United Stales EPA-600/R"94"052
Environmental Protection
AgenCY April 1994
<&EPA Research and
Development
CHARACTERISTICS
OF FLORIDA FILL MATERIALS
AND SOILS - 1990
Prepared for
State of Florida
Department of Community Affairs
Prepared by
Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
-------
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
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This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
relied the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial product constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. -
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This document is available to the public
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA , - N
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before compkl III 1111II III' lllll 1 1 III 1 111 1
1, REPORT NO. 2
EPA-600/R-94-Q52
a.! III llll mm Ilill I Ml! I III ;
V PB94-176906 j
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Characteristics of Florida Fill Materials" and Soils--
1990
5. REPORT DATE
April 1994
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
EFA/OED
7. AUTHOHIS)
C. E. Roessler and R. Morato (Dept. of Envir. Engrg
Sci.); D.L.Smith and J. Wherett (Dept. of Geology)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. performing organization name and aodress
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32611
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA CR814925-01; EPA IAG
RWFL933793
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
Final report; 3/90-10/91
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
SPA/600/13
IS. supplementary notes ^EERL project officer is David C. Sanchez, Mail Drop 54. 919/
541-2979.
16. abstract rep0rt gives results of laboratory work by the University of Florida in
"support of the Foundation Fill Data Base project of the Foundation Fill Materials
Specifications Task Area of the Florida Radon Research Program (FRRP). Work in-
cluded determination of radon concentrations in soil gas samples and physical and
radiological characterization of soil/fill samples to provide data for further use in
modeling radon production, transport, and entry.*~This work adds to the 35-site, 54-
sample data base developed in an earlier study by the University of Florida under
the State University System Board of Regents Radon Research Program. The earlier
study emphasized materials being used as fill at construction sites; only one-third of
the samples were native surficial soil at construction or existing house sites.SThe
study reported here emphasizes sites as prepared for construction. Twenty-three
sites were samples. Two sites were selected in each of 11 regions designated to
represent population centers Governing the range of geographic, topographic, and
geological features in Florida. Also included was a Brooksville school construction
site being studied in another FRRP project. ; "
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/QPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Radon
Earth Fills
Soils
Physical Properties
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Radiological Properties
13 B
07B
13 C
08G, 08M
14 G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public ^
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
5 5
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 C9-73)
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
PB94-176906
Report Nosi
Title: Characteristics of Florida Fill Materials and Soils, 1990.
Date: Apr 94
Authors: C. E. Roessler, R. Morato, D. L, Smith, and J. Wherett.
Performing Organization: Florida Univ., Gainesville.
Performing Organization Report Nos: EPA/600/R-94/052
Sponsoring Organization: ^Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab,*Florida Dept. of Community Affairs,
Tallahassee.
Type of Report and Period Covered: Final rept. Mar 90-Oct 91.
Supplemental Notes: See also PB92-115294 and PB94-163243.
NTIS Field/Group Codes: 68F (Radiation Pollution & Control), 68A (Air Pollution &
Control), 77G (Radioactive Wastes & Radioactivity), 99E (Photo & Radiation Chemistry)
Price: PC A03/MF A01
Availability: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA. 22161
Number of Pages: 25p
Keywords: *Radium, *Radon, *Soil surveys, ^Florida, Soil gases, Earth fills,
Radioecological concentration, Radionuclide migration, Soil chemistry, Soil
properties, Soil tests, Radiation monitoring, Radionuclide kinetics, Natural
radioactivity, Soils.
Abstract: The report gives results of laboratory work by the University of Florida in
support of the Foundation Fill Data Base project of the Foundation Fill Materials
Specifications Task Area of the Florida Radon Research Program (FRRP). Work included
determination of radon concentrations in soil gas samples and physical and
radiological characterization of soil/fill samples to provide data for further use in
modeling radon production, transport, and entry. The study reported here emphasizes
sites as prepared for construction. Twenty-three sites were samples. Two sites were
selected in each of 11 regions designated to represent population centers covering the
range of geographic, topographic, and geological features in Florida. Also included
was a Brooksville school construction site being studied in another FRRP project.
-------
EPA-600m-94-052
April 1994
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA FILL MATERIALS AND SOILS - 1990
by
C.E.RoessIer and R. Morato
Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences
and
D.L.Smith and J. Wherett
Department of Geology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
EPA Cooperative Agreement CR814925-01
EPA Interagency Agreement RWFL933793
DCA Agreement No. 90RD-70-13-00-22-002
EPA Project Officer: David C. Sanchez
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Energy Engineering Research laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
DCA Project Officer: Richard W. Dixon
Department of Community Affairs
2740 Centerview Drive
Tallahassee, FL 32399
Prepared for:
State of Florida
Department of Community Affairs
2740 Centerview Drive
Tallahassee, FL 32399
and
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
-------
Disclaimer
The work reflected by this document was partially funded and technically directed
by the Florida Department of Community Affairs as part of the Florida Radon Research
Program, an interagency program of research supported by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the State of Florida. Quality assurance considerations governing
the content and reporting of the document are consistent with protocols issued by the
Florida Department of Community Affairs, "Standard Measurement Protocols, Florida
Radon Research Program," EPA-600/8-91-212 (NTIS PB92-115294)( Williamson, A.D.
and Finkel, J.M. [November 1991]).
Comparability of all Florida Radon Research Program participants' quality
assurance and quality control procedures, however, is addressed by research program
requirements which provide for a twice a year benchmarking of common measurements
and technical and coordination reviews of project workplans and project reports.
ABSTRACT
This report presents the results of laboratory work by the University of Florida in
support of the Foundation Fill Data Base project of the Foundation Fill Materials
Specifications Task Area of the Florida Radon Research Program (FRRP). Work included
determination of radon concentrations in soil gas samples and physical and radiological
characterization of soil/fill samples to provide data for further use in modeling radon
production, transport, and entry. This work adds to the 35-site, 54-sample data base
developed in an earlier study by the University of Florida under the State University
System Board of Regents Radon Research Program, The earlier study emphasized
materials being used as fill at construction sites; only one-third of the samples were native
surficial soil at construction or existing house sites. The study being reported here
emphasized sites as prepared for construction. Twenty-three sites were sampled. Two
sites were selected in each of 11 regions designated to represent population centers
covering the range of geographic, topographic, and geological features in Florida. Also
included was a Brooksville school construction site being studied in another FRRP
project.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER ii
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES and TABLES iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Previous Work 1
1.3 Scope of This Work 2
2. METHODS . 3
2.1 Field Measurements and Sampling 3
2.2 Laboratory Measurements 3
3. RESULTS 6
3.1 Appearance and Physical Characteristics ........... 6
3.2 Radiological Characteristics . 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16
REFERENCES .... 17
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FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1, Sampling Regions and
Brooksville Site 4
Table 1. Sample Descriptions 7
Table 2. Permeability - In-situ and Laboratory 8
Table 3. Particle Size Analyses 10
Table 4. Radiological Data 12
iv
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report transmits the results of laboratory work by the University of Florida in
support of the Foundation Fill Data Base project of the Foundation Fill Materials
Specifications Task Area of the Florida Radon Research Program, (FRRP),
1.1 Background
The most prevalent source of elevated indoor radon1 in Florida is from the entry
of radon-bearing soil gas from beneath the structure. The radon in this soil gas originates
from radium in underlying and surrounding soil and fill materials. The radon source
potential of a particular site is a function of the soil gas radon concentration and the radon
transport characteristics of the substrate. Transport characteristics determine the ease
with which this soil gas can be moved into a structure and the extent to which the
exhausted soil gas radon can be replenished. The ease of movement of radon-bearing
soil gas can be characterized in terms of the soil air permeability coefficient. Permeability
is also an important parameter in the design and performance of the sub-barrier
depressurization method of radon mitigation.
Alternative soil characteristics can also be used to estimate radon source term and
entry. Soil radium concentration and radon emanation coefficient jointly determine the
radon production. Particle size distribution influences the air permeability and radon
diffusion coefficient of the soil. Finally, soil classification can be a qualitative indicator of
the other, quantitative, parameters.
1.2 Previous Work
Initial work to characterize the radon source potential and the permeability
characteristics of Florida soils and fill materials was conducted by the University of Florida
as part of the State University System Board of Regents Radon Research Program
(Roessler, et a!., 1990). In that study, 54 samples were collected from a total of 35 sites
in 12 Florida metropolitan regions. The emphasis was on fill materials; 36 of the 54
samples (66.7%) were from material being used as fill at construction sites, the remainder
(33.3%) were native surficial soil at construction or existing house sites. In the laboratory,
samples were classified by description, analyzed for permeability under several
combinations of compaction and moisture content, subjected to particle size classification,
and analyzed for radium. In addition, in-situ permeability measurements were performed
at 13 of the 35 sites and soil gas radon measurements were made at 17 sites.
In (his report, the term 'radon* is used to designate the radon isotope, radon-222, and the term "radium* is used to
designate the radium isotope radium-226.
1
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1.3 Scope of This Work
Field work, including selection of field sites, in-situ measurements, and collection
of samples, was performed by another contractor. Laboratory measurements, including
physical and radiological characterization were performed at the University of Florida.
The data from this laboratory work are presented for further use in modeling radon
production, transport, and entry under the FRRP Foundation Fill Materials Specifications
task effort.
2
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2. METHODS
2.1 Field Measurements and Sampling
As indicated in Figure 1, sampling regions were designated to represent
population centers covering the range of geographic, topographic, and geological features
in Florida. Typically two sampling sites were designated per region. One additional
sampling location, Brooksville, was included because of a FRRP project involving a
school under construction in that vicinity.
Sites were selected, field work was performed, and results were reported by
Geohazards, Inc. under a separate FRRP contract. Most of the sampling sites consisted
of sites that had been leveled and contoured for construction with fill (if any) in place. A
small number of sites were on raw land or in the vicinity of existing houses. Specific
locations and local sampling details may be found in the data report by Geohazards
(1990).
Sites were typically visited twice. At the initial visit, in-situ permeability,
penetrometer, and density measurements were performed, and alpha-track soil gas radon
detectors were deployed. In addition, soil gas samples were collected in scintillation
cells for subsequent laboratory analysis for radon. The soil gas samples were collected
in conjunction with the in-situ permeability measurements at the maximum depth at which
these measurements were made (0.30 to 0.75 m or 12 to 30 in). Also at this visit, soil
samples were collected for laboratory classification and measurement of physical and
radiological properties. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.61 m (2 ft) or
shallower - but usually 0.3 m (1 ft) or deeper. Approximately six weeks later, the sites
were revisited, the alpha track detectors were retrieved, and additional soil gas samples
were collected.
Field measurement procedures are described in the "Standard Measurement
Protocols, Florida Radon Research Program" (Williamson and Finkel, 1991). Alpha track
detectors consisted of Tech/Ops Landauer, Inc. type DSM detectors.
2.2 Laboratory Measurements
Physical characterization was performed at a University of Florida Geology
Department Laboratory. Samples were classified by texture and appearance with
reference to the grain size scale used by American geologists (the modified Wentworth
scale). Permeability values were determined for samples in dry unconsolidated, dry
compacted, and moist unconsolidated, and moist compacted states. Size distributions
were determined by sieve analysis. The samples were also submitted to classification
by sedimentation analysis. The procedures used were those in use in the University of
Florida Geology Department and are based on Bauer and Thornburn (1958) and
Drumbein and Pettijohn (1938). Sedimentation analysis was performed using ASTM Soil
Hydrometer apparatus.
3
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Ptosacola
#•< \ ^Jacksonville
Regions
Pensacola
Tallahassee
Jacksonville
Orlando
Tampa
Lakeland/Bartow
Melbourne
Sarasota
Ft. Myers
West Palm Beach
Miami
Tamp
Sarasota
•\\
"Melbourne
fWest Palm Bca<±
Brooksviile
Orlando
l*nd/Barlow
Ft. Myers
Miami
Figure 1. Sampling Regions and Brooksviile Site
4
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Soil moisture determinations and radiological measurements were performed
in the University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences'
Environmental Radiation Laboratory. The radon concentration in soil gas was determined
by using a radon scintillation cell counting system to analyze the cells that had been filled
during soil gas sampling in the field.
For radiological analysis of soil samples, dried portions were sealed in a
container, counted with a high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry system shortly after
sealing, held for ingrowth of radon-222, and counted at least one more time. Radon
emanation coefficient and radium-226 concentration were calculated from the activity
associated with the 295-, 352-, and 609-keV peaks of the short-lived radon daughters.
The radium-226 was based on the projected equilibrium radon-222 activity; radon
emanation coefficient was determined from the pair of values corresponding to pre-
ingrowth and equilibrium radon concentrations.
Procedures for these laboratory measurements are contained in the "Standard
Measurement Protocols, Florida Radon Research Program" (Williamson and Finkel,
1991).
Alpha track detectors were submitted to Southern Research Institute,
Birmingham, AL; they were subsequently returned to the vendor for processing.
5
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3. RESULTS
Measurements were made and samples collected at 23 sites; this includes
two sites in each of 11 designated regions plus the Brooksville school site. Collection at
two sampling locations ("stations") at each site generated 46 soil samples. In addition,
a sand fill sample was collected at Brooksville.
3.1 Appearance and Physical Characteristics
Soil classifications are presented in Table 1. All of the regional samples were
sand or sandy materials with loamy sand and clayey sand the most prevalent materials.
In contrast, the Brooksville samples were clay.
The results of permeability measurements are presented in Table 2. This
table presents the results of laboratory permeability measurements under four
combinations of compaction and moisture for samples taken at a single depth at each
station. The in-situ measurements, taken at a series of depths at 0.15-m (6-in)
increments at the same sampling stations, are also presented in the table for comparison.
The predominant particle size was noted for each sample as a simple
screening classification; this information is listed in the last column of Table 2. Further
particle size details are presented in Table 3. Sieve analyses are presented for eight size
categories based on seven sieve sizes from 0.074 mm to 2.00 mm. The results of
sedimentation (hydrometer) analysis are presented in terms of the fractions classified as
sand, silt, and clay. Particle size analyses were not reported for the clay samples from
Brooksville (GH-11 and GH-12); these samples were inadvertently allowed to dry and
solidify and thus it was not feasible to perform size analyses representative of original
conditions.
3.2 Radiological Characteristics
Soil gas radon concentrations and soil radium concentrations are shown in
Table 4. Grab samples (scintillation cells) results include both the initial sampling at a
single depth at the two primary stations at each site and the later sampling in the vicinity
of the alpha track burial stations (designated GH-x/y AT in the table). On some
occasions two cells were filled at the same sampling depth without moving the sampling
probe and these results appear as duplicate entries in the table. At 11 sites, samples
were collected at two depths at the AT station (second visit). At 10 of the sites, no soil
gas sample was collected at the second visit; this was usually due to the fact that the
buried alpha track detectors could not be located as a result of construction activities
between the two visits. The table also includes average soil gas radon concentrations
as reported by alpha track detector for the indicated deployment intervals.
6
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Table 1, Sample Descriptions
Site
Station
Soil Type
Site
Station
Soil Type
Tampa A
GH-1
GH-2
Silty Sand
Loamy Sand
Melbourne B
GH-25
GH-26
Fine Sand
Loamy Sand
Fort Myers A
GH-3
GH-4
Sandy Organic Soil
Silly Sand
W. Palm Beach A
GH-27
GH-2B
Loamy Sand
Clayey Sand
Fort Myers B
GH-5
GH-6
Coarse Sand
Clayey Sand
W. Palm Beach B
GH-29
GH-30
Loamy Sand
Clayey Sand
Sarasota A
GH-7
GH-8
Loamy Sand
Sandy Organic Soil
Miami A
GH-31
GH-32
Fine, Powdery Sand
Sandy Clay
Sarasota B
GH-9
GH-10
Sandy Organic Soil
Sandy Organic Soil
Miami B
GH-33
GH-34
Sandy Clay
Sandy Clay
Brooksville A
GH-11
GH-12
Clay
Clay
Jacksonville A
GH-35
GH-36
Silty Sand
Fine, Powdery Sand
Tampa B
GH-13
GH-14
Silty Sand
Clayey Sand
Jacksonville B
GH-37
GH-38
Sandy Organic Soil
Loamy Sand
Bartow A
GH-15
GH-16
Loamy Sand
Clayey Sand
Tallahassee A
GH-39
GH-40
Sandy Organic Soil
Loamy Sand
Lakeland A
GH-17
GH-18
Clayey Sand
Clayey Sand
Tallahassee B
GH-41
GH-42
Med.-grained Sand
Coarse Sand
Orlando A
GH-19
GH-20
Clayey Sand
Clayey Sand
Pensacola A
GH-43
GH-44
Sandy Silt
Coarse Sand
Orlando B
GH-21
GH-22
Loamy Sand
Clayey Sand
Pensacola B
GH-45
GH-46
Med.-grained Sand
Loamy Sand
Melbourne A
GH-23
GH-24
Clayey Sand
Loamy Sand
7
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Table 2. Permeability - In Situ and Laboratory
Site
Sample
0.15m
In SHu Permeability (lO^'m1)
0.30m 0.46m 0.61m
0.76m
Laboratory Permeability (10*,Jm1)
Dry Dry Moist
Unconiord Compact UncontoM
Molat
Compact
Predominant
Size
(mm)
Tampa A
OH-1
263.00
66.60
24.60
0.52
NA
36.30
15.22
24.36
10.81
<0.074
GH-2
0.75
9.55
7.50
7.50
NA
24.36
14.33
18.74
0.91
<0.074
Fort Myor* A
0H3
129.00
23.30
19.10
16.60
NA
30.45
16.74
23.21
14.33
0.149
OH-4
272.00
21.00
21.60
12.60
NA
29.01
16.24
27.06
11.07
0.177
FortMyereB
OH-5
255.00
<0.0035
NA
NA
NA
39.64
11.07
34.80
9.61
0.149
OH-fl
366.00
0.39
NA
NA
NA
38.68
9.02
34.60
6.00
0.149
6araaotaA
OH-7
316.00
3.30
6.41
10.40
NA
48.71
6.16
39.64
3.75
2.000
GH-8
66.40
12.00
18.00
9.00
NA
29.73
6.60
30.45
6.07
2.000
Sarasota B
OH-O
62.40
4.87
6.13
NA
NA
29.73
17.40
25.79
13.53
0.250
QH-10
233.00
14.70
8.76
0.11
NA
29.01
12.18
32.75
B.i2
0250
BrookavOeA
QH-11
3825
<0.0005
<0.0005
<0.0005
NA
Permeability »oo low to measure
NA
OH-12
1.14
<0.0014
1.76(0.38m)
NA
NA
Permeability too low to measure
NA
Send CI
-
—
—
—
-
39.64
17.40
33.16
7.38
2.000
Tampa B
OH-13
28.00
6.17
6.38
6.13
NA
29.73
11.60
29.73
11.07
<0.074
OH-14
1.48
1.26
128
128
NA
27.06
10.15
24.38
8.49
0.074
Bartow A
OH-15
420.00
77.80
67.70
105.00
71.40
30.45
24J8
30.45
22.14
0250
OH-16
•117.00
87.70
61.77
6.56
1.6(0.69m)
33.96
23.78
29.73
24.36
0250
Lakeland A
OH-17
233.00
7.50
4.04
NA
NA
24.36
12.82
20.30
10.15
0.177
OH-16
60.00
1620
6.08
NA
NA
26.43
13£3
24.36
11.60
0.177
Orlando A
OH-1#
15.00
26.25
30.00
0.24
1.59
30.45
7.93
29.73
6.45
0.177
OH-20
60.77
19.09
30.00
30.00
2.53
30.45
6.25
20.30
4.05
2.000
Orlando B
OH-21
35.00
13.10
26.30
0.15
0.04
30.45
13.99
29.73
13.05
0250
OH-22
72.40
91 JO
60.00
0.10
0.04(0.69m)
30.45
16.74
30.45
13.99
0250
Melbourne A
QH-23
291.67
44.70
95.50
233.00
210.00
40.59
30.45
40.59
27.06
0250
QH-24
94.20
79.00
35.00
17.50
NA
39.64
17.40
39.64
14.66
0250
Melbourne B
GH-25
400.00
35.00
ie.eo
ie.eo
1S.8(0.69m)
34.60
21.62
30.45
19.34
0.250
GH-26
524.99
15.00
9.55
524.99
NA
33.96
21.62
29.73
16.56
0.250
(Continued)
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Table 2. Permeability - In Situ and Laboratory, continued
Site Sample In Situ Permeability (lO'1^1)
_ . 0.16m 0.30m 0.46m 0.61m
WPBoachA
GH-27
110.63
23.33
42.00
21.00
GH-28
95.50
2.69
6.08
0.65
WP Beach B
OH-29
135.00
35.00
30.00
13.50
GH-30
624.99
350.00
420.00
29.20
Miami A
QH-31
116.00
166.00
443.00(0.43m)
NA
QH-32
71.60
95.90
420.00
NA
Miami B
OH-33
1050.00
11.67
NA
NA
QH-34
624.99
162.00
8.75(0.41m)
NA
JacksonvHaA
OH-33
65.70
49.00
65.70
66.20
GH-36
40.80
43.60
62.10
67.00
Jacksonville B
GH-37
49.00
6.67
6.67
13.60
GH-36
272.00
8.17
1.44
NA
Tafiaha»»oe A
GH-39
350.00
40.83
35.00
40.63
GH-40
350.00
62.62
86.77
102.08
Tallahassee B
GH-41
11.14
64.47
63.26
61.04
GH-42
9.42
7.21
12.25
13.61
Pensacota A
GH-43
15.31
17.60
3.06
17.50
GH-44
331.08
20.42
16.33
35.00
PensaoolaB
GH-45
188.48
20.42
14.41
17.50
GH-48
60.00
9.60
6.45
4.71
NA - Not applicable. No In Situ Measurements made at this depth,
or no particle size analyses for this sample.
0.76m
Laboratory Permeability (lO'^m2)
Dry Dry Moist
Unconsord Compact UnconsoM
Moist Predominant
Compact Size
(mm)
8.40
0.07
12.40
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
72.10
56.30
NA
NA
62.62
144.12
40.03
13.G1(0.69m)
NA
NA
NA
NA
29.73
34.60
29.73
30.66
26.43
27.06
10.15
7.00
33.16
34.60
30.45
23.21
40.59
39.64
40.59
39.64
40.95
39.64
36.66
40.59
24.36
24.36
19.62
24.36
4.16
2.67
0.00
0.00
11.07
14.33
13.53
4.20
9.37
13.53
20.30
10.15
0.40
4.24
0.70
23.70
26.43
26.43
23.76
30.45
27.06
27.06
7.61
4.95
26.43
26.43
30.45
15.66
33.96
33.16
34.60
34.60
34.00
34.60
36.66
30.45
17.40
20.30
14.66
16.74
3.60
2.39
0.00
0.00
9.90
10.61
12.16
3.68
8.81
11.07
17.40
9.02
8.58
3.93
7.18
19.62
0.250
0.250
0.149
0.149
<0.074
0.149
0.149
0.149
0.177
0.177
0.149
0.149
0.250
0250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.420
-------
Table 3. Particle Size Analyses
Site
Station
Tampa A
Sarasota B
Brooksvffl* A
Tampa B
Bartow A
Lakeland A
Orlando A
Orlando B
CH-1
GH-2
Fort Myers A GH-3
GH-4
Fort Myers B GH-5
GH-6
Sieve Analysis (mm)
Peroent Retained in Sieve
2.00 0.840 0.420 0.250 0.177 0.149 0.074 <0.074
1.11 0.70 1.06 4.36 9.78 34.69 8.35 39.96
I.08 0.83 0.99 2.81 5.63 29.94 19.29 39.41
2.10 0.43 2.29 10.96 20.26 35.37 26.97 1.62
4.67 1.73 2.66 10.93 29.69 26.31 22.20 1.80
14.89 7.24 5.90 12.05 14.14 30.65 12.91 2.22
II.58 7.68 7.02 13.42 19.15 26.19 11.65 3.30
Hydrometer Analysis
Sand (%) Silt (95) Clay (%)
Sarasota A GH-7 23.91 9.91 8.98 15.97 13.47 9.10 10.94 7.72
GH-8 29.38 18.05 12.01 12.82 10.22 7.34 6.38 3.79
GH-9
GH-10
GH-11
GH-12
Sand Fill
GH-13
GH-14
GH-15
GH-16
GH-17
GH-18
GH-19
GH-20
GH-21
GH-22
0.36 2.29 10.76 31.13 18.84 15.43 18.78 2.41
2.84 2.99 10.00 24.33 22.41 13.01 15.18 9.24
Clay Sample Not Subject To Analyses
Clay Sample Not Subjeot To Analyses
42.48 19.62 10.40 7.39 3.91 3.01 7.90
5.29
0.37 1.07 6.08 20.78 12.97 15.35 14.35 29.04
0.04 0.73 3.69 11.08 10.34 22.35 47.78 3.99
0.67 6.01 21.09 47.16 14.58 5.73 4.37 0.39
2.59 5.80 18.35 39.62 16.80 7.73 7.71 1.39
0.57 0.36 1.79 13.73 29.20 27.59 24.26 2.48
0.71 1.23 4.91 22.99 26.88 24.40 16.88 2.00
8.92 1.32 2.39 8.65 27.04 21.12 24.44 6.11
22.41 2.42 3.27 10.60 22.34 15.68 9.41 13.86
5.01 4.43 11 69 33.51. 23.26 8.33 11.26 2.50
3.59 3.46 20.56 49.28 14.72 3.12 4.31 0.96
90.6
89.8
93.2
89.5
85.6
80.5
89.2
75.1
88.6
90.2
93.1
89.1
92.2
92.9
94.3
91.7
90.4
88.5
94.2
89.2
92.8
2.0
3.6
5.0
72
8.3
12.9
0.8
15.6
6.0
3.1
1.9
2.8
4.1
5.9
3.9
3.3
2.8
9.2
2.9
3.8
1.0
7.4
6.6
1.8
3.3
6.1
6.6
10.2
9.3
5.4
6.7
5.0
8.1
3.7
1.2
1.8
5.0
6.8
2.3
2.9
7.0
6.2
(Continued)
-------
Table 3. Particle Size Analyses, continued
2.00 0.840
Sieve Analysis (mm)
Percent Retained in Sieve
0.420 0.250 0.177 0.149 0.074 <0.074
Melbourne A OH-23 2.01 5.10 25.98 43.31 12.77 3.33 4.63 2.36
GH-24 6.88 7.94 21.82 37.45 10.66 3.67 7.76 3.62
Melbourne B GH-25 0.09 1.51 18.13 37.32 16.53 7.31 15.16 3.95
GH-26 0.27 1.65 18.28 36.72 16.51 7.76 14.86 3.96
V Palm GH-27
Beach A GH-26
0.06 1.93 10.82 29.45 20.04 16.78 11.11 9.82
0.63 2.47 10.83 28.00 20.15 17.84 15.12 4.96
V Palm GH-29 0.50 0.59 4.65 18.02 23.03 28.94 12.49 11.79
Beaoh B GH-30 0.28 0.26 2.66 14.65 26.91 34.76 16.35 4.14
Miami A
Miami B
GH-31
GH-32
GH-33
OH-34
0.06 0.13 0.36 4.22 15.40 31.75 17.39 30.69
6.44 0.81 0.68 3.34 10.22 29.45 13.56 35.50
13.10 12.20 11.59 6.85
17.16 5.84 4.23 4.04
)
5.89 14.23 12.34 23.81
7.85 20.05 12.44 28.41
Jacksonville A GH-35
GH-36
0.33 0.47 2.55 15.96 40.58 23.37 5.58 11.16
0.23 0.35 2.75 18.51 42.82 18.53 10.47 6.34
Jaoksonvill* B GH-37
GH-38
6.40 3.72 2.74 4.61 16.43 36.04 18.76 11.29
12.87 6.10 4.07 5.22 9.48 24.18 14.11 23.96
Tallahassee A GH-39 0.61 4.30 22.86 27.43 12.94 8.39 14.78 8.69
GH-40 0.32 5.33 25.34 26.37 12.64 7.85 10.12 12.03
Tallahassee B GH-41 0.25 2.52 28.81 40.98 12.19 4.85 6.07 4.33
GH-42 0.93 2.57 16.92 26.75 16.40 10.66 14.57 11.19
Pensaoola A GH-43 0.63 4.53 18.24 30.74 16.99 7.99 9.54 11.35
GH-44 2.60 4.75 17.76 26.55 13.51 6.70 11.86 16.26
Pensaoola B GH-45 3 25 4.28 20.09 30.89 13.44 7.19 6.06 14.79
GH-46 0.92 6.11 35.54 31.69 10.83 5.38 5.29 4.23
Hydrometer Analysis
Sand (98) Silt (9S) Clay (S5)
91.3 2.7 6.0
81.5 10.3 8.2
96.7 1.6 1.7
95.5 3.0 1.5
93.5 0.8 5.7
97.4 0.2 2.4
95.4 3.3 1.3
95.9 1.0 3.1
73.8 19.3 6.9
65.8 27.1 7.1
45.5 38.8 15.7
55.8 25.6 18.6
91.4 5.3 3.3
92.9 1.4 5.7
86.5 2.8 10.7
79.6 15.0 5.4
76.9 18.0 5.1
66.9 21.8 11.3
90.6 1.2 8.2
90.3 0.6 9.1
82.1 16.7 1.2
78.1 17.7 4.2
83.6 10.2 6.2
80.9 8.0 11.1
-------
Table 4. Radiological Data
Site
Station
Data
Soli Gas Radon
Depth Ceil
In. or AT
Rn-222
dCI/L
Moist
%
Soil Sample
Ra-226,pCi/g Rn Em
%
Tampa A
GH-1
09/16/89
24
5-52
98
4
0.3 + 5%
30
GH-1
09/16/89
24
5-53
1
-
-
-
. GH-2
-
-
-
•
2
0.5 ± 4%
31
GH-1/2AT
11/02/89
12
5-03
63
-
m
-
11/02/89
24
5-08
72
*
*
*
Ft. Myers A
GH-3
09/16/89
24
5-11
226
4
0.4 +. 5 %
20
GH-3
09/16/89
24
5-12
216
-
-
-
GH-4
09/16/89
24
5-CS
135
4
0.5 ± 4%
14
GH-4
09/16/89
24
5-07
281
GH-3/4 AT
11/02/89
24
5-23
114
*
*
-
11/02/89
24
5-30
125
*
*
•
Ft Myers 5
GH-S
09/17/89
12
5-27
#
2
0.5 + 3%
2
GH-6
09/17/89
12
5-28
1759
4
0.8 ± 2%
10
GH-5/6 AT
No Sample
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sarasota A
GH-7
09/17/89
24
5-47
695
3
0.2 ± 4%
9
GH-S
09/17/89
24
5-57
269
5
2.0 ± 2%
10
GH-7/8 AT
No Sample
-
-
-
m
•
Sarasota i
¦GH-9
09/17/89
18
5*15
709
2
0.8 + 4%
24
GH-10
09/17/89
24
5-25
96
4
0.3 ± 5%
£
GH-9/10 AT
11/02/89
18
5-20
70
.
a
11/02/89
18
5-21
76
•
•
9/19-11/2
15
AT
105
•
•
Brooksvilte A
GH-11
09/18/89
24
EPA 1.4
9**
27
2.50 2%
3S
GH-12
09/18/89
15
EPA 2.3
5400
35
3.80 2 %
3£
Sand fill
•
m
0
020+7%
£
Tampa B
GH-13
09/18/89
24
5-66
548
3
0.3 ± 6%
2S
GH-14
09/18/89
24
5-67
1057
4
0.4 5 %
3f
GH-13/14AT
No Sample
-
«
•
-
(Continued)
12
-------
Table 4. Radiological Data, continued
Site
Station
Data
Soil Gas Radon
Depth Cell
In. or AT
Rn-222
dCI/L
Moist
%
Soil Sample
Ra-226,pCi/g
Rn Em
%
Bartow A
GH-15
09/19/89
30
5-64
2403
4
11.1 ± 1%
NR
GH-16
09/19/89
27
5.55
11444
4
1&5 ± 1 %
NR
GH-1S/16 AT
11/03/89
12
5-12
1382
11/D3/B9
12
5-24
1983
11/03/89
30
5-25
2010
11/03/89
30
5-26
1949
9/19-11/3
15
AT
3021
Lakeland A
GH-17
09/19/89
18
5-60
2793
4
0.7 ± 4%
18
GH-18
09/19/89
18
5-61
1269
3
0.8 + 3%
22
GH-17/18 AT
11/03/89
18
5-06
107
.
.
11/03/89
18
5-07
113
•
-
11/03/89
27
5-10
192
-
-
11/03/89
27
5-11
189
-
-
9/19-11/3
15
AT
300
-
Orlando A
GH-19
09/19/89
30
5-50
30
- 4
0.3 + 7%
3
GH-20
09/19/89
30
5-55
45
2
0.4 ± 5%
16
GH-19/20AT
No Sample
*
- •
• *
-
-
-
Orlando B
GH-21
03/19/89
30
5-10
22
7
0.7 + 3%
14
GH-22
09/19/89
27
5-19
19
0
0.4 ± 5%
4
GH-21/22 AT
11/03/89
12
S39
4
m
11/03/89
12
5-40
2
m
•
-
11/03/89
24
5-41
3
-
-
_
9/19-11/3
15
AT
9
-
-
-
Melbourne A
GH-23
09/24/89
30
&*1
1765
13
2.0 ± 2%
28
GH-24
09/24/89
30
54)2
115
14
1.7 ± 2%
17
GH-23/24AT
No Sample
-
*»
m
-
.
-
Melbourne 6
GH-25
09/24/89
27 '
5-22
19
5
0.1 ± 9%
5
GH-26
09/24/89
24
5.29
164
7
0.2 + 9%
•
GH-25/26 AT
11/03/89
12
5-14
6
»
11/03/89
12
5-15
5
_
11/03/89
24
5*16
5
-
11/03/89
24
5-38
3
-
9/24-11/3
15
AT
5
_
(Continued)
-------
Table 4. Radiological Data, continued
Site
Station
Soil Gas Radon
Soil Sample
Date
Depth Cell
Rn-222
Moist Ra-226,pCI/i
Rn Em
In. or AT
dCI/L
%
%
W.P.Beach A
W.P.BeachB
Miami A
Miami B
GH-33/34 AT No Sample
Jacksonville A
Jacksonville B
GH-35
10/12/89
30
5-01
42
GH-36
10/12/89
30
5-11
42
GH-35/36 AT
11/26/89
12
&31
299
11/26/89
12
5-32
474
11/26/89
30
5-33
466
11/26/89
30
5-34
538
10/12-11/26
15
AT
19
GH-37
10/12/89
24
5-12
161
GH-38
10/12/89
18
5-16
220
GH-37/38 AT No Sample
4
3
7
10
GH-27
09/24/89
30
5-31
254
3
02
GH-28
09/24/89
30
536
153
5
0.1
GH-27/28 AT
11/02/89
12
5-37
250
m
11/02/89
12
5-04
248
11/02/89
30
549
437
11/02/89
30
5-13
444
•
9/24-11/3
15
AT
19
-
GH-29
09/24/89
30
5-26
55
9
0.1
GH-30
09/24/89
24
5432
0
12
0.1
GH-29/30AT
11/02/89
18
5-32
22
11/02/89
18
5-34
20
m
11/02/89
24
5-35
29
9/24-11/3
15
AT
21
•m
-
GH-31
09/25/89
17
CJM
iTyw
122
7
1.3
GH-32
09/25/89
18
5-54
0
16
1.3
GH-31/32 AT
No Sample
-
-
*
•
•
GH-33
09/25/89
12
5-58
111
9
1.9
GH-34
09/25/89
16
5-59
220
13
1.7
± i%
±
±
1S%
11 %
±
±
2%
2%
± 2%
+ 2%
0.3
0.3
±
±
6%
5%
0.6
0.S
± 4%
± 4%
20
4
15
7
8
1
25
3
17
3
(Continued)
14
-------
Table 4. Radiological Data, continued
Site Station Soil Gas Radon Soil Sample
Data Depth Cell Rn-222 Moist Ra-226,pCi/g Rn Em
In. or AT PC1/L % %
Tallahassee A
GH-39
GH-40
10/17/89
30
5-34
1549
10
2.3
+.
2%
38
10/17/89'
30
5-38
1954
15
3.7
•f
2%
52
11/20/89
12
5-16
1152
11/20/89
12
5-18
1266
.
m
11/20/89
30
5-19
2208
.
.
m
11/20/89
30
5-20
2689
.
Tallahassee B
Pensacola A
GH-41
10/17/89
30
5-40
216
4
0.3
i
6%
5
GH-42
10/17/89
27
5-47
65
3
0.6
±
4%
10
GH-41/42 AT
11/20/89
12
5-09
81
.
11/20/89
12
5-13
67
m
m
11/20/89
30
5-14
223
m
m
11/20/89
30
5-15
256
10/17-11/20
15
AT
23
-
-
-
6H-43
10/17/89
24
5-06
102
9
0.4
.i
5%
5
GH-44
10/17/89
24
5-09
74
6
0.5
±
5%
24
GH-43/44 AT
No Sample
.
10/17-11/20
15
AT
21
*
.
GH-45
10/18/89
24
5-13
288
11
0.5
e o/
5 /o
30
GH-46
10/18/89
24
5-19
195
7
0.1
±
10%
#
GH-45/46 AT
11/20/89
12
5-03
8
.
11/20/89
12
5-04
10
11/20/89
24
5-06
181
*
11/20/89
24
5-08
161
*
m
10/18-11/20
15
AT
35
*
m
m
AT Alpha track detector station or result
• Insufficient flow to produce valid sample,
NR Results gave negative emanation and are not reported.
* Emanation coefficient values have a high uncertainly and are not reported.
" Very low flows were obtained at this sampling.
-------
Soil gas radon concentrations ranged from a few pCi/L to over 10,000 pCi/L. The
data were not submitted to statistical analysis; however, some observations can be made
by inspection:
1. The two primary stations at a site generally had comparable levels on the same
sampling date.
2. About half of the 13 AT stations {sampled 6 weeks later) had levels that were
noticeably different from those at the primary stations. However, since the two
types of station were not sampled at the same visit, it is not possible to determine
whether this is a time effect or a spatial effect.
3. In the limited multi-depth sampling at 11 AT stations, concentrations generally
increased with depth in the range of 0.30 to 0.75 m (12 -30 in) when the
concentrations were greater than 100 pCi/L
The results of moisture determinations and radiological measurements on soil
samples are also presented in Table 4. Most of the sandy samples had moisture
contents in the range of 2 -10%; the clay samples from Brooksville had moisture contents
on the order of 30 - 40%.
Radium-226 concentrations were 2 pCi/g or less in 87% of the samples and less
than 1 pCi/g in 67%. One exception was the Bartow samples which had concentrations
on the order of 11-13 pCi/g. At this site, the upper 0.6m (2 ft) consisted of white/grey
sand with pebbles and cobbles and appeared to be a fill material placed over the original
natural soil. The other exceptions were the Brooksville samples (clay) and the
Tallahassee A samples which had concentrations on the order of 2 -4 pCi/g. The fact
that soil gas radon concentrations at some of the <1 pCi/g sites approached or exceeded
1000 pCi/L suggests a radon source at a depth deeper than that from which the soil
sample was taken.
Results of emanation coefficient measurements ranged from a few percent to 39%.
Most of these samples had low radium concentrations and hence the associated
emanation coefficient determinations have a high degree of uncertainty.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the assistance of Kathryn Vinz who performed laboratory
determinations of permeability and particle size, Leon Pendlebury who performed the soil
gas radon analyses, and Tom Burke who assisted with radium-226 analysis of soil
samples.
16
-------
REFERENCES
Bauer, E.E. and Thornburn, T.H, (1958). Introductory Soil and Bituminous Testing (Stipes
Publishing Co., Champaign, IL).
Drumbein, W.C.and Pettijohn, F.J. (1938). Manual of Sedimentary Petrography (Appleton
Century Crofts Inc., NY).
Geohazards (1990). Untitled field data report to Florida Radon Research Program
(Geohazards, inc., P.O. Box 14956, Gainesville, FL 32604).
Roessler, C.E., Smith, D.L., Bolch, W.E., Hintenlang, D.E., and Furman, R.A. (1990).
Gas Permeabilities and Radon Content of Florida Fill Materials and Soils, final
report to Florida State University System Board of Regents and Florida State
University System Radon Advisory Board (University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL 32611).
Williamson, A.D. and Finkel, J.M. (1991). Standard Measurement Protocols, Florida
Radon Research Program, EPA-600/8-91-212 (NTIS PB 92-115294).
17
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