-RT4)
Product Description
This two component, high performance, water based wood top coat is a hard, durable, chemical and stain
resistant interior wood coating that contains no organic solvents. This wood top coat is designed to be
used with the companion Zero VOC Stain and Sanding Sealer.
Very low odor - no solvent smell
Non-flammable
Chemical and stain resistant
Bright, clear finish
Easily washed and cleaned
Surpasses all VOC air quality regulations
SPECIFICATIONS
Color: Clear
Finish: Glossy
Pot Life: 6 hours @ 70°F
Clean Up: Use warm, soapy water
Density: 8.85 #/gal (Mixed system)
Volume Solids: 33.7%
Weight Solids: 37.5%
Theor. Coverage @ 2 mils: 270 sq.ft/gal
Flash Point: >350°F
Shelf Life: >1 year
Dry Time @ 77°F & 50% RH, 3 mil film
To Touch: 30 minutes
To Recoat: 1 hour
Light Traffic on Floors: 24 hours
Full Cure: 1 week
Viscosity (Part A & B mixed) 25°C
#3 spindle @ 12 rpm 500 cps
Usage:	Part A	Part B
By Weight 1.3	1.0
By Volume 1.2	1.0
Pencil Hardness: 2H
VOC: Coating 0 #/gal, 0 grams per liter
Material 0 #/gal, 0 grams per liter
Inter-coat Adhesion:	Pass
KCMA A161.1 1990 Testing
Detergent & Water Resistance
Edge Test
Hot Cold Check
Stain Resistance:
Coffee
Grape Juice
Lemon Juice
Orange Juice
Olive Oil
100 proof alcohol
Detergent
Mustard (1 hour)
Pine Sol
Fantastic
Simple Green
Bleach
Ketchup
Distilled Water
Pass
Pass
24 Hours exposure
B-2

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT: WOOD TOP COAT - Part A (WTC-96-RT4A)
PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
Manufacturer:
Adhesive Coatings Co.
2755 Campus Drive
San Mateo, CA 94403
(415) 571-7947
NPCA HMIS Rating
Health:	1
Flammability:	0
Reactivity:	1
Personal Protection: D
Emergency Numbers: 1-800-424-9300 (Chemtrec)
Chemical Family:
Generic Name:
DOT Proper Shipping Name:
DOT Hazard Class:
Revision: 1 Date: 6/18/96
Latex Paint
Water Based Epoxy Paint
Water Based Paint, n.o.s.
Not Regulated
PART 2 - Ingredients
Ingredient Name
CAS# %weiaht OSHAfoeH ACGIH(tlv)
RESILEX™ Epoxy Polymer 025085-99-8 55%
N/A
N/A
PART 3 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal
0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal
VOC of Material:
VOC excluding water:
Boiling Point: 100°C
pH: 6.0-7.0
Volatile portion: 45.0 % wt
Freezing Point: 0°C
Specific Gravity: 1.09 @20°C
Viscosity: 1000 ± 50 cps
Solubility in water: Slight
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Appearance and Odor: Milky white liquid/mild odor
Conditions and materials to avoid: High temperatures, oxidizing conditions.
Hazardous decomposition products: Acrid smoke, fumes, carbon
monoxide/dioxide may be released upon decomposition.
Stability: Stable
B-3

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PART 4 - FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Flash Point: > 212°C (Method: ISO 3679)
Autoignition temperature: N/DA
Flammable limits (%volume in air) Lower: N/DA Upper: N/DA
Fire and explosion hazards: Not-flammable
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, C02, Water spray, Foam, Water fog.
Special firefighting procedures: Do not enter fire area without special protection.
Fight fire from safe distance or protected location. Heat or impurities may increase
temperature, build pressure, rupture closed containers spreading fire and increase
the risk of burns and injuries. Use water spray/fog for cooling. Notify authorities if
liquid enters sewer or public waters.
PART 5 - EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID
Inhalation: If overcome by exposure, remove victim to fresh air immediately. Give
oxygen or artificial respiration as needed. Obtain emergency medical attention,
prompt action is essential.
Eve Contact: In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with clean water for
20 - 30 minutes. Retract eyelids often. Obtain emergency medical attention if pain,
blinking, tears, or redness persist.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing as needed. Wash skin thoroughly
with mild soap and water. Flush with lukewarm water for 15 minutes. If sticky, use
waterless hand cleaner first.
Ingestion: If large quantity is swallowed, give lukewarm water (1 pint) if victim is
completely conscious and alert. Do not induce vomiting, risk of damage to lungs
exceeds poisoning risk. Obtain emergency medical attention.
Emergency Medical Treatment: Treat symptomatically.
PART 6 - EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE	
Routes of exposure:
Inhalation: This material is not expected to present an inhalation hazard at
standard conditions due to its low volatility. However, overexposure to
mists/aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation such as coughing, shortness
of breath, and mucus production.
Eve Contact: Potential route. May cause eye irritation. Symptoms may include
tearing, blinking, redness and swelling.
Skin absorption: Potential route. Although no data was found for this product, the
potential for skin absorption does exist.
Skin Irritation: Potential route. May produce skin irritation. May cause an allergic
skin reaction in some individuals after repeated skin contact.
Ingestion: This material may be a health hazard if ingested in large quantities.
Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: No additional medical information
found.
B-4

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PART 7 - PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL MEASURES
Respiratory Protection: If this material is handled under mist forming conditions,
use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection equipment.
Eve Protection: Eye protection such as chemical splash goggles and/or face
shield must be worn when possibility exists for eye contact due to splashing or
spraying, liquid, airborne particles, or vapor. Contact lenses should not be worn.
Skin Protection: Depending on the conditions for use, protective gloves, apron,
boots, head, and face protection should be worn. This equipment should be
cleaned after each use.
Engineering Controls: If handling results in mist or aerosol or vapor generation,
local exhaust ventilation is recommended.
Other Hygienic Practices: Emergency eye wash fountains and safety showers
should be available in the immediate vicinity of any potential exposure.
Other Work Practices: Use good personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating,
drinking, smoking, or using the toilet facilities. Promptly remove soiled clothing
and wash thoroughly before reuse. Shower after work using plenty of soap and
water.
PART 8 - REACTIVITY DATA
Stability: Stable
Incompatibility: Strong bases and acids.
Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur.
Hazardous decomposition: Will not occur.
PART 9 - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Scoop and vacuum
up, place in closed container for disposal. Avoid dusting. Flush contaminated area
with water. Dispose in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.
PART 10 - STORAGE AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE:
Practice caution and personal cleanliness to avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid
breathing vapors of heated material.
PART 11 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
None required for this product.
B-5

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PART 12 - LABEL INFORMATION
FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY!! Skin contact hazard. Eye and skin irritant.
May cause allergic reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Do not
breath vapors or mist. Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not swallow. Prevent
contact with food, chewing or smoking materials.
FIRST AID
EYES: Immediately flush with plenty of clean water
INHALATION: Remove to fresh air if effects occur. Consult a physician.
SKIN CONTACT: Wash thoroughly with mild soap and flowing water or shower.
INGESTION: Give fluids. Call a physician.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: No specific antidote. Supportive care. Treatment based
on judgment of physician in response to reaction of the patient.
SPILLS
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Shovel into closed
container. Flush contaminated area with water. Dispose of collected materials in
accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. Avoid breathing vapors of
heated material.
DISCLAIMERS
Some of the information presented and conclusions drawn herein are from
sources other than direct test data on the product itself. The information in this
MSDS was obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the
information is provided without any warranty, express or implied, regarding its
correctness. The conditions or methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of
the product are beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge. For this
and other reasons, we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability
for loss, damage, or expense arising out of or in any way connected with the
handling, storage, use, or disposal of the product. This MSDS was prepared and
is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in
another product, this MSDS information may not be applicable. This MSDS has
been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard (29 CFR 1200).
C:\adco\msds\WTC9639A.msd
B-6

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT: WOOD TOP COAT - PART B (WTC-96-RT4B)
PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
Manufacturer:	NPCA HMIS Rating
Adhesive Coatings Co.	Health:	1
2755 Campus Drive	Flammability:	0
San Mateo, CA 94403	Reactivity:	0
(415)571-7947	Personal Protection:	D
Emergency Numbers: 1-800-424-!
Chemical Family:
Generic Name:
DOT Proper Shipping Name.
DOT Hazard Class:
Revision: 1 Date: 6/1B/96
(Chemtrec)
Polyamine
Polyamine curing agent
Paint related materials, n.o.s.
Not regulated
PART 2 - Ingredients

Inaredient Name CAS #
%weiaht
OSHA(Del)
ACGIH(tlv)

Tetraethylenepentamine (polyamine) 112-57-2
< 1%
N/A
N/A

PART 3 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
VOC of Material:	0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal	Boiling Point: 100°C
VOC excluding water: 0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal	pH: 10.8-11.2
Volatile portion: 83.9 % wt	Freezing Point: 0°C
Specific Gravity: 1.02 @20°C	Viscosity: 900 ± 50 cps
Solubility in water: Dilutable	Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Appearance and Odor: Amber milky liquid / slight ammonia odor
Conditions and materials to avoid: High temperatures, oxidizing conditions.
Hazardous decomposition products: Acrid smoke, fumes, carbon monoxide/dioxide may be released upon decomposition.
PART 4 - FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Flash Point: > 250°C (Method: ISO 3679)
Autoignition temperature: N/DA
Flammable limits (%volume in air) Lower: N/DA Upper: N/DA
Fire and explosion hazards: Not-flammable
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, CO2, Water spray, Foam, Water fog.
Special firefighting procedures: Do not enter fire area without special protection. Fight fire from safe distance or protected location.
Heat or impurities may increase temperature, build pressure, rupture closed containers spreading fire and increase the risk of burns and
injuries. Use water spray/fog for cooling. Notify authorities if liquid enters sewer or public waters.
PART 5 - EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID
Inhalation: If overcome by exposure, remove victim to fresh air immediately. Give oxygen or artificial respiration as needed. Obtain
emergency medical attention, prompt action is essential.
Eve Contact: In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with clean water for 20 -30 minutes. Retract eyelids often. Obtain
emergency medical attention if pain, blinking, tears, or redness persist.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing as needed. Wash skin thoroughly with mild soap and water. Flush with lukewarm water
for 15 minutes. If sticky, use waterless hand cleaner first.
Ingestion: If large quantity is swallowed, give lukewarm water (1 pint) if victim is completely conscious and alert. Do not induce
vomiting, risk of damage to lungs exceeds poisoning risk. Obtain emergency medical attention.
Emergency Medical Treatment: Treat symptomatically.
PART 6 - EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
Routes of exposure:
Inhalation: This material is not expected to present an inhalation hazard at standard conditions due to its low volatility. However,
overexposure to mists/aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation such as coughing, shortness of breath, and mucus production.
Eve Contact: Potential route. May cause eye irritation. Symptoms may include tearing, blinking, redness and swelling.
Skin absorption: Potential route. Although no data was found for this product, the potential for skin absorption does exist.
B-7

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I / '
Skin Irritation: Potential route. May produce skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction in some individuals after repeated skin
contact.
Ingestion: This material may be a health hazard if ingested in large quantities.
Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: No additional medical information found.
PART 7 - PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL MEASURES
Respiratory Protection: If this material is handled under mist forming conditions, use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection
equipment.
Eve Protection: Eye protection such as chemical splash goggles and/or face shield must be worn when possibility exists for eye contact
due to splashing or spraying, liquid, airborne particles, or vapor. Contact lenses should not be worn.
Skin Protection: Depending on the conditions for use, protective gloves, apron, boots, head, and face protection should be worn. This
equipment should be cleaned after each use.
Engineering Controls: If handling results in mist or aerosol or vapor generation, local exhaust ventilation is recommended.
Other Hygienic Practices: Emergency eye wash fountains and safety showers should be available in the immediate vicinity of any
potential exposure.
Other Work Practices: Use good personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the toilet facilities
Promptly remove soiled clothing and wash thoroughly before reuse. Shower after work using plenty of soap and water.
PART 8 - REACTIVITY DATA
Stability: Stable
Incompatibility: Strong bases and acids.
Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur.
Hazardous decomposition: Will not occur.
PART 9 - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Scoop and vacuum up, place in closed container for disposal. Avoid
dusting. Flush contaminated area with water. Dispose in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.
PART 10 - STORAGE AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE:
Practice caution and personal cleanliness to avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid breathing vapors of heated material.
PART 11 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
TRANSPORTATION
Not regulated
California Proposition 65: NA
PART 12 - LABEL INFORMATION
FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY!! Skin contact hazard. Eye and skin irritant.
May cause allergic reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Do not breath vapors or mist. Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do not swallow. Prevent contact with food, chewing or smoking materials.
FIRST AID
EYES: Immediately flush with plenty of clean water
INHALATION: Remove to fresh air if effects occur. Consult a physician.
SKIN CONTACT. Wash thoroughly with mild soap and flowing water or shower.
INGESTION: Give fluids. Call a physician.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: No specific antidote. Supportive care. Treatment based on judgment of physician in response to reaction of
the patient.
Some of the information presented and conclusions drawn herein are from sources other than direct test data on the product itself. The information in this MSDS
was obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the information is provided without any warranty, express or implied, regarding its correctness.
The conditions or methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge. For this and other
reasons, we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability for loss, damage, or expense arising out of or in any way connected with the handling,
storage, use, or disposal of the product. This MSDS was prepared and is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in another
product, this MSDS information may not be applicable. This MSDS has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1200).	C:\adco\msds\wtc9639.msd
B-8

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ADCO
WOOD SANDING SEALER
PRODUCT DATA
Solvent Free / 2 Component Epoxy
(#WSS-96-25)
Product Description
This two component, clear sanding sealer is a fast drying sealer that provides a sandable surface for wood
finishing that contains no organic solvents. This sanding sealer is designed to be used with the companion
Zero VOC Stain and Top Coat.
Very low odor - no solvent smell
Non-flammable
Sandable
Fast drying
Surpasses aH VOC air quality regulations
SPECIFICATIONS
Color: Clear
Finish: Matt
Pot Life: 6 hours @ 70°F
Clean Up: Use warm, soapy water
Density: 8.7 #/gal (Mixed system)
Volume Solids: 27.1%
Weight Solids: 30.1%
Theor. Coverage @ 1 mil: 435 sq.ft/gal
FlashPoint: >350°F
Shelf Life: >1 year
Dry Time @ 77°F & 50% RH, 1 mil film
To Touch: 15 minutes
To Recoat: 20 minutes
VOC: Coating 0 #/gal, 0 grams per liter
Material 0 #/gal, 0 grams per liter
Viscosity #3 spindle @ 12 rpm 500 cps
Usage: Part A	Part B
By Weight 1.0	2.3
By Volume 1.0	3.0
Detergent & Water Resistance
Edge Test	Pass
Hot Cold Check Pass
Stain Resistance: 24 Hr exposure (w/top coat)
Coffee
Grape Juice
Lemon Juice
Orange Juice
Olive Oil
100 proof alcohol
Detergent
Mustard (1 hour)
Pine Sol
Fantastic
Simple Green
Bleach
Ketchup
B-9 Distilled Water

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT: WOOD SANDING SEALER - PART A (WSS-96-25A)
PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
Manufacturer:
Adhesive Coatings Co.
2755 Campus Drive
San Mateo, CA 94403
(415) 571-7947
NPCA HMIS Rating
Health:	1
Flammability:	0
Reactivity:	1
Personal Protection: D
Emergency Numbers: 1-800-424-9300 (Chemtrec)
Chemical Family:
Generic Name:
DOT Proper Shipping Name:
DOT Hazard Class:
Revision: 1 Date: 6/18/96
Latex Paint
Water Based Epoxy Paint
Water Based Paint, n.o.s.
Not Regulated
PART 2 - Ingredients
Ingredient Name
CAS # % weight OSHAfoeO ACGIH(tlv)
RES I LEX™ Epoxy Polymer 025085-99-8 55%
N/A
N/A
PART 3 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal
0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal
VOC of Material:
VOC excluding water:
Boiling Point: 100°C
pH: 6.0-7.0
Volatile portion: 45.0 % wt
Freezing Point: 0°C
Specific Gravity: 1.09 @20°C
Viscosity: 1000 ± 50 cps
Solubility in water: Slight
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Appearance and Odor: Milky white liquid/mild odor
Conditions and materials to avoid: High temperatures, oxidizing conditions.
Hazardous decomposition products: Acrid smoke, fumes, carbon
monoxide/dioxide may be released upon decomposition.
Stability: Stable
B-10

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PART 4 - FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Flash Point: > 212°C (Method: ISO 3679)
Autoignition temperature: N/DA
Flammable limits (%volume in air) Lower: N/DA Upper: N/DA
Fire and explosion hazards: Not-flammable
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, C02, Water spray, Foam, Water fog.
Special firefighting procedures: Do not enter fire area without special protection.
Fight fire from safe distance or protected location. Heat or impurities may increase
temperature, build pressure, rupture closed containers spreading fire and increase
the risk of burns and injuries. Use water spray/fog for cooling. Notify authorities if
liquid enters sewer or public waters.
PART 5 - EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID
Inhalation: If overcome by exposure, remove victim to fresh air immediately. Give
oxygen or artificial respiration as needed. Obtain emergency medical attention,
prompt action is essential.
Eve Contact: In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with clean water for
20 - 30 minutes. Retract eyelids often. Obtain emergency medical attention if pain,
blinking, tears, or redness persist.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing as needed. Wash skin thoroughly
with mild soap and water. Flush with lukewarm water for 15 minutes. If sticky, use
waterless hand cleaner first.
Ingestion: If large quantity is swallowed, give lukewarm water (1 pint) if victim is
completely conscious and alert. Do not induce vomiting, risk of damage to lungs
exceeds poisoning risk. Obtain emergency medical attention.
Emergency Medical Treatment: Treat symptomatically.
PART 6 - EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE	
Routes of exposure:
Inhalation: This material is not expected to present an inhalation hazard at
standard conditions due to its low volatility. However, overexposure to
mists/aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation such as coughing, shortness
of breath, and mucus production.
Eve Contact: Potential route. May cause eye irritation. Symptoms may include
tearing, blinking, redness and swelling.
Skin absorption: Potential route. Although no data was found for this product, the
potential for skin absorption does exist.
Skin Irritation: Potential route. May produce skin irritation. May cause an allergic
skin reaction in some individuals after repeated skin contact.
Ingestion: This material may be a health hazard if ingested in large quantities.
Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: No additional medical information
found.
B-ll

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PART 7 - PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL MEASURES
Respiratory Protection: If this material is handled under mist forming conditions,
use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection equipment.
Eve Protection: Eye protection such as chemical splash goggles and/or face
shield must be worn when possibility exists for eye contact due to splashing or
spraying, liquid, airborne particles, or vapor. Contact lenses should not be worn.
Skin Protection. Depending on the conditions for use, protective gloves, apron,
boots, head, and face protection should be worn. This equipment should be
cleaned after each use.
Engineering Controls: If handling results in mist or aerosol or vapor generation,
local exhaust ventilation is recommended.
Other Hygienic Practices: Emergency eye wash fountains and safety showers
should be available in the immediate vicinity of any potential exposure.
Other Work Practices: Use good personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating,
drinking, smoking, or using the toilet facilities. Promptly remove soiled clothing
and wash thoroughly before reuse. Shower after work using plenty of soap and
water.
PART 8 - REACTIVITY DATA
Stability: Stable
Incompatibility: Strong bases and acids.
Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur.
Hazardous decomposition: Will not occur.
PART 9 - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Scoop and vacuum
up, place in closed container for disposal. Avoid dusting. Flush contaminated area
with water. Dispose in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.
PART 10 - STORAGE AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE:
Practice caution and personal cleanliness to avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid
breathing vapors of heated material.
PART 11 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
None required for this product.
B-12

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PART 12 - LABEL INFORMATION
FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY!! Skin contact hazard. Eye and skin irritant.
May cause allergic reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Do not
breath vapors or mist. Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not swallow. Prevent
contact with food, chewing or smoking materials.
FIRST AID
EYES: Immediately flush with plenty of clean water
INHALATION: Remove to fresh air if effects occur. Consult a physician.
SKIN CONTACT: Wash thoroughly with mild soap and flowing water or shower.
INGESTION: Give fluids. Call a physician.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: No specific antidote. Supportive care. Treatment based
on judgment of physician in response to reaction of the patient.
SPILLS
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Shovel into closed
container. Flush contaminated area with water. Dispose of collected materials in
accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. Avoid breathing vapors of
heated material.
DISCLAIMERS
Some of the information presented and conclusions drawn herein are from
sources other than direct test data on the product itself. The information in this
MSDS was obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the
information is provided without any warranty, express or implied, regarding its
correctness. The conditions or methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of
the product are beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge. For this
and other reasons, we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability
for loss, damage, or expense arising out of or in any way connected with the
handling, storage, use, or disposal of the product. This MSDS was prepared and
is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in
another product, this MSDS information may not be applicable. This MSDS has
been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard (29 CFR 1200).
C:\adco\msds\WSS9616A.msd
B-13

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	MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT: WOOD SANDING SEALER - PART B (WSS-96-25B)
PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
Manufacturer:
NPCA HMIS Rating

Adhesive Coatings Co.
Health:
1
2755 Campus Drive
Flammability:
0
San Mateo, CA 94403
Reactivity:
1
(415) 571-7947
Personal Protection:
D
Emergency Numbers: 1-800-424-!
Chemical Family:
Generic Name:
DOT Proper Shipping Name:
DOT Hazard Class:
Revision:! Date: 6/18/96
(Chemtrec)
Polyamine /LATEX BLEND
Polyamine curing agent
Paint related materials, n.o.s.
Not regulated
PART 2 - Ingredients
Ingredient Name	CAS #	%weight	OSHAfpel)	ACGIH(tlv)
RESILINK™ B-2003 (polyamine)	170904-70-8	1.18%	N/A	N/A
PART 3 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
VOC of Material:	0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal	Boiling Point: 100°C
VOC excluding water: 0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal	pH: 9.5-10.0
Volatile portion: 80.89 % wt	Freezing Point: 0°C
Specific Gravity: 1.03 @20°C	Viscosity: 900 ± 50 cps
Solubility in water: Dilutable	Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Appearance and Odor: Amber milky liquid / slight ammonia odor
Conditions and materials to avoid: High temperatures, oxidizing conditions.
Hazardous decomposition products: Acrid smoke, fumes, carbon monoxide/dioxide may be released upon decomposition.
PART 4 - FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Flash Point: > 250°C (Method: ISO 3679)
Autoignition temperature: N/DA
Flammable limits (%volume in air) Lower: N/DA Upper: N/DA
Fire and explosion hazards: Not-flammable
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, C02, Water spray, Foam, Water fog.
Special firefighting procedures: Do not enter fire area without special protection. Fight fire from safe distance or protected location.
Heat or impurities may increase temperature, build pressure, rupture closed containers spreading fire and increase the risk of burns and
injuries. Use water spray/fog for cooling. Notify authorities if liquid enters sewer or public waters.
PART 5 - EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID
Inhalation: If overcome by exposure, remove victim to fresh air immediately. Give oxygen or artificial respiration as needed. Obtain
emergency medical attention, prompt action is essential.
Eve Contact: In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with clean water for 20 - 30 minutes. Retract eyelids often. Obtain
emergency medical attention if pain, blinking, tears, or redness persist.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing as needed. Wash skin thoroughly with mild soap and water. Flush with lukewarm water
for 15 minutes. If sticky, use waterless hand cleaner first.
Ingestion: If large quantity is swallowed, give lukewarm water (1 pint) if victim is completely conscious and alert. Do not induce
vomiting, risk of damage to lungs exceeds poisoning risk. Obtain emergency medical attention.
Emergency Medical Treatment: Treat symptomatically.
PART 6 - EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
Routes of exposure:
Inhalation: This material is not expected to present an inhalation hazard at standard conditions due to its low volatility. However,
overexposure to mists/aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation such as coughing, shortness of breath, and mucus production.
Eve Contact: Potential route. May cause eye irritation. Symptoms may include tearing, blinking, redness and swelling.
Skin absorption: Potential route. Although no data was found for this product, the potential for skin absorption does exist.
R-14

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Skin Irritation: Potential route. May produce skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction in some individuals after repeated skin
contact.
Ingestion: This material may be a health hazard if ingested in large quantities.
Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: No additional medical information found.
PART 7 - PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL MEASURES
Respiratory Protection: If this material is handled under mist forming conditions, use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection
equipment.
Eve Protection: Eye protection such as chemical splash goggles and/or face shield must be worn when possibility exists for eye contact
due to splashing or spraying, liquid, airborne particles, or vapor. Contact lenses should not be worn.
Skin Protection: Depending on the conditions for use, protective gloves, apron, boots, head, and face protection should be worn. This
equipment should be cleaned after each use.
Engineering Controls: If handling results in mist or aerosol or vapor generation, local exhaust ventilation is recommended.
Other Hygienic Practices: Emergency eye wash fountains and safety showers should be available in the immediate vicinity of any
potential exposure.
Other Work Practices: Use good personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the toilet facilities.
Promptly remove soiled clothing and wash thoroughly before reuse. Shower after work using plenty of soap and water.
PART 8 - REACTIVITY DATA
Stability: Stable
Incompatibility: Strong bases and acids.
Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur.
Hazardous decomposition: Will not occur.
PART 9 - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Scoop and vacuum up, place in closed container for disposal. Avoid
dusting. Flush contaminated area with water. Dispose in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.
PART 10 - STORAGE AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE:
Practice caution and personal cleanliness to avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid breathing vapors of heated material.
PART 11 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
TRANSPORTATION
Not regulated
California Proposition 65: NA
PART 12 - LABEL INFORMATION
FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY!! Skin contact hazard. Eye and skin irritant.
May cause allergic reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Do not breath vapors or mist. Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do not swallow. Prevent contact with food, chewing or smoking materials.
FIRST AID
EYES: Immediately flush with plenty of clean water
INHALATION: Remove to fresh air if effects occur. Consult a physician.
SKIN CONTACT: Wash thoroughly with mild soap and flowing water or shower.
INGESTION: Give fluids. Call a physician.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: No specific antidote. Supportive care. Treatment based on judgment of physician in response to reaction of
the patient.
Some of the information presented and conclusions drawn herein are from sources other than direct test data on the product itself. The information in this MSDS
was obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the information is provided without any warranty, express or implied, regarding its correctness.
The conditions or methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge. For this and other
reasons, we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability for loss, damage, or expense arising out of or in any way connected with the handling,
storage, use, or disposal of the product. This MSDS was prepared and is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in another
product, this MSDS information may not be applicable. This MSDS has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1200).	C:\adco\msds\wss9616b.msd
B-15

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ADCO
WOOD STAIN BASE	PRODUCT DATA
Solvent Free	(#WST-96-3)
Product Description
This fast drying stain base can be colored with a variety of pigments, dyes and tints into a wide variety of
hues, colors and stains and contains no organic solvents. This stain base is designed to be used with the
companion Zero VOC Sanding Sealer and Top Coat.
Very low odor - no solvent smell
Non-flammable
Sandable
Fast drying
Surpasses all VOC air quality regulations
SPECIFICATIONS
Color: Clear
Finish: Matt
Pot Life: 6 hours @ 70°F
Clean Up: Use warm, soapy water
Density: 8.67 #/gal (Mixed system)
Volume Solids: 17.8%
Weight Solids: 19.8%
Theor. Coverage @ 1 mil: 285 sq.fl/gal
Flash Point: >350°F
Shelf Life: >1 year
Dry Time @ 77°F & 50% RH, 1 mil film
To Touch: 15 minutes
To Recoat: 20 minutes
Edge Test: Pass
VOC: Coating 0#/gal, 0 grams per liter
Material 0 #/gal, 0 grams per liter
B-16

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT: WOOD STAIN BASE (WST-96-3)
PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
Manufacturer:
Adhesive Coatings Co.
2755 Campus Drive
San Mateo, CA 94403
(415) 571-7947
NPCA HMIS Rating
Health:	1
Flammability:	0
Reactivity:	0
Personal Protection: D
Emergency Numbers: 1-800-424-9300 (Chemtrec)
Chemical Family:
Generic Name:
DOT Proper Shipping Name:
DOT Hazard Class:
Revision: 1 Date: 6/18/96
Latex Paint
Water Based Stain
Water Based Paint, n.o.s.
Not Regulated
PART 2 - Ingredients
Ingredient Name
CAS# %weiqht OSHAfoeH ACGIHftlv)
Acrylic Polymer
N/A
15%
N/A
N/A
PART 3 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal
0 grams/liter and 0 #/gal
VOC of Material:
VOC excluding water:
Boiling Point: 100°C
pH: 6.0-7.0
Volatile portion: 80.1 % wt
Freezing Point: 0°C
Specific Gravity: 1.03 @20°C
Viscosity: 500 ± 50 cps
Solubility in water: Slight
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Appearance and Odor: Milky white liquid/mild odor
Conditions and materials to avoid: High temperatures, oxidizing conditions.
Hazardous decomposition products: Acrid smoke, fumes, carbon monoxide/dioxide
may be released upon decomposition.
Stability: Stable
PART 4 - FIRE AND EXPLOSION
B-17

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Flash Point: > 212°C (Method: ISO 3679)
Autoignition temperature: N/DA
Flammable limits (%volume in air) Lower: N/DA Upper: N/DA
Fire and explosion hazards: Not-flammable
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, CO2, Water spray, Foam, Water fog.
Special firefighting procedures: Do not enter fire area without special protection.
Fight fire from safe distance or protected location. Heat or impurities may increase
temperature, build pressure, rupture closed containers spreading fire and increase
the risk of burns and injuries. Use water spray/fog for cooling. Notify authorities if
liquid enters sewer or public waters.
PART 5 - EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID
Inhalation: If overcome by exposure, remove victim to fresh air immediately. Give
oxygen or artificial respiration as needed. Obtain emergency medical attention,
prompt action is essential.
Eve Contact: In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with clean water for
20 - 30 minutes. Retract eyelids often. Obtain emergency medical attention if pain,
blinking, tears, or redness persist.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing as needed. Wash skin thoroughly
with mild soap and water. Flush with lukewarm water for 15 minutes. If sticky, use
waterless hand cleaner first.
Ingestion: If large quantity is swallowed, give lukewarm water (1 pint) if victim is
completely conscious and alert. Do not induce vomiting, risk of damage to lungs
exceeds poisoning risk. Obtain emergency medical attention.
Emergency Medical Treatment: Treat symptomatically.
PART 6 - EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE	
Routes of exposure:
Inhalation: This material is not expected to present an inhalation hazard at
standard conditions due to its low volatility. However, overexposure to
mists/aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation such as coughing, shortness of
breath, and mucus production.
Eve Contact: Potential route. May cause eye irritation. Symptoms may include
tearing, blinking, redness and swelling.
Skin absorption: Potential route. Although no data was found for this product, the
potential for skin absorption does exist.
Skin Irritation: Potential route. May produce skin irritation. May cause an allergic
skin reaction in some individuals after repeated skin contact.
Ingestion: This material may be a health hazard if ingested in large quantities.
Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: No additional medical information
found.
PART 7 - PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL MEASURES
B-18

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Respiratory Protection: If this material is handled under mist forming conditions,
use NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection equipment.
Eve Protection: Eye protection such as chemical splash goggles and/or face shield
must be worn when possibility exists for eye contact due to splashing or spraying,
liquid, airborne particles, or vapor. Contact lenses should not be worn.
Skin Protection: Depending on the conditions for use, protective gloves, apron,
boots, head, and face protection should be worn. This equipment should be
cleaned after each use.
Engineering Controls: If handling results in mist or aerosol or vapor generation,
local exhaust ventilation is recommended.
Other Hygienic Practices: Emergency eye wash fountains and safety showers
should be available in the immediate vicinity of any potential exposure.
Other Work Practices: Use good personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating,
drinking, smoking, or using the toilet facilities. Promptly remove soiled clothing and
wash thoroughly before reuse. Shower after work using plenty of soap and water.
PART 8 - REACTIVITY DATA
Stability: Stable
Incompatibility: Strong bases and acids.
Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur.
Hazardous decomposition: Will not occur.
PART 9 - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Scoop and vacuum
up, place in closed container for disposal. Avoid dusting. Flush contaminated area
with water. Dispose in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.
PART 10 - STORAGE AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE:
Practice caution and personal cleanliness to avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid
breathing vapors of heated material.
PART 11 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
None required for this product.
PART 12 - LABEL INFORMATION
FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY!! Skin contact hazard. Eye and skin irritant.
B-19

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May cause allergic reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Do not
breath vapors or mist. Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not swallow. Prevent
contact with food, chewing or smoking materials.
FIRST AID
EYES: Immediately flush with plenty of clean water
INHALATION: Remove to fresh air if effects occur. Consult a physician.
SKIN CONTACT: Wash thoroughly with mild soap and flowing water or shower.
INGESTION: Give fluids. Call a physician.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: No specific antidote. Supportive care. Treatment based
on judgment of physician in response to reaction of the patient.
SPILLS
Avoid all personal contact. Take up with absorbent material. Shovel into closed
container. Flush contaminated area with water. Dispose of collected materials in
accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. Avoid breathing vapors of
heated material.
DISCLAIMERS
Some of the information presented and conclusions drawn herein are from sources
other than direct test data on the product itself. The information in this MSDS was
obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the information is
provided without any warranty, express or implied, regarding its correctness. The
conditions or methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are
beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge. For this and other reasons,
we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability for loss, damage, or
expense arising out of or in any way connected with the handling, storage, use, or
disposal of the product. This MSDS was prepared and is to be used only for this
product. If the product is used as a component in another product, this MSDS
information may not be applicable. This MSDS has been prepared in accordance
with the requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR
1200).
C:\adco\msds\WST963.msd
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