EPA-600/R-98-158
November 1998
Degradation of Emissions Control Performance
of Wood Stoves in Crested Butte, CO
Prepared by:
Mark Champion and Dennis R. Jaasma
Energy and Emissions Consulting, Inc.
' Blacksburg, VA 24060
EPA Purchase Order 7C-R339-NASX
EPA Project Officer: .
Robert C. McCrillis
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 277 i 1
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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,/r TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
NKMKL—K IF—145 (Please read Instructions on the reverse before camj
i nun linn
l PB99-1
111! HI! Ill
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/R-98-158
Bill! ll L Kll
27995
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Degradation of Emissions Control Performance of
Woodstoves in Crested Butte, CO
5. REPORT DATE
November 1998"
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Mark Champion and Dennis R. Jaasma
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Energy and Emissions Consulting, Inc.
1907 Sfaelor Lane
Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA P. O. 7CR339NASX
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
•c<* iinn _ c /no
rinal Keport; //ai - b/»o
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is,supplementaryNOTes proiect officer is Robert C. McCrillis, Mail Drop 61, 919,
541-2733.
ie. abstract !j-he report discusses the degradation of emissions control performance of
woodstoves in Crested Butte, Colorado. Four seasons of field monitoring of EPA-
certified woodstoves in and around Crested Butte has demonstrated some significant
failures in emissions control performance. In some cases, mechanical failures
were found and were thought to be major contributors to high field emissions. How-
ever, many of the stoves exhibiting poor or inconsistent performance had no notice-
able physical damage. In these cases, fuel or operator habits, not the stoves them-
selves, were thought to be the causes of this performance degradation. This study
examined certified stove performance degradation with two complementary approach-
es. In the first approach, 12 used stoves in the Crested Butte database, identified
with poor, inconsistent, or otherwise "interesting" performance, were inspected,
removed from their installations, and then subjected to emissions testing under simu-
lated field conditions in a laboratory. These tests examined the stoves and demon-
strated that only two of them were physically degraded to where emissions control
technology was ineffective. In the second approach, four new stoves were purchased
and the emissions performance examined under a test matrix of fuel species, fuel
moisture content, and firing rate.
17. KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. descriptors
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cosati Field/Group
Pollution
Stoves
Wood
Combustion
Emission
Pollution Control
•Stationary Sources
Woodstoves
13 B
13 A
11L
2 IB
14 G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
157
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page J
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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ABSTRACT
Four seasons of field monitoring of EPA certified woodstoves in and around Crested
Butie, Colorado have demonstrated some significant failures in emissions control performance.
In some cases mechanical failures were found and were thought to be major contributors to high
field emissions. However many of the stoves exhibiting poor or inconsistent performance had no
noticeable physical damage. In these cases fuel or operator habits, and not the stoves
themselves, were thought to be the causes of this performance degradation. This study examines
certified stove performance degradation with two complementary approaches. In the first
approach, twelve individual stove specimens in the Crested Butte database identified with poor,
inconsistent or otherwise interesting performance were inspected, removed from their
installations, and then subjected to emissions testing under simulated field conditions in a
laboratory. These tests examined the stoves themselves and demonstrated that only two of the
twelve used stoves were physically degraded to the point where emissions control technology
was ineffective. In the second approach four new stoves were purchased and the emissions
performance examined under a test matrix of fuel species, fuel moisture content and firing rate.
Results of the second approach define a range of optimal performance to be expected from
undegraded stoves. These results are used to further evaluate results of the laboratory tests on the
used stoves and provide performance information to better interpret data from past field studies.
ii
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Contents
ABSTRACT
List of Tables
List of Figures
BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
SAMPLING AND DATA QUALITY
Blanks and Precision
TASK I: MEASUREMENTS OF SIMULATED FIELD PERFORMANCE
OF CRESTED BUTTE STOVES
Stoves with Test I PM Less than 9 g/kg
Stoves with Test I PM Greater than 9 g/kg
TASK II - BASELINE PERFORMANCE OF NEW EPA CERTIFIED STOVES
Equipment and Procedures
Stoves
Installation
Fuel
Fueling
Results and Discussion
Empire Products EasyFire AFX
Vermont Castings Resolute Acclaim 2490
Englander 18PC
Earth 1003C
Statistical Analysis
Non-catalytic Stoves
iii
2
2
3
37
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Catalytic Stoves 38
Individual Stoves Results 38
Empire Products AFX , 39
Vermont Castings Resolute 2490 40
Englander 18PC .. 43
Earth 1003C 43
SUMMARY OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 46
Summary of Results 46
Conclusions 48
Recommendations 49
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 50
REFERENCES 50
Appendix A - Task I Stove Inspections J A-l
Appendix B - Task I Real-Time Data B-i
Appendix C - Task I Stove Photos C-i
Appendix D - Task I and II Stove Operating Instructions D-i
Appendix E - Task II Real-Time Data E-i
Appendix F - Task I Spreadsheet Data . F-l
Appendix G - Task II Spreadsheet Data G-l
iv
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List of Tables
Table • Page
I Field measured PM results of past studies 1
II. Field-measured and current PM results for six stoves testing under 9 g/kg 7
IE. Field measured and current PM results for two-un-repairable stoves 14
IV. Emissions results of 4 stoves retested after repair or with different fueling 18
V. Test sequence for non-catalytic and catalytic models 26
VI. Summary of field and laboratory test results 47
v
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List of Figures
Figure Page
1. Schematic of the VPI sampler 5
2. Field measured and current PM results for Jotul 8C. stove code 2CP01 9
3. Field measured and current PM results for Lopi Liberty, stove code 2NQ01 . 10
4. Field measured and current PM results for Vermont Castings Defiant Encore, stove
code 1CD04 . 11
5. Field measured and current PM results for Englander 18PC, stove code 2COO2 12
6. Field measured and current PM results for Avalon 796, stove code 2NM02 13
7. Field measured and current PM results for Sierra 8000TEC, stove code 1CF01 15
8. Field measured and current PM results for Vermont Castings Resolute 0041, stove
code 2NG02 16
9. Field measured and current PM results for Sweet Home AFX, stove code 2NH01 20
10. Field measured and current PM results for Englander 18PC, stove code 2CO01 21
11. Field measured and current PM results for Earth 1002C, stove code 1CC02 22
12. Field measured and current PM results for Earth 1002C, stove code 1CC03 23
13. Empire Products EasyFire AFX PM results 29
14. Vermont Casting Resolute Acclaim 2490 PM results 32
15. Englander 18PC PM results 34
16. Earth 1003C PM.results .36
17. Easy Fire AFX burn rate, moisture and species dependence 41
18. Resolute 2490 air setting, moisture and species dependence 42
19. Englander 18PC burn rate dependence , 44
20. Earth 1003C burn rate by moisture dependence. 45
vi
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BACKGROUND
Field measurements of emissions from EPA certified wood stoves in Crested Butte,
Colorado began in the 1988-89 heating season. A town-wide stove change-out program
implemented in the summer of 1989 resulted in the installation of about 200 new certified stoves
in Crested Butte. This high density of new certified stoves in a relatively compact geographic
area facilitated a large scale field monitoring program of certified stoves over several heating
seasons. Since 1989 three PM and CO emissions studies focusing on this population of stoves
have been done. The first and second seasons of study (88-89 and 89-90) demonstrated the
effectiveness of new certified stoves relative to the conventional stoves in the area while the later
seasons of study (1991-92 and 1995-96) provided additional data and tracked some stoves as they
aged. In total, 38 EPA Phase I and Phase II certified catalytic and non-eatalytic models were
monitored resulting in 195 weekly average total condensible particulate matter (PM)
measurements.M The PM results are summarized in Table 1. Wood stove PM has been shown
to be nearly 100% < 2.5pm equivalent aerodynamic diameter.
Table I. Field measured PM results of past studies. PM as measured by the VPI sampler (see
page 4).
Year of
Study
PM Factors
g/kg
Avg, Burn Rate kg/hr
#Stoves /# data points
CONV
CAT
NCAT
CONV
CAT
NCAT
CONV
CAT*
NCAT**
1988-89
22.1
5.5
-
1.35
0.86
-
11/37
2/9
-
1989-90
22.2
11.1
9.9
1,64
0.93
1.10
7/27
12/72
5/29
1991-92
-
17.6
14.9
~
0.85
0.82
-
9/31
2/7
1995-96
-
22.8
9.8
-
0.77
0.98
-
7/27
6/20
Notes: * 1988-1990 catalytic models were all Phase I certified.
1991-92 included 7 Phase I and 2 Phase II catalytics.
1995-96 included 1 Phase 1 and 6 Phase II catalytics.
** All non-eatalytic models tested were Phase II Certified
1
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In this report the phrase "performance degradation" refers to emissions performance
outside the ranges expected for properly operated new stoves in field use. Performance
degradation can be caused by physical failures (e.g. failure of a gasket) or improper operator
actions. Since relatively few stoves in Table I have multi-year data, average PM values over the
course of the four studies are not precise measures of performance degradation. Data for
individual stoves must be examined. In some cases performance degradation appears over time
and in some cases poor performance is found with relatively new stoves. The year-to-year
averages do reflect the performance of select populations of stoves and the increased averages
over time or anomalous results between studies prompt further study.
The average PM emission factor for the Phase II catalytic stoves in the 1995-96 stud}' was
22.8 g/kg, approximately equivalent to that of conventional stoves and 133% greater than the
average PM factor of Phase II non-catalytic stoves. The average PM emission factors for
catalytic stoves increased by 30% from the 1991-92 study.
A strong dependence of emission factors on burn rate has been noted for non-catalytic
stoves and this dependence was thought to be a likely cause of the observed year-to-year
fluctuations in average performance of these stoves. The average burn rate for the non-catalytic
stoves dropped from 1.1 kg/hr in the 1989-90 study to 0.82 kg/hr in the 1991-92 study. Since I he
1991-92 study included only two non-catalytic stoves (Sweet Ilome AFX and Sweet Home ATI i.
a generalization about non-catalytic stove performance cannot be made. The 1991-92 average
reflects the performance of one AFX averaging 19.7 g/kg for four weeks and one AFI aver
8.6 g/kg PM for three weeks. The AFX of the 1991-92 study is one of the stoves examined m
this current work.
Significant physical degradation has been noted in some catalytic stove models ou-
course of past studies. In some cases the causes of poor catalytic stove performance ha\ e rv,-
identified as physical failures and in other cases operator behavior (including the choice . • ..
quality) is presumed to be a significant cause. In non-catalytic models, the operation, luc:." .
design of the stoves (as opposed to mechanical degradation) appear to be the most likeh
determiners of emission performance.
The field studies in Crested Butte have shown how new stoves produced under t..
regulation perform in field use. In many cases the performance of these stoves is disapp . - -
relative to what one might expect based on certification results. The range of observed I'M
factors for individual stoves is 4.3 to 37.6 g/kg, indicating that there is greater than a 7.5..
between PM emissions of the best and worst stove-operator combinations. Several questi--:.- «
raised regarding the long term expectations of these new technologies and appropriate me.i -
to ensure long term emissions performance. What are the major factors determining long term
performance? Are the stoves or critical components failing? What effect might maintenance and
operator training have on stove performance? How much do the stoves produced under federal
regulation differ in their ability to perform under field conditions? The issue of stove
performance is very complex since numerous manufacturers, a standardized test method, and
2
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human operators in different parts of the country burning many different fuels are all critical to
ensuring emissions reduction. We have much data on what certified stoves do in field use. This
study begins to answer the question of why field performance is at the levels discussed above.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study is to better our understanding of initial emissions performance
and subsequent performance degradation of EPA certified stoves. Poor or inconsistent emissions
performance has been noted in the Crested Butte database, the causes of which may be
numerous. This study gives data which help to interpret existing field data and thereby provides
useful information for regulators and manufacturers alike.
The work presented here takes two approaches (Task I and Task II) to evaluate certified
stove emissions performance. This report is divided into two main sections which describe the
procedures and results of each task. In Task I measurements of PM and CO emissions were
made on 12 used stoves removed from the Crested Butte area. The capabilities of these stoves
were demonstrated in the laboratory while fired according to the manufacturer's written
instructions using fuel from each stove's usual wood pile.in Crested Butte. Removed from the
variables (e.g. field operator, chimney height, diameter, offsets) of field installations, this study
focused on mechanical degradation due to aging and its effect on the emissions performance of
the stoves themselves. Results of these laboratory tests were compared to the field data for each
stove retrieved from Colorado.
In order to measure performance degradation the baseline or undegraded performance of
stoves must be known. Task II serves to define the normal range of PM and CO emissions we
might expect from four certified stove models (two catalytic and two non-catalytic) in pristine
condition. The PM and CO emissions of these four stoves were measured over a test matrix of
fuel species, fuel moisture contents and firing rates. Firing was consistent with each
manufacturer's written instructions. In this way a characteristic range of optimal (un-degraded,
proper operation) performance is developed for each stove. Field performance consistently and
substantially worse than this characteristic range is then defined as performance degradation.
The four stove models tested were of the same or similar models to six of the stoves examined in
Task I and results of Task I and Task n testing on these models were compared to examine the
differences between the new and used stoves' performance. Theresults of the Task II work were
also statistically examined to determine how the test variables (fuel species, fuel moisture, and
burn rate) effect emissions performance.
Appendices to this report contain more detailed information. The Task I used stoves were
inspected for damage prior to testing. Photographs of all stoves and degraded parts (if found)
were taken to document the condition of the stoves. During both Task I and Task II, real-time
measurements of stack gas concentrations, stack temperature, catalyst temperature and draft were
made at one minute intervals to help diagnose combustion characteristics of each test.
3
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Appendices A, B. and C contain details of Task I stove inspections, Task I real-time data, and
photographs of the Task I stoves and degraded components, respectively. Appendix D contains
excerpted sections from the manufacturers* written instructions which were referred to for Task I
and Task II stove operating procedures. Appendix E contains real-time data with the additional
measurement of scale weight for each of the 40 tests run during Task n. Appendices F and G
contain the raw spreadsheet data for PM and CO factor calculations for Task I and Task II,
respectively.
SAMPLING AND DATA QUALITY
The hardware used for measurement of burn rate, PM and CO emission factors during all
tests is shown schematically in Fig. 1 and is known as the "VPI sampler." This sampler has been
compared to the EPA reference method6 for wood stove PM and to the dilution tunnel method for
CO measurement and has been found to be accurate.7 The methods for sampler preparation and
workup have also been documented.1'2'8 These procedures are not repeated here. Previous
Crested Butte field data were produced with this sampling system and thus the laboratory data of
this study may be readily compared to the field database.1-2J'4 In this study, as in nearly all the
Crested Butte work, the sampler was set to sample when flue gas temperature at one foot from
the stove collar was above 60°C. The primary difference between the field and laboratory
measured emissions is that each field data point represents week-long averages while each data
point developed here is over one cold-to-wann fueling cycle. Details of fueling procedures are
described in the Task I and Task II sections of this report.
Real-time measurements of stack CO and C02, stack temperature, catalyst temperature
and draft were made at one minute intervals during each test firing. Task II testing also included
real-time scale measurements to track fuel consumption. This information is useful in
determining catalyst activity, identifying periods of richness and diagnosing the combustion
characteristics of each stove through all phases of a test firing. The real-time data is presented
graphically in the appendix.
A Category 3 Quality Assurance and Project Plan was submitted and approved by LI' \
prior to beginning the laboratory work. The plan included procedures for retrieval and inspection
of stoves in the field during Task I and all laboratory measurement and analytical procedures
used for burn rate. PM and CO factors, and real-time data gathering throughout the stud)-.
Blanks and Precision
Blank sampler runs were made during both Task I and Task II by preparing a sampler for
deployment and allowing it to sample room air for about 24 hours. A complete workup of the
4
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sampler gave a blank gravimetric catch and gas concentrations, all of which were used for data
adjustment. Task I included four blank sampler deployments which resulted in an average
gravimetric catch of 0.2 mg or 2.6% of the lowest catch encountered during Task I testing. Task
U also included four blank sampler deployments and the catches were appreciably higher than
those of Task I. The average blank catch was 1.0 mg or 8.8% of the lowest catch encountered
during Task II testing. Task II testing took place from early March and continued through the
middle of May. Based on the timing of this testing and the appearance of the acetone wash
residue and light yellow coloration of the blank filters it is believed that pollen or another
airborne contaminant is the reason for the higher blank catches during Task EL A blank
gravimetric catch of 1.0 mg was used for Task II data correction. In the worst case calculation
the PM factor was adjusted downward 8.8% and on average the correction was only 3.2%.
Condensate
Trap
*Tetrafluaro«thylfine
Vacuum
Gage
Thermocouple
a
Quartz Probe
47 mm
Filters
Solenoid
Valve
3-Way
Valve
MgHg)#
Backup
Fitter
Desiccant
Needle
Vaive
Port for
Evacuation
and Pressure
Measurement
Sample
Tank
Figure 1. Schematic of the VPl sampler.
Sampler PM and CO precision was demonstrated by running two samplers in parallel lor
each of two test firings during Task I. The PM precisions were ±0.06% and ±2.8% of the meunv
for the two runs respectively. The precision in CO emission factor measurement averaged ±().6r<
for the two dual sampler runs. These values demonstrate that the sampler and workup
procedures were working very well during this study.
5
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TASK I: MEASUREMENTS OF SIMULATED FIELD PERFORMANCE
OF CRESTED BUTTE STOVES
Twelve-stoves were removed from installations in and around Crested Butte, CO,
inspected and transported to Virginia for testing. Each installation in Crested Butte was
documented and a use history of each stove was recorded. When available, fuel was collected
from individual stove sites for use during laboratory testing. Inspection included photographic
documentation of damage (if any) to each stove before transportation to Virginia and a more
thorough inspection of the stoves after shipment. Details of stove and site inspections are
included in Appendix A and photographs of each stove and degraded components are in
Appendix C.
The intent of Task I was to demonstrate the performance of some interesting or
problematic stoves found in the Crested Butte database developed over the past eight years. An
EPA-specified pass/fail PM criterion of 9 g/kg was used to evaluate stove performance in the
laboratory. Each stove was tested at least once, using a test protocol intended to simulate field
use. Measurement of less than 9 g/kg on the first test required no further tests on that stove. A
PM factor of more than 9 g/kg required the repair of any noticeable mechanical degradation,
including catalyst replacement, and a retest of that stove to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
repairs. If a stove was determined to be un-repairable, a second test was not run.
Each stove was set up with a 15 ft ±6 inch chimney consisting (from the flue collar up) of
24 inches of single wall connector pipe followed by mass insulated chimney of appropriate
diameter vented into a collection hood. Each test started with the stove at room temperature and
consisted of a kindling load, one fuel load burned at a medium-high setting and one fuel load
burned at a medium-low setting. One exception to this was the first test on the Sweet Home
AFX which included two loads burned mostly at a high setting and two loads burned at a
medium low setting.
Tables Il-IV summarize the results of the 17 tests on the 12 stoves from the Crested Butte
area. The reported PM factors are as measured by the VPI sampler. Both the tables and the real-
time graphs in Appendix B make reference to a stove code to identify individual stoves. The
identification codes consist of five characters: the first character tells the stove's certification
(Phase 1 or 2), the second indicates catalytic (C) or non-catalytic (N), the third indicates the stove
model (A, B, C, etc.), and the last two digits indicate which stove of that model (01 for the first,
02 for the second ...).
Stoves with Test I PM Less than 9 g/kg
Six of the twelve Crested Butte stoves emitted less than 9 g/kg during their first test.
These were an Englander 18PC (2CO02). the Jotul 8C (2CP01), the Avalon 796 (2NM02), the
6
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Lopi Liberty (2NQ01), the Regency R3 (2NR01), and the Vermont Castings Defiant Encore
(1CD04). Previous field data for these stoves are from the 1991-92 and 1995-96 field studies in
Crested Butte. Table II shows the range of these field measured PM emissions and results of the
current study for each of the stoves. Figures 2-6 show field measured PM emissions and the
results of the simulated field tests of this study for five of these six stoves. The Regency R3
(2NR01) had no previously measured field results.
Table II. Field-measured and current PM results for six stoves testing under 9 g/kg.
Stove
1997 AGE
Seasons
95-96 PM
g/kg
CURRENT
PM
g/kg
2CO02 Englander 18PC
6
6,5 - 12.6
5.6
2CP01 Jotul 8C
10
19,6-23.4
6.4
2NM02 Avalon 796
6
4.3
8.3
2NQ01 Lopi Liberty
n
4m
11.6- 16.9
3.1
2NR01 Regency R3
3
No Prev.
2.6
1CD04 V.C. Encore'
8
3i -47.6 1
7.2
1 Data from the 1991-92 Crested Butte study.
The largest discrepancies between field measured emissions and those measured in the
current study occur for the Jotul, the Lopi Liberty and the V.C. Encore. The current study shows
that these stoves are capable of emitting less than 9 g/kg in the condition they were found in the
field and when fired following manufacturer instructions. This capability suggests that factors
other than the stove itself (i.e. operator behavior, fuel, installation) were the likely causes of poor
field performance.
Figure 2 shows the laboratory measured data point relative to previous field data points
for the Jotul 8C (2CP01). This stove had no degraded internal components. The catalyst was
replaced during the 1993-94 heating season, two seasons before the field measurements were
made. Slight catalyst peeling was noted as well as opportunity for improper catalyst engagement
due to a slipping handle on a rotating actuator. During the 1995-96 field measurements, fuel
moisture content was measured at 33-56% which is very likely the reason for high field
emissions.
The Lopi Liberty (2NQ01) appeared in very good condition, but the front secondary air
7
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lube was rotated 180 degrees from its intended position due to a missing locating pin. Since the
initial test of each stove was to be in unrepaired condition, the tube was left in this incorrect
position for testing. Some bricks were cracked and there was a slight (0.026 in. ) gap between the
door gasket and stove along the top of the door. Figure 3 shows the laboratory data point relative
to field data for this stove. This non-catalytic model incorporates -a sliding bypass damper for use
only at start-up and reloads. One field operator of the stove described normal operating
procedure as leaving this bypass about 25% open. In this situation the damper was used as a
draft regulating device rather than a bypass. The manufacturer instructions clearly state that the
bypass should be closed during operation and the stove was fired with the bypass fully closed for
the current study. Fuel moisture was measured at 15-21% for the 1995-96 study and current
moisture content was 10%. Most likely the cause of the relatively poor field performance during
the 1995-96 study was operator failure to close the bypass, perhaps in conjunction with failure to
achieve adequate flaming before reducing the air setting.
Figure 4 shows the laboratory data point relative to field data for the V.C. Defiant Encore
(1CD04). This stove had very high emissions during the 1991-92 field study. The stove was
found in very good mechanical condition with the exception of some ceramic fiber degradation
which likely would result in some flow around the catalyst. Also, a screw securing a
thermostatically controlled air shutter was missing resulting in this air supply being fully open.
The shutter was left in this position for testing. The catalyst was found with 25% ash blockage
which was vacuumed for the current testing. This procedure would be normal under routine
maintenance and cleaning. During the current study, emissions were much lower at 7.2 g/kg
The catalyst is believed to be the original and was active as seen in the real-time data. Field
measured burn rates ranged from 0.5 to 0.71 dry kg/hr during the 1991-92 study indicating that
the fires were very low. The current work resulted in a significantly higher burn rate at 1,0s
kg/hr. Improper operation, ash blockage of the catalyst or significantly different fueling ^ m-".-
likely the cause of the poor performance seen in the 1991-92 data.
Figure 5 shows the laboratory data point relative to field data for the Englander ! M*t
(2CO02). Results for the Englander 18PC (2CO02).indicate that the stove is capable o:
performance than measured in the field. The field measured burn rates were significant. . >¦
than the one data point of this work and premature or over-damping of the stove are pi<«.- '
reasons for the higher emissions measured in the field. This stove model is discussed in:::-
the Task IT section of this report.
The Avalon 796 (2NM02) had one previously measured field data point. As seen n
figure 6 the PM result of the current testing was nearly twice as high as the field data poms
although still lower than 9 g/kg. One possible reason for this was noted during Task I testing
As wood was stacked high in the firebox and parallel to the secondary air tubes at the roof, the
top log contacted the upper air tube and significantly blocked the flow of secondary air and
combustion gasses above the fuel load. This condition lasted until jets of flame from the front
upper air tube burned the top log away enough to form a flow path.
8
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CD
15)
CD
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Data
Season Point
BURN
MC RATE CO
% kg/hr g/kg
1995-96
Current
1
2
3
4
A
32.8
52.3
55.9
33.4
0.80
0.90
1.12
1.11
97
104
98
103
11.7 1.65 76
PM
g^g
21.5
23.4
19.6
22.4
6.4
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 2 Field m<\isured and current PM results for Jotul 8C, stove code 2CP01.
-------
CD
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
BURN
Data
MC RATE CO
PM
Season Point
%
kg/hr g/kg
g^g
1
17.4
1.46 102
14.7
1995-96
2
15.5
1.26 110
13.4
3
20.5
1.31 86
11.6
4
21.1
1.35 112
16.9
-Current
A
10.4
1.79 102
3.1
0
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 3. Field measured and current PM results for Lopi Liberty, stove code 2NQ01.
-------
50
45
40
35
30
O)
^25
Data
Season Point
1991-92
1
2
3
4
-Current
BURN
MC RATE CO PM
% kg/hr g/kg g/kg
17.8 0.64 126 38.4
18.7 0.50 125 31.0
16.3 0.71 132 47.6
29.9 0.64 120 33.3.
10.5 1.08 48 7.2
0L
20
15
10
5
0
A
0
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 4. Field mpn<-,wo(J nmi
-------
rv>
20
18
16
14
12
CD
^10
Q.
8
0
0
A
Data
_ Season Point
1
1995-96 2
3
4
BURN
MC RATE CO
% kg/hr g/kg
13.0
16.6
14.2
13.7
0.90
0.84
0.83
0.71
61
59
66
62
PM
g^g
6.5
9.6
11.9
12.6
-Current
12.4 1.23 69 5.6
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 5. Field measured and current PM results for Englander 18PC, stove code 2CO02.
-------
CO
20
18
16
14
12
O)
^10
CL
8
6
4
2
0
BUR
N
Data MC RATE CO P
Season Point % kg/hr g/kg g/
1995-96 1 12.7 0.75 83
M
[N-5
\
1.3
Curre
nt
A
11.6
1.0
5 8
2
*.3
A
1
0
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 6. Field measured and current PM results for Avalon 796, stove code 2NM02.
-------
Stoves with Test I PM Greater than 9 g/kg
Two of the twelve Crested Butte stoves had high emissions for the first test but were not
retested since internal damage to the stoves was deemed un-repairable. Table III summarizes
field measured PM results and the results of the current testing. Figures 7 and 8 show in more
detail the field measured and simulated field PM results measured in the current study.
Table IIL Field measured and current PM results for two un-repairable stoves.
1997
1989-90
1991-92
CURRENT
Stove
Age
PM
PM
PM
Seas
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
Sierra 8000TEC 1CF01
9
2.3-7.2
10.5-13.9
14.2
V.C. Resolute 2NG02
8
2.4-7.8
N/A
14.8
As shown in figure 7 the Sierra 8000TEC (1CF01) has shown increased emissions
between the 1989-90 and 1991-92 studies. No damage was noted during the 1991-92 study and
the cause of the increase in emissions was undetermined. Currently the stove has a large crack in
the upper smoke shelf which results in significant bypass leakage. The location and nature of
this crack makes reliable repair in the field extremely unlikely. The catalyst is believed to be the
original. The real-time temperature data for this stove suggests that the catalyst is active,
however significant periods of richness after reloads is also evident and may have contributed to
high emissions.
The V.C. Resolute (2NG02) had very good PM results in the 1989-90 study. Figure 8
shows the laboratory data point relative to field data for this stove. This stove was typically
operated at high burn rates as evidenced by past data and interviewing of the operator. The cast
grate and back wall were replaced in 1993. The stove currently has severe internal damage to the
replaced back wall, splits in the internal side walls, and severe erosion and break away of a
ceramic secondary combustion chamber. Secondary air ports cast into the ceramic fiber
combustion passage were plugged with ash upon initial inspection and a post test inspection
showed these ports to be partially blocked from the back side by what appeared to be pet hair.
The upper griddle gasket was 50% missing and the door seal was loose. Ash was removed via
vacuuming before testing. Replacement parts are not readily available from the manufacturer for
this stove since many of the affected parts have been changed for the latest version of this model.
Lack of readily available parts and cost of repairs to a homeowner make repair of this stove
unlikely in the field. The real-time data show this stove to act very similar to a conventional
stove during all phases of firing.
14
-------
20
18
16
14
12
CD
^10
a.
en 8
0
0
8~~7
10
Data
Season Point
BURN
MC RATE CO
% kg/hr g/kg
1989-90
J 991-92
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
16.6
15.3
15.5
13.3
14.6
13.4
17.4
17.7
35.2
19.4
0.93
0.88
0.82
0.91
0.75
0.77
0.98
0.90
0.74
0.95
37
30
32
35
36
36
72
72
55
63
PM
g^kg
7.2
6.1
6.7
2.3
6.5
7.1
13.9
13.9
10.7
10.5
"Current
9.6 1.22 53 14.2
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 7. Field measured and current PM results for Sierra 8000TEC, stove code 1CF01.
-------
20
18
16
14
12
®10
^ CL
O) 8
0
0
A"
$
Data
Season Point
BURN
MC RATE CO PM
% kg/hr g/kg g/kg
1
13.7
1.35
58
9.0
2
15.8
1.30
61
7.1
"1989-90
3
13.7
1.35
65
9.1
4
15.6
1.18
60
6.9
5
14.3
0.95
72
10.4
6
16.2
1.12
58
4.6
Current
A
12.0
1.20
114
14.8
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 8.
Field measured and current PM results for Vermont Castings Resolute 0041, stove code 2NG02.
-------
The remaining four of the twelve stoves exhibited high emissions during the first test and
were retested after repairs or other modifications were made. These stoves were a second
Englander 18PC (2CO01), the Earth 1002C (1CC02), the Earth 1002C (1CC03) and the Sweet
Home AFX (2NH01). Field measured emissions and currently measured emissions are shown in
Table IV.
The Sweet Home AFX (2NH01) has shown erratic emissions results in three past field
studies. Figure 9 shows the laboratory data points relative to field data for this stove. No
mechanical damage was noted during any of the past studies or the current study. The stove
owner's intended fuel supply of Douglass fir was very wet when the stove and wood were
obtained in October 1997 and the decision was made to run the first test with the fuel in this
condition. High (20.8 g/kg) PM emissions resulted. The remaining fuel was then dried indoors
at ambient conditions for 1 month. The wood dried from 49% to 23% during this time and a
retest demonstrated performance of this stove with properly seasoned wood. The PM emissions
dropped from 20.8 to 7.2 g/kg. Measured burn rates for both tests on this stove were about 1.3
kg/hr. The average burn rate for 14 field data points on this stove is 0.71 kg/hr, a point where
this model's field data have shown PM emissions to be very sensitive to burn rate. High
emissions during any of the past three seasons of study on this stove tend to correlate with wet
fuel, low burning rates or a combination of the two. This stove model is one of the four models
studied in Task II of this report.
The Englander 18PC (2CO01) averaged 36 g/kg PM during the 1995-96 field study.
Figure 10 shows the laboratory data points relative to field data for this stove. The stove appeared
to be in very good condition and although above 9 g/kg, emissions results from the first test were
over 3 times better than the field data. The original catalyst was in good condition and active as
indicated by the real-time temperature data. The stove was retested with a new catalyst and
nearly identical PM emissions were measured. Significant periods of richness after reloads is the
probable cause of emissions higher than 9 g/kg during the current tests.
Four Englander 18PC's exist in the Crested Butte field database. All but one
(2CO02, also included in Task I) had very high field emissions. These stoves were identically
installed in employee short term housing units. The two Englander 18PCs in Task I of this study
were in very good condition and considered identical after inspection. On this model stove it has
been noted that the catalyst bypass can be closed in such a way that up to 2 square inches of
bypass leakage can result. Appendix C contains a photograph of this condition in the Englander
18-PC. In this case the bypass damper plate gets out of alignment and jams, leaving the bypass
hole partially uncovered. This condition was avoided for the current study but remains as a
possible cause of higher emissions in the field. The possibility also exists that the stoves were
operated in the field with their bypasses wide open for extended periods of time. Operator
behavior is almost certainly a major contributor to the high field emissions, but inadequate
secondary air is also a problem. This stove model is one of the four models studied in Task II of
this report.
17
-------
Table IV. Emissions results of 4 stoves retested after repair or with different fueling.
Stove
AGE
1989-90
PM
g/kg
1991-92
PM
g/kg
1995-96
PM
g/kg
Test 1
PM
g/kg
Repairs and fueling changes
prior to second test
Test 2 PM
g/kg
Sweet Home AFX
2NH01
8
5.9 - 26.8
13.1 -27.0
3.1 -21.6
20.8
23% dry basis wood instead of
49%
7.2
Englander 18PC 2CO01
6
32.5 -44.1
9.8
New Catalyst
10.2
Earth 1002C 1CC02
8
5.4-1 1.4
13.7'
New Catalyst
5.41
Earth 1002C 1CC03
18.7 -25.1
New Catalyst, door gasket,
replaced brick
9.3'
8
14.4"
New parts and Parallel wood
loading
5.42
1 Tests were conducted with wood loading perpendicular to the loading door.
2 Third test on stove 1CC03 with wood loading parallel to the door.
-------
Two Earth 1002C stoves were tested and then retested after repairs. Stove 1CC02 was
retrieved in very good condition but a slight bypass gap (by design) at the rear edge of the bypass
damper was measured at 0,03" over the length of the 12 inch damper plate. This bypass gap
existed in both Earth 1002C stoves. Figure 11 shows the field measured and current PM results
for stove 1CC02. The first test resulted in PM emissions of 13.7 g/kg with fuel at 21.6%
moisture content. The catalyst was replaced with a new one (2" x 2-1/2" x 15") and the stove
was retested with the same fuel supply which had dropped to 10.5% moisture content. The PM
emissions dropped to 5.4 g/kg.
Stove 1CC03 was the more heavily used of the two Earth 1002C stoves. This stove had
missing and broken brick and a missing portion of door gasket. Its original catalyst was peeling
and cracked throughout. No warping or permanent damage to fixed internal components was
found. Figure 12 shows the field measured and current PM results for this stove. One possible
contributor to the very high field emissions was that in the field installation of this stove, the
bypass damper did not close completely. The use of double wall connector pipe at the flue collar
interfered with the damper actuator and caused a bypass leakage gap of about 1/8" along the rear
edge of the bypass hole. This resulted in a bypass leakage area of up to 1.5 square inches
depending on the exact orientation of the damper plate. Particulate emissions were 14.4 g/kg for
the first laboratory test on this stove. During laboratory testing catalyst temperatures indicated
the catalyst was only somewhat active. Upon removal from its enclosure, the catalyst broke into
30 or more pieces. Also, the horizontal orientation of the catalyst channels allowed the bottom
surface of each channel within the catalyst to be coated with 1/32 to 1/16" of ash. Therefore, at
least 25% of the catalytic surface was covered. Vacuuming the catalyst before the first test did
not remove this material and it was discovered only after the catalyst broke apart. A photograph
of this condition is included in Appendix C. A new door gasket replacement brick (used but in
good condition) and a new catalyst (2" x 2-1/2" x 15") were installed before the second test,
which gave PM emissions of 9.3 g/kg.
Real-time measurements of stack gasses and temperatures indicated that both Earth 1002C
stoves had a tendency to run rich for significant periods after refueling. After initial tests on the
two Earth stoves, it was discovered that during certification on this model the wood loading was
parallel to the stove door. For the tests on stove 1CC02 and the first two tests on stove 1CC03 all
loading was perpendicular to the door. It was hypothesized that since nearly all combustion air
enters the firebox at the door air wash, parallel loading might facilitate a leaner burn of each fuel
load. This would occur because less air would move through the coa! bed and fuel load and
therefore would produce a slower volatilization rate. A third test on stove 1CC03 was run with the
new parts and the same wood supply but with fuel loading parallel to the door. Despite the fuel
moisture content having dropped to 9.2% the PM emissions for this test were 5.4 g/kg. The real-
time data for this test show a reduction in the CO factor and slightly higher post-catalyst
temperatures during peak volatile evolution times, indications of lower chemical richness.
As part of the Task II work on this stove model, the owner of stove 1CC03 was contacted
and questioned about their preferred wood loading pattern. The owner stated that they could get
more fuel into the firebox if wood loading was perpendicular to the stove door and that this was the
preferred method.
19
-------
CD
r\3 r>
O u-
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
44
1<>5
12
44
13
-a
Dryer Wood
-B
BURN
Data
MC
RATE
CO
PM
Season
Point
%
kg/hr
g/kg
g/kg
1
12.5
0.86
88
7.4
2
14.1
0.87
65
5.9
1989-90
3
14.4
0.89
91
9.8
4
12.8
0.68
100
17.8
5
15.0
0.64
114
26.8
6
13.4
0.55
94
18.7
7
27.2
0.60
112
17.2
-1991-92
8
17.9
0.87
114
13.1
9
41.3
0.99
129
21.3
10
46.5
0.59
128
27.0
11
12.2
0.66
94
3.1
1995-96
12
9.9
0.54
103
21.6
13
12.3
0.75
98
8.6
14
13.2
0.49
120
15.2
Current
A
48.5
1.36
102
20.8
B
22.6
1.27
75
7.2
0
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 9. Field measured and current PM results for Sweet Home AFX, stove code 2NH01.
-------
r\D
CD
~cr>
CL
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
B
Data
Season Point
BURN
MC RATE CO PM
% kg/hr g/kg g/kg
1
15.1
0.69
171
44.1-
1995-96
2
14.7
0.75
157
32.8
3
12.8
1.01
144
35.7
4
14.4
0.85
138
32.5
-Current
A
11.6
0.96
85
9.8
B
10.1
1.08
81
10.2
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 10. Field measured and current PM results for Englander 18PC, stove code 2CO01.
-------
20
18
16
14
12
®10
no Q-
M 8
0
0
3URN
Data
MC
RATE
CO
PM
Season
Point
%
kg/hr
g/kg
g/kg
1
12.9
0.76
55
5.4
2
12.9
0.66
56
7.6
1989-90
3
13.3
0.62
52
8.1
4
14.2
0.70
47
7.7
5
14.5
0.76
58
7.0
6
13.0
0.61
56
11.4
Current
A
21.6
1.30
91
13.7
B
10.5
1.57
68
5.4
New Catalyst
B
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 11. Field measured and current PM results for Earth 1002C, stove code 1CC02.
-------
CD
13)
Q_
ro
co
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Season
1995-96
Current
Data
Point
1
2
3
A
B
C
BURN
MC
RATE
CO
PM
%
kg/hr
g/kg
g/kg
12.2
0.85
122
23.3
11.2
0.80
139
25.1
13.7
0.69
149
18.7
17.6
1.53
54
14.4
13.1
1.58
43
9.3
9.2
1.60
37
5.4
New Catalyst
A
Different Loading
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 12 Field measured and current PM results for Earth 1002C, stove code 1CC03.
-------
TASK II - BASELINE PERFORMANCE OF NEW EPA CERTIFIED STOVES
The purpose of the second task in this study was to determine PM emissions from new
EPA certified stoves while burning realistic fuel in a conscientious manner. The data from this
work are intended to demonstrate the relative effects of fuel moisture content, fuel species and
stove air setting on the PM emissions of new stoves; and, at the same time to develop baseline
PM and CO factors we might expect from these stoves in the field. Field performance can then
be better assessed as "normal" or "degraded" based on the range of performance found for new
stoves over the range of variables in this study.
Equipment and Procedures
Stoves
Four stove models were included in Task II of this study. These were the Empire
Products EasyFire AFX, the Vermont Castings Resolute Acclaim 2490, the Earth 1003C, and the
Englander 18PC. Each stove was purchased "off the shelf from local retailers.
The Empire Products AFX is identical to the Sweet Home AFX found in the Crested
Butte database and tested during Task I of this study. This stove is non-catalytic, employing
secondary air inlet tubes at the top of the firebox. The EPA Method 28 defined firebox volume is
1.27 cubic feet and the stove model was EPA certified with emissions of 6.35 g/hr.
The Englander 18PC is also identical to that found in the Crested Butte database and that
tested during Task I of this study. This catalytic model has an EPA Method 28 defined firebox
volume of 2.05 cubic feet and was EPA certified at 2.22 g/hr."
The Earth 1003C is the current version of the 1002C model and includes three functional
differences from the Earth 1002Cs found in the Crested Butte database and the unit tested during
Task I. The catalyst is one inch longer in flow length giving it 50% more catalytic surface area.
This 1003C includes an ash clean-out grate at the base of the firebox which was not in the
1002C. The effect of this grate on emissions is expected to be minimal since no air supply is
below the grate by design, the surface of the grate is flush with the firebox floor, and the open
area is very small relative to the floor area. Finally, the bypass damper plate has been modified
in this model so that the gap between the sliding plate and its mating surface (discussed in Task
I) is now covered with a steel lip attached to the damper plate. The firebox configuration and air
inlets are believed to be identical to the 1002C model. This stove has an EPA defined firebox
volume of 2.98 cubic feet and certification emissions were 3.72 g/hr.
The Vermont Castings Resolute 2490 is significantly different from the Resolute 0041s
found in the Crested Butte database and the Resolute in the Task I work. This stove is non-
catalytic, employing a ceramic fiber secondary combustion chamber located behind the rear
24
-------
combustion chamber wall. A bypass damper near the top of the firebox is closed to force
combustion products down through the coal bed and into the secondary chamber at the base of
the rear wall. Secondary combustion air is introduced at the entrance to the secondary chamber.
The Resolute model of Task I had severe internal damage to the cast iron side and rear walls.
This latest model has one inch thick refractory side and rear walls presumably to alleviate this
problem. The shaker grate of the older model Resolute (model 0041) has been replaced by a
fixed grate. The cross sectional area of the air inlets at maximum setting has been reduced to
about half by limiting the travel of a butterfly plate covering two holes. A permanent stop has
been added which effectively allows only one-half the travel of the older model actuator. The
mass of the new model is 192 kg, 11 kg greater than the older model. The firebox volume is now
1.65 cubic feet, slightly smaller than the older model because of the addition of the refractory
panels. The Resolute 2490 was certified at 3.34 g/hr.
Installation
Each stove was set on a scale and supported a 15 ft ±6 inch chimney consisting ( from the
flue collar up) of 24 inches of 6" diameter single wall connector pipe followed by mass insulated
chimney vented into a collection hood. The non-catalytic models were broken in for 10 hours
using oak cordwood burned at a medium air setting. The catalytic models were each broken in
with the same fuel and medium air setting for 25 hours.
Fuel
The intent of this study was to include fuel moisture content and fuel volatility (species)
as variables. Moisture content is easily measured as a fuel property, however volatility is a more
complex issue. Volatility can be defined as a property of a particular wood chemistry .or as a
property of the way wood burns. For the purposes of this study, volatility is thought of as an
ignition characteristic. Wood chemistry, transport of combustible materials and oxygen through
the surface, density, and wood structure combine to impact ignition characteristics of a particular
wood. On average, hardwoods contain more chemically volatile material per unit mass and
because of their higher average density hardwoods have more volatile material per unit volume.
Anecdotally however, softwoods such as fir and pine burn "faster" and ignition is more rapid
than with commonly burned hardwoods such as oak, poplar or locust. Therefore the softer, less
dense wood is considered a higher volatility fuel.
Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia) grown in Colorado and black locust (Robinia
Pseudoacacia, a preferred hardwood fuel in Southwest Virginia) were the fuels used for this
study. The specific gravities of the two species were determined by averaging measured values
for four 16" split logs from each fuel supply. The specific gravity of the Douglas fir averaged
0.51 (at 8% moisture content) and the black locust averaged 0.72 (at 12% moisture content).
These values were obtained with the bark intact for the fir and with the bark removed on half of
the locust samples, making the samples representative of the pieces burned during testing. All
wood was cut to 16" lengths and split to nominally the same size. Piece sizes typically ranged
25
-------
from 4 to 6 inches as measured across the greatest cross-sectional dimension.
Supplies of the two wood species were obtained green and then dried to target moisture
contents. Half of each supply was held at nominally 27% dry basis moisture content and the
other half was allowed to continue drying at ambient conditions to nominally 12%. The "wet"
Douglass fir averaged 31.0% moisture and the "dry" averaged 8.9% (dry basis). The moisture
content of the "wet" locust averaged 28.9% and the dry supply averaged 11.6%.
Fueling
The stoves were tested over a full factorial matrix of three variables. Two fuel species
(black locust and Douglas fir) were burned both at high (nominally 27% moisture, dry basis) and
low (nominally 12% moisture) moisture contents. The catalytic stoves were tested at two air
settings (high and low) resulting in 8 data points for each stove and the non-catalytic models
were tested at three air settings (high, medium and low) resulting in 12 data points for each stove.
Tests were run in the random order shown in Table V.
Table V. Test sequence for non-catalytic and catalytic models.
Non-
Catalytic
Catalytic
Air Setting
Fuel
Moisture
Species
1
—
Med.
High
Fir
2
—
Med.
Low
Locust
3
1
High
Low
Fir
4
• 2
Low
Low
" Locust
5
~
Med.
High
Locust
6
3
Low
High
Fir
7
4
High
Low
Locust
8
5
High
High
Locust
9
6
High
High
Fir
10
—
Med.
Low
Fir
11
7
Low
Low
Fir
12
8
Low
High
Locust
Whole-test particulate matter and CO factors, and real-time data were measured over
26
-------
cold-to-warm test cycles. The endpoint. of each test was when the flue temperature one foot
above the stove collar dropped to 60°C. Each test fire included a kindling load consisting of
nominally 0.8 kg of finely split (less than 1" diameter) dry fir. Two or three larger pieces (wrist
size) of the test fuel would be included with the kindling or added later (depending on
manufacturer instructions) and allowed to burn at a high air setting- until a fire was well
established. About a half firebox load (volumetrieally) of wood was then burned at a high air
setting followed by two full loads of wood burned at target air settings. The reloading time was
subjective and was based on coal bed volume and appearance in order to simulate what might
happen in field practice. The intention was that reloads were performed after flaming had
stopped but when enough coals remained to sufficiently ignite the next fuel load.
Fueling procedures and stove adjustments were consistent with the written instructions
supplied with each stove. Details of the pertinent information within each manufacturer's
instructions are included in Appendix D. Occasionally the instructions were unclear, vague, or
unrealistic. When these situations were encountered, actions were taken to the reasonable extent
a knowledgeable and conscientious operator might in the field. During testing of the Englander
18PC a decision was made in consultation with the project monitor that deviation from the
manufacturer's instructions was appropriate. (The details of this deviation are discussed with the
results for the Englander 18PC.) Thus the data developed here represent optimal performance
over the range of variables tested using the feedback available with the stove and the
manufacturer's written instructions. A discussion of feedback and operating characteristics is
made for each stove below.
Results and Discussion
Particulate matter emission factors for each stove are presented in Figures 13-16. Data
points on these graphs are labeled "wF\ "dF", "wL" and "dL", corresponding to wet fir, dry fir,
wet locust and dry locust respectively. Appendix E contains real-time data graphs. The
following are discussions of specific firing procedures, characteristics specific to each stove
model and a discussion of the PM results.
Empire Products EasyFire AFX
The existence of flames and appearance of the fire through the loading door glass is the
primary source of feedback to the operator on this non-catalytic stove model. Since a matrix of
fuels (hard and soft, wet and dry) was used, the times for stove adjustment at start-up and after
reloads varied. As per manufacturer instructions, flaming was maintained in the firebox during
all tests. This meant that adjustments toward the minimum primary air setting were made
gradually and only after it appeared that light-off of a reload was achieved. For three of the four
low burn rate tests, the minimum air setting was used. For the wet fir-low burn rate test, the air
27
-------
inlet was opened to about 25% of travel in order to maintain flaming combustion throughout the
burn cycle. Maximum travel was used for the "high" air setting and an actuator travel of 50%
was used for the "medium" air setting.
A coal bed mass of nominally 1 kg was found to be an appropriate reload point for this
stove model when burning Douglas fir. This point was where flaming had ceased, good charcoal
break-up was possible and charcoal volume was reasonable to ensure ignition of new fuel,
Camcidentally, 1 kg in this stove corresponds to the 20% reload mass which could have been
used during certification. Reload charcoal bed mass when burning locust tended to be higher
than with fir.
Figure 13 shows the measured PM factors. The average measured PM factor was 9.7
g/kg. Clearly the PM factor is strongly dependent on fuel moisture content. The average PM
factor for the dry fuels (over all burn rates) was 5.3 g/kg while that for the wet fuels was 14.2
g/kg. A more complete analysis of the effects of moisture content and the other test parameters
is included later in this report.
Results of the two Task I tests on the used AFX are included in Fig. 13. The symbols A
and B correspond to the first test run with wet fuel (49% moisture, dry basis) and the second test
run after the fuel was dried to 23%, respectively. Point A plots correctly for un-degraded
performance using high moisture content fuel. Point B demonstrates a marked improvement in
emissions performance of the Task I stove using fuel at 23% moisture and plots an emission
factor only slightly higher than an estimated curve for the dry fir tests of Task D. Compared to
the Task II wet-fir data point using 33% moisture content wood, point B in Fig. 13 may indicate
that there is a critical fuel moisture level (between 23% and 33%) greatly effecting emissions.
We can conclude that the used stove of Task I performed as well as the new stove of Task II.
The Douglas fir used for Task I.testing on the AFX model and the fir supply for Task II testing
came from the same source.
Also plotted on Fig. 13 are the certification-data for the AFX model. Particulate emission
factors are calculated from the Method 5H equivalent emission rate (g/hr) and the dry burn rate
(ka/hr) for each test run. This data is included for reference only and should not be used in direct
comparison with the VPI sampler data of this study. The burn rate measurement during
certification is over a hot-to-hot test cycle and therefore will result in calculated average burn
rates higher than the cold-to-warm average bum rates measured by the VPI sampler. Depending
on the coalbed burn-out time, burn rates measured with the VPI sampler can be up to 30% lower
than the EPA defined burn rate.
Vermont Castings Resolute Acclaim 2490
This non-catalytic stove employs a secondary combustion chamber located behind the
firebox for emissions control. Closure of the bypass forces combustion products down through
the coal bed and into the rear chamber where secondary air is mixed with the hot gasses. A
28
-------
IV)
CD
24
22
20
18
16
o)14
°?12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
wF=wet fir wL= wet locust dF= dry fir dL= dry locust
... A = certification data
0.5
wL
dF
-dL
~wF~
BURN WOOD Fffl
-TASK I RATE MC FACTOR
STOVE SYMBOL kg/hr dry % g/kg
2NH0I A
-2NH0I B
! .36
1.27
48.5
22.6
20.8
7.2 .
mc. = 33.4%
Dry Wood
dL
wL
wL
"3F
~wF~
dL
dF
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 13. Empire Products EasyFire AFX PM results.
-------
diagram of this flow path is shown in the operating instructions for the Resolute 0041 given in
Appendix D, The Task II tests indicate that the depth and condition of the coal bed appear to be
absolutely critical for proper operation of this stove. The instruction manual for this stove refers
both to the depth of the coal bed and a surface temperature thermometer as critical feedback
parameters. Instructions for bypass closure (for emissions control) and stove air settings are
based on these parameters.
The stove was not supplied with a surface temperature thermometer and therefore it was
not used during the first test. Having had little experience operating this stove it was nearly
impossible to learn the proper actions without this feedback and a Vermont Castings surface
thermometer was procured and used for the remaining tests.
This stove requires the formation of a 4" deep coal bed at the rear of a downward sloping
hearth grate. Emissions control is not effective until this condition is achieved. Depending on
the condition of the fuel, formation of the coal bed could take hours. Typically, the coal bed was
not adequate until most of the first load of fuel had burned down. Significant effort was made to
poke and break up the fuel to prepare the coals during the first fueling cycle which involved
opening either the front door or the top loading "griddle" at each occurrence. It is not known if
the shaker grate found in the older version of the stove would have helped coal bed formation bui
this may have been one of its intended functions.
Since this stove is dependent on the coal bed for proper operation, start up emissions
(lasting for hours) are significant and probably contribute heavily to the PM results discussed
below. The real-time data show that if the coal bed is well formed and the bypass is closed, the
stove can operate with an extraordinarily high C02/CO ratio, a good indicator of cleanline>>
This condition does not last for the entirety of a fueling cycle however. Once the coals hint,
away the C02/C0 ratio again drops to a range typical of conventional stoves. .This typical!;,
occurred when most of the fuel charge remained in the firebox and sometimes would cone-;- ¦
with a gradual drop in surface temperature. When warranted by the temperature feedtxu k
the second load of fuel the situation was remedied by fuel poking or higher air setting u - k -
the coal bed. Typically the last load of fuel was burned overnight and no remedy was
implemented if the situation did occur.
Certification procedures include sampling only after the coal bed is formed, and v., ¦
allowed for creation of the initial coal bed is virtually unrestricted.7 During certification •- ' •
model the test laboratory was instructed by the manufacturer to close the bypass dampei
immediately after loading the test fuel. Pretest burn and charcoal formation periods ranged
between 1.5 to 2 hours during certification and in all cases charcoalization was "good" up<>:.
fuel loading. Thus a stove that requires a very specific coal bed for clean operation could d« • u di
in certification tests but have significantly higher emissions in the field. This can happen
because start-up emissions are very significant with this technology and because significant
operator attention and a specific fuel condition are required to achieve emissions control.
30
-------
The "low" air setting was not at minimum travel since minimum travel is a closed
position on this stove. The low setting was about one inch to the right of closed, the medium was
about two inches to the right of closed and the high setting was against the right hand stop (about
three inches to the right of closed). Moving the actuator further to the right on this model is
referred to as a "start-up" position and the stove is not intended to run at that setting. Rather, this
setting was used only at start-up and reloads to heat up the stove.
Figure 14 shows the PM factors measured during Task It. The average PM factor was
16.2 g/kg. Fuel moisture content appears to have a strong effect on PM emissions for this model
also. The average PM factor for the dry fuels (over all burn rates) was 12.1 g/kg while that for
the wet fuels was 20,3 g/kg. The PM result for the one test ran during Task I on the older version
of this model stove is depicted as "A" on Fig. 14. When looking at this data point one must keep
in mind that the stove used in Task I was significantly different by design and severely damaged.
The moisture content of the aspen firewood burned to achieve point A was 12%, making the fuel
closest in nature (considering fuel density) to the dry fir runs of Task 13.
Also plotted on Fig. 14 are the certification data for the Resolute 2490 model. Particulate
emission factors are calculated from the Method 5H equivalent emission rate (g/hr) and the dry
burn rate (kg/hr) for each test run. This data is included for reference only and should not be
used in direct comparison with the VPI sampler data of this study. The burn rate measurement
during certification is over a hot-to-hot test cycle and therefore will result in calculated average
burn rates higher than the cold-to-warm average burn rates measured by the VPI sampler.
Depending on the coalbed burn-out time, burn rates measured with the VPI sampler can be up to
30% lower than the EPA defined burn rate.
Englander 18 PC
The primary feedback to the operator of this catalytic stove is intended to be the
appearance of the fire which is made difficult by the fact that the optional glass panel for the
door stays clean enough to see through only at the highest burn rates. The instructions refer to
the condition of the fire and time as the primary factors affecting user actions.
One anomaly in the instructions was the process for stove reloading. The instructions
state that when adding the first load of fuel, the bypass and door should be closed completely and
the unit should be allowed to burn "freely" for 45 minutes to an hour. At reloads the specified
process is to add wood, close only the door and allow the unit to burn at a high air setting for 30
minutes before closing the bypass damper. This is atypical of catalytic operation in that one
would usually want to close the damper as soon as a new load of wood was ignited and the
catalyst was hot. The manufacturer was contacted and it was determined that the intent was to
have the operator leave the bypass open after reloads only until the wood was ignited. The long
period stated in the instructions was intended to coverthe range of wood conditions that might be
found in the field. During the current study the bypass was closed once added fuel was ignited.
This typically took 5 to 15 minutes depending on the fuel and coal bed condition. It should be
31
-------
CO
rv>
en
^5)
Q_
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
wF=wet fir wL= wet locust dF= dry fir dL= dry locust
A = certification data I
-~wF~
wL
dF
dL
WF
-wt
-dF-
wF
rjdF (Resolute 0041)
dL
il
BURN WOOD ' PM
TASK I RATE MC FACTOR
STOVE SYMBOL kg/hr dry % g/kg
2NG02
1.20 12.0
14.8
0.5
1.5 2
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 14 Vermont Casting Resolute Acclaim 2490 PM results.
-------
noted that during certification testing on this stove model, the bypass damper was closed
immediately upon loading the test fuel and closing the door. At a maximum, this took only 55
seconds during certification testing.
The draft controls on this stove consist of two independent spin controls, each of which
may be turned completely down to a closed position. The low setting used for this study was
with both controls opened one-half turn. The maximum setting of 2 1/2 turns open was used for
the high air setting.
if-
Figure 15 shows the Task U measured PM factors, which averaged 7.6 g/kg. Fuel
moisture content does not appear to have a strong effect on PM emissions for this model. The
data suggest that PM emissions are slightly higher at higher burn rates. A discussion of this
effect is made in the statistical analysis section of this report.
The PM results for three tests run on this model during Task I are included as points A. B.
and C on Fig. 15. These three tests used dry pine as fuel. Point A (5.6 g/kg) represents the oniv
test on stove 2CO02. Points B and C represent the first and second tests on stove 2CO01.
respectively. The first test (point B) is for the stove as-received from Colorado. The second test
(point C) occurred after a new catalyst was installed. Points B and C (burning dry pine) both
appear to plot correctly with the dry fir data of Task II. An unexplained difference in
performance between stoves 2CO01 and 2CO02 is evident in this graph.
Also plotted on Fig. 15 are the certification data for the Englander 18PC model.
Particulate emission factors are calculated from the Method 5H equivalent emission rate -
and the dry burn rate (kg/hr) for each test run. This data is included for reference only and
not be used in direct comparison with the VPI sampler data of this study. The burn rate
measurement during certification is over a hot-to-hot test cycle and therefore will result in
calculated average burn rates higher than the cold-to-warm average burn rates measured hs n.-
VPI sampler. Depending on the coalbed burn-out time, burn rates measured with the VPI
sampler can be up to 30% lower than the EPA defined burn rate.
Earth 1003C
A catalyst temperature probe is the primary operator feedback on this model. As -a.-* ¦
state operation, the probe was found to be fairly accurate, however at reloading points them-.,
mass of the stove-probe system caused some difficulty. Inaccurate readings immediate!) »;!sc
reloads could cause some confusion and possibly "make or break" the performance of tin- m-u
If at a reload the catalyst probe reads 10OO°F and a large load of fuel is added, the operator nit jh:
think that the stove is ready to be damped down and the bypass closed since the instructions
indicate that a probe reading of 600°F is sufficient for these actions, even if immediately after
reloading. In actuality, the catalyst temperature drops rapidly after a reload and the catalyst ma\
go out if the stove is damped down too rapidly before the new wood load has ignited. The
catalyst probe temperature eventually drops down to a low value indicating the problem but the
33
-------
20
18
16
14
12
D)
^10
Q.
8
6
4
2
0
wF=wet fir wL= wet locust dF= dry fir dL= dry locust
A = certification data
BURN
WOOD
TASK I
RATE
MC
STOVE
SYMBOL
kg/hr
dry %
2CO02
A
1.23
12.4
2CO01
B
0.96
11.6
2CO01
C
1.08
10.1
PM
FACTOR
g/kg
5.6
9.8
10.2
New
Catalyst
dL
B
. dfr
wF
dF
wL
wL
dL
wF
0
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 15. Englander 18PC PM results.
-------
stove operator would have to be aware of this and take remedial action. In this study, the probe
thermometer reading was the determining factor for taking remedial action. Therefore the
catalyst temperature was allowed to drop until the probe thermometer was below 600 °F. At this
point the air setting would be increased and/or the bypass opened to reheat the catalyst. This
problem was encountered in all the low fire tests except the one using dry fir. In this test reloads
ignited rapidly and minimal catalyst cooling occurred. During the valid certification runs on this
stove model the bypass damper was closed from 0 to 3.25 minutes after adding the test fuel, a
procedure which would have been consistent with the manufacturer's instructions if the probe
thermometer was used to determine when bypass closure should take place.
The issue of wood loading in this model was addressed during Task I. The field operators
of stove 1CC03 were contacted and asked about their preferred loading method. They stated that
perpendicular loading is preferred since more wood fits in the firebox. Wood must be cut to 16"
lengths or less for this to occur. Wood loading was perpendicular to the door for all the Task II
tests on the Earth 1003C, Air settings were at minimum for the low fire tests and maximum for
the high fire tests.
Figure 16 shows the Task EI PM factors for the new Earth 1003C. The average PM factor
was 9.2 g/kg. In the context of firing the stove conscientiously, fuel moisture content does not
appear to have a strong effect on PM emissions for this model. The PM results for the five tests
run on the two Earth 1002Cs during Task I are depicted as points A-E on Fig. 16. Points A and
B represent results of the first and second tests of stove 1CC02, respectively. A new catalyst was
installed for the second test (2" x 2-1/2" x 15"). Points C, D, and E represent the first, second
and third tests run on stove 1CC03, respectively. Stove repairs were made and a new catalyst (2"
x 2-1/2" x 15") was installed for the second test. Wood loading parallel to the stove door was
used for the third test. These points show that after installation of new catalysts and minor
repairs, these stoves both did as well as the new 1003C model of Task II.
Also plotted on Fig. 16 are the certification data for the Earth 1003C model. Particulate
emission factors are calculated from the Method 5H equivalent emission rate (g/hr) and the dry
burn rate (kg/hr) for each test run. This data is included for reference only and should not be
used in direct comparison with the VPI sampler data of this study. The bum rate measurement
during certification is over a hot-to-hot test cycle and therefore will result in calculated average
burn rates higher than the cold-to-warm average burn rates measured by the VPI sampler.
Depending on the coalbed burn-out time, burn rates measured with the VPI sampler can be up to
30% lower than the EPA defined burn rate.
35
-------
CO
CD
20
18
16
14
12
CD
^10
8
6
4
0
wF=wet fir wL= wet locust dF= dry fir dL= dry locust
A. = certification data
dL
dF
wtr
wF
New
Catalys
Repairs,
New
Catalyst
Parallel
Loading
BURN
WOOD
PM
TASK I
RATE
MC
FACTOR ~
STOVE
SYMBOL
kg/hr
dry %
g/kg
1CC02
A
1.30
21.6
13.7 _
1CC02
B
1.57
10.5
5.4
ICC03
C
1.53
17.6
14.4
1CC03
D
1.58
13.1
9.3
1CC03
E
1.60
9.2
5.4-
vF
-wL-
dL
dF
0
0.5
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
2.5
Figure 16. Earth 1003C PM results.
-------
Statistical Analysis
The Task II data were examined to determine the significant effects the three test
variables (species, moisture content and burn rate) had on PM emissions from the four stove
models tested. The PM emission factor was the response variable, and was continuous. Fuel
species (locust or fir) and stove type (catalytic or non-catalytic) were modeled categorically while
burn rate and fuel moisture content were continuous variables or categorical depending on the
analysis that was performed. If categorical variables were used for these they were set at high
and low for moisture content and high, low and/or medium for the air setting.
Analysis of Covariance techniques were used to determine significant effects. Analyses
were run using the General Linear Model procedures in SAS. A backwards selection technique
provided a method for determining which factors were significant. This method starts with a
general analysis including all factors and interactions present. Then the non-significant factors
are removed from the model one at a time until all remaining factors are significant.
The backwards model selection was run for two different initial data groupings. The first
group combined results for the catalytic stoves and non-catalytic stoves separately so that
generalizations about the two catalytic models and the two non-catalytic models could be made if
significant effects were found. An indicator variable was used to distinguish between the
individual stoves within the catalytic and non-catalytic groups. The second set of analyses
considered the four stoves separately and provided more detailed information for each of the
stove models. Graphical representations of significant effects found for each stove model are
included in the following sections.
The intent of this analysis was to find the significant effects of the three variables w ithin
the Task II data set. Very strong evidence of effects were found but correlations are not defined
here. Exact correlation curves would be different for each stove model and possibly each
installation and are beyond the scope of this work. Therefore, the results of this analysis shtmki
only be interpreted in the context of the procedures and variable ranges used during test inc. a;ul
should be considered general effects the test variables can have on PM emissions.
The p-values for significant effects are reported for each analysis. The p-values indiejU-
the probability of detecting reported effects by chance alone. For instance, if a set of data
indicate that moisture content affects PM emissions with a p-value of 0.02 then there is only a
2% chance that the effect was not actually present but was detected by chance.
Non-catalytic Stoves
The PM results for the 24 tests on the non-catalytic stoves were combined and several
factors significantly influencing PM emissions were found. Among these were an interaction
between the air settings and the moisture contents with p-values of .0059 and .0025 (two p-
values were needed to describe air setting by moisture interaction since using air setting as a
37
-------
categorical factor required two indicator variables for low, medium and high air settings), an
interaction between stove models and the air settings with a p-value of .0232, and an effect due to
fuel species with a p-value of .0001. Also an effect was due to the individual stoves with a p-
value of .0004 meaning that the two stoves performed differently. The mean PM values for the
AFX were less than for the Resolute.
The interaction between the air settings and the moisture content (p-value < 0.01) implies
that an effect was due to the air settings, but the effect changed in magnitude depending on the
moisture level in the wood. When the fuel moisture content was low, the PM emissions for the
high and medium air settings are relatively close. The PM emissions for the low air setting were
considerably higher. When the moisture content in the wood is high, the separation in the PM for
the three air settings becomes more pronounced with the higher air settings corresponding to a
lower PM.
The interaction between the individual stoves and the air settings (p-value < 0.05)
indicates that there is an effect due to the air settings, but the effect is different for each stove
model. The differences in PM emissions for the low and high air settings were more pronounced
for the AFX than for the Resolute providing motivation for analyzing the two stoves separately.
In both stoves PM emissions were affected by wood species. This effect (considering
both non-catalytic stoves together) is very significant at a p-value of 0.0001. The PM emissions
were higher when burning fir than when burning locust. For the non-catalytic stoves the average
PM factor burning locust was 10.8 g/kg while the average for fir was 15.1 g/kg.
Catalytic Stoves
For the catalytic stoves, interactions between stove models, burn rate, and moisture
content were found to be significant. The interaction between the stove models and the burn rate
was significant with a p-value of 0.005. For the Englander 18PC, the PM emissions tended to
increase as the burn rate increased. The trend is the opposite for the Earth stove, thus tending to
average the results and mask the effect of burn rate alone when considering both catalytic models
together. Species and fuel moisture were examined over the 16 catalytic data points and only
fuel moisture content was found to be significant, but with stove model interaction. Since the
two stoves yield such different results and since stove interaction was present in this analysis,
further study of the individual models was warranted and is discussed later.
Individual Stoves Results
The second set of analyses used the backwards selection technique for the four stoves
individually. Major effects of the three test variables on PM emissions from the individual
stoves are summarized below. Variable interactions are further clarified in the discussions for
each stove model.
38
-------
Empire Products AFX:
• PM emission factor decreased as burn rate increased (p=0.1220).
• PM emissions increased as fuel moisture increased (p=0.007).
• PM emissions were lower burning locust than burning fir (p=0.0228).
• The effect of burn rate on PM emissions is different at different fuel moisture
contents (interaction, p=0.0414),
V.C Resolute 2490:
• PM emissions decreased as moisture content decreased (p=0.1968).
• PM emissions were lower burning locust than burning fir (p=0.0065).
• The effect of stove air setting on PM emissions is different at different fuel
moisture contents (interaction, p=0.0367 and 0.0892).
Englander 18PC:
• PM emissions increased as burn rate increased (p=0.1097).
Earth 1003C:
• PM emission factor increases as burn rate decreases and fuel gets drier
(interaction, p=0.0166).
Empire Products AFX
Several factors significantly effecting PM emissions from the AFX were found. The-;
included an interaction between moisture levels and burn rate with a p-value of .0414. a nu\H"
effect of burn rate alone with a p-value of .1220, an effect due to moisture content alone u r- , -
value of .0070, and an effect due to species alone with a p-value of 0.0228.
The effect of fuel species is shown in figure 17 where regression lines for PM v\ K.-r
rate are plotted separately for the two fuel species at both wet and dry moisture levels. The
difference in the y-intercepts of the "wet" and "dry" lines for each species is the same whu'l,
implies that regardless of fuel moisture and burn rate, fuel species always had the same dkv:
The PM emissions were always higher burning fir than when burning locust. This effect ua-
strong with a p-value of 0.0228.
An overall difference in PM was due to the moisture level in the wood. The PM
emissions burning the high moisture content fuels were in general higher than when burning the
low moisture content fuels. This very significant effect (p-value = 0.007) is also seen in figure
17.
39
-------
The moisture by burn rate interaction indicates that if we fit a line to PM versus burn rate
separately for high and low moisture content woods, we would have significantly different
slopes. Figure 17 shows where the slopes for the "wet" and "dry" woods are clearly different.
This means that as the burn rate increases, the PM decreased more rapidly for the high moisture
woods.
An overall downward trend in the PM factor occurs as the burn rate increases. To better
understand the effect of different burn rates, the comments on the burn rate by moisture
interaction should be reviewed. Figure 17 does not show a fit for PM vs. burn rate for all the
data, however the effect is seen in the negative slope of all four lines on this graph. The p-value
for this effect was moderate at 0.0964.
Vermont Castings Resolute 2490
Several factors also appear to have influenced the measured PM factors for the Resolute.
Burn rate alone did not have a significant effect on PM factors but interestingly, an effect was
detected for stove air setting. The effect of air setting by moisture interaction was significant
with p-values of .0367 and .0892. The effect due to fuel species was also significant with a p^
value of .0065.
The air setting by moisture interaction indicates that an effect is due to the air setting, but
the effect is different at the two wood moisture levels. When the wood contains a lower level of
moisture, the difference between the PM for the three air settings is small. When the wood
contains a higher level of moisture, the difference between the PM factors over the three air
settings is a little more pronounced. In both cases the PM is lower for the higher air setting. The
highest PM readings correspond to the medium air setting.
Another factor of interest is the effect due to moisture. As seen in figure 18, burning
higher moisture content fuels resulted in higher measured PM factors. This effect is only
moderately significant with a p-value of .1968. However, one must recall that there is a more
significant moisture by air setting interaction term (p-values = 0.0367 and 0.0892) that already
specifies the effect due to moisture content and also that the effect is different at different air
settings.
Finally, there is an effect due to the fuel species (p-value < 0.01). Burning fir resulted in
higher emissions than burning locust which is the same effect seen in the AFX stove.
40
-------
24
22
20
18
16
o,14
^12
^ 10
8
6
4
2
0
wF=wet fir wL= wet locust dF= dry fir dL= dry locust
Wr
wF
wei fir
Effect
p-value
burn rate 0.1220
burn rate x moisture 0.0414
moisture content 0.0070
species 0.0228
wel locusl
NvF~
. wL
dry fir
-dtr
~wC
dry ItKiisl dF
0
0.5
1
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
1.5
Figure 17. Easy Fire AFX burn rate, moisture and species dependence.
-------
N>
cn
~D>
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6 -f
4
2
0
wF=wet fir wL= wet locust dF= dry llr dL= dry locust
W
W
Low
-w
v\
Medium
Air Setting
Effect
p-value
air setting x moisture 0.0367,0.0892
moisture content 0.1968
species 0.0065
W
dE
L
High
Figure 18. Resolute 2490 air setting, moisture and species dependence.
-------
Englander 18PC
The only significant factor influencing PM emissions from the Englander 18PC was burn
rate. Figure 19 shows all the Task 11 data and the linear fit of PM vs. burn rate for this stove.
The burn rate effect is significant with a p-value of .1097, As the burn rate increases, the PM
emissions increase. The Englander 18PC was the only stove out of the four tested producing
higher emissions at higher burn rates.
Earth 1003C
The Earth 1003C was also influenced by the burn rate, but the influence depended on the
moisture content of the wood. Burn rate alone did not affect PM emissions significantly for this
stove since for the high moisture fuels, the PM vs. bum rate correlation is nearly flat. Figure 20
shows this by depicting linear fits of PM factor vs. burn rate for wet wood and dry wood
separately. The slope of the low moisture content correlation is significantly different, implying
that as the burn rate decreases, the PM emissions increase as fuel gets drier. The moisture
content by burn rate interaction is significant with a p-value of 0.0166.
43
-------
20
18
16
14
4
2
0 H 1 1 H 1 1 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
Effect p-value
burn rate 0.1097
Figure 19. Englander 18PC burn rate dependence.
-------
cn
20
18
16
14
12
D)
*10
CL
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
d = dry wood w = wet wood
w
w
Effect p-value
burn rate x moisture 0.0166
1 1.5
Dry Burn Rate, kg/hr
W-
-W-
2.5
Figure 20. Earth 1003C burn rate by moisture dependence.
-------
SUMMARY OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Results
This study has shown that performance degradation of EPA certified stoves seen in the
Crested Butte database cannot be attributed entirely to physical failures of the stoves. Task I.
summarized in Table VI, demonstrated that seven of the twelve stoves retrieved from Colorado
were capable as received and under these test conditions of emitting less than 9 g/kg PM.
Three of the twelve stoves, all catalytic models (2 Earth 1002Cs. and one Englander
18PC), emitted more than 9 g/kg PM during their first test and were retested after catalyst
replacement and/or minor repairs. Retesting resulted in PM emissions reduction on both the
Earth 1002C's but just one was retested below 9 g/kg (stove 1CC02), The third stove (2CO01,
Englander 18PC) had slightly increased PM emissions after catalyst replacement. The Task II
data, also summarized in Table VI, were able to explain these results and demonstrate thai all
three stoves were actually performing within the capabilities of new stoves of the same model.
Emissions of the repaired stoves plotted correctly over the Task II data considering the burn rate
and moisture content range of the test fuel used during Task I. In the case of the Englander 18PC
which had shown increased emissions after catalyst replacement, the Task II data show that
catalyst replacement should not have been expected to reduce emissions considerably from the
first test. Thus ten of the. twelve stoves retrieved from Colorado were capable (either as received
or after routine repairs) of performing as well as new stoves of the same or similar models.
The remaining two stoves (1CF01 and 2NG02) were found with significant and un-
repairable physical damage in the field. The Task I PM results for these stoves showed thai u hen
fired conscientiously they both emitted 14-15 g/kg. It should be noted that improved versions <>!
both stoves are currently sold and both incorporate design changes which address the physical
failures found in Task I. The Sierra 80Q0TEC stove (1CF01) which had a large crack near the
bypass damper is currently produced with a bypass damper outlet in what appears to be a m.»u-
robust position. As discussed previously in this report, the Vermont Castings Resolute in
currently produced with refractory side and back walls which should alleviate the severe uarr::..'
and cracking problems found in the specimen tested during this study.
Five of the twelve stoves retrieved from Colorado (2CP01, 2NQ01. 1CD04, 2CO01. .iiiJ
1CC03) had very high PM emissions in past.field studies and were found to operate with
appreciably lower PM emissions in this laboratory study. Conscientious operation (without
repairs) gave better than a 2/3 reduction during Task 1 as compared to the field data for these
stoves. The poor field performance of these stoves has not been explained by the current work
but improper operator actions, installations, or another unknown factor not related to the stove
itself is most likely responsible. Four of these five stoves are catalytic models and all five
include bypass mechanisms. This does not imply that stoves with bypass mechanisms perform
poorly. However, a stove incorporating a critical operator mechanism does have the opportunity
to perform poorly based on operator error. This factor has undoubtedly been reflected in at least
46
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Table VI. Summary of field and laboratory test results (g of total particulate matter/kg of dry wood burned).
Stove
1997
Age,
seasons
Field test
before
repairs3
Laboratory
test before
repairs'1
Repairs and fueling changes
prior to second test
Laboratory
test after
repairs1'
Laboratory test
of comparable
new stoveh
Earth 1002C 1CC02
8
5.4-1 1.4
13.7°
New catalyst
5.4C
4.7 - 17.0
Earth 1002C 1CC03
8
18.7-25.1
14.4°
New catalyst, door gasket,
replaced brick
9.3C
4.7 - 17.0
New parts (above) and
parallel wood loading
5.41'
V.C. Encore 1CD04
8
31 -47.6
7.2
No repairs needed0
Not tested
Sierra 8000TEC ICFOI
9
2.3-13.9
14.2
Unrepairable
Not tested
Englander 18PC 2CO01
6
32.5-44.1
9.8
New catalyst
10.2
4.6 - 11.7
Englander 18PC 2CO02
6
6.5- 12.6
5.6
No repairs needed
4.6 - 11.7
Jotul 8C 2CP01
10
19.6-23.4
6.4
No repairs needed
Not tested
Sweet Home AFX 2NH0I
8
3.1-27
20.8
23% dry basis wood
moisture instead of 49%
7.2
3.3 - 19.9
V.C. Resolute 2NG02
8
2.4-7.8
14.8
Unrepairable
• 7.4 - 26.8
Avalon 796 2NM02
6
4.3'
' 8.3
No repairs needed
Not tested
Lopi Liberty 2NQ01
2
11.6- 16.9
3.1
No repairs needed
Not tested
Regency R3 2NR01
3
No field data
2.6
No repairs needed
Not tested
:I Data from 1989-90, 1991-92. and 1995-96 field studies; samples collected over I-week periods.
h Samples collected over cold-to-warm burn cycle, with 1-3 refuelings, in a laboratory.
1 Tests were conducted with wood loading perpendicular to the loading door.
(l Third test on stove ICC03 with wood loading parallel to the door.
1 See text for PM pass/l'ail criterion.
1 One field data point available.
-------
some of the field data. In this case the human operator is a significant factor in the proper
operation of the combustion system.
Further evidence of operator induced performance degradation was found as a result of
the Task II testing. During Task H of this study, each stove was operated at low air settings
conscientiously and according to manufacturer's instructions. Field measured burn rates arc in
some cases much lower than the lowest burn rates achieved during Task II which was intended to
achieve minimum burn rates during conscientious operation. The precise mode(s) of achieving
the lowest burn rates in the field are unknown. One difference between field measured and Task
II bum rates was that Task H included a half loading of wood burned at high fire for each test
which would have resulted in higher average burn rates, but remaining as a possible field
operation problem is pre-mature or over-dampening of the stoves. In some models, air supplies
can be reduced to almost zero and in all cases premature throttling (before the stove or catalyst is
sufficiently heated) is possible.
Individual models and technologies having all passed the same certification test can
perform quite differently under field fueling conditions. Emissions from each stove model were
sensitive to the test variables in different ways and at different magnitudes. The PM emissions
from the two non-catalytic stoves were highly sensitive to fuel moisture content and to a lesser
extent fuel species. Emissions from the Empire Products AFX were highly sensitive to burn rate
while emissions from the V.C, Resolute, a significantly different non-catalytic technology, were
statistically sensitive to stove air setting but not burn rate. The PM emissions from the catalytic
models were sensitive to burn rate, but in different and opposite ways. Emissions from the
catalytic models were not sensitive to fuel species.
Clearly the certification process has produced stoves capable of reducing emissions
relative to conventional models, however the baseline performance of these new stoves is higher
than we might expect based on the certification results. The Task II data show that for three of
the four stoves studied, simulated conscientious field operation resulted in PM emissions
considerably higher than during certification testing. The EasyFire AFX model performed at or
below certification values using dry fuel and there is evidence that this performance can be
expected at fuel moisture levels up to 23% (dry basis). Above 25% moisture, emissions are
markedly higher for this model. The other three stoves emitted 3-4 times as much PM (g/kg) as
one might expect based on the certification results.
Conclusions
Ten of the twelve stoves retrieved from Colorado were capable (either as received or after
routine repairs) of performing as well as new stoves of the same or similar models.
&¦
Five of the twelve stoves retrieved from Colorado (2CP0L 2NG01, 1CD04, 2CO01, and
1CC03) had very high emissions in past field studies and were found to operate with appreciably
lower PM emissions in this laboratory study. The poor field performance of these stoves has not
48
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been explained by the current work but improper operator actions, installations, or another
unknown factor no: related to the stove itself is most likely responsible.
Individual models and technologies having all passed the same certification test can
perform quite differently under field fueling conditions.
. The certification process has produced stoves capable of reducing emissions relative to
conventional models, however the baseline performance of these new stoves is higher than we
might expect based on the certification results.
The four stoves tested in Task 11 represent only a fraction of the stove technologies,
configurations, etc. on the market today and it is likely that each individual stove model has
different emissions characteristic and sensitivities to these fueling variables. Therefore, the range
of expected field performance for all certified stoves has not been well defined.
Recommendations
The modes of operator induced performance degradation should be identified and
quantified. Training, awareness and in some cases improved stove design might mitigate the
problems of operator induced performance degradation.
Further study encompassing a wider range of stove technologies and sizes and possibly
including different test variables (e.g. chimney height) should better define the range of
performance, the sensitivities, and the limitations of stoves produced under the current
certification procedures.
Several reasons for the discrepancy between field and certification results are likely.
During certification testing,-emissions are not measured during the kindling or heat-up phases of
a fire. It is widely accepted that these are the periods of highest PM emission. These emissions
were counted during past field measurements and during this laboratory field simulation. A
study which differentiates PM emissions during kindling and heat up, mid-cycle reloading, and
burnout phases would be useful to determine the relative importance of each phase of a fire.
Comparing these data to certification data might result in a better understanding of certified stove
function and demonstrate areas for improvement by both manufacturers and regulators.
Another possible discrepancy results from the precision of the performance standard
itself. Since certification fueling involves a precise fuel load which burns with relatively
repeatable characteristics, a stove can be tuned and the operation of controls can be optimized to
produce low emissions during certification. The problem lies in the possibility that certification
testing does not adequately represent the vast number of real-world conditions in the field.
Emissions in field use can be dependent on fuel species, moisture contents, piece size, coal bed
condition, installation, etc. Correct operator actions for a given stove can be quite different
depending on these variables. Further study using simulated field fueling (as in this study) would
49
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help to better define the important differences between certification and field practices. If
warranted, modification of the current certification procedures (fuel, sampling interval, chimney
heights, operator actions, etc.) might yield a method that more accurately predicts field
performance.
Currently it is unknown whether or not stove certification results predict, as intended, the
relative field performance of different stove models. A statistical study of all available field data
for each stove model, possibly taking into account fuel, installations, use patterns, etc. might
demonstrate patterns showing where the certification process has worked well and where it falls
short of expectations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors again thank the citizens who have participated willingly throughout the years
of study in Crested Butte. Brian and Maria Fenerty in particular were very helpful in retrieval
and replacement of the Task I stoves and undoubtedly their efforts were key to making field
operations run smoothly. Steven Kathman, Janet Bernard and the Virginia Tech Statistical
Consulting Center are thanked for their valuable expertise and contributions to the statistical
analysis of the Task II data. Finally, Robert C. McCrillis, our EPA project monitor, is thanked
for his guidance and technical contributions during all phases of this project.
REFERENCES
1. Jaasma, D.R., and M.R. Champion, "Field Performance of Woodburning Stoves in Crested
Butte During the 1988-89 Heating Season," Town of Crested Butte, Crested Butte, CO,
June 1989.
2. Jaasma, D.R., and M.R. Champion, "Field Performance of Woodburning Stoves in Crested
Butte During the 1989-90 Heating Season," Town of Crested Butte, Crested Butte, CO,
September 1990.
3. Jaasma, D.R., C.H. Stern, and M. Champion, Field Performance of Woodburning Stoves in
Crested Butte During the 1991-92 Heating Season. EPA-600/R-94-061 (NTIS PB94-
161270), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1994,
4. Correll, R.. D.R. Jaasma, and Y. Mukkamala, Field Performance of Woodburning Stoves in
Colorado During the 1995-96 Heating Season, EPA-600/R-97-112 (NTIS PB98-106487),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1997.
5. Rau, J.A. and J.J. Huntzicker, "Size Distribution and Chemical Composition of Residential
Wood Smoke," in Proceedings: 78lh Annual Meeting of the AWMA, Detroit, MI, June
1985, Paper No. 85-43.3.
50
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6. 40 CFR Part 60, Standards for Performance for New Stationary Sources, Standards of
Performance for New Sources, Residential Wood Heaters; 7-1-97 edition, Appendix A,
Method 5H, pp. 672-684.
7. McCrillis, R. C, and D. R. Jaasma, "Woodstove Emission Measurement Methods;
Comparison and Emission Factors Update," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
24: 1-12. 1993.
8. Jaasma, D. R., M. R. Champion, and J. W. Shelton, "Woodstove Smoke and CO
Emissions: Comparison of Reference Methods and the VPI Sampler." Journal of the Air
and Waste Management Association. V40 N6, pp. 866-871, June 1990.
51
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-------
Appendix A - Task I Stove Inspections
1CC02 - Earth 1002C
Stove age: 8 years
Catalyst Age: 4 years
Installation: 24 ft., 6" single wall to 6" mass insulated at 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size
1500 s.f. (Est)
Use; Primary heat is wood (80% apple, 20% soft), 1 cord/yr. Owner reports light usage, starting
fires only in the evenings and full loadings are rare. Typically only 2-3 logs per reloading or
approximately half loads.
Condition; Overall condition is very good. Very light peeling and cracking on catalyst. By
design there are 0.1" gaps around catalyst packaging, likely for thermal expansion of the
rectangular steel box containing the catalyst. Also, very slight bypass leakage along the rear edge
of the sliding bypass (0.030"x 12"). This is a design consequence not due to degradation. Door
gasket is very good and there is no broken or cracked brick nor is there any warping within the
firebox. A set screw on the primary air control had loosened, however the air control has full
range of travel. Secondary air supply is open and clear.
1CC03- Earth 1002C
Stove age: 8 years
Catalyst Age; 8 years
Installation: 18 ft. 6" double wall to 6" mass insulated at 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size
1200 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primal"}' heat is wood (100% pine or other soft), 4 cords/yr. Stove is nearly always in
operation with full loadings.
Condition: Overall condition is fair. Light peeling and cracking on catalyst. By design there are
0.1" gaps around catalyst packaging, likely for thermal expansion of the rectangular steel box
containing the catalyst. Also, bypass leakage along the rear edge of the sliding bypass (0.125" x
12") due to interference of the sliding bypass actuator handle and the double wall connector pipe.
This is an installation problem not due to degradation. Door gasket is partially missing/hanging
resulting in 4-6" of un-gasketed door at the bottom. A set screw on the primary air control had
loosened however air control has full range of travel. The upper back wall has missing and
broken brick. Secondary air supply is open and clear. There is no warping of internal
A-1
-------
components.
1CD04 - Vermont Castings Defiant Encore
Stove age: 8 years
Catalyst Age: 8 years
Installation: 25 ft, 8" single wall to 8" mass insulated at 8 ft. level. Offset of 18" w/ two 90°
offsets. House size 1600 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is gas. Stove used very lightly in the past two years (50% pine, 50% aspen), 1-
2 cords/yr.
Condition: Overall condition is good. Catalyst was 25% blocked by ash upon initial inspection.
No peeling or cracking of the catalyst was noted. There is slight degradation of the ceramic fiber
catalyst housing which likely results in some bypass flow around the catalyst. Also, a 1" dia hole
in the top of the ceramic fiber combustion package would have allowed significant bypass
leakage except that it had been covered with a thin steel plate. This hole is not by design and was
corrected with the plate at an undetermined time in the past. Door and bypass gaskets seal well
and the top griddle gasket has been replaced this season. No damage to fixed internal
components was noted. A screw securing a thermostatically controlled secondary air damper
was missing resulting in continuous secondary air flow.
1CF01 - Sierra 8000TBC
Stove age: 9 years
Catalyst Age: 9 years
Installation: 20 ft, 6" single wall to lined brick chimney at 6 ft level. Two 90° offsets. House
size 1600 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood (100% soft). Stove was used continuously as needed.
Condition: Overall condition is poor due only to a crack in the upper smoke shelf. The crack
ranges from 0 to 3/8" wide by 3" long extending from the bypass opening to a point near the
catalyst. This results in about .1 square inch of bypass leakage. The location and nature of the
crack/warping make reliable field repair very unlikely. No other damage was noted on this stove. •
Gaskets and other internal components were in good condition.
2CQ01 - Enelander 18PC
A-2
-------
Stove age: 6 years
Catalyst Age: 6 years
Installation: 16 ft, 8" single wall to mass insulated at the 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size 1000
si. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood or electric (100% soft). One to three cords/yr. Use pattern is
indeterminate since this installation is a short term housing unit.
Condition: Overall condition is good. There was no damage to the brick or combustion
chamber. The door gasket was in good condition and sealed well although the gasket itself was
somewhat hardened. The sliding bypass was found operable but it was noted that the bypass oil
this model could be closed in such a way that it jammed against a wall of the stove leaving up to
2 square inches of the bypass open. - This was not due to mechanical degradation but is a possible
operational problem. The catalyst was intact and appeared in good condition. Secondary air
supply was clear from obstruction.
2COQ2 - Englander 18PC
Stove age: 6 years
Catalyst Age: 6 years
Installation: 16 ft, 8" single wall to mass insulated at the 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size
1000 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood or electric (100% soft). One to three cords/yr. Use pattern is
indeterminate since this installation is a short term housing unit.
Condition: Overall condition is good. There was no damage to the brick or combustion
chamber. The door gasket was in good condition and sealed well. The sliding bypass was found
operable but it was noted that the bypass on this model could be closed in such a way that it
jammed against a wall of the stove leaving up to 2 square inches of the bypass open. Creosote
buildup on the inside of the loading door partially blocked both air inlets. These two
observations are not considered degradation but are possible operational problems. The catalyst
was intact and appeared in good condition. The secondary air supply was free of obstruction.
2CP01 - .TotuI 8C
Stove age: 10 years
Catalyst Age: 4 years
A-3
-------
Installation: 25 ft, 8" single wall to mass insulated at the 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size
1800 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood (75% soft, 25% oak), 4 cords/yr.
Condition: Overall condition is very good. There was no damage to the stove. The door gasket
was in good condition and the seal good. A set screw securing a handle to the rotating catalyst
was loose allowing uncertainty in the catalyst position which could be a cause of bypass leakage.
Slight catalyst peeling at the leading edges was noted but no cracks in the catalyst were
observable.
2NH01 - Sweet Home AFX
Stove age: 8 years
Installation; 16 ft, 6" single wall to mass insulated at the 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size 1000
s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood (100% soft), 1.5 cords/yr.
Condition*. Overall condition is very good. There was no internal damage to the stove. The
door gasket was in good condition and the seal good. Primary and secondary air passages were
free of obstruction. The chimney connector sections were loose but adequate.
v
2NG02 - Vermont Castings Resolute Acclaim 0041
Stove age: 8 years
Installation: 30 ft, 6" single wall to triple wall at the 8 ft. level. Offset of 2 ft. w/ two 45°
elbows. House size 1800 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is solar with wood as makeup (100% aspen), 2 cords/yr. Stove used primarily
in the evenings and typically at higher burn rates.
Condition: Overall condition is poor. Severe damage to internal components was noted. Both
sidewalls of the inner combustion chamber were cracked, the upper and lower cast iron rear walls
were severely warped and the ceramic fiber combustion chamber was cracked and eroded. Ash
plugged secondary combustion holes in the ceramic fiber combustion box and a buildup of pet
hair was noted on the inlet side of these holes upon disassembly. The door fit was loose and the
gaskets for both the top griddle and bypass damper were partially missing. Cost of repairs
(including labor) and the lack of readily available parts from the manufacturer make field repair
A-4
-------
of this stove very unlikely.
2NM02 - Avalon 796
Stove age: 6 years
Installation: 16 ft, 8" single wall to mass insulated at the 8 ft. level. No offsets. House size
1000 s.f. (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood or electric (100% soft). One to three cords/yr, Use pattern is
indeterminate since this installation is a short term housing unit.
Condition: Overall condition is very good. There was no damage to the brick or combustion
chamber. The door gasket was in good condition and the seal was good. Primary and secondary
air inlets were free from obstruction.
2NQ01 - Lopi Liberty
Stove age: 2 years
Installation: 18 ft, 8" single wall to mass insulated at the 8 ft. level. No offset. House size 1200
s.f, (Est)
Use: Primary heat is wood (100% soft). 4.5 cords/yr. Continuous operation as needed during
heating months. One operator described using the bypass as a draft regulator, leaving the bypass
25% open during normal operation.
Condition: Overall condition is very good. Two bricks on the back wall were broken but in
place. The front secondary air tube was missing a locating pin and could rotate through 360
degrees. A slight gap measured 0.015" at the leading edge of the sliding bypass plate when in the
closed position. A 0.026" gap between the stove and door gasket was measured along the top
edge of the door. Primary and secondary air inlets were free of obstruction.
2NR01 - Regency R3
Stove age: 3 years
Installation: 20 ft, 6" single wall to mass insulated at the 6 ft. level. Offset 3 ft. w/ two 90"
elbows. House size 1400 s.f. (Est)
A-5
-------
Use: Primary heat is wood (100% soft),
heating months.
2-3 cords/yr. Continuous operation as needed during
Condition: Overall condition is very good. No damage to internal components was found. A
ceramic fiber blanket above the smoke shelf needed replacement. The blanket was in small
pieces and somewhat caked with ash. The door gasket was in good condition and the seal was
good. Primary and secondary air inlets were free of obstruction.
A-6
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Appendix B - Task I Real-Time Data
Three graphs are included for each test ran: real-time CO and CO: concentrations; real-
time catalyst temperature, stack temperature and draft; and CO emission factor. Each graph is
representative of data taken at one minute intervals with post-run moving data averaging. Each 1
minute point has been averaged with the previous four points to reduce noise and short term
fluctuations, making the graphs more readable in the page size presented here. This results in a
loss of resolution during only short term events (stove backpuffing, door openings, etc.) and this
procedure yields much more detail than taking data at 5 minute intervals. Each graph includes
text describing the details of each firing. Graphs are arranged alpha-numerically by stove code.
The scaling of each graph is the same so that comparisons of magnitude and time may be made
easily between stove models. The real-time CO factor charts are truncated at the end of each
firing to include only CO factors measured when the stack temperature was 60°C or more and
thus show CO factors occurring when the VP I sampler was running.
Title Page
Earth 1002C (1CC02) - Test 1 B-l
Test 2 B-2
Earth 1002C (1CC03) - Test 1 ' B-3
Test 2 . B-4
Test 3 B-5
V.C. Defiant Encore (lCDo4) - Test 1 B-6
Sierra 8000TEC (1CF01) - Test 1 . . B-7
Englander 18PC (2CO01) - Test 1 B-8
Test 2 B-9
Englander 18PC (2CO02) - Test 1 B-10
Jotul 8C (2CP01) - Test 1 B-l 1
V.C. Resolute (2NG02) - Test 1 B-12
Sweet Home AFX (2NH01) - Test 1 B-13
Test 2 B-l4
Travis Avalon 796 (2NM02) - Test 1 B-l 5
Travis Lopi Liberty (2NQ01) - Test 1 B-l6
Regency R3 (2NR01)- Test 1 B-l 7
B-i
-------
-------
Earth 1002C (1CC02)- Test 1 971029
Stack CO and C02
0 paper, kMing* bypass open, air K)0®o
9 2 smiffl pes. added; doorfcracked open
13 aoor'eteetf : -
' ; '20ioad 'riaaed (!!:Tkg): 'aoor'oioSa ' ' -
21 bypass closed
' 76airwmesfium ^
.. .152 load 2 added;(]0.J kg), *100% open bypass
....J-SS -SIT'l©IcWV
- 4.5
+ 4
+ 3.5
-3
- 2.5
O
— 2
O
- 1.5
1
0.5
300 400 500
C02 CO
700
• 0
800
CO Factor
if 100
O 80
° 60
100 200 300 400
Time (min)
500
600
roe
Temperatures and Draft
DJ
¦S 500
Cat
Stack
500 600
Draft
B-l
-------
Earth 1002C (1CC02) - Test 2 971212A
Stack CO and C02
0 .paper, kindling lit, door cracked 1 '2"£ bypass open, air 100°
3 2,1 kg added, door cracked,.bypass open air.JOOftn
10 load I added (9.7 kg), doorclosed; bypassxjpsn air
¦ 19' 'bypass closed, "alffti ifS-lup '
..123 load 2 addedil0..4kg),b>-p.ass closed, air to med-low,
. .155 air turned down. fire too large - -
1 74-fhme ouUair opened'alrttle - - '•
188 flaming back
.195 air turned down again
700
5
-u.45
::±4
¦I 3.5
— 3
— 2,5
;T2
— 1.5
^.0.5
— 0
800
E
o
o
C02
CO
CO Factor
240 •
220
200 1-
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draff
800
700
0.21
q 600
cr,
tj 500
0.1
0.15 °
— 0.12 J=
c
~r0.09 2
~a
400
g.300
100
0.03
0
500
600
700
300
200
400
800
100
Cat Stack Draft
B-2
-------
Earth 1002C (1CC03) - Test 1 971031B
Stack CO and C02
0 papeivkindlmg lit
wwsmalt pes added (2"fcg)"
10 load I: (6,5 kg| door closed
O air to meci byjMss closed
-J 8 - fire di«4 «ir4o "-high:
27 bypass opened
34' air to msd. hvpass closed
4D' air to ^KigH
44. bypass opened
48 - bypass closed
165 load 2 (10,-2 kg), bypass
closed. doBr closed. air to '
med-low.
CO Factor
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
500
0.24
700
-j- 0.21
G 600
O)
•o 500
0.18
0.15 °
0.12 £
0.09 2
TJ
0.06
3 400
300
iZ 200
100
0.03
0
700
500
600
0
300
100
Cat Stack Draft
B 3
-------
Earth 1002C (1CC03) - Test 2 971119A
Stack CO and C02
0 paper:Miidting lit; air'100%; bypass open, dooreracked IT
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
C02 CO
CO Factor
240 4- • - ~ ~~ ~ ~
220 — - : ; ::: :
200 - -
B1B0 J"~: :::
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (miri)
Temperatures and Draft
800
700
3 400
06
100
0 03
0
500
600
700
100
200
300
800
900
Cat Stack Draft
B-4
-------
Earth 1002C (1CC03) -Test3' 971211A
Stack CO arid C02
300
0 paper.door cracked V2-air 100%; bypass- open
3 2,2 kg'added tfoor cracked bypss open
'5 door closed •
14 toad 1 added door closadl bypass-open, air'I00°t>
17 air to medium, bypass closed ;
20 air to 100% open : ;
21 bypass opened :
27 door cracked!!. 2"-.
2Sroi|iy£i
¦§ 500
C 200
300 400 500 600
Cat Stack ¦¦¦ - Draft
B-5
-------
V.C. Defiant Encore (1CD04) - Test 1 971120A
20
18
16
14
12
ef>
N10
o
O 8
6
4
2
0
Stack CO and C02
J"
t
t.
_u V
4 ;
It:
100
200
300
400
0 . paper, kmd.ljng.Iii door closed bypass open, air
- 100%
- 3 1.5 kg added • -¦¦¦
15 1.5. kg added;:. 1J17'.: II' ..!. "1"'' 17 '! ,!"V'..
. 23 griddle at 50QF. bypass elo.sed, air 1.0.05..O.
49 load i added (3.2 kg), bypass closed, air 100 °<>
69 air to 2'3 travel' open
175 open gridle to check fuel remaining ' 7
184 load 2 added (6.0 kg.),.bypas&.closed,.air .100%
198 air-to ]/3 open
'21'4'flfetow,'aifoper)aJab}t; :
500
600
700
--(-4.5
-- — 4
• 3.5
— 3 —
¦ i #
"i 25 O
-4-2 °
. .j
•-1.5
1
800
CQ2
CO
CO Factor
240 5
220 ~
200 +-
LL 100 t
O 80
400 500
Time (min)
800 -
Temperatures and Draft
700 —
b 600 -
D3
-g 500
~ 0.15 o
0.12 .E
3 400
- 0.09
- 0.06
100
200
300 400 500 600
Cat Stack Draft
B-6
-------
Sierra 8000TEC (1CF01) - Test 1 971111A
Stack CO and C02
D'"'paper;" kirit!!ing li'tfair TOOTS open, door cricked
6: door closed .
21 k>ad S added (5.9 kg), air lOOSi. bypass-open
25air4o26"0pen,'bypass closed - <
1"ST toad 1 added {6\'S'lcg);tbypass'®psn:' air1 t00°b
184 Bypass closed, air to"2?%' open
210 fire dying, air;tp.3ffis> open :
403 fire dying, much wood tefLamta5(B»open
—r 5
+ 4,5
--j-4
'"I
-f-3.5
-3
I
*~2,5
CO Factor
§ 120
if 100
300 400 500
Time (rnin)
600
700
Temperatures and Draft
1 c O
|J CM
g 400
n
0 12 S.
- 0 06
100
200 300 400 500 600
Cat Stack Draft
700
800
B-7
-------
Englander 18PC (2CO01) - Test 1 971107B
Stack CO and C02
® paper, -kindfag Utv-ckior eraeked 1", air 100»o "v
'A 2.7 kg added door cracked;air won X
¦12 door and bypass cfosed;a[r"ipc«q;_..; ;;;;;;;
£0 load.l.added (6.14:kg)..ak 103?bypass open
¦•^67-bypass-dosed.! »3-©pen -
"261 "load 2 aaBcdrByffc? open, air 100%
•267 bypass cteed. opin_ . '
5
-4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
w
o
2
a
1.5
1
0.5
500
600
700
800
900
CO
CO Factor
O»180
* 160
if 100 —
O 80
U 60
400 500
Time (min)
900
Temperatures and Draft
-0.24
700 —
"U 500
012 £
Stack
B-8
-------
Englander 18PC (2CO01) - Test 2 97111 IB
Stack CO and C02
1=
.0. paper. imdlitig.lit..daor.cracked. t"., bypass Opai...air-.I{HBo
¦ 2-2,J
¦ 47 load 3 added (5 J kg), door closed, bypass open; airiflf)%
" 51 "bjisass¦ctos«a,'raii''to"5(Ws' :
" "65 air'to'T.'.l op«ni ! ;
127 door opened to check wood remaining
187 load 2 added (5 4 kgj, air 100% bypass open
192 bypass closed air to V(> open . .
100
200
300
400
500
600
C02
CO
CO Factor
240
200 —
CD 180
0,160
O 80
300 400 500
Time (min)
800
Temperatures and Draft
800 -r---
O 600
"o 500 —
' 0.12 .S,
¦¦ — 0.06
100
200
300 400 500 600
— Cat Stack Draft
700
800
B-9
-------
100
Englander 18PC (2CO02) - Test 1 971031A
Stack CO and C02
-0- "paperrkindling'ht
"5" 3 sttjall pcs adaetf 3 .3 kg ,
7 door, byjjass closed
..6.6. load 2 (1.6 kg), .bypass open
-72 Bypass-ctosed ...
-77 «ir to-medium ;
"242;lir>S3'3'(3;°5 kg) bypass open'
269 air to low
200
300
400
500
800
700
800
C02
CO
CO Factor
240 v
220 +¦'
i-...
200 -j~
ra*180 t:
0)160 t-
T140
o
o 120 —
100 --
O 80--
Temperatures and Draft
800
0.24
700
q 600
O)
"O 500
0.18
0.15 S
5 400
0.12 .£
0.09
0.06
100
0.03
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
BOO
Cat Stack Draft
B-10
-------
Jotul 8C (2CP01) - Test 1 9? 1209A
Stack CO and C02
. 0^paper.ikindlinglit.bypass open, door closed, ait, 1.60%
4-2:4 kg added, air J 00%
5 icataiyst engaged..;;m;;;;;;;";;;;;;;;;;;
24 lead } added-('5v0 kg), cat engaged.? air4QG-% -
61 air to'60% open r '
133 load 2aidded..(5.8.}^g),.eat.engaged,.air 100%
J'4()'airt0"25%'operi : ; :
i
5
4.5
4
3.5
-3
2.5
— 2
-4-1.5
•^1
•0.5
400
500
600
700
800
C02
CO
CO Factor
400
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 ; - ----- - ----. r0.24
700
0.21
q 600
ra
-o 500
0 18
0.15 °
£.300
0.09
0.06
I— 200
0.03
100
0
500
600
700
800
400
200
300
100
Cat Stack Draft
B-l 1
-------
20
18
16 •
14
3'12
w 10
o
V C. Resolute (2NG02) - Test 1 971028
Stack CO arid C02
fr lit door dosed, air lOC-o-open
- ks*d4 added :C5.-4 kg},-fflr
-12 bypass-dosed ;
lD8.>Qad.Zaddid,[4.9,kgJ,fijurJ.00?V/^F^b>T5aM.op«n..
m.i>vpassi..Qpen ;
I i o bit to IQ^t open
118 air to IO°/6 open
270 load 3 addsd (3.1 kg), sair lOO'o. bypass open •
5*6 bypass closed, air to ID5'# opsin
50 i arrto iOOU cpen"
CO Factor
100 200 300 400 500
Time (min)
600
700
800
Temperatures and Draft
¦ 0.18
-rj 500
E
3 400
h*
(C
0,12 -fe
-0,09
£200
B-12
-------
Sweet Home AFX (2NH01) - Test 1 971027
Stack CO and C02
4 + M
C02
CO
CO Factor
400 500
Time (min)
800
Temperatures and Draft
0 paper lit
1 kjndiuig added (2.15 kg)
19 paper + 160 g kindling
42 door cracked 1 /2!'
48 mere kindling (660 gi, door closed
52 Load 1 added (5,6 kg), atr 1 00°/c open
204 Load 2 added (7.25 kg), air 100% open
336 Load #3 (".0 kg!, air 100% open
3*3 air to 256.a open
508 load *4 <6 1 kg), air 100°.
536 an to 25® o open
T3 500
0.15 ®
¦ 0,12 ,
3 400
r 0.09
I— 200
-U.06
B-13
-------
Sweet Home AFX (2NH01) - Test 2 971126A
Stack CO and C02
... . Q ..paper. lit, .door closed :
4 ¦moro-papefii-ldndluig, l .-9-kg;larger pes-added.-relit
• ¦ 1'4 2small'pcs'added.1airi"00%Dpen
"35' rest of loai: (5,6 jkjyicrtal)'added, air 100%
.: ..39 air U> tncd-rhigh setting
: 138-air-to 100% open
" "15? coals levelled :
1 ...175.load 2added.{6.2,kg). air 100%.open'11*177*
- 180-airtomed-high :
182 air to med-lom-
226 secondary flame goes out '
600
700
—4.5
-4
-3.5
- — 3
2.5
-*-2
-1.5
i
--—1
-4-0.5
h0
800 .
£
o
o
CO Factor
o>180
"3,160
140
2
o 120
u! 100
300 400
Time (min)
700
800
800
Temperatures and Draft
100
200
300 400 500
Stack Draft
600
700
0.24
700 -r
"0.18
-0.15 ^
-------
Travis Aval on 796 (2NM02) - Test 1 971105A
Stack CO and C02
O paper, kii'dling EC air 180% door open 3"
3 larger pes kindling aiided, door closed, air 100% open
18 toad 1 aMed {45 kg), door closed .l.j... ]..,
24. .firs poked ,
4.5
3.5
¦door closed, air lW-oopen
"251 f»''ven,itow;''air-q5etied"3!i'ghfh'"
2.5
0.5
400
500
600
200
300
700
100
B00
0
C02 CO
CO Factor
100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (min)
700
800
Temperatures arid Draft
O 600
tj 500
¦ 0.12 .s
200
300 400 500 600
Stack Draft
700
800
B-15
-------
20
18 ¦
16
14
12
©*•
CM
10
o
+-)V
o
fi
47 \
4-I •
6
4
li
2
i;
0
-j^»J
0
Travis Lopi Liberty (2NQ01) - Test 1 971105C
Stack CO and C02
crackeacf
3_.one.pe.. added, door..dosed..b.ypass open...
I-6'toad -I'-addedtS.S-kg^-bypasS'-opcn.1 doorelosed-
17" bypass"closed, 4ir"TQ0"K>
31: air to sm".open; ! :
143-load S-tfdded.-dooTs-bypass closed -
t5?atrtr> 1/&" open - ; -
\W atTto minimum setting"! ?
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
—-5
""!
-{-4,5
-I
._j_4
—J— 3.5
4 3
-j-2.5
••i
+ 1.5
41
-|-0.5
~r0
800
— 002
CO
CO Factor
o>180
160
O 80
O
60
400
Time
-------
Regency R3 (2NR01) - Test 1 971107A
Stack CO and C02
Q...paper,.kindliiigBt, door cracked:!", ail 10U%open -
;-0 four-small-pcs 8dded,;<5oof ilose4-2if IGCBi
22 load 1 added t'5.2 kg), door closed, airlO0% ;•
28 aif'to'W%"Cpsii - ;
:? air to 50% ppen "1 ;
59 Ioia'2 adtfkrW'kgJ, air TOWS
167 air to 2S%=(jpen '
174 ak to1/| liaycl open ; ;
184. afeiretkeed la.nesrij'mtaimunijwttiiig ....
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
er*
-4-2.5
600
700
800
C02
CO
CO Factor
200 4
O)180
120 -+
tl 100
300 400 500
Time (min)
700
800
Temperatures and Draft
q 600
0.15 °
¦u 500
B-17
-------
-------
Appendix C - Task I Stove Photos
Figure No. Title Page
C-l 1CC02 Earth 1002C C-l
C-la Catalyst as removed and intact C-l
C-lb Catalyst break-up C-l
C-2 1CC03 Earth 1002C C-2
C-2a Broken rear brick C-2
C-2b Left side catalyst break-up C-2
C-2c Right side catalyst break-up C-2
C-2d Ash accumulation within catalyst channels C-2
C-2e Ash accumulation within catalyst channels C-2
C-3 1CDD4 Vermont Castings Defiant Encore C-3
C-3a Catalyst as Removed - Partially plugged with ash C-3
C-3b Wear at edges of ceramic fiber casting, catalyst removed C-3
C-3c Catalyst in place in ceramic box, hole at bottom edge C-3
C-3d Broken end of rear ceramic panel C-3
C-3e Secondary air shutter, missing screw and open C-3
C-4 1CF01 Sierra 8000TEC C-4
C-4a Smoke shelf crack, wide angle view w/' bypass closed C-4
C-4b Close up view of crack, bypass damper closed C-4
C-5 2CO01 Englander 18PC C-5
C-5a Slight ash plugging of catalyst C-5
C-5b Bypass damper in "jammed" position C-5
C 6 2CO02 Englander 18PC C-6
C-6a Creosote buildup on door interior C-6
C-6b Fallen creosote plugging flue collar C-6
C-6c Creosote partially blocking top of air inlet in door C-6
C-6d Catalyst surface close-up, good condition C-6
C-7 2CP01 JoiuI 8C C-7
C-7a Slight ash plugging at catalyst edges (bottom view) C-7
C-7b Catalyst surface close-up. small cracks, peeling, ash C-7
C-8 2NHQ1 Sweet Home AFX C-7
C-i
-------
C-9 2NG02 Vermont Castings Resolute Acclaim 0041 C-8
C-9a Cracked right side wall (inside view) . C-8
C-9b Cracked right side wall (outside view) C-8
C-9c Ash accumulation at sides of ceramic box nearly blocking
flow and ash accumulation in secondary air holes C-8
C-9d Reassembled warped back wall C-9
C-9e Mirror view up interior of ceramic fiber combustion box C-9
C-9f Disassembled ceramic fiber combustion package C-9
C-10 2NM02 Avalon 796 C-10
C-l 1 2NQ01 Lopi Liberty C-10
C- 11a Rotated front air tube, cracked rear brick C-10
C-12 2NR01 Regency R3 C-10
C-ii
-------
Figure C-l. 1CC02 Earth 1002C.
Figure C-la. Catalyst as removed and intact
Figure C-1 b. Catalyst break-up,
C-I
-------
Figure C-2. ICC03 Earth 1002C.
Figure C-2a. Broken rear brick.
' >>***+*** Zt
'ffZ*»rrp*t* "iff f I* •/* •• 4
<0*>pp*A »*rf*
Figure C-2b. Left side catalyst break-up. Figure C-2c. Right side catalyst break-up
\
;"r-
Figure C-2d. Ash accumulation within catalyst Figure C-2e. Ash accumulation within catalyst
channels. channels.
-------
Figure C-3a, Catalyst as removed, partialis
plugged with ash.
Figure C-3. 1CD04 Vermont Castings Defiant
Encore.
p. r
Figure C-3b. Worn edges of ceramic fiber casting. Figure C-3c. Catalyst in place, hole at bottom
catalyst removed. edge..
Figure C-3d. Broken end of rear ceramic pi i
Figure C-3e. Secondary air shutter, missing screw
and open.
C-3
-------
, . •:¦><;¦¦ -
Figure C-4. Sierra 8000TEC,
Figure C-4a. Shelf crack, wide angle with Tigure C-4b. Close-up of crack, bypass damper
bypass closed. closed.
C-4
-------
Figure C-5. 2001 Englander 18PC,
Figure C-5a. Slight ash plugging of catalyst. Figure C-5b. Bypass clamper in "jammed" position.
C-5
-------
Figure C-6. 2C002. Englander 18PC-
reBMsjfctf.'
Figure C-6a. Creosote buildup on door interior. Figure C-6b. Fallen creosote plugging flu
Figure C-6c. Creosote partially blocking top of air Figure C-6d. Catalyst surface close-up, good
inlets- condition.
C-6
-------
Figure C-7a. Slight ash plugging at catalyst edges
(bottom view).
Figure C-7. 2CP01 Jotul 8C
Figure C-7b. Catalyst surtace close-up, small Figure C-8. 2NH01 Sweet Home AFX.
cracks, peeling, ash
C-7
-------
Figure C-9b, Cracked right side wall
(outside view).
Figure C-9c. Ash accumulation at sides of ceramic
box and ash accululation in secondary air holes.
C-8
-------
Figure C-yd, Reassembled warped back wall.
a«ea
t,, * , ./ris-hs: is! T*,.
Figure C-9e. Mirror view up inside of ceramic fiber box
t '« "*?!' *
Figure C-9f. Disassembled ceramic fiber
combustion package.
C-9
-------
Figure C-10. 2NMo2 Avalon 796.
ete* ma. »j
Figure C-11, 2NQ01 Lopi Liberty. Figure C-l la. Rotated front air tube, cracked brick.
Figure 12. 2NR01 Regency R3.
C-10
-------
Appendix D - Task I and II Stove Operating Instructions
The following operating instructions arc copied directly from manufacturers' written
manuals supplied with each stove. Each manufacturer has given permission to photocopy these
portions of the manuals for use in this report. During both Task I and Task II of this study the
instructions for each stove were followed either literally or, when unaddressed situations were
encountered, the intent of the instructions, as understood by the operator was followed.
Deviation from instructions (if any) is discussed under the operating procedures in the text of this
report.
Stove Page
Operating Instruction References D~ 1
Earth 1002C - See 1003C
Earth 1002C - 1003C 1) 2
V.C, Defiant Encore D-3
Sierra 8000TEC D-5
Englander 18PC D-7
jotui sc ; D 9
V.C. Resolute 2490 ' D-10
V.C Resolute 004] . D-l 1
Sweet Home AFX - See Easyfire AFX
EasyFire AFX D-l3
Lopi Liberty D-14
Regency R3 D-l6
D-i
-------
Operating Instruction References
"Earth Stove Installation and Operation Manual, Models 1003C and 1003CL", Publication
#11662 Rev,3/95, The Earth Stove, Tualatin, OR, pages 5,6.
"Vermont Castings Defiant Encore, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual", undated,
Vermont Castings, Bethel, VT, pages 19, 20.
"Sierra. Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions, Model 8000TE", undated, High
Sierra Stoves, Ltd.. Mt. Sterling. KY, pages 14-16.
"Englander Installation and Operation Manual, Model 18PC", undated, England Stove Works,
Inc, Monroe. VA, pages 6-8.
"Jotul Models 8, 8A and 8C Installation and Operating Instructions", Undated, Jotul USA,
Portland, ME, pages 4-6.
"Resolute Acclaim, Model 2490 Owner's Guide", July 1995, Vermont Castings, Inc., Bethel,
VT, pages 15, 16.
"Owner's Guide, Resolute Acclaim", April 1989, Vermont Castings, Inc., Bethel, VT, pages 5-8.
"EasyFire AFX/AFI Wood Heater Manual, Installation and Operating Instructions", Jan 1996,
Empire Products, Inc., Montclair, CA, pages 6, 7.
"Lopi Energy Systems Liberty Owner's Manual", May 1996, Travis Industries, Inc., Kirkland,
WA, pages 17-19.
"Regency Fireplace Products Instruction Manual, Freestanding Woodstoves", 12/21/92, Regency
Industries Ltd. Delta. B.C., Canada, pages 13, 14.
D-1
-------
\
OPERATION
CalalyticX omiujalor
Burn Recommended Fuel
During the start-up of a cold stove,jajriejiiiim_lo
high firing rate must be maintained for about 20
minutes. The high firing rate will ensure that the
stove, the flue, the catalyst and the fuel nre all
stabilized at proper operating temperatures. Even
though ifs possible to have temperatures in the
stove reach 600°F. within two or three minutes
after the fire is started, do not set the Primary Air
Control lever to the LOW position until
approximately twenty minutes have passed. Setting
the Primary Air Control on LOW too early could
result in cither the fire or the Catalytic Combustor
going out.
At the end of a burn cycle, it's possible that the hot
embers remaining might not provide sufficient fuel
value for the catalyst to retain its minimum
operating temperature of 600°F. During the
re tiling, we recommend that the stove be retired
fbt> tbout 10 minutes with the bypass open to
ensure a good draw is established and that the
catalyst reaches 600° F. The retiring will ensure
sufficient temperatures and proper amounts of
volatile: for the catalyst to operate properly.
When refueling a hot stove with the catalyst still
operating, no retiring step is necessary. Just open
the bypass, set the Primary Air Control to high,
open the door approximately 1/2 inch and wait for
about thirty seconds. Load the fuel, close the door,
close the bypass and set the Primary Air Control to
normal operation. Temperatures within the firebox
should be hot enough to maintain the catalytic
operation.
Your Earth Stove freestanding woodstove is
approved for use with wood only. Use only natural
dry wood. Burning materials other than natural
wood will shorten the life of the Catalytic
Combustor. Do not burn particle board scraps or
pressed logs using bonding agents as they can
produce conditions which will deteriorate metal.
Green or uncured wood does not work well as fueL,
and can cause increased creosote buildups and
plugging of the catalytic combustor. The value of
green wood as a source of heat is limited. Do not
overload or use kindling wood or mill ends for
primary fuel as this may cause overfiring.
Overfiring is a condition where excessive
temperatures are reached, beyond the design
capabilities of the stove. The damage that occurs
from overfiring is not covered under the 5 year
limited warranty.
WARNING: DO NOT USE GASOLINE,
LIGHTER FLUID, KEROSENE OR OTHER
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS TO START OR
FRESHEN A FIRE IN THIS HEATER. KEEP
ALL SUCH LIQUIDS WELL AWAY FROM
THE HEATER WHILE IT IS IN USE
STEP 1. (Model 1003C) Check to be sure the
Orate is in place and the Ash Drawer is
closed.
STEP 2. OPEN the Bypass Damper Control by
pulling it toward you. In the OPEN
position the draft air will bypass the
Catalytic Combustor and make starting
the fire easier.
STEP 3. Set the Primary Air Control lever on
HIGH. The HIGH setting will maximize
your primary combustion air.
STEP 4. Build a fire directly on the Firebrick
covering the bottom of the stove.
A. Place five or six loosely crumpled
sheets of newspaper in the stove.
B. Add a small amount of dry kindling
randomly on the top of the newspaper.
C. Place a few more loosely crumpled
newspapers on top of the kindling and
light the bottom paper first, then light
the top paper.
Once the kindling is ignited and burning
on its own, close the fuel door. The upper
fire should help preheat the chimney and
create an effective draft while the lower
fire Ignites the kindling.
STEP 5. When the kindling is burning well, add
increasingly larger pieces of wood until
the fire is actively burning.
STEP 6. When the fire is well established, use the
Damper Hook and close the Bypass by
pushing the control rod in (Catalytic
Temperature Probe should read
500-600°F, takes approximately 20-25
minutes to reach this temperature).
STEP 7. Set the Primary Air Control to the desired
setting. Your stove will now provide
efficient and safe heat for your home.
Refueling
To refuel the stove, open the bypass and move the
Primary Air Control to high. Let the fire "liven up"
for about one minute. Open the fuel door about
1/2" and hold in this position about 30 seconds or
until the stove is drafting well. Open the door and
add wood. After refueling, reset the Primary Draft
Control to the desired position, and close the
Bypass when the Catalytic Temperature Probe
reaches operating temperatures.
Page 5
Page 6
Earth 1003C Manufacturer's Operation Instructions.
-------
CLOSING THE DOORS •
Close the left door (viewed from' the front of the stove) first
and then the right door.
Turn the handle counter-clockwise as you move the handle to
the straight up and down position.
The handle should meet some resistance as you turn it to the
up and down position, and the doors will draw in slightly.
COW IK CLt.XXWK
CAUTIONS:
NEVER USE GASOLINE, GASOLINE-TYPE LANTERN
FUEL, KEROSENE, CHARCOAL LIGHTER FLUID,
OR SIMILAR LIQUIDS TO START OR "FRESHEN-
UP" A FIRE IN THIS HEATER. Keep all such liquids
well away from the heater while it is in operation.
* Never build a roaring fire in a cold stove.
* Do not bum pressure-treated, painted or stained
wood, processed charcoal, colored paper, plastic, trash,
or coal in your stove. Do not use any type of chemical
chimney cleaner. Burning these materials in your stove
may damage the catalytic combustor.
* Do not overfire your stove. Overfiring your stove
may damage the stove, and may cause a hazardous con-
dition. If any part of the stove or chimney connector
glows red, you are overfiring your stove. Reduce the
air supply, and slow the rate of combustion.
* Do not operate your stove with the ash removal ac-
cess door fully or part way open.
STARTING THE STOVE
1. SF.T THE CONTROLS
Turn she Damper Handle so n points forward -
This opens the internal stove damper.
Mov? the Thermositit Levr: toward the front so admit max-
imum air.
' BREAK-IN FIRES FOR NEW STOVES *
If this is the first fire in a nc.v stove, fyrr, En p.iite'IC .inj
follow the procedures tor B;mM» Fires. Proper •Wwwni;" irf
new Last rron has, long rang,' oenebts.
Z. KINDLE A FIRE
Build a paper and kindling fire. When the kindling wood is
burning well, start adding larger wood. Build the fire gradually
until you have established a bed of hot coals 3" to 4" thick on
the grate. Control the lire of the fire with the thermostat lever.
Avoid the extremes of a roaring blaze or a slow imokey fire.
Building the bed of coals on the grate nay take »n hour or
more depending on the type of firewood being burned, the
moisture content of wood, and the draft in the chimney.
Do not operate die stove with the ash door fully or partially
open.
A strong kindling fire preheats the Stove and chimney system
Dry wood will preheat the system faster than improperly season-
ed wood. It is a good idea to store your wood in a warm, drv
place before burning it.
3. WATCH THE SURFACE THERMOMETER
A surface thermometer provides valuable inform arson about
stove performance.
For the Vermont Castings Defiant Encore, reading! in the
350° f. to 500° F. range indicate low to medium brat output
Readings of 500" F. to 600" F. indicate medi urn hear outpur
Readings of 6D0C F. to ?50° F. indicate* high hm ourpur
Operating your Mam Encore continuously at gridciif
temperatures higher than ?50° f. may damage the cas; tror.
pfoin, and may cause chipping and crazing of ensme! hr,&h«
TAKE READINGS WITH THE GRIDDLE TKEr v
LOCATED OK THE MIDDLE OF THE G*.Y:
A surface thermometer also provide* inform:. • > '•
cperajor decide when to adjus; the controls
During star?-up and after re-ioading the *<••.* *• -
momtta registers at least 450c F. the • •
begin t-nisiy.sc cair.bustion. The opemo*- r.j
and dirges the smoke through thr caraivi!
Reading: lower than 350° F. cell the or»-.v
just tK thermoses: Jem foi a higher bu-
stove. Read'p.f^ over ?50° F. teii the oners'
fdH'
4. LOAD THE STOVE
Add m»>re lUM'.d !<:¦ tnc Sim; Increru; r ¦-
!.>;
-------
5. CLOSE THE DAMPER
When the griddle temperature reaches 450° F,, turn the
damper handle down. This closes the internal stove damper and
directs the smote through the catalytic combustion system.
Leave the thermostat lever open for approximately 15 minutes
after you close the damper. This tftl! allow the hot smoke to
heat the chamber thoroughly. When the chamber is properly
heated, hot smoke entering the chamber will sray warm enough
«j volatile gases in the smoke will be ignhed as they pass
through the combustot.
6. Aftet the stove has run with the damper closed for 15
minutes and the catalytic combustion system i? thoroughly
heated, adjust the thermostat lever jo provide ?he desired hear
owpui.
BREAK-IN FIRES
Cnst iron is a superior material for wood stoves bus it muss he
treated with respect. It can be broken w»h a sharp blow from s
hammer or from the thermal shock of very rapid temperature
change*. A little extra care and thoughtfuiness during the brcsk-
in period will help promote a long life for your stove- The cast
plnu". cNpand and contract with change? in temperature. Allow
[hem to adjust gradually to rmnimire the stresses,
* Open the hamper (handle painting front) and adjust i\\c
ihermostm lever io nJmii maximum asr Oevrr pcurmnj,; ro
?hc itoni).
* Km die 3 Fire.
* Busld the fue flow ly over several' hours. Adjust the ther-
mostat lever w maintain a small lively fire. Avoid the ex-
tremes of a slow. smoldering fire or «i roaring blare. The
front doors should be closed. Do nor close the internal stove
damper.
* Lcr the stove cod. keeping the doors closed.
* Repeat ihe process Un a te\\ days, or until the stove K.is
had six break-in fire;.
RELOADING THE STOVE
Stove rending time .will be greatly reduced if vou reload your
stove while the svs'.em i> «il: hot and there r- plenty of ihanoal
to rekindle the lire quicklv Including some smaller pieces of '
wood in the new bad ol fuel will help die stove rcpin high
temperatures quicklv.
Follow ;his procedure when vou reload vour stove;
We?T 5-rove gloves
Check the ash levei :n :h.- ash nar» and empty the pan h
necessary.
Oper. :hr dtr?rr.r 'enoval aurs1 dour if tiphtiv
k.'-'.'C
Rcnrul;':. {)•; no; nj^TOtr > jut Stove with the ash door fuily or
par: open.
V.C. Defiant Encore Manufacturer's Operation Instructions, Cont..
D-4
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IV. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
NOTE: For the first lew days, the stove will give otf an odor and a small amount of smoke. This
happens when the high temperature paint is bonding to the metal. It Is normal, will stop when the
paint is cured, and will reoccur every time you repaint or touch up the paint on your dove.
Starting a Fire arid Operating Your Stove—
1. Crumble three or four full sheets of newspaper and place them on the firebrick floor of your
Sierra stove.
2. Crisscross two layers of dry kindling on the paper. Add a few larger splits of dry wood on top of
the kindling.
3. -Make sure the primary air control is fully open. Be certain that the bypass lever is open or up.
4. Light the paper under the kindling witn a match or lighter. Do not use gasoline, lighter fluid,
charcoal starter, kerosene or any other such fuel to start a fire in a woodstove. You may use any
type of woodstove firestarter. See your Sierra dealer.
5. At higher altitudes, or when starting a lire on a very coid chimney, it may be necessary to leave the
door cracked open to encourage a hot fire. NEVER LEAVE YOUR STOVE UNATTENDED WiTH
THE DOOR UNLATCHED! NEVER LEAVE THE DOOR CRACKED MORE THAN 5-10
MINUTES.
6. When the kindling has been consumed and larger splits are burning well, load the stove to the
level you desire, using dry, well-seasoned wood (Wet wood does not heat well.) DO NOT BURN
COAL IN THIS UNIT. Close the doors and continue to burn the sloveon high arid with the bypass
open until the wood becomes fully involved.
7. Once your chimney and stove are warmed up and drawing well, close the air inlets to the desired
heat output Reload when convenient, but always while you still have a good bed of coals to
reload. Never close the bypass immediately after adding fresh wood to the fire.
6. When opening the door to reload or poke the (ire. open the bypass first. Then open the air inlet all
the way for 10 to 20 seconds. Crack the door and hesitate just a few seconds before swinging it
open. All this is to prevent flashbacks which occur when a very smoky fire suddenly is given a lot
of oxygen. If your Evolution has a tendency to spill smoke out the side door, close the Bir inlet
while the side door is open.
NOTE: Every stove-chimney combination functions a little differently. Be patient, and expect the
stove to be different In January when it Is very cold outside, than It was In September when II Is
relatively warm. Once a chimney Is warmed up, ils draft Is a function of How much warmer It Is
than the air around It. On still mild (all evenings, stoves can appear finicky and difficult, bui the
very next night, in the midst of a fall storm, act like a completely different stove.
9. When removing ashes from the ash pan. place them in a metal container with a tight-fitting i r
Assume that there are still hot coals mixed in them for at least three days. DO NOT place n..—
with the garbage or in the garage or near anything combustible. The best idea is to leave
outside, three feet away from the house, in a metal container, for three days.
V. USING A CATALYTIC COMBUSTOR
Definition and Purpose of a Catalytic Combustor — Catalytic ccmbustors for woodstoves (catsi a'e
similar in principle to catalytic converters on automobiles. The big difference is that the heat gene
ated by your woodstove combustor is put to use heating your home instead of betng dumped out mo
tailpipe oi your car. Catalytic combustors cause wood smoke to burn at very low temperatures,
releasing energy that would otherwise be lost in the form of smoke. As smoke passes through the
combustor, a-rare metal (usually platinum or palladium) coating on the ceramic base of the
combustor chnages fuel molecules in the smoke so that they burn at 500 to 600 degrees Fahrenheit
instead of the more normal 1000 to 1200 degrees Fahrenheit.
In addition to making stoves burn cleaner, combustors improve their heating efficiency. On the
average you will receive from 30 to 50% more neat fromeacn piece of wood, up to 90% less creosote.
Sierra 8000TEC Manufacturers Operation Instructions,
D-5
-------
and, because the cat bums most of the smoke, 90% less air pollution than you would from burning a
comparable stove. Of course, results may be higher or lower depending on operation, chimney
draft, and combustor age.
Operation — Achieving catalytic Light-Off: During each burning cycle, the temperature within the
stove should be raised hign enough to cause the catalyst to become active or to "Light-off." The
most convenient time to do this is during fuel loading while warming up the wood and the chimney.
With a new eombustor, smoke temperatures between 500 and 600 degrees Fahrenheit will begin
catalytic burning. {Since the combustors sit right above a roaring fire; this Is not hard to achieve if
you follow the instructions in Starting a Fire.) As a eombustor agas. Its catalytic activity decreases,
so an older cat. (beyond three years old) needs more heat during the start-up. TOO degrees will
generally be sufficient for light-off even on an o'd eombustor. -
Your Sierra Evolution has an option from your dealer, a catalytic indicator which will take the
guesswork out of knowing when you have light-off. READ THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THIS UNIT
CAREFULLY.
Maintaining Catalytic Conditions — During the start-up of a cold stove, a medium to high air setting
must be maintained for about 20minutes. This ensures that the stove, catalyst, fuel, arid chimney are
all at proper operating temperature. Even though if is possible to have smoke temperature reach 600
degrees with! n two or three minutes after a fire is started, the eombustor and the chimney are not yet
warm enough. At the end of the burn cycle, it's possible that the amount of burning charcoal might
not provide sufficient temperatures for the catalyst. During the refueling, we recommend that the
stove be fired hard for at least 10 minutes to ensure that the catalyst and chimney are properly
warmed up. If you have a long or large diameter chimney, or if it is very cold outside, run the stove on
high for 3 longer period.
Whenever the stove is being loaded, KEEP THE BYPASS OPEN!
NEVER remove the comtaustors to clean them. If there seems to be excessive fly ash on the
combustors, use the blower side of your vacuum cleaner to blow the ash out. Be certain you never
vacuum ash into your vacuum cleaner Always replace the mixers after brushing the combustors.
Combustor Life and Replacement — Sierra uses only "12,000 Hour Long Life Combustors." The
eombustor will still be functioning at 70% of its effectiveness after 12,000 hours of use. Depending
on the frequency of stove use, it will last for four to twelve years before needing replacement-
Warranty — Refer to the catalytic combustor manufacturer's warranty card which is packaged with
the combustor.
VI. CATALYTIC INSPECTION AND REPLACEMENT
I! is important to periodically monitor the operation of trie catalytic combustors to ensure they are
functioning properly and to determine when they need to be replaced. A non-functioning
combustor will result in a loss of heating efficiency, and an increase in creosote and emissions.
• The combustors should be visually inspected at least three timesduring the heating season to
determine if physical degradation has occurred. Remove the catalytic cassette by loosing the
two %" nuts. Look for cracks, ceil blockage, excessive fly ash and general deterioration.
16
Sierra 8000TEC Manufacturer's Operation Instructions Cont..
D-6
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SECTION V: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
A. Building A Fire
Your 1B-FC Is equipped with a catalytic combustor which requires the following
procedure in starting the unit from a cold start. Inspect your unit to insure the
combustor is well seated In the housing and the fiame impingement baffle 1$ In place.
(Slide to left of firebox).
CAUTION: NEVER LIGHT OR REKINDLE A STOVE FIRE WITH KEROSENE,
GASOLINE Oft CHARCOAL LIGHTER. RESULTS CAN BE FATAL.
NOTICE; Your new unit and the connector pipe may smcke for a few minutes. This Is called
"cooking out' and js no cause for alarm. 11 is a good idea to open ali doors and windows
during the first two hours of operating a new unit. "Cooking out" is a one time affair.
t. Place several wads of crushed paper eve!y over the entire bottom of the firebox.
2. Lay small dry sticks of kindling on top of the paper.
3. Open both draft controls on the the door and the by-pass damper located on the right
side of the unit and open by pulling out or, the spring handle.
4. Make sure that no matches or other combustioles are in the Immediate area of the
Stove. Be sure the room Is adequately ventilated and the flue unobstructed.
5. ignite 1he paper. Leave the door cracked open until the fire Is burning freely and the
kindling ,1s well caught.
6. Once the kindling is burning freely, add several pieces of split dry wood on the fire and
allow the wood to catch well prior to closing the door completely.
7. Close the door and the by-pass damper and allow the unit to burn Ireely for 45
minutes to an hour.
6
Englander 18PC Manufacturer's Operation Instructions.
D-7
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8. Once you have established a hot bed of coals, open the by-pass damper, add additional
wood (fill the unit}, close the door and allow the fire to bum freely for 30 minutes.
Close by-pass damper and set door draft controls.
NOTE
It is very important that you follow the above procedure to insure that the catalytic
combostor ignites. Operating at high temperatures {1800 degrees F or 1000 *
degrees C) will damage the combustor. II is recommended that the combustor be
operated at 1000-1200 degrees F or 540-650 degrees C. A 1/4 inch diameter
hole is located at the rear of the unit and Is covered with a 1/4 inch button plug.
The button plug can be removed and a probe catalytic thermometer can be inserted
through the hole to monitor the operating temperature of the combustor. We
recommend either one of two thermometers manufactured by Condar which can be
purchased from your Englander Dealer or ordered direct from the factory:
AC-13 Condar Probe Thermometer (#3-16)
AC-14 Condar Probe Thermometer with Remote Readoul (#9-85)
B. Draft Controls
The unit has two draft controls on the door (Pars #CA-24) which are used to control the
amount of combustible air entering the fire box. This controls the amount of heat the unit
puts out and the burn time. The more you open the draft controls the more combustible air
enters the fire box and the more heat the unit will put out, making the wood burn at a
faster rate. The desired setting for a long burn and good heat is to run both draft controls
completely in or closed (which is done after the 30 minute bum). Then open both draft
controls 1/4 to 1/2 turn. No two flue systems are the same! You will have to experi-
ment with your unit for the first few days o! operation to obtain the draft control setting
best suited for you. For example: you may need t to 2 tuli turns to achieve the same
result that the same unit would get in another Hue system with only 1/4 to 1/2 turns. If
you have any problems regulating your unit, consult your local dealer or contact the
factory.
C. Do Not Overfire Your Unit
Do not overfire your unit. Using flammable liquids or too much wood, or burning trash in
Ihe stove may result in overfiring. It the chimney connector pipe or stove glows red or,
even worse, white, the stove is overfired. This condilion may ignite creosote in the
chimney, possibly causing a house fire. If you overfire, immediately close the stove door
draft controls, the by-pass damper and the door, if open. Get out of the house arid call the
fire department, A chimney fire may cause structural damage to the chimney. Do not use
the stove until the chimney and chimney connector have been inspected and any damaged
parts have been repaired or replaced. A chimney sweep can perform the inspeclion.
D. Everyday Fueling
Open the by-pass damper. Then crack the door to allow tne excess smoke in the unit to go
up the flue system. Never open ihe door with the by-pass in the closed position. Allow
5-10 minutes before opening the door completely.
The 18-PC is designed to bum 8-10 hours on one filling of good seasoned wood. At the
end of a long burn cycle you will need to fill your unit again for another long burn cycle.
Once you have opened the door properly, you should have hot coals in the bottom of the
firebox. Using a poker, pull the hoi coais toward the door or front of the unit. Now fill
the unit with seasoned wood, close the door and allow the unit to burn freely for 30
minutes. Close the by-pass damper arid set your draft controls to the desired setting and
enjoy the heat. Follow this procedure each time you fuel your unit.
Englander 18PC Manufacturer's Operation instructions Cont..
D-8
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Breaking in Your Stove
A case iron srove should be "broken In" much in the same
way a new car with a case iron engine is- gradually. It ts
mandatory chat five consecurive amall fites be built in the
scove criot co operating the wove continuously. Each fire
should be a Uccfe larger fhan the previous one ami the last
6re should be a full sired toad. Allow the stove to cool
completely bet ween fines- Breaking in your srove this way
works much like ari athlete limbering up before competing.
Building a Fire
Pnof to building your first fire, it is a good Uka to bum j ust
one Of two sheets of newjpapet co mike jure all of your
connections are good and the chimney U drafting property.
To build a tire, place three or four crumpled sheets of
newspaper on file bottom of the stove and pile a handful of
kindling on cop of die paper. Light the paper, o pen the draft
regulator on the door hilly and dose the door when the
kindling is burning well, add a few pieces of medium to
normal sire wood- If the fire does not become well
established, you may not have used enough hndlung, added
too much oversized wnod Of used green wood. When the fire
«5 burning well and in no danger of dying out, you can vary
the draft to regulate the fate of bum and heat output.
The itov* is ready to be refueled when the logs have been
reduced to glowing embers. A few minutes before refueling
open the draft regulator fully. This allows smoke and gas«
co cleat the stove and intensifies the heat in your coals so
chat your new fuel will ignite rapidly.
When you open the door, just crack it. and pause a few
seconds before opening it the rest of the way. 00 this
whenever you open the door, whether yoaaee refilling or
juif checking on the fire. Under high temperature andlow
oxygeft condition* an accumulation of unearned gases may
exist mside the stove, and opening the door ftJly could
allow fresh oxygen in, igniting these g**ts with explosive
force. Poke die embers into an oven bed, add the nerw fijcl
an J close the door. Leave the draft refuktor fully open until
the new ftjel is burning well-By waiting until the new rbel is
burning well before closing down the draft, you can reduce
the race of creosote formation in your Sue.
The 6fst few times you fire yrsur srove you may notice u
"sweating*! This is normal. Moisture forming on the outside
of the stove fhould immediately be wiped o$ to prevent it
horn staining cho stove.
Special Operating Instructions for Model 8C
Model 8C is equipped with a catalyst coated ceramic
honeycomb and a probe thermometer- See Figure 3-
Normally gases liberated from the combustion of wood
require a temperature of l,2O0aFto ignite, The catalyst on
the ceramic honeycomb will allow these same gases to itart
burning at a temperature of 500 to 550T.
To build a fire in model 8C follow the same procedure as
outlined for models 8 and 8A except for the following
Before building a fire rotate the ceramic honeycomb with
the removable wooden handle co the bypass position. The
arrow on the byy&w handle \s on th«* same plane as the
honeycomb so that when the arrow is parallel to the
srrsvep-.pe, the honeycomb 1$ bypassed- Use th« removable
handle to rotate the catalyst to the bypass position whenever
you open the door of the stove.
Since the catalyst does not activate until it reaches the
50CFF range you do not want to swing the catalyst intu the
active position until your probe thermometer indicate* you
have reached the*e temperature.
Observe the probe thermometer for several minutes after
you have closed the bypass. If the temperature begins to fell
below 50C°F, the catalyst was not sufficiently preheated
before closing the bypass. Generally catalytic 'light ofP* is
accompanied w«;h a sharp rise in temperature For the first
few hours of the bum cycle temperatures should average
around 70C#Fon rhe probe thermometer. Brief periods of
High temperatures are nor harcnhjl to the catalyst at [he
ceramic honeycomb bur you should avoid operating the
catalyst above l,S0CPr. If your scuve is operating ar theso
temperatures, decrease the draft and. it neces&ary, open the
bypa.ii. Temperatures above 1,800"? can reduce the hie of
your catalyst and are a rauk of too much^fuel" reaching rhe
catalyse, rmeiy split wood, pitchy pine or tighily packed
io-ads can overwork the cacaiys*. k is best to use wi
-------
Operation IS
IS Operution
a
i
O
How To Build And Sustain A Wood Fire
You can iral wood into your Resolute Acclaim through
either the Cop or front loading door. Front-loading it
uleful for kindling a new fire, but we recommend tup
lnarl»f>g u the most convenient way of regularly adding
•ever?! logs 3? a rime.
Your Resolute Aedlim may be open tod with die font
docs open for ftrephriysffle viewing u veil ajj clo«d
Always be certain that the stove dampen ii open when the
door is open ind always uae the opdonal firescreen for fire
Wewing.
Starting and Maintaining A Wood Fire
A new trove needs to be 'broken ha.* Since cue iron
plates expand and enntract In response to temperature
change* let (hem adjust gradually to hearing and cooling.
Tg propetly break In yc*jr ttove, follow Steps 1 -3 below
only for your first three or four Area. Airwr that, you may
go on to Step 4 and normal operation of the stove
The stave paint and ccmcnt will emit a slight odor during
the fim few fire*. We suggest that you provide extra
ventilation near the stove by pardiUy opf-nirifl a doof or
window when the odor li present.
WARNING* OPERATED ONLY WITH DOORS
FULLY OPEN OR DOORS FULLY CLOSED. IF
DOORS ARE. LEFT PARTLY OPEN, GAS AND
FLAME MAY BE DRAWN OUT OF THE FIRE-
PLACE STOVE OPENING, CREATING RISKS OF
DOTH FIRE AND SMOKE
STEP 1. Open the stove damper, and cpen the primary
aix control fully CO the Start-up position.
STEP 2. Lay iorne crumpled newspapers in the stove.
Place six oc eight pieces of dry Windlirig splij to a flntfd
width sixe on the paper, and on the kindlm? lay two or
thtcc larger sticks of spUc dry wood appro*imatety 1 • ?'
{25-50 mm).
DO NOT USE CHEMICALS OR FLUIUS TO
START THE FIRE. DO NOT BURN GARBAGE
OR FLAMMABLE FLUIDS SUCH A5 GASOLINE,
NAPTHA, OR ENGINE OIL Also, never use gaso
llne'type lantern fuel, kerosene, charcoal lighter fluid, ot
similar liquids to start ox "fiahcn up" a fire In this htater.
Keep all such liquids well axvay from the hearer while it u
in use
STEP 3. Light the newspaper ar.d dese the door The
fire toon will be well established and you mny cnH:ia!K'
build it up by adding a few sriccs at a time
-------
Daily Operation
BUILDING THE COAL BED
Once your Resolute Acclaim has been through the
required break-in procedure, you should start operating in
the high efficiency mode. Begin by building a fire just as
you did for the break-In fires.
Once your fire is burning steadily, continue adding
fuel until a thick charcoal bed has been established on the
grate. The charcoal bed must be about 4" deep at the back
of the grate, and about 1" deep at the front. Itshonld
cover the throat opening into the secondary combustion
chaspber, located in the center of the lower fireback. If
your wood is well-seasoned, the damper may be closed
when file griddle temperature reaches 400° F. Depending
on the type of wood being burned and its moisture
REFRACTORY
MATERIAL
MANFOLD
DAMPER
< {CLOSED)
GLASS
PANEL
CHARCOAL
BED
ASHPAN
CHAMBER
CERAMIC
RAMP
THROAT
content, establishing and maintaining the required char-
coal base (critical to high-efficiency operation) may take
several hours.
To move into the high-efficiency mode once the
charcoal bed is formed, load the stove, using smaller splits
Of wood first, followed by larger pieces. Close the
damper, and set the primary air lever all the way to the
right. Operate the stove for 15-20 minutes at this maxi-
mum air setting, to guarantee that the new load of fuel has
Ignited. Once the fuel is burning steadily, you may adjust
the primary air supply to provide the desired heat output.
CAUTION:
NEVER USE GASOLINE, GASOLINE-TYPE LANTERN
FUEL, KEROSENE, CHARCOAL LIGHTER FLUID, OR
SIMILAR LIQUIDS TO START OR "FRESHEN-UP" A
FIRE IN THIS HEATER. KEBP ALL SUCH LIQUIDS
WELL AWAY FROM THE HEATER WHILE IT IS IN
OPERATION.
USING A SURFACE THERMOMETER
A surface thermometer provides valuable information
about stove performance. Until you are familiar with your
stove's operation, monitor thcgriddle surface temperature
frequently. For the Resolute Acclaim, readings in the
350° F. to 500° F. range indicate low to medium heat
output. Readings of 500° F. to 600° F. indicate medium
heat output. Readings of 600° F. to 750" F, indicate high
heat output. Operating your Stove continuously at griddle
temperatures of 750° F. or higher may damage the cast
iron parts or the porcelain enamel finish.
A surface thermometer also provides information to
help the operator decide when to adjust the controls and
when to refuel the stove. During start-up and alter re-
loading the stove, when the thermometer registers at least
400° F.» the stow is hot enough to shift into the high-
efficiency mode. Close the damper so that the smoke will
be forced down through the charcoal bed.
Readings tower than 350° F, tell the operator it is time
to adjust the primary air for a higher burn rate, or to load
TAKE READING WITH
THE GRIDDLE THERMOMETER
LOCATED ON THE MIDDLE OF THE GRIDDLE
the stove. Readings over 750° F, tell the operator to slow
the burn rate.
Changes which may affect stove performance are:
changes in the wood supply (stoves usually bam better
with seasoned wood), changes in the outside temperature,
(stoves usually buna better In colder weather), and
changes in the direction of the prevailing wind.
If you notice a significant change in stove performance
but can't determine the reason for the change, review the
Operation and Maintenance sections in this manual. Your
local Vermont Castings Authorized Dealer will be able to
help.
RELOADING THE STOVE
Stove tending time will be greatly reduced if you
reload your stove while the system is still hot and there is
plenty of charcoal to re-kindle the fire quickly. Include
some smaller pieces of wood in the new load of fuel to
help the stove regain high temperatures quickly.
Follow this procedure when you reload your stove:
• Open the damper.
• Move the primary air lever all the way to the right.
• Open the frontdoor.
» Check the ash level in the ashpan and empty the pan
if necessaiy,
» Replace the ashpan and close the front door.
• Alternately push and pull the grate activating
handle to clear the charcoal bed of accumulated ash.
» Make sure the grate activator rod is in the full out
position.
• Level the charcoal bed.
• Load wood through either the front load door or the
top griddle. (The smokeless top loading feature will allow
you to load more wood.) Load smaller pieces first.
• Close the load door or griddle.
• Allow the stove to regain its thermal momentum
(griddle temperature at least 400" F.) before closing the
damper. This may take 15-20 minutes,
• Close the damper.
• Set the primary air lever for the desired heat output.
• NOTE: If the remaining charcoal bed is relatively
thick and if your fuel is well seasoned, it is possible to add
fresh fuel (smaller pieces first), close the door and damper,
and reset the primary air within 5 minutes.
V.c. Resolute 0041 Manufacturer's Operation Instructions.
D-l 1
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Combustion Sequence
1. Kindle a fire. Damper is open. Primary air lever set to
admit largo amounts of air. Warm up the stove and
establish a charcoal bod —may take an hour or more.
griddle temperatures are
Occasionally
griddle and rearrange fuel pieces to aid
in establishing the charcoal bed. Griddte temperature:
500" P. - 600° F.
2. Charcoal bed is well established. Open damper. Level
charcoal bed, making sure the throat area is fully covered.
Stove is loaded (smaller pieces on bottom), primary air set
to admit large amounts of air. Close damper when griddle
temperatures reach 400° F. - 450° F.
3. Fuel burning briskly. Griddle temperatures 5(X)i F. -
600° F. Primary air adjusted to give desired heat output
smaller stfp^ rathm-thanime large one, if possible'try to
allow 5 -10 minutes between adjustments. Combustion of
vula tiles continues. Flaming visible through glass door al
medium heat output level and above. Glowing coals at
base of tire are visible at lower heat output levels:
4. Charcoal burning phase. Almost al! volatiles have been
released and burned- Steady heat output continues for
several hours. Orange glow visible through glass. Stove
shouki be reloaded when substantial charcoal bed re-
mains. Return to stage ?. This is a good time to dear the
grate oi ash before reloading. Be sure grate activator rod
is pulled completely out.
V.C. Resolute 0041 Manufacturer's Operation Instructions Cont.
D-12
-------
The stove may be harder to start the first few limes, but will
became easier as a tew ashes build up in the bottom of the
firebox. This allows the air to get under the fire better.
3a. High Altitude Starting Instructions;
Follow all steps above y through 3) however, due to the
decreased density of oxygen supplied in a given volume of
air at higher elevations it will be necessary to allow the
stove to burn for a longer period of time with the ah" control
rod pushed all the way in. It may also be necessary to use
more kindling matonal in order to get a well-established fire
going. As you use your stove you will become mora familiar
with your individual start-up requirements.
4. The best efficiency, heat control, and cleanest glass
door ia achieved through proper use of the draft control
under the ash tip. Once the fire has burned briskly for 10-15
minutes you can then regulate the fire speed and intensity
with the draft control.
CAUTION: Never open you air draft control suddenly if too
fire has bean smoldering for some time and no flame is
visible. The sudden influx of air can cause ignition of wood
gases which could create a loud report
By using this control you will not only learn to regulate the
temperature levels in your home but also be able to keep
your glass door cleaner. Loss air means slower fires and
less heat, usually used when away from tho home or for
overnight burning. More air means faster, hotter fires and
greater heat output usually used when starting your stove
in the morning. The exact setting of this control depends
upon many (actors-chimney height, wind velocity and
direction, type of wood and moisture content and desired
home temperature.
With practice you will soon team to keep your horns at a
comfortable temperature level. Your Easyfire Stove is
specially designed to bum dean with a constant air flow.
Therefore, do not allow your stove to smauldar for long
periods of time as this will cause excessive smoke
emissions and creosote deposits in the chimney. The glass
will also stay cleaner with small, hot fires rather than slow,
smokey, smoldering fires.
5. Refueling: Before refueling your stave, push the air
control rod in all the way. This will admit maximum
combustion air to the stove and ensures that no unburned
gases remain in the firebox. Next, open the door slowly and
verify that ashes do not block flow of air from the underfire
air inlet located below the door opening. Then rake the
coals level, and lay the new fuel charge an top of these
glowing coals. Close the door slowly and allow the wood to
burn briskly for a taw minutes. Once a fire Is well
established, the air control lever may ba pulled out slowly
until the desired bum rate is achieved. Be careful to retain
a flama as this will producs dean combustion, daan glass
and highest efficiencies.
fi. When ashes get 4 to 5 inches deep Jr the firebox, and
when the fire has burned down and cooled, remove excess
ashes, leave about an inch of ash in the -bottom of the
firebox to help maintain a hot charcoal bed. See
instructions in Operation and Safety Tips* section of this
manual.
OVERNIGHT BURNING
To hold a lira overnight, load the firebox with a full supply
of wood which has a minimum diameter of six inches.
Wood still in "the round" wili burn longer than split wood.
After experimenting with the slid# draft lar a few days, you
will discover the correct setting for your home. If the fire is
out in the morning and wood is burned up, closed the slide
draft a little mors the next night.
EasyFire AFX Manufacturer's Operation Instructions.
AFX/AFl STARTING INSTRUCTIONS
1. Open door and push air control rod {located just under
the ash lip) all the way in. When the air control rod is
pushed in you are admitting maximum combustion air to
your stove. Conversely, whan the air control rod is pulled
all the way out you are admitting only a bare minimum of
combustion air.
2. Crumple several sheets of newspaper into loose balls.
Place those just inside (about six inches) the door opening,
and light Close the door and allow these papers to burn
briskly. This will preheat your chimney and help establish a
good draft Next, place several more balls of paper as you
did for the pra-bum. Then place kindling wood loosely on
top of the paper, add two or three wrist-sized pieces of
wood to the top of the kindling, and light Close door and-
allow to bum briskly. Slowly add larger pjecSFoTcorFwood
TrrWe firebox as necessary. Once a firs is well established,
the air control lever may be pulled out slowly until tha
desired bum rate is achieved, Be careful to retain a flama
as this will produce clean comSuiion and~5ea~n" glass.
3. When using split wood do not place fiat side down as
the air must be drawn around and through tha pile of wood,
Allow tha fire to bum briskly for 30-45 minutes per day with
the door closed the dampers open. This permits the stove
to reach optimum operating temperatures and will reduce
the formation of creosote in the flue. As you burn your
stove you will become more familiar with your individual
start-up requirements.
D-13
-------
Operating Your Heater (Continued) paoei? page™ Operating Your Heater (Continued)
Bypass Control
The bypass control is located on the right side of" the stove near the top and is operated by pushing or
pulling the control to the left or right. When the control is completely pulled out, the bypass allows the
smoke to go directly up the flue, creating more draft for starting the stove or for reloading. When it is
pushed in, the smoke must go around the baffle which utilizes secondary combustion and makes the
stove more efficient (see the illustration below).
8/pass Pu'ipd Oul
Used tor
and R0-Loa3'rvj
Bypass Pushed In-
Used (or Normal operation
(Utiles* Secondary Combustion)
O
LEARNING TO BURN YOUR APPLIANCE
Using a wood-burning appliance lakes some getting used to. Once you become accustomed to operating
your appliance, you will be able to start a hot fire quickly, adjust the heat output precisely, and obtain
overnight burns easier. Experienced wood burners may not need the information below, but may be able
- to re-affirm their skills by reading the following. The better yon understand your appliance, the more
rewarding you will find it.
How to Start a Hot Fire Quickly
Your wood-burning appliance acts much like an engine - before it will work at its best, it needs to reach
a hi Eh temperature. The most common mistake in starting a fire is to use too little kindling, closing the
bypass too soon, or turning the air control down too early. For good results, YOU MUST OBTAIN AN
INTENSE FIRE BEFORE CLOSING THH AIR CONTROI. DOWN. The steps below detail one
method for starting a fire.
1 Pile several pieces of kindling 011 top of newspaper or a fire starter in the center of the firebox (it
is better to have too much kindling than not enough). Place two medium sized pieces of wood on
either side of kindling laying front to hack.
2. Make sure the air control is fully open (push all the way in) and the bypass opened (pull all the
way out). Start the newspaper or fire starter. Note: you may want to crack the door dunng
starting to allow for more air.
3. Allow the kindling to start and bum. Then place another medium size piece of woodon top of
the burning kindling so that it straddles the two medium pieces and close the door. This
arrangement takes advantage of the air inlet located in tile center under the door to feed tne fire
with adequate oxygen. You may notice the flames burning from the front to the back.
4. Let the fire burn at least 15 minutes hefore closing the bypass. Wait at least 30 minutes_or_untii
the appliance is fully hot before closing the air control down.
How to Reload Your Appliance
When reloading your appliance, you can avoid smoke entering the room by following the steps below:
1. Push the air control all the way in so the fire starts to burn quickly, helping draft.
2. Pull the bypass out all the way and wait 30 seconds to establish a strong draft
3. Open the door one inch and let air enter the appliance for a few seconds.
¦4. Carefully place the new wood on top of the existing fire. Close the door and shnt the bypass by
pushing it all the way in. Let the fire burn on high for at least 20 minutes before turning it down
- this will reduce creosote build-up.
CONTROL
AIR CONTROL
Open tho door 1"
and let afr enter
the appliance for
a few seconds
How to Adjust the Heat Output Precisely
One complaint from wood-burning appliance owners is controlling the heat output to obtain a consistent
room temperature. The reason for this is the inherent lag time between adjusting the air control and the
change in heat output. Simply put, if you turn a hot appliance down now, it will continue to put off high
amounts of heat for an additional 15 minutes. To obtain consistent room temperature, think ahead.
When the room is starting to warm, and is almost up to the right temperature, turn the appliance down.
If you utilize an optional blower, turn it on and off to increase or decrease room temperature. If you find
the appliance must be turned down often, burn smaller, more intense fires instead. Although this means
more reloadings, it will reduce creosote build-up and give a more consistent heat output.
Lopi Liberty Manufacturer's Operation Instructions.
-------
Operating Your Heater (Continued) paoeib
How to Obtain an Overnight Burn
An overnight bum of 12 hours may be obtained with a small amount of coals left over in the morning if
the right steps arc taken.
1. Establish a hat fire.
5.
Fill the appliance with large pieces of wood, preferably hardwoods like oak or maple.
Let the wood bum on high for 20 to 30 minutes to allow the new pieces of wood to catch fire and
bum off any moisture.
Pull the air control out to a low setting. HINT: You want an air control position that is the
farthest in, yet still allows coals to be left in the morning. Experiment using air control positions
that are farther and farther in until a suitable position is found.
In the morning, break down the coals and lay kindling and small pieces of wood on top of the
coals to re-establish the fire. NOTE: Even the smallest amount of coals can start a new fire
easUy because of all the heat energy stored in the firebrick. If there are no coals left, yet the
appliance is hot, you will find starting a new firs will be much easier and the appliance will start
giving off heat much quicker than if started cold.
Let the appliance bum at least 20 minutes on
high after loading. This allows the appliance So
reach the most efficient operating iemperalure.
Even the smallest amount of
coals can re-start the appliance.
Good Burning Habits
Increased efficiency, reduced emissions, and less creosote are the rewards of good burning habits.. The
items below list good habits to establish with your new appliance.
» Get the appliance hot before turning it down
* Use smaller pieces of wood during start-up and high bums to increase temperature
* Use larger pieces of wood for overnight or sustained burns
* Stack the wood tightly together to establish a longer burn
* Leave a bed of ashes (1/2" deep) to allow for longer burns
* Be considerate of neighbors & the environment: bum dry wood only
* Bum small, intense fires instead of large, slow burning fires when possible
* Leam your appliance's operating characteristics to obtain optimum performance
NOTE: A stove thermometer gives you a good indication of how hot your appliance is burning when
placed directlv on top of the appliance. Low bum is approximately 300 degrees F,, medium
burn 500 to 600 degrees F„ and high burn 700 io 800 degrees F.
0^
Lopi Liberty Manufacturer's Operation Instructions Cont
D-15
-------
First Fire
When your installation is completed and inspected you
are ready for your firs! fire.
1) Open control fully.
2) Open firebox door and build a small fire using paper
and ary kindling. Secure door on the firebox and wait
a few minutes for a good updraft in the flue to estab-
lish the fire. {Leaving the door slightly open will help
your lire start more rapidly.)
CAUTION: Never leave unit unattended If door is
left open. This procedure is for fire start-up only,
as unit may overheat if door Is left open tor too
long,
3) With the, draft still in the fully open position add two
or three seasoned logs to your fire. Form a trench in
the ash bed to allow air to reach the rear ot the firebox
prior to closing the door.
4) After about 15 to 20 minutes, when your wood has
begun so bum strongly, adjust your draft control down
to keep the fire at a moderate level.
WARNING: Never build a roaring fire in a cold
stove Always warm your sfove up slowly!
5) Once a bed of coals has been established, you
may adiust the draft control to a low setting to operate
the unit at its most efficient mode.
6) During the first few fires, keep the combustion rate
al a moderate level and avoid a large fire. Only after
5 or G such fires can you operate the stove al its
maximum setting, and only after the metal has been
warmed
7) For the first few days, the stove will give off an
odour from the pint. Thfs is to be expected as the
high temperature paint becomes seasoned. Windows
anchor doors should be left open lo provide adequate
ventilation while this temporary condition exists.
Burning ihe stove at a very high temperature the first
few limes may damage the paint. Burn fires at a
moderate level the first lew days,
8) Do not place anything on the stove top during the
curing process. This may result in damage to your
paint finish,
9) During the first lew days it may be more difficult to
start the fire. As you dry out your firebrick and your
masonry flue, your draft will increase,
10) For those units installed at higher elevations or
into sub-standard masonry fireplaces, drafting prob-
lems may occur. Consul! an experienced dealer or
mason on methods of increasing your draft.
11} Some cracking and popping noises may be
experienced during the healing up prpcess. These
noises will be minimal when your unit reaches tem-
perature
12) Before opening your door to reload, open draft
fully for approximately 10 to 15 seconds until fire has
been re-established. This will minimize any smoking.
t3) All fuel burning appliances consume oxygen
during operation. I! is important that you supply a
source of fresh air to your unit white burning. A slightly
opened window is sufficient for the purpose. SI you
also have a fireplace in your home, a downdraft may
be created by your Regency Stove causing a draft
down your chimney. If this occurs, slightly open a
window near your unit.
CAUTION: If the body of your unil, flue baffle or
any pari of the chimney connector starts to glow,
you are overfiring. Slop loading tuel immediately
and close the draft control until the glow has
completely subsided.
14) Green or wet wood is not recommended f ar your
unit. If you must add wet or green fuel, open the draft
control fully until all moisture has been evaporated by
the intense fire. Once all moisture has been removed,
the draft control may be adjusted to maintain the fire.
15) If you have been burning your stove on a low
draft, use caution when opening the door. After
opening the damper, open the door a crack, and allow
the lire to adjust before fully opening the door
16) The controls of your unit should not be altered to
increase firing for any reason.
Regency R3 Manufacturer's Operation Instructions.
D-16
-------
Appendix E - Task II Real-Time Data
Three graphs arc included for each test run: real-time CO and CO, concentrations; catalyst
temperature, stack temperature, and draft; and a graph depicting the fuel weight in real-time. Each graph
is representative of data taken at one minute intervals with post-run moving data averaging. Each 1
minute point has been averaged with the previous four points to reduce noise and short term fluctuations,
making the graphs more readable in the page size presented here. This results in a loss of resolution
during only short term events (stove backpuffmg, door openings, etc.) and this procedure yields much
more detail than taking data at 5 minute intervals. Graphs are arranged alpha-numerically by stove code.
The x-axis scaling of each graph is different since bum times varied widely during testing. Scaling on the
y-axis of the gas concentration, temperature and draft charts is consistent to allow comparison of
magnitude between stove models.
Title Page
Empire Products AFX:
Wet Fir - Medium Air Setting E-l
Diy Locust - Medium Air Setting E-2
Dry Fir - High Air Setting E-3
Dry Locust - Low Air Setting E-4
Wet Locust - Medium Air Setting ' E-5
Wet Fir - Low Air Setting E-6
Dry Locust - High Air Setting E-7
Wet Locust - Fligh Air Setting E-S
Wet Fir - High Air Setting E-9
Dry Fir - Medium Air Setting E-10
Dry Fir - Low Air Setting , E-l 1
Wet Locust - Low Air Setting E-l2
V.C. Resolute 2490:
Wet Fir - Medium Air Setting E-13
Dry Locust - Medium Air Setting E-l4
Dry Fir - High Air Setting E-15
Dry Locust - Low Air Setting E-l6
Wet Locust - Medium Air Setting E-l 7
Wet Fir - Low Air Setting E-l8
Dry Locust - High Air Setting E-l9
Wet Locust - High Air Setting E-20
Wet Fir - High Air Setting E-21
Dry Fir - Medium Air Setting E-22
Dry Fir - Low Air Setting E-23
Wet Locust - Low Air Setting E-24
E-i
-------
Englander 18 PC:
Dry Fir - High Air Setting E-25
Dry Locust - Low Air Setting E-26
Wet Fir - Low Air Setting E-27
Dry Locust - High Air Setting E-28
Wet Locust - High Air Setting E-29
Wet Fir - High Air Setting E-30
Dry Fir - Low Air Setting . E-31
Wet Locust - Low Air Setting E-32
Earth 1003C:
Dry Fir - High Air Setting E-33
Dry Locust - Low Air Setting E-34
Wet Fir - Low Air Setting E-35
Dry Locust - High Air Setting E-36
Wet Locust - High Air Setting E-37
Wet Fir - High Air Setting E-38
Dry Fir - Low Air Setting E-39
Wet Locust - Low Air Setting E-40
E-ii
-------
Empire Products AFX-Wet Fir, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20 : -5
5"
o
o
C02 CO
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
j= 8
200 300
Time (min)
500
800
Temperatures and Draft
¦o 500
0 12 .=
5 400
200
300 400
Stack Draft
E-l
-------
Empire Products AFX - Dry Locust, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
4,5
3.5
12
2.5
0,5
500
600
700
300
100
200
800
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
14 — -
12
D)
CD
0 100 2C0 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 - ¦ 0.24
700 - .... . o,21
q 600 — • • ... - 0.18
ra- . . . . . ^
o
CM
3 400
0.12
g_300
0.09
t— 200
100
0
400
500
600
700
0
200
300
BOO
100
Stack Draft
E-2
-------
Empire Products AFX - Dry Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
4,5
2,5
0.5
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
100
800
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
14
CD
8
.c
TO
8
4
2,
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 • -- — 0.24
Temperatures and Draft
800 • -- — 0.24
0.15 °
0.12 •£
3 400
0.09
|_300
¦o
0.06
0.03
100
0
700
500
600
800
200
300
400
100
0
Stack Draft
E-3
-------
Empire Products AFX - Dry Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
— 4.5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
C02 CO
14
Fuel Weight
500 600 700
Time (min)
100:
800
700 —
q' 600
Temperatures and Draft
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
—— Stack Draft
900
1000 1100
; 21
: 18
¦O 500
15 °
I J pg
E-4
-------
Empire Products AFX - Wet Locust, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20- ——— — 5
4,5
-35
— 1.5
0.5
400
200
300
500
600
100
700
0
800
C02 CO
Fuel Weiaht
14 —
12
o>
.t
a>
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 - ¦ - 0.24
700 — ¦ • 0.21
O 600 — .... ^018
o> - ...... ^
-8 500 - - 0.15 g
s_, ^
5 400 -
300
0.09
100
700
400
500
600
800
200
300
0
100
Stack Draft
E-5
-------
5s
20
18
16
14
12
Empire Products AFX - Wet Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
-7-' vv---
t| sr;: z \fe:
+: ¦- \K",
! ...
— 5
— 4.5
— 4
— 3.5
— 3
- 2.5
O
- 2
o
• 1.5
- 1
— 0.5
• 0
800
TO
14
12
-10
Fuel Weight
100
200
300
400
Time (min)
500
600
70C
Temperatures and Draft
-5 500
5 400
Stack
E-6
-------
Empire Products AFX - Dry Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20 ¦ - 5
4.5
3.5
2.5
CM 10
0.5
500
600
300
400
100
200
BOO
0
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
300 400 500
Time (min)
800
Temperatures and Draft
700
T3 500
-------
Empire Products AFX - Wet Locust; High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
4.5
3.5
g12
cm 10
2.5
05
500
600
200
300
700
0
100
800
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800
0.24
700
0.21
O 600
o>
-o 500
0.18
0.15 °
0.12 £
a
0.09 2
400
0.06
100
0.03
0
600
400
500
700
800
0
200
300
100
Stack Draft
E-8
-------
Empire Products AFX - Wet Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
C\l 10 i
° t
o 8 4-
400 500
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
400
Time (min)
500
600
TOO
800
Temperatures and Draft
- 0,21
0 1^°
u' ID CM
13 500
5 400
Stack
E-9
-------
Empire Products AFX - Dry Fir, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
700
800
C02
CO
o>
14
12
: 10
Fuel Weight
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
¦c 500
100 -•
500
Draft
E-10
-------
Empire Products AFX-Dry Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
DO 900 1000
300 400 500 600 700
C02 CO
O)
14
12
10
Fuef Weight
O)
CD ~
5 6 :
Id
Z5
ll 4
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (mm)
BOO 900
1000
1100
1200
Temperatures and Draft
- 0.21
"O 500
O)
3 400
-------
Empire Products AFX - Wet Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
O 8 -
— 1.5
-0.5
100
200
500 600 700 800
C02 CO
1000
1100 1200
1300
Fuel Weight
200 300
500 600 700 800
Time (min)
900
1000 1100 1200
1300
Temperatures and Draft
¦5 500
0.12 •
I— 200
200 300
500 600 700 800
—— Stack Draft
E~ 1 ^
-------
V.C. Resolute - Wet Fir, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
4.5
3.5
CM 10
2.5
300
400
500
200
600
0
100
700
800
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
100
200
300
400
Time (min)
500
600
Temperatures and Draft
q 600
o>
¦S 500
12 .£
Stack
E-13
-------
V C. Resolute - Dry Locust, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
300
400 500
C02 —
700
800
900
1000
Fuel Weight
400 500 600
Time (min)
800
900
1000
Temperatures and Draft
800 —
T3 500
— 0.15
= 400
TO
0.12 .
— 0.09
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Stack
E-14
-------
V.C. Resolute - Dry Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
CM 10 i
100
200 300 400 5G0 600
C02 CO
700
800
Fuel Weight
n>
14 _
12 -
10 -
200 300 400 500 600
Time (minj
800
700
Temperatures and Draft
o 600 -
1
o>
"o 500 4
a> "
1
3 400 -
CD
o_300
£
K 200
100 -
0 -
0
100
200 300 400
Stack -
500 600
Draft
700
C 24
; 21
0 18
0 12 .E
800
E-15
-------
V.C. Resolute - Dry Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20 ; 5
4,5
18
3,5
14
12 if
2.5
0.5
600
700
300
400
500
900
1000
0
100
200
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
400 500 600
Time (min)
1000
Temperatures arid Draft
• 0.24
¦o 500
-------
V.C Resolute - Wet Locust, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and CC2
20
4.5
3.5
OJ
O
o
-2.5
0.5
400
500
600
700
800
900
100
200
300
1000
1100
1200
C02 CO
Fuel Weigh!
12 -
10 -
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 - --- - -0.24
700 ... q 21
O 600 -
ui
-a 500 ¦
0.18
400 4
-r 0.09
£300 --
- 0.06
-0.03
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 300 1000 1100 1200
Stack Draft
El 7
-------
V.C Resolute - Wet Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
— 1.5
600 700
— C02 —
800 900
• CO
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Fuel Weight
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (min)
900
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
BOO —
700 —
O 600 —
Temperatures and Draft
100
200
300 400
500
600 700.
Stack -
800 900
— Draft
— 0.24
; 0.21
-0.18
"O 500
— 0.12 ¦
- 0.03
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
E-18
-------
V.C, Resolute - Dry Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20 ; 5
18 - - 4.5
16 -r1 -4
14 — ¦ , ¦ -3.5
CN 10+¦¦¦¦~ • •• - — 2 5
o • •¦¦¦;
a
C02 CO
C02 CO
o>
14
12
10
8
ra
§ 6
CD
Ll. 4
2
0
0
Fuel Weight
100
200
300
400 500 600
Time (min)
700
800
900
1000
Temperatures and Draft
T3 500
0.12 .£
5 400
iT 200
100
200
300
400 500 600 700
Stack Draft
E-I9
-------
V C. Resolute - Wet Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
18
4.5
16
3.5
CM 10
2.5
0.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
BOO
900
1000
1100
CQ2 CO
Fuel Weight
12 -f
LL
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1X>' "3:
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800
700
a
2 400
0 09
H 200
100
003
0
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Stack - Draft
E-20
-------
V C Resolute - Wet Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
18
4.5
16
14
3.5
12
10
2.5
8
6
1.5
4
2
0.5
0
300
500
400
600
100
200
0
700
800
- C02 CO
Fuel Weight
14
O)
10
.c 8
100
200
300
400
Time (min)
500
600
700
800
Temperatures and Draft
q 600
ts 500
a>
5 400
0.12 .5=
- 0.06
100 -
400
Stack
E-21
-------
V.C. Resolute - Dry Fir, Medium Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
45
3.5
2.5
0.5
500
600
700
800
900
400
300
1000
0
100
200
1100
1200
C02 r-. CO
Fuel Weigh!
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
BOO 0.24
700
0.21
0.18
0 BOO
D5
-d 500
0.15 S
= 400
-0.12 .£
g.300
0.06
0.03
100
0
1100
700
aoo
900
1000
1200
500
600
300
400
100
200
Stack Draft
E-22
-------
V.C Resolute - Dry Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
I
O
o
Stack CO and C02
500
600
700
800
900
100
200
300
400
1000
1100
1200
0
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
14
10 -
D>
JZ
CD
u_
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 -¦
0.24
700
O"600
P)
-o 500
g.300
I— 200
•• 0.03
100
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
400
500
100
200
300
Stack Draft
E-23
-------
V.C, Resolute - Wet Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
O
o
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
14 ¦
12 -
O)
LL
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 - — - —- 0.24
700 -
021
O 600
OS
-§ 500
o
3 400
£.300
H 200
0.06
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Stack Draft
E-24
-------
Englander 18PC - Dry Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
300 400 500
C02 CO
600
700
— 4,5
-4
3-5
-3
-2.5
— 2
--1.5
¦ 1
— 0.5
— 0
800
14
12
-10
O)
a
Ut
-------
Englander 18PC - Dry Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
4.5
2.5
0.5
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
400
500
600
700
800
200
300
100
C02 CO
Fuei Weight
14
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Time (mm)
Temperatures and Draft
800 o.24
700
021
O 600
-o 500
0.18
0.15 S
3 400
o.os
H 200
100
0
800
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
700
500
600
100
200
300
400
Cat Stack ¦ Draft
E-26
-------
Englander 18PC - Wet Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
18
4.5
16
3.5
12
2.5
10
8
6
4
0.5
2
0
500
600
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
200
300
100
002 GO
14
Fuel Weight
~>
jc:
12 -
-10
S 6 -
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (min)
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Temperatures and Draft
-0.18
0.12 .S.
— 0.06
- 0.03
500 600
— Cat
700 ¦ 800
Stack
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Draft
]£_"*) 7
-------
Englander 18PC - Dry Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
03
J*
14
12
10
0
0
Fuel Weight
100
200
300 400 500 600
Time (min)
700
800
O 600
Temperatures and Draft
CD
¦S 500
3 400
0.12 ,
100
200
300 400 500 600
__ cat Stack Draft
700
800
E-28
-------
Englander 18PC - Wet Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
CM 10 T
400 500
C02 -
• o
1000
Fuel Weight
400 500 600
Time (min)
700
800
Temperatures arid Draft
O BOO
"o 500
9)
3 400
5
100
200
300
500 600 700
Stack Draft
C 24
C 21
C 18
0 15^
012 £
e
0 09 2
006
0.03
• 0
1000
E-29
-------
Englander 18PC - Wet Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
300 400 500
C02 CO
800
14 -
12
^10 -
I -
£ 8 -
ra
-------
Englander 3 8PC - Dry Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
16 H—'V* " j't "
. j..J*,. i 4,/.
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Fuel Weight
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Time (mm)
Temperatures and Draft
O 600 —
- 0.12 ,
if 200
- 0.08
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Cat Stack Draft
E-31
-------
Englander 18PC - Wet Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
100 200
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Fuel Weight
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (min)
800
700
O)
¦§ 500
Temperatures and Draft
o
- • - fM
200 300
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Draft
E-32
-------
Earth 1003C - Dry Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20 5
18
16
14
12
10
- 2.5
8
6
4
2
0
600
300
400
500
700
800
200
900
0
100
1000
C02 CO
24
22
20
18
Fuel Weight
£14
03
'512
5 10
aj
3 8
Li_
6
4
2
0
If
100
200 300 400 500 600
Time (min)
700
800
900
1000
800
O 600
Temperatures and Draft
u>
¦a 500
= 400
® 200
100
200
500 600 700
— Stack Draft
E-33
-------
Earth 1003C - Dry Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
4.5
3.5
2.5
0.5
1200
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
600
1000
200
400
800
0
2400
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
24 -
22 -
20 -
Ll
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 220C
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800
700 —
O 600 —
os
-o 500 -
C 18
a 400
0 09
|_300
0 06
0 03
100
2000
600
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2200
2400
200
400
Cat Stack Draft
E-34
-------
Earth 1003C - Wet Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
— 3,5
2 T"
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
0
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
22 '¦ : • •
20 4 • . ... _ . .
14 -
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
0
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800
700
q 600 -
ra
•S 500 -
5 400 -•
DOS
a.
0 06
200 -.
0 03
00 -
0
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Cat ' Steicfc Draft
E-35
-------
Earth 1003C - Dry Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
20
4.5
2.5
1.5
• 0.5
600
700
800
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
300
400
500
200
100
C02 ¦ • CO
Fuel Weight
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1 2D0 1300 1400
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800 0.24
700
0.21
(j 600
CO
-§ 500
0.18
0.15 8
0.12 •£
o_300 -f
0.09
T3
0.06
200
0.03
100
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
0
700
100 200
300
400
500
600
Cat Stack Draft
E-36
-------
Earth 1003C - Wet Locust, High Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
4.5
2.5
0.5
700
200
300
400
500
600
800
900
1000
0
100
1100
1200
_ C02 CO
Fuel Weight
26
22
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800
0,24
700
0.21
O 600
0.18
0.15 o
-o 500
= 400
0.12
0.09
200
0.06
100
0.03
0
700
900
1000
1100
1200
300
400
500
600
0
100
200
Cat Stack Draft
E-37
-------
Earth 1003C - Wet Fir, High Air Setting
Stack CO and CQ2
-4.5
-4
- 3.5
-2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
£
o
o
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
24
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
800
700
O 600 -
O)
-§ 50C
0 09
K 200
0 06
100
0 03
- 0
1200
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Cat Stack Draft
E-38
-------
Earth 1003C - Dry Fir, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
4,5
3,5
CM 10
2.5
1400
800
1000
1200
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
600
0
200
400
C02 CO
24
22
20
18
£14
'55 12
Fuel Weight
10 -
-------
Earth 1003 C - Wet Locust, Low Air Setting
Stack CO and C02
4,5
x..
2.5
- 1.5
0.5
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 180G 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
0
C02 CO
Fuel Weight
24
22
12
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Time (min)
Temperatures and Draft
300 _ 0.24
700
_... ,|
0.18
0.15 °
0.12
3 400
0.09
0.06
H 200
100
0.03
0
1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
200 400 600
Cat Stack Draft
E-40
-------
Appendix F. 1997 Crested Butte Stove Laboratory Degradation Study, Task I, VPI Sampler data
DATA
STOVE
CODE
ICR) I
DATA
STOVE
MODEL
SIERRA
8000TEC
DATA DATA DATA DATA CALC CALC CALC CALC CALC
SET BURN BURN WOOD PM CO
STOVE EPA FUEL POINT TIME RATE MC FACTOR FACTOR
TYPE-' CERT". TYPE dciz C
lir
2CO01 ENGLANDER e
18-PC
2COO! ENGLANDER c
18-PC
2CO02 ENGLANDER c
18-PC
ICC03 EARTH I002C c
1CC03 EARTH I002C c
ICC03 EARTH 1002C e
ICC03 F:ARTH 1002C e
ICC02 EARTH I002C c
1CC02 EARTH I002C e
2CP0! .IOTUL8C e
II
II
II
I
I
I
I
Pine
Pine
Pine
Pine
Pine
Pine
Pine
Pine
I'm.
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Apple 60
Apple 60
kg/hr dry %
I 1.2 1.224
9.6
15.3 0.960 I 1.6
I 1.7 1.079 10.I
12.6 1.227 12.4
g/kg
I4.2
9.8
10.2
5.6
g/k-
DATA
COMMENTS
(.0
ll.o 1.525 17.6 14.4
I 1.8 1.579 III 9.3
12.4 1.609 9.2 5.5
12.6 1.584 9.2 5.2
12.9 1.301 21.6 13.7
13.4 1.568 10.5 5.4
7.6 1.652 11.7 6.4
53 Bypass leak due to cracked upper
shelf, not repairable
K5 No visible damage
81 New catalyst installed
69 No visible damage
54 Needs new door gasket, some cat
peeling, minor cat cracks
43 New catalyst, new door gasket,
replaced brick
37 New parts, parallel loading
37 Dual Train Sample of above
91 Slig|it cat peeling, stove looks in
good cond.
68 New catalyst installed,
perpendicular loading
76 Slight cat peeling, stove looks in
good cond.
(Continued)
-------
Appendix F. 1997 Crested Butte Stove Laboratory Degradation Study, Task I, VPI Sampler data (concluded)
*
DATA
STOVE
CODE
2NG02
2NQ0I
2NH0I
2NH01
DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA CALC CALC CALC CALC CALC
SET BURN BURN WOOD PM CO
STOVE STOVE EPA FUEL POINT TIME RATE MC FACTOR FACTOR
g/kg
MODEL ' TYPE CERT. TYPE dog C
VC 11 II Aspen 60
RESOLUTE
2NM02 AVALON 796
2NM02 AVALON 796
LOPI
LIBERTY
SWEET
HOME AFX
SWEET
HOME AFX
ICD04 VC DEFIANT c
ENCORE
2NR0I REGENCY R3 n
II
II
Pine
Pine
Pine
60
60
60
Pine 60
Pine 60
hr kg/hr dry %
10.6 1.200 12.0
8.9
8.8
1.040
1.058
1.6
1.6
10.4 1.789 10.4
11.2 1.079 10.5
12.3 1.168 10.6
g/kg
14.8
8.32
8.31
3.1
II D.f'ir 60 14.3 1.361 48.5 20.8
II D. fir 60 9.5 1.269 22.6 7.2
7.2
2.6
DATA
COMMENTS
114 Warping, cracking, degradation
of internal components
82.3 Stove in very good condition, 1
of 2 samplers
82.6 Dual Train Sample of test above,
one M.C sample
102 Some broken brick, good
condidtion
102 No visible damage to stove, very
wet wood
75 Dry fir
48 Some cast fiber degradation, cat
looks good
113 Broken brick, needs new fiber
blanket on shelf
a. c = catalytic, n = noncatalytic
b. EPA certification: I = phase I (1998) standard, II = Phase 2 (1990) standard
-------
Appendix G. 1997 Crested Butte Stove Laboratory Degradation Study Task II, VPI Sampler Data
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
CALC
CALC
CALC
CALC
CALC
SET
BURN
BURN
WOOD
PM
CO
STOVE
STOVE
FUEL
Air
Fuel
POINT
TIME
RATE
MC
FACTOR
FACTOR
CODE
TYPE"
TYPE'1
Setting0
Moisture d
degC
hr
kg/hr
dry %
g/kg
g/kg
2NH06
n
F
M
w
60
10.6
1.34
33.4
18.3
91
2NH06
n
L
M
d
60
17.3
1.12
13.3
3.3
71
2NH06
n
F
H
d
60
9.8
1.76
8.2
4.6
74
2NH06
n
L
L
d
60
20.5
0.97
11.0
6.0
88
2NH06
Empire Products
n
L
M
w
60
15.0
1.43
24.2
10.8
77
2NH06
EasyFire AFX
n
F
L
w
60
15.1
1.07
30.0
19.9
132
2NH06
n
L
H
d
60
13.2
1.57
13.0
4.4
78
2NH06
n
L
H
w
60
13.6
1.47
26.8
5.7
72
2NH06
n
F
H
w
60
10.7
1.57
28.7
11.9
74
2NH06
n
F
M
d
60
12.2
1.44
8.7
3.7
69
2NH06
n
F
L
d
60
18.6
0.88
8.5
9.5
126
2NH06
n
L
L
w
60
21.2
0.94
30.3
18.6
112
2NG03
n
F
M
w
60
13.0
0.94
30.9
26.8
200
2NG03
n
L
M
d
60
18.5
1.03
11.9
7.4
82
2NG03
n
F
H
d
60
13.3
1.07
9.1
12.1
117
2NG03
n
L
L
d
60
26.6
0.71
11.0
8.6
117
2NG03
Vermont Castings
n
L
M '
w
60
20.8
0.94
27.9
22.1
138
2NG03
Resolute 2490
n
F
L
w
60
19.8
0.66
29.2
23.9
211
2NG03
n
L
H
d
60
17.0
1.17
12.2
10.8
91
2NG03
n
L
H
w
60
17.7
1.02
33.1
1 1.9
88
2NG03
n
F
H
w
60
I 1.3
1.21
29.5
17.4
1 18
2NG03
n
F
M
d
60
18.6
0.86
9.7
17.9
140
2NG03
n
1
L
d
60
20.6
0.74
9.1
15.5
160
2NG03
n
1
1.
\v
60
27.9
0.73
29.6
19.4
140
(Continued)
-------
Appendix G. 1997 Crested Butte Stove Laboratory Degradation Study Task II, VPI Sampler Data (concluded)
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
CALC
CALC
CALC
CALC
CALC
SET
BURN
BURN
WOOD
PM
CO
STOVE
STOVE
FUEL
Air
Fuel
POINT
TIME
RATE
MC
FACTOR
FACTOR
CODE
TYPE
TYPE
Setting
Moisture
degC
hr
kg/hr
dry %
g/kg
g/kg
2CO05
c
F
H
d
60
10.2
1.95
8.4
8.3
42
2CO05
c
L
L
d
60
24.1
1.15
10.0
5.4
55
2CO05
c
F
L
w
60
20.6
0.88
29.4
4.6
27
2CO05
Englander I8PC
c
L
H
d
60
15.8
1.98
12.3
11.7
75
2CO05
c
L
H
w
60
14.9
1.76
29.7
6.3
31
2CO05
c
F
H
w
60
11.9
1.70
33.7
9.1
29
2CO05
c
F
L
d
60
21.9
0.99
9.1
9.2
56
2CO05
c
L
L
w
60
25.5
0.93
26.6
6.3
37
2CC04
c
F
H
d
60.
14.1
2.35
8.7
4.7
61
2CC04
c
L
L
d
60
42.4
0.92
9.5
17.0
68
2CC04
c
F
L
w
60
27.6
1.16
29.9
9.1
40
2CC04
Earth I003C
c
L
H
d
60
19.6
2.13
11.4
5.2
46
2CC04
c
L
H
w
60
19.8
2.12
30.5
8.1
51
2CC04
c
F
H
w
60
15.1
2.02
35.2
8.6
42
2CC04
c
F
L
d
60
38.8
0.93
9.1
12.7
57
2CC04
c
L
L
w
60
53.2
0.78
29.9
7.8
53
a. n = noncatalytic, c = catalytic
b. F = Douglas fir, L = locust
c. L = low, M = medium, H = high
d. w = wet, d = dry
------- |