E PA - 600 /R- 97-112
October 1997
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF WOODBURNING STOVES IN
COLORADO DURING THE 1995-96 HEATING SEASON
Prepared by:
Robert Correll, Dennis R. Jaasma, and Yagna Mukkamala
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0238
EPA Cooperative Agreement CR819599-01-0
EPA Project Officer:
Robert C, McCriilis
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for:
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inslmctions on the reverse before comf
1 III 1 III E
PB98-1
IIIII III
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA- 600 / R- 9 7-112
1 II11 III
06487
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Field Performance of Woodburning Stoves in
Colorado During the 1995-96 Heating Season
S. REPORT DATE
October 1997
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Robert Correll, Dennis R. Jaasma, and Yagna
Mukkamala
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0238
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CR819599-01-1
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADORESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final j 12/95—4/96
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. supplementary notes project officer is Robert C, McCrillis, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2733.
is. abstract rep0rt gives results of evaluations of the field performance of 13 EPA-
certified woodburning stoves in Crested Butte and Curecanti National Park, CO,
during the winter of 1995-96. Measurements included particulate matter (PM), car-
bon monoxide (CO), and weekly average burn rates. Six non-catalytic Phase II
stoves, six catalytic Phase II stoves, and one catalytic Phase I stove were monitor-
ed. The study adds to the existing database on the field emissions of newer and old-
er certified stoves. Average non-catalytic stove PM and CO emission factors of the
study were 9.8 and 93 g/kg, respectively. For the catalytic stoves, the factors
were 22. 8 and 112 g/kg, respectively. The report compares these values with re-
sults from previous studies and suggests reasons that field performance is poor
relative to what might be expected from certification test results.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cosati Field/Group
Pollution Particles
Stoves Carbon Monoxide
Combustion Catalysis
Wood
Emission
Measurement
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
13 B
13A 07B
2 IB 07D
11L
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
y <« *
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with pro-
tecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national
environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions lead-
ing to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural
systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research
program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental pro-
blems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our eco-
logical resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and pre-
vent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for
investigation of technological and management approaches for reducing risks
from threats to human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's
research program is on methods for the prevention and control of pollution to air,
land, water, and subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water
systems; remediation of contaminated sites and-groundwater; and prevention and
control of indoor air pollution. The goal of this research effort is to catalyze
development and implementation of innovative, cost-effective environmental
technologies; develop scientific and engineering information needed by EPA to
support regulatory and policy decisions; and provide technical support and infor-
mation transfer to ensure effective implementation of environmental regulations
and strategies.
This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratory's strategic long-
term research plan. It is published and made available by EPA's Office of Re-
search and Development to assist the user community and to link researchers
with their clients.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
During the winter of 1995-96 the field performance of thirteen EPA-certified
woodburning stoves in Crested Butte, CO and Curecanti National Park, CO was
evaluated. Measurements included particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO),
and weekly average burn rates. Six non-catalytic Phase II stoves, six catalytic Phase II
stoves, and one catalytic Phase I stove were monitored. The study adds to the existing
database on the field emissions of newer and older certified stoves. Average non-
catalytic stove PM and CO emission factors of the study were 9.8 and 93 g/kg
respectively. For the catalytic stoves the factors were 22.8 and 112 g/kg respectively.
The report compares these values with results from previous studies and suggests
reasons that field performance is poor relative to what might be expected from
certification test results.
iv
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 3 V
LIST OF FIGURES vi
OBJECTIVE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES 2
RESULTS 2
DISCUSSION 5
Catalytic Stoves 5
Non-catalytic Stoves 8
CONCLUSIONS 9
RECOMMENDATIONS 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11
REFERENCES .11
APPENDIX A
Individual Household Profiles for the 1995-96 Study A-1
APPENDIX B
1995-96 SPREADSHEET DATA B-1
V
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic of the VPI Sampler 12
Figure 2. Stove 1CB01 PM Factor vs Monitoring Season 13
Figure 3. Stove 1CF01 PM Factor vs Monitoring Season 14
Figure 4. Correlation of PM and CO Emissions: 1989-96 15
Figure 5.1989-90 Non-Catalytic PM Emissions vs Bum Rate 16
Figure 6.1989-96 Non-Catalytic PM Emissions vs Bum Rate 17
Figure 7. Stove 2NH01 PM Factor vs Burn Rate 18
Figure 8. Stove 2NH01 PM Factor vs Monitoring Season 19
vi
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OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this project is to quantify the field performance of EPA-certified
woodstoves, both when stoves are relatively new and after stoves have been in service
for an appreciable time. One-week averages of particulate matter (PM) and carbon
monoxide (CO) emissions are measured for a variety of stoves, including both catalytic
and non-catalytic EPA-certified models. The VPI sampler is used for all measurements
and both PM and CO emissions are reported as measured by the sampler.
This report summarizes the measurement methods and the measured emission
factors. The emission factors of the current study are compared with earlier data for
PM and CO emissions of certified and uncertified (conventional) stoves.
introduction
Personnel from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI)
measured woodstove emissions in Crested Butte, Colorado during the winters of
1988-89', 1989-902, and 1991-923. The 1988-89 and 1989-90 measurements were
intended to determine the effect of a town-wide changeover from conventional to
EPA-certified (mostly Phase I) woodstoves. The 1991-92 study was intended to focus
exclusively on Phase II stoves, but a limited number of Phase II stoves in Crested
Butte and scheduling conflicts with stove owners limited the Phase II data obtained.
Both PM and CO emissions were measured during these studies. A fourth study, in the
winter of 1992-93, involved only CO and carbon dioxide (C02) measurements of
catalytic stoves4.
The 1995-96 study obtained additional data on the performance of Phase II
stoves in Crested Butte and in Curecanti National Park, located outside of Gunnison,
Colorado. The intention was to monitor each stove for four weeks to average the
effects of weekly weather changes and other uncontrolled variables, but for some
stoves fewer than four one-week averages were obtained. Sampling in Crested Butte
occurred from February 5 to March 4, 1996. Sampling in Curecanti National Park
occurred from March 8 to April 13,1996 when warm weather ended the heating
season.
Thirteen stoves were monitored: seven catalytic and six non-catalytic. The stove
design and condition for each site is described in Appendix A. One of the catalytic
stoves was Phase I certified and all other stoves were Phase II certified. Appendix B
contains a spreadsheet showing all measured values and calculated emissions data.
The previous studies created a large database of emissions from conventional
and Phase I stoves, giving baseline data for comparison to Phase II models. Only one
of the 1995-96 stoves was monitored in a previous study and can be directly compared
1
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with previous data. However, over the years a total of three Crested Butte stoves have
been monitored for PM and CO during more than one season and their data can be
examined for long term performance changes. The 1988-1996 Colorado work also
includes several catalytic stoves which were monitored for PM and CO (using the VPI
sampler) during one season and also had short-term (approximately an hour)
monitoring for flue gas temperature and CO and C02 concentrations under technician-
controlled conditions during the winter of 1992-93. The 1992-93 CO, C02, and
temperature data can give a rough estimate of the PM and CO data that would have
been obtained with the VPI sampler.
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
The hardware used for the measurements is shown schematically in Fig. 1 and is
known as the "VPI sampler." This sampler has been compared to the EPA reference
method for woodstove PM and to the dilution tunnel method for CO measurement and
has been found to be accurate. The methods for sampler preparation and workup have
been documented in earlier reports and are not repeated here.
Participants used their normal wood supply. Field personnel weighed a large
part of the participant's woodpile at sampler deployment, marked the weighed pari by
replacing the wood on top of a bright red ribbon, and weighed any unused wood from
the pre-weighed supply at sampler retrieval. Fuel moisture measurements were done
gravimetrically, using chips generated by low speed drilling of representative logs.
RESULTS
Forty-seven deployments resulted in useful data on stove emissions. Eight
blanks were also run and were used to correct the measured results and give an idea of
the uncertainties of this season's measurements. The blank samplers were prepared
as usual in the lab and were deployed there. The blank samplers sampled room air for
approximately 40 hours and were then worked up in the laboratory. Blanks were split
equally between Crested Butte and the Curecanti National Recreation Area.
The average gravimetric catch for the blanks was 1.2 mg with a standard
deviation of 1.0 mg. Since the catch of the worst blank (done during the earliest
monitoring) was 2.8 mg and a 1.2 mg correction to all measured PM catches was used,
the worst case error in measured catch is estimated at no more than 1.6 mg. Since for
a given test the PM emission factor is directly proportional to catch, dividing 1.6 mg by
the total catch of a test indicates the maximum expected weighing error for a particular
test. The average PM catch of the study was 30.5 mg and thus the average gravimetric
uncertainty is 1.6/30.5, or 5%. The most extreme uncertainty of the data is for the first
test of non-catalytic stove 2NL01, which appeared to burn clean for that run but whose
2
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sampler failed its post-test leak check. Leakage of the sample train increases
measurement uncertainty, primarily due to lower PM catches and secondarily due to
lower combustion gas concentrations, but does not directly compromise the emission
factor data.
As in previous studies the uncertainty in CO emissions is estimated to be +/-
10% of reported value. This uncertainty results from numerous factors such as
calibration gases, analyzer accuracy, and moisture content measurements.
Table 1 compares the PM and CO factors for the current study with those of
previous studies. The listed values represent the average factors for all datapoints for
each type of stove in each study.
3
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TABLE 1. CONVENTIONAL AND EPA CERTIFIED WOODSTOVE RESULTS
Year of
Study
PM Factors, g/kg
CO Factors, g/kg
Avg. Burn Rate, kg/hr
#Stoves /# Datapoints
Conv
CAT
NCAT
Conv
CAT
NCAT
Conv
CAT
NCAT
Conv
CAT*
NCAT**
1988-
89
22.1
5.5
—
115
40
—
1.35
0.86
—
11/37
2/9
—
1989-
90
22.2
11.1
9.9
111
52
76
1.64
0.93
1.10
7/27
12/72
5/29
1991-
92
--
17.6
14.9
—
77
107
—
0.85
0.82
—
9/31
2/7
1995-
96
—
22.8
9.8
—
112
93
—
0.77
0.98
—
7/27
6/20
Notes: * 1988-1990 catalytic models were all Phase I certified.
1991-92 included 7 Phase I and 2 Phase II catalytics.
1995-96 included 1 Phase I and 6 Phase II catalytics.
** All non-catalytic models tested were Phase II certified.
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DISCUSSION
There are several ways to look at the data of these studies. The easiest thing to
do is to look down a column or across a row of Table 1 and attempt to draw conclusions
about stove degradation or differences between stove technologies. However, the
situation is complicated enough that a more careful approach is needed. The following
discussion considers the two technologies {catalytic and non-catalytic) separately.
Catalytic Stoves
Looking down the PM and CO factor columns, the samples of catalytic stove
performance are clearly worse in each subsequent measurement season. If all the
data were for the same stoves and operators (measured season after season) we might
conclude that the problem is degradation of the stoves or that the operators have
become less conscientious.
Fortunately there are some stoves that have been monitored during two or more
seasons. The stove identification codes consist of five characters, where the first
character tells the stove's certification (Phase 1 or 2), the second indicates catalytic (C)
or noncatalytic (N), the third indicates the stove model (A, B, C, as shown in the
spreadsheet data of the appendix), and the last two digits indicate which stove of that
particular model (01 for the first, 02 for the second ...).
Figures 2 and 3 show the results of two stoves. The catalytic Sweet Home AK-
18 (1CB01) of Figure 2 performed relatively well during its first two seasons, with
average PM factors of 7.1 and 6.7 g/kg. During these seasons the stove was not
inspected internally, since it was assumed to be in new condition. The third monitoring
season (when the stove was about four seasons old) had PM emissions of 15.7 g/kg
and inspection showed a warped baffle and cracks between the catalyst mounting plate
and the false ceiling of the firebox. These conditions are expected to allow significant
leakage around the catalyst. Since the same (conscientious) operators lived in the
house the deterioration in performance is presumably due to leakage and perhaps also
due to catalyst degradation.
Before considering Fig. 3 the 1992-93 field measurements must be discussed.
In the 1992-93 study a number of catalytic stoves were inspected and then operated by
VPI personnel while the homeowner looked on. Operation involved kindling a fire and
operating the stove until the catalyst temperature (measured through the EPA-required
access port) was in the range where the catalyst should be active. Once appropriate
conditions occurred, CO and C02 measurements were made in two locations, just
downstream of the catalyst and about one foot downstream of the flue collar. The
intention was to see whether the catalyst was effective (as would be indicated by a high
COj/CO ratio immediately downstream of the catalyst) and whether leakage bypassing
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the catalyst was evident (as would be indicated by a substantially lower COJCO ratio
measured one foot from the flue collar). An instantaneous CO emission factor can be
calculated from the CO and C02 data, and thus a PM factor can be crudely estimated
from Fig. 4. Thus the 1992-93 data give us information about catalyst conditions and
can be used to estimate possible PM factors at that time. The PM estimates should
probably be viewed as the best performance that might be achieved if the catalyst was
kept at proper operating temperatures and the bypass was in its fully closed position.
Figure 3 shows the performance of a Sierra 8000TE (1CF01) monitored in the
1989-90 and 1991-92 seasons. The average sampler-measured PM factor doubled
from 6.0 to 12.2 g/kg during the two years. The 1991-92 inspection showed no visible
degradation that would explain the increase over 1989-90 values. When the stove was
tested in 1992 the catalyst was three years old and the CO/CO ratio at the catalyst exit
was 251, a value indicating the catalyst was in excellent condition. The COJCO ratio
one foot downstream from the collar was 35, a value judged to be just inside the "good"
range defined in the 1992-93 report. The 1992-93 PM estimate of Fig. 3 is based on
the stack CQJCO ratio. The 1992-93 inspection showed visible bypass leaks
accompanied by warping, and this explains the difference between the catalyst
condition and the flue gas condition. The operator was the same for the two seasons of
PM measurements, and thus this appears to be a second case where stove
degradation is contributing to increased emissions.
Figure 4 shows all the catalytic stove data of the Table 1 studies. The plotted
datapoints (each is a one week average for a single stove) represent the winter of the
study, i.e., 1988-89 data are shown by 1's and 1995-96 data (taken seven seasons
later) are shown by 8's. The figure shows that for catalytic stoves there is clear
(although somewhat noisy) correlation between CO and PM emissions. The figure also
shows that the Phase II stoves, all of which were monitored during the fourth and
eighth season of study, were generally not better than the Phase I stoves of the first
two monitoring seasons.
There were other differences between seasons 1,2, and 8. During season 1 the
two catalytic stoves were in pristine condition: one was brand new and the other was
equipped with a new catalyst at the beginning of the 1988-89 heating season. During
season 2 the results were improved over what they otherwise would have been
because representatives of the stove industry did catalyst replacements and/or stove
replacements during the study. (No other monitoring seasons had industry involvement
of this nature.) Four of the catalytic stoves in the current (season) study have been
operating since the 1991-92 heating season and two of the seven stoves have been
functional since the 1987-88 season. Consequently, the current results are indicative of
these catalytic stoves' long term performance.
Both Table 1 and Fig. 4 show that average catalytic stove performance
worsened as the seasons went on. Several possible reasons for poor (or worsening)
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catalytic stove performance are given below, some of which are generally known and
some of which are less obvious;
IMPROPER OPERATION: Catalytic (and non-catalytic) stoves require
certain actions by the operator in order to make the stove burn cleanly.
The bypass must be closed fully during all but the time needed to properly
ignite a fresh charge of wood. The operator must be sure the catalyst is
adequately heated so that when the bypass damper is closed the catalyst
is at a temperature of about 300°C. The operator must load the stove and
set the air controls so the fire does not get too low and allow the catalyst
to go below its active temperature, as would possibly happen if a full load
of cold wood was added and the air was immediately adjusted to a low
setting. Use of extremely wet {likely to create inadequate catalyst
temperatures) or extremely dry (likely to create rich air/fuel mixtures) fuel
could also be considered improper operation,
CATALYST POISONING: Burning garbage or metal-treated wood can
poison a catalyst. This is both a "fuel" and operator issue.
THERMAL CATALYST DEGRADATION: If catalysts get too hot they lose
their catalytic activity, usually because the washcoat undergoes a phase
transition which reduces the effective catalytic surface area available for
oxidation of pollutant molecules.
ASH COATING OF CATALYSTS: Some stoves (the Vermont Castings
Encore is an example) have been observed to accumulate significant ash
on the catalytic surface. Near-total plugging has been observed. This is
both a design and an operator issue, since an aware operator could
periodically clean the catalyst.
ORGANIC COATING OF CATALYSTS: If the operator allows (or if a
partially deactivated catalyst causes) the catalyst surface to be covered
with condensed organic material, the catalyst will remain inactive until and
unless it is heated to a temperature that will burn off or evaporate the
organic coating. This is a reversible "masking" of the catalyst that can
probably always be rectified by a high fire condition, However, if enough
combustible material accumulates, a catalyst fire could possibly occur and
damage the combustor.
BYPASS DEGRADATION: The bypass is a critical part of the design of a
catalytic stove. If it or its matching surface warps, the leakage can be
substantial. Bypass degradation can happen due to warping (whether
caused by overfiring or not) and by having the bypass partially open
during periods of flaming combustion in the firebox. Since bypasses are
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typically located in a false ceiling of a stove, flames will seek out such a
gap and then enlarge it by oxidation of the steel components.
DESIGN WEAKNESSES; Stove manufacturers must meet the EPA
standard in order to sell their stoves. And in order to meet the
Washington State PM limits, manufacturers must especially focus product
development work on operation with the EPA fuel crib. A stove that
performs superbly when burning an EPA fuel load (Douglas fir with
enforced spacing between dimensional lumber) may be relatively fuel-lean
when burning normal cordwood of reasonable moisture content, and a
lean condition can prevent the maintenance of adequate catalyst
temperature.
Non-catalytic Stoves
Data from non-catalytic stoves must be evaluated very carefully because in the
past we have observed a nonlinear dependence of PM emissions on burn rate. Figure
5 shows the non-catalytic stove data from the 1989-90 study, and a clear dependence
of PM on burn rate appears to exist. This means that if the same stove was monitored
two years in a row, one year during cold weather (high burn rates) and the second
during warm weather (low burn rates), the stove performance would appear to have
degraded from one season to the next when in fact nothing had changed but the burn
rate.
Adding the data from the 1991-92 and 1995-96 studies gives a more confusing
picture. Figure 6 shows all the non-catalytic stove data with letters indicating the model
of each stove. Model Q (Lopi Liberty) is unusual in that it had extraordinarily high PM
factors at burn rates over 1 kg/hr, and thus it does not fit the curve shown in figure 5. (It
is unknown how this model would perform at lower bum rates. If it does well at low
burn rates it would be worthwhile to carefully study its design.) Two datapoints for
model H, one at 1 kg/hr and the other at about 3 g/kg make the burn rate vs. PM factor
relationship appear more diffuse, but note that the great majority of model H data fall
along the line one easily imagines in Fig. 5. Finally, model M (Avalon 796) has only two
datapoints, but one of them is at a low burn rate with a low PM factor. Additional tests
could show if this is an anomalous result.
The only non-catalytic stove monitored during different seasons is a Sweet
Home AFX (2NH01). Figure 7 shows its performance with numbers representing the
season the data came from. The PM emission factors are graphed in Fig. 8 and show
the weekly averages for each test during the three seasons this stove was monitored.
These figures indicate no systematic degradation in performance over time since high
and low emission values were measured during all three of the monitoring seasons.
The performance of this stove appears to exhibit the same burn rate dependence
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shown in Fig. 5. The scatter in Fig. 7 is presumably due to variations in fuel, fuel loading
and stove settings from year to year and week to week. When viewing this graph it
becomes evident that more variables are at work than were measured during this study.
It should be noted that the outlying point at 3 g/kg on Fig. 7 is questionable since weight
losses in the probe and sample line (probe weight can decrease if high fire operation
burns or sublimes carbonaceous residue that withstood the probe cleaning procedures)
were uncommonly high for this run.
Season-to-season variations in emission factors appear in Table 1. The PM and
CO emission factors and rates for the 1991-92 study were substantially higher than
those for the 1989-90 study. The average non-catalytic PM emissions rose from 9.9
g/kg in 1989-90 to 14.9 g/kg in the 1991-92 study, probably because the average bum
rate dropped from 1.1 to 0.82 kg/hr between these studies. This trend is reversed in the
current study, where the average burn rate was 0.98 kg/hr and the average PM factor
was essentially the same as in the 1989-90 study. This trend may be explained by the
burn rate dependence of non-catalytic stoves as shown in Fig. 5; however, the small
sample of non-catalytic stoves during the 1991-92 season (when average emissions
peaked) makes a reliable conclusion difficult.
Since all but one of the non-catalytic stoves in the present study were not
monitored before, it is difficult to make a valid comparison with regard to degradation.
One of the non-catalytic stoves was brand-new for the 1995-96 season, one was 1 year
old, and the rest were 3-7 years old at the time of this study. Average PM factors are
unchanged from those measured in the 1989-90 study while CO emissions increased
by 22%.
CONCLUSIONS
The main objective of this study is to quantify the field performance of EPA
certified Phase II stoves as they age. One Phase ! and six Phase II catalytic stoves,
and six Phase II non-catalytic stoves were monitored. Forty-seven complete and useful
PM and CO emission data points were obtained from sixty non-blank sampler
deployments.
The average PM emission factor for the Phase II catalytic stoves in the 1995-96
study was 22.8 g/kg, approximately equivalent to that of conventional stoves and 133%
greater than the average PM factor of Phase II non-catalytic stoves. The CO emission
factors for catalytic stoves were 20% greater than the non-catalytic stoves and
effectively the same as the CO factors for conventional stoves. The average PM
emission factors for catalytic stoves increased by 30% from the 1991 -92 study. The
corresponding CO factors gained 45%.
The non-catalytic stoves, on average, show no definitive evidence of
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performance degradation over the course of the study. A strong dependence of
emission factors on burn rate has been noted for non-catalytic stoves and this
dependence probably is the cause of the observed year-to-year fluctuations in average
performance of these stoves.
Significant physical degradation has been noted in catalytic stove models over
the course of this study. In some cases the causes of poor catalytic stove performance
have been identified as mechanical failures and in other cases one can only assume
that factors such as operator behavior or fuel variability are involved. In non-catalytic
models, the operation, fueling and design of the stoves (as opposed to mechanical
degradation) appear to be the most likely determiners of emission performance.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Colorado field studies spanning the past eight winters have shown the field
performance of EPA certified stoves compared to conventional models and have shown
the performance of newer and older certified stoves. We now have a clear picture of
what certified stoves are doing in the field. A number of performance characteristics
and problems have been identified.
The field data show that certification alone does not guarantee good emissions
performance. To better predict and possibly improve field performance we need
comprehensive answers to the following questions:
1. What are the factors causing the difference between the best
and worst field performance?
2. What is the quantitative impact of each factor identified in question 1?
If we know the answers to these questions, regulators and manufacturers will have a
better chance of reducing pollutant emissions from both existing and new certified
stoves. For example, if the stoves are fully capable of good performance and the main
problem is with operator behavior, local ordinances against visible smoke would be
effective. If the problem is that the certification fueling method (or a portion thereof) is
unrealistic and prediction of field performance is uncertain because of this, revision of
the test procedure is necessary.
Answering questions 1 and 2 will require considerable effort. The most efficient
approach will require a combination of field and laboratory work.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the citizens of Crested Butte and the staff at the Elk Creek
camping site of Curecanti National Park for their cooperation in allowing us to monitor
their stoves. Special thanks also go to Robert C. McCrillis, our EPA technical monitor,
who has contributed to the quality of this work.
REFERENCES
1. Jaasma, D.R. and M.R. Champion, Field Performance of Woodburnina Stoves
in Crested Butte Purina the 1988-89 Heating Season. Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, prepared for the Town of Crested
Butte, CO, June 1989.
2. Jaasma, D.R., M.R. Champion, and M. Gundappa, Field Performance of
Woodburnina and Coalburnina Appliances in Crested Butte during the 1989-90
Heating Season. EPA-600/7-91-005 (NTIS PB91-106921), October 1991.
3. Jaasma, D.R., C.H. Stem, M.R. Champion, and R.C. McCrillis, "Field
Performance of Woodburning Stoves in Crested Butte During the 1991-92
Heating Season," in Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting of the AWMA.
Cincinnati, OH, 1994, Paper No. 94-FA150.01.
4. Jaasma, D.R. and C.H. Stern, Results of 1992-93 Monitoring of Catalytic
Woodstoves in Crested Butte. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, VA, Prepared for the Town of Crested Butte, Crested Butte, CO,
December 7,1993.
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Vacuum
*T etraf luoroethy lene
Figure 1. Schematic of the VPI Sampler
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30
SWEET HOME AK-18 (1CB01)
(each bar is a one week average)
i i i i i—t i— i i
1988-89 1989-90
1990-91
J
-
1991-92
MONITORING SEASON
Figure 2. Stove 1CB01 PM Factor vs Monitoring Season
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30-
SIERRA 8000TE (1CF01)
(each bar is a one week average)
O)
J*
O)
t£
O
I—
O
<
20-
10-
0-
1989-90 1990-91 1991-92
MONITORING SEASON
EST. 92-93
Figure 3. Stove 1CF01 PM Factor vs Monitoring Season
-------
<_n
50
40
O)
"*? 30
CO
O
I—
o
<
UL 20
5
a.
10
EMISSIONS OF CERTIFIED CATALYTIC STOVES
(numbers are seasons of measurements)
4
9
4
4
8
. 8 8
8
8
*
d
2 '
00
§ 8
8
8 8
8
8
34-
4a J
9 ^ « b
2 44 2
22
2
f
fr°24
A 4
a
25
50
75 100 125
CO FACTOR, g/kg
150
175
200
Figure 4. Correlation of PM and CO Emissions: 1989-96
-------
1989-90 NONCATALYTIC STOVE DATA
(G = ACCLAIM, H = AFX)
30-i —
25-
^ 20
O)
of
15
O
Li_
W 10
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
BURN RATE, kg/hr
I
X
H
H
H
¦•h
¦ i ®
H
H
H H
G
H
Q
G
Gr
G
k
H G
G
G
Figure 5. 1989-90 Non-Catalytic PM Emissions vs Burn Rate
-------
30-
NONCATALYTIC DATA, 1989-96
(each point is a one week average)
25-
H H
JjP 20-
O)
DC
§ *
<
H
H
H
H
H
TT
Q_
10i
H H.
W
H
Q
19
-H H-
H u H
H H H
H
H <3
L Q
H
IT
M
05
BURN RATE, kg/h
Figure 6. 1989-96 Non-Catalytic PM Emissions vs Burn Rate
-------
a>
30-
25-
20-
O)
DC
o
c3
5
1S
10-
SWEET HOME AFX (2NH01)
(seasons 2,4, and 8)
4 2
OS
BURN RATE, kg/h
1 5
Figure 7. Stove 2NH01 PM Factor vs Burn Rate
-------
30-
SWEET HOME AFX (2NH01)
(each bar is a one week average)
MONITORING SEASON
Figure 8. Stove 2NH01 PM Factor vs Monitoring Season
-------
APPENDIX A
Individual Household Profiles for the 1995-96 Study
2NM01
AVALON 796, EC5-B - This Phase II noncatalytic stove was installed for us© preceding
either the 91 -92 or 92-93 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary
heat source of the house for two heating seasons. The stove appeared in excellent
condition at the time of its inspection; no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be
seen, the firebrick lining was intact, and all air inlets were free from obstruction. The 8"
single-wall flue was attached to the 6" collar with an adapter.
2NM02
AVALON 796, EC5-E - This Phase II noncatalytic stove was installed for use preceding
either the 91-92 or 92-93 heating season. The stove has been used for three heating
seasons, but may not have been the primary heat source for one of those seasons.
The stove appeared in excellent condition at the time of its inspection: no warping of the
stove walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining was intact, and all air inlets were
free from obstruction. The 8" single-wall flue was attached to the 6" collar with an
adapter.
1CC03
EARTHSTOVE 1002-C, - This Phase I catalytic stove was installed for use preceding
the 89-90 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary heat source of the
house every year since its installation, for a total of seven heating seasons of use. The
stove appeared in good condition at the time of its inspection: no warping of the stove
walls or baffles could be seen, about 15% of the firebrick lining was broken and
crumbling, and the air inlets and the grate/flame shield protecting the catalytic chamber
were free from obstruction. The flue is 6" i.d., 8" o.d. double-wall stove pipe. The
catalyst is the original one provided with the stove. It was not removed for inspection,
but has been passed at each biannual stove inspection. The operators burn the stove
hot for about 1/2 hour after initial firings and reloads by opening the air inlets and the
catalyst bypass, after which the catalyst bypass is closed. The operator admitted to
occasionally forgetting to close the bypass.
2CN01
ENGLANDER 18-PC, EC5A - This Phase II catalytic stove was installed for use
preceding either the 91-92 or 92-93 heating season. The stove has been used as the
primary heat source for four or five heating seasons. The stove appeared in excellent
condition at the time of its inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be
seen, the firebrick lining was intact, all air inlets were free from obstruction, and the
catalyst bypass slid well and closed completely. About 25% of the catalyst's channels
appeared blocked at the inspection and were brushed out before the testing took place.
A-l
-------
The catalyst, the original provided with the stove, was not cracked or peeling. The 8"
single-wall flue was attached to the 6" collar with an adapter.
2CO02
ENGLANDER 18-PC, EC5C - This Phase II catalytic stove was installed for use
preceding either the 91-92 or 92-93 heating season. The stove has been used as the
primary heat source for four or five heating seasons. The stove appeared in excellent
condition at the time of its inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be
seen, the firebrick lining was intact, all air inlets were free from obstruction, and the
catalyst bypass slid well and closed completely. About 20% of the catalyst's channels
appeared blocked at the inspection and were brushed out before the testing took place.
The catalyst, the original provided with the stove, was not cracked or peeling. The 8"
singie-wall flue was attached to the 6" collar with an adapter.
2CO03
ENGLANDER 18-PC, EC5D - This Phase II catalytic stove was installed for use
preceding either the 91-92 or 92-93 heating season. The stove has been used for four
or five heating seasons, but may not have been used as the primary heat source for
one of those seasons. The stove appeared in excellent condition at the time of its
inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining
was intact, all air inlets were free from obstruction, and the catalyst bypass slid well and
closed completely. About 10% of the catalyst's channels appeared blocked at the
inspection, which took place at the end of testing. The catalyst, the original provided
with the stove, was not cracked or peeling. The 8" single-wall flue was attached to the
6" collar with an adapter. The operator claimed to have difficulty establishing adequate
draft.
2C004
ENGLANDER 18-PC, EC5F - This Phase II catalytic stove was installed for use
preceding either the 91 -92 or 92-93 heating season. The stove has been used for four
or five heating seasons, but may not have been used as the primary heat source for
one of those seasons. The stove appeared in excellent condition at the time of its
inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining
was intact, all air inlets were free from obstruction, and the catalyst bypass closed
completely with moderate force. At the inspection, the bypass was found left
unwittingly ajar, leaving a gap of 2-3 square inches and the impression that this event is
not atypical. Less than 5% of the catalyst's channels appeared blocked at the
inspection, which took place at the end of testing. The catalyst, the original provided
with the stove, was not cracked or peeling. The 8" single-wall flue was attached to the
6" collar with an adapter
2CP01
JOTUL MODEL 8C - This Phase II catalytic stove was installed in the middle of the 87-
88 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary heat source of the house
A-2
-------
every year since its installation, for a total of nine heating seasons of use. The stove
appeared in excellent condition at the time of its inspection: no warping of the stove
walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining was intact, all air inlets were free from
obstruction, and the rotating catalyst bypass closes smoothly and completely. The flue
was 8" single-wall stovepipe. The catalyst's channels were clear at the inspection,
which took place at the end of testing. The catalyst was not cracked or peeling, but the
surfaces appeared ashy. The catalyst was installed during the 93-94 heating season.
After initial firings and reloads, the operators burn the stove hot until the flue
temperature gauge indicates the catalyst is hot enough by opening the air inlets and the
catalyst bypass, after which the catalyst bypass is closed.
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY - This Phase II noncatalytic stove was installed for use preceding the
95-96 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary heat source of the
house for one heating season. The stove appeared in excellent condition at the time of
its inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining
was intact, and all air inlets were free from obstruction. The flue was 6" i.d., 8" o.d.
double-wall stovepipe.
2NL01
QUADRAFIRE 31 OOF, - This Phase II noncatalytic stove was installed for use
preceding the 94-95 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary heat
source of the house for one heating season. The stove appeared in excellent condition
at the time of its inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be seen, the
firebrick lining was intact, the ceramic fiber baffle insulation was intact, and all air inlets
were free from obstruction. The flue was 6" single-wall stovepipe.
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX - Because this home has changed owners several times in the
past five years, it cannot be determined when this Phase II noncatalytic stove was
installed for use. The best guess would place its installation immediately before the 89-
90 heating season, when the town of Crested Butte required any stoves operating in
town limits to be certified. With this assumption, the stove has been used for seven
heating seasons. The stove appeared in excellent condition at the time of its
inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining
was intact, and all air inlets were free from obstruction. The flue was 6" single-wall
stovepipe.
2NH01
SWEET HOME AFX - This Phase II noncatalytic stove was installed for use preceding
the 89-90 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary heat source of the
house for seven heating seasons. The stove appeared in excellent condition at the
time of its inspection: no warping of the stove walls or baffles could be seen, the
firebrick lining was intact, and all air inlets were free from obstruction. The flue was 6"
A-3
-------
single-wall stovepipe.
2CJ02
VC DEFIANT ENCORE 2190 - This Phase II catalytic stove was installed in the middle
of the 94-95 heating season. The stove has been used as the primary heat source of
the house every year since its installation, for a total of two heating seasons of use.
The stove appeared in excellent condition at the time of its inspection: no warping of the
stove walls or baffles could be seen, the firebrick lining was intact, all air inlets were free
from obstruction, and catalyst bypass turned smoothly and closed completely. The flue
was 8" single-wall stovepipe. About 50% of the catalyst's channels were blocked by
loose debris at the inspection, which took place at the end of testing. The catalyst, the
original provided with the stove, was not removed for inspection, but appeared in good
condition. After initial firings and reloads, the operator burned the stove hot until the
flue temperature gauge indicates the catalyst is hot enough by opening the air inlets
and the catalyst bypass, after which the catalyst bypass is closed.
A-4
-------
APPENDIX B
1995-96 SPREADSHEET DATA
B-l
-------
STOVE
CODE
1CC03
1CC03
2CN01
2CN01
2CN01
2CN01
2CO02
2CO02
2CO02
2CO02
2CO03
2C003
2CO03
2C004
2C004
2C004
2C004
2C004
2CP01
2CP01
2CP01
2CP01
f 2CJ02
K> 2CJ02
2CJ02
2CJ02
2NM01
2NN02
2NQ01
2NQ01
2N001
2NQ01
2NL01
2NL01
2NL01
2NL01
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH01
2NH01
2NH01
2NH01
SET
STOVE
TEST
STOVE
STOVE
EPA
FUEL
POINT
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
TYPE
CERT.
TYPE
deg C
EARTH 1002-C
960214A
C
C
I
PINE
60
EARTH 1002-C
970227B
C
C
I
PINE
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307B
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960313A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960320A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960327A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960319A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960401A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
9603180
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325B
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960330A
C
C
II
SOFT
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960306A
C
C
II
PINE
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960312A
C
C
II
PINE
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
9603188
C
C
II
PINE
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960323B
C
C
II
PINE
60
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960328A
c
C
II
PINE
60
JOTUL
8C
960212B
c
C
II
PINE,OAK
60
JOTUL
8C
960219A
c
C
II
PINE,OAK
60
JOTUL
8C
9602268
c
C
II
PINE,OAK
60
JOTUL
8C
960302A
c
C
II
PINE,OAK
60
VC ENCORE
960205A
c
C
II
HARD, SOFT
95
VC ENCORE
960215A
c
c
II
HARD,SOFT
60
VC ENCORE
960220A
c
c
II
HARD,SOFT
60
VC ENCORE
960226A
c
c
II
HARD,SOFT
60
AVALON
796
960323A
N
N
II
PINE
60
AVALON
796
960308A
N
N
II
SOFT
60
LOPI LIBERTY
960208A
N
N
II
PINE
95
LOPI LIBERTY
960215B
N
N
II
PINE
60
LOPI LIBERTY
960222A
N
N
II
PINE
60
LOPI LIBERTY
960229A
N
N
II
PINE
60
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960212A
N
N
II
ASPEN
60
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960222B
N
N
II
ASPEN
60
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960227A
N
N
II
ASPEN
60
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960303A
N
N
II
ASPEN
60
SWEET HOME AFX
9602088
N
N
II
SOFT
95
SWEET HOME AFX
960212C
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960217C
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960222C
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960228A
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960304A
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
96021OA
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960217A
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960224A
N
N
II
SOFT
60
SWEET HOME AFX
960301A
N
N
II
SOFT
60
STUDY AVG. 63.0
CAT. AVG. 62.6
NCAT AVG. 63.5
TANK TANK TANK
02 P1 P2 TEMP
X torr torr C
EMPTY PETRI
PETRI +WET UD
9 9
1.5639 12.0783
1.5630 7.3210
1.5708 10.6302
1.5682 12.9172
1.5550 10.3086
1.5727 13.5209
1.5761 8.8786
1.5688 11.8470
1.5415 11.5955
1.5830 13.1326
1.5693 11.9166
1.5830 11.3175
1.5755 12.5536
1.5684 11.5818
1.5706 9.4282
1.5669 12.4983
1.5558 11.3701
1.5841 9.5964
1.5789 11.8347
1.5689 10.1096
1.5812 9.9575
1.5696 8.5385
1.5691 14.2582
1.5782 11.7316
1.5856 14.7606
1.5710 12.1085
1.5726 12.9277
1.5730 10.7763
1.5840 13.9044
1.5689 12.6362
1.5707 13.9350
1.5683 10.4887
1.5758 8.0388
1.5849 8.6927
1.5535 9.4120
1.5577 8.6198
1.5687 13.3368
1.5699 7.1160
1.5627 11.3007
1.5886 10.0240
1.5780 9.3424
1.5810 10.5126
1.5783 12.8525
1.5672 11.4512
1.5837 12.6970
1.5655 12.2314
1.6 11.3
1.6 11.5
1.6 11.0
PETRI WOOD
+DRY WD USE
g wet kg
11.0180 111.3
6.6283 107.2
9.4417 61.0
11.4649 57.9
9.3163 61.5
12.0134 46.5
8.0403 73.4
10.3867 41.0
10.3470 33.0
11.7444 33.4
10.7020 36.6
10.1831 42.9
11.3893 18.3
10.3421 45.4
8.4699 39.1
11.2177 44.7
10.4641 49.1
8.7269 33.1
9.3010 140.7
7.1762 204.7
6.9530 185.6
6.7931 128.8
12.7957 104.5
10.6620 44.7
13.3400 107.0
10.9457 92.4
11.9623 32.0
9.7409 37.0
12.0813 175.1
11.1542 161.9
11.8290 137.4
8.9365 168.4
7.0510 72.1
7.5834 97.6
7.6755 81.9
7.3461 87.7
12.1715 42.7
6.5790 37.1
10.4315 24.2
9.2396 25.6
8.7473 28.4
9.9436 34.8
11.6270 50.8
10.5572 41.4
11.4757 45.3
10.9901 28.1
10.0 73.4
10.1 75.6
9.9 70.5
SAMPLER SAMPLER
START FINISH
hr hr
1034.6 1159.2
279.9 415.6
3894.0 3970.3
5475.0 5542.7
4594.6 4648.8
1422.1 1469.7
4522.1 4594.5
562.0 603.7
4475.0 4509.9
709.9 751.1
1369.5 1421.9
603.8 665.3
5563.4 5592.9
441.5 507.3
1297.2 1369.3
4423.0 4474.9
3993.5 4058.4
4649.4 4697.0
3966.8 4099.4
5187.4 5336.4
4206.6 4312.5
3786.6 3873.7
3566.2 3693.3
4206.1 4278.0
4099.5 4206.4
230.8 329.8
5542.8 5561.8
4371.2 4414.7
18.5 120.5
104.3 215.2
1159.5 1246.4
4418.5 4521.5
3694.0 3731.6
215.4 278.7
5336.9 5394.1
4313.0 4370.5
3525.6 3567.6
3567.9 3617.6
3617.7 3652.5
3653.0 3693.6
3694.0 3731.7
3732.0 3775.4
3953.0 4021.9
120.9 190.5
3732.5 3786.5
1246.6 1296.8
2948.5 3018.6
2909.7 2988.4
3000.9 3059.5
C02 CO
X X
5.34 0.739 15.2
6.40 0.969 14.0
4.73 0.847 15.7
3.77 0.598 16.8
4.28 0.616 16.3
4.08 0.557 16.5
5.03 0.274 15.7
4.39 0.227 16.4
4.74 0.281 16.0
4.45 0.244 16.3
6.45 0.822 14.0
5.40 0.969 15.0
3.45 0.289 17.3
5.47 0.745 15.0
4.21 0.663 16.3
5.38 0.886 15.0
4.70 0.644 15.8
4.48 0.670 16.1
5.86 0.532 14.7
5.47 0.536 15.1
5.92 0.547 14.7
6.24 0.610 14.3
3.72 0.150 17.1
4.15 0.179 16.6
3.63 0.189 17.1
2.20 0.117 18.6
2.26 0.107 18.6
3.23 0.242 17.5
2.53 0.237 18.2
3.56 0.367 17.1
4.49 0.352 16.2
5.00 0.532 15.6
1.52 0.068 19.3
3.68 0.247 17.1
3.97 0.210 16.8
4.48 0.242 16.3
5.84 0.622 14.7
4.79 0.523 15.8
4.07 0.388 16.6
4.32 0.401 16.3
4.27 0.503 16.3
4.54 0.403 16.1
4.63 0.405 16.0
1.72 0.159 19.1
4.75 0.432 15.9
3.73 0.430 16.9
4.4 0.46 16.2
4.8 0.54 15.8
3.9 0.34 16.8
1.3
377
13
1.4
390
15
1.6
315
18
1.9
331
16
0.3
269
17
1.2
292
17
1.5
303
17
1.8
301
15
1.9
268
16
1.6
361
18
0.9
349
16
0.6
371
17
0.6
305
20
1.7
408
17
1.6
449
16
2.2
350
16
1.9
342
17
1.5
318
18
1.6
414
16
1.8
460
16
2.2
392
18
2.0
332
18
1.1
332
16
1.3
284
17
2.0
278
19
1.0
307
17
1.6
320
17
2.0
358
16
1.6
430
13
1.6
367
17
1.8
273
13
2.0
337
17
1.9
431
17
2.1
346
14
1.3
298
18
1.7
294
17
1.7
282
15
1.7
315
16
0.8
240
15
0.1
252
15
2.1
265
19
1.6
305
15
1.2
275
16
1.6
466
17
1.9
207
17
1.5
247
17
1.5 330.7
16.5
1,5 342.0
16.8
1.6 315.4
16.1
PROBE
9 pre
34.2973
34.3410
33.4300
33.8797
33.6178
33.2252
34.7348
33.4384
33.3862
34.7252
33.5785
33.4780
34.7364
33.8759
33.5663
33.4712
33.8833
33.6241
33.4424
34.3169
34.1021
34.3088
34.2940
33.8702
33.4678
33.2240
34.7273
33.3855
33.7275
34.6135
34.3085
34.6174
33.7470
33.7506
33.4726
33.3836
33.7425
33.3785
33.7474
33.8735
33.7554
33.7581
34.3197
33.2230
33.3820
33.7353
33.9
33.9
33.8
-------
w
I
GO
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOVf
CODE
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
1CC03
EARTH 1002-C
960214A
C
1CC03
EARTH 1002-C
970227B
C
2CN01
ENGLANOER
18-PC
960307B
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960313A
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960320A
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960327A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960319A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325A
C
2CO02
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960401A
C
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
9603180
C
2CO03
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325B
C
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960330A
C
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960306A
C
2C004
CNGLANDER
18-PC
960312A
C
2CO04
ENGLANDER
18-PC
9603188
C
2CO04
INGLANDER
18-PC
960323B
C
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960328A
C
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960212B
C
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960219A
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
9602266
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960302A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960205A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960215A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960220A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960226A
c
2NM01
AVALON 796
960323A
N
2NM02
AVALON 796
960308A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960208A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960215B
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960222A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960229A
N
2NL01
2NL01
2NL01
2NL01
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH01
2NH01
2NH01
2NH01
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960212A
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960222B
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960227A
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960303A
SWEET HONE
SWEET HOME
SWEET HOME
SWEET HOME
SWEET HOME
SWEET HOME
AFX 960208B
AFX 960212C
AFX 960217C
AFX 960222C
AFX 960228A
AFX 960304A
SWEET HOME AFX 96021OA
SWEET HOME AFX 960217A
SWEET HOME AFX 960224A
SWEET HOME AFX 960301A
STUDY AVG.
CAT. AVG.
NCAT AVG.
PROBE
9 post
34.3124
34.3526
33.4384
33.8837
33.6247
33.2309
34.7366
33.4402
33.3895
34.7287
33.5854
33.5099
34.7396
33.8796
33.5823
33.4798
33.8874
33.6293
33.4685
34.3422
34.1209
34.3301
34.2977
33.8733
33.4734
33.2253
LINE
0 pre
31.1900
28.9293
30.7149
35.1685
30.7142
28.0461
34.6022
28.9279
25.9160
32.0919
28.0451
25.8340
34.6011
28.9286
32.0907
25.8328
32.0913
35.1687
29.1566
32.5922
32.0919
31.1899
29.1578
25.9145
29.1581
25.8333
LINE
g post
31.1908
28.9285
30.7142
35.1678
30.7150
28.0459
34.6003
28.9273
25.9155
32.0910
28.0460
25.8341
34.6007
28.9277
32.0939
25.8336
32.0917
35.1674
29.1576
32.5907
32.0921
31.1917
29.1572
25.9158
29.1572
25.8324
FILTER 1 FILTER 1 FILTER 2 FILTER 2
g pre g post g pre g post
0.1248
0.1245
0.1249
0.1246
0.1239
0.1266
0.1251
0.1229
0.1261
0.1255
0.1237
0.1255
0.1235
0.1250
0.1247
0.1236
0.1255
0.1269
0.1246
0.1254
0.1246
0.1241
0.1260
0.1252
0.1242
0.1245
0.1278
0.1269
0.1325
0.1305
0.1293
0.1334
0.1264
0.1261
0.1286
0.1294
0.1304
0.1379
0.1262
0.1385
0.1386
0.1319
0.1303
0.1329
0.1286
0.1306
0.1287
0.1276
0.1266
0.1271
0.1252
0.1255
0.1243
0.1246
0.1252
0.1240
0.1238
0.1257
0.1253
0.1245
0.1267
0.1257
0.1245
0.1261
0.1259
0.1241
0.1250
0.1242
0.1266
0.1270
0.1254
0.1240
0.1246
0.1252
0.1250
0.1252
0.1251
0.1244
0.1248
0.1252
0.1269
0.1246
0.1242
0.1264
0.1257
0.1250
0.1268
0.1261
0.1261
0.1279
0.1263
0.1256
0.1271
0.1245
0.1274
0.1279
0.1260
0.1250
0.1248
0.1259
0.1249
0.1252
0.1253
0.1243
TRAP
g pre
1.5926
1.5702
1.5674
1.5499
1.5677
1.5705
1.5760
1.5730
1.5720
1.5557
1.5760
1.5751
1.5984
1.5689
1.5898
1.5465
1.5918
1.5692
1.5632
1.5665
1.5640
1.5561
1.5914
1.5523
1.5575
1.5672
FILTER 1 FILTER 2
TRAP RESIDUE RESIDUE
g post g g
1.6317
1.6107
1.6283
1.5878
1.6009
1.6006
1.5845
1.5815
1.5820
1.5694
1.6223
1.6336
1.6138
1.6039
1.6364
1.5886
1.6317
1.6090
1.5877
1.6004
1.5890
1.5789
1.5968
1.5592
1.5659
1.5730
0.0006
0.0006
0.0008
0.0004
0.0012
0.0008
0.0007
0.0001
0.0006
0.0002
0.0006
0.0002
0.0008
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0001
0.0010
0.0005
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0010
0.0002
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0000
0.0007
0.0004
0.0004
0.0006
0.0007
0.0002
0.0010
0.0004
0.0008
0.0007
0.0002
0.0003
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0007
0.0004
0.0009
0.0007
0.0004
0.0008
PROBE
g
0.0151
0.0116
0.0084
0.0040
0.0069
0.0057
0.0018
0.0018
0.0033
0.0035
0.0069
0.0319
0.0032
0.0037
0.0160
0.0086
0.0041
0.0052
0.0261
0.0253
0.0188
0.0213
0.0037
0.0031
0.0056
0.0013
LINE
g
0.0008
-0.0008
-0.0007
-0.0007
0.0008
-0.0002
-0.0019
-0.0006
-0.0005
-0.0009
0.0009
0.0001
-0.0004
-0.0009
0.0032
0.0008
0.0004
-0.0013
0.0010
-0.0015
0.0002
0.0018
-0.0006
0.0013
-0.0009
-0.0009
33.7357
34.6154
34.3133
34.6216
33.7478
33.7555
33.4753
33.3855
33.7471
33.3824
33.7504
33.8763
33.7583
33.7600
34.3166
33.2245
33.3836
33.7367
33.9
33.9
33.8
36.4610
35.5506
31.1911
36.3156
25.8331
30.7147
32.5914
35.1689
25.9921
32.0910
30.7153
25.9163
34.9150
32.0918
30.7172
32.0911
35.5503
28.0466
31.0
30.4
31.9
36.4583
35.5498
31.1901
36.3136
25.8321
30.7156
32.5908
35.1674
25.9927
32.0914
30.7139
25.9164
34.9135
32.0910
30.7148
32.0908
35.5500
28.0453
31.0
30.4
31.9
0.1252
0.1260
0.1253
0.1243
0.1248
0.1251
0.1246
0.1243
0.1248
0.1245
0.1246
0.1259
0.1245
0.1253
0.1248
0.1244
0.1236
0.1251
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1255
0.1273
0.1268
0.1268
0.1253
0.1277
0.1264
0.1259
0.1292
0.1282
0.1263
0.1281
0.1256
0.1269
0.1257
0.1268
0.1243
0.1278
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1245
0.1248
0.1244
0.1251
0.1244
0.1257
0.1259
0.1246
0.1253
0.1250
0.1247
0.1245
0.1240
0.1235
0.1251
0.1250
0.1256
0.1252
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1250
0.1254
0.1248
0.1255
0.1251
0.1261
0.1263
0.1247
0.1255
0.1253
0.1253
0.1247
0.1243
0.1233
0.1255
0.1252
0.1257
0.1255
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.5898
1.5892
1.5786
1.5677
1.5659
1.5747
1.5595
1.5790
1.5800
1.5655
1.5773
1.5704
1.5734
1.5786
1.5808
1.5622
1.5752
1.5839
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6001
1.6048
1.5889
1.5932
1.5671
1.5814
1.5641
1.5823
1.5924
1.5799
1.5829
1.5774
1.5798
1.5831
1.5896
1.5758
1.5823
1.5966
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.0008
0.0009
0.0002
0.0006
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0005
0.0010
0.0005
0.0003
0.0007
0.0005
0.0005
0.0010
0.0004
0.0003
0.0005
0.0006
0.0005
0.0007
0.0004
0.0000
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0002
0.0005
0.0010
0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0006
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0004
0.0082
0.0019
0.0048
0.0042
0.0008
0.0049
0.0027
0.0019
0.0046
0.0039
0.0030
0.0028
0.0029
0.0019
-0.0031
0.0015
0.0016
0.0014
0.0067
0.0098
0.0025
FILTER1
CATCH
g
0.0036
0.0030
0.0084
0.0063
0.0066
0.0076
0.0020
0.0033
0.0031
0.0041
0.0073
0.0126
0.0035
0.0140
0.0141
0.0086
0.0049
0.0070
0.0045
0.0058
0.0046
0.0039
0.0016
0.0021
0.0015
0.0017
34.7261 34.6013 34.6020 0.1263 0.1273 0.1260 0.1259 1.5896 1.5927 0.0005 0.0003 -0.0012 0.0007 0.0015
33.3867 31.1923 31.1901 0.1246 0.1272 0.1253 0.1252 1.5777 1.5818 0.0002 0.0005 0.0012 -0.0022 0.0028
-0.0027
-0.0008
-0.0010
-0.0020
-0.0010
0.0009
-0.0006
-0.0015
0.0006
0.0004
-0.0014
0.0001
-0.0015
-0.0008
-0.0024
-0.0003
-0.0003
-0.0013
-0.0004
-0.0001
-0.0009
0.0011
0.0022
0.0017
0.0031
0.0010
0.0029
0.0020
0.0017
0.0049
0.0047
0.0022
0.0025
0.0018
0.0021
0.0014
0.0034
0.0011
0.0030
0.0042
0.0055
0.0024
-------
ro
i
0^
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOW
CODE
MODEL
NUNBER
TYPE
1CC03
EARTH 1002-C
960214A
C
1CC03
EARTH 1002-C
970227B
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307B
c
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960313A
c
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960320A
c
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960327A
c
2CO02
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307A
c
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960319A
c
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325A
c
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960401A
c
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
9603180
c
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325B
c
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960330A
c
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960306A
c
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960312A
c
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960318B
c
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960323B
c
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960328A
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960212B
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960219A
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
9602268
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960302A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960205A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960215A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960220A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960226A
c
2NN01
AVALON 796
960323A
N
2NN02
AVALON 796
960308A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960208A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960215B
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960222A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960229A
N
2NL01
2NL01
2NL01
2NL01
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH04
2NH01
2NH01
2NH01
2NH01
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960212A N
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960222B N
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960227A N
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960303A N
SWEET HONE
SWEET HONE
SWEET HONE
SWEET HONE
SWEET HONE
SWEET HONE
AFX 9602088
AFX 960212C
AFX 960217C
AFX 960222C
AFX 96022a*
AFX 960304A
SWEET HONE AFX 96021OA N
SWEET HONE AFX 960217A N
SWEET HONE AFX 960224A N
SWEET HONE AFX 960301A N
STUDY AVG.
CAT. AVG.
NCAT AVG.
FILTER2
CATCH
g
0.0007
0.0011
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0014
0.0008
0.0009
0.0007
0.0011
0.0018
0.0028
0.0008
0.0023
0.0028
0.0005
0.0011
0.0010
0.0008
0.0012
0.0009
0.0011
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
WOOD BURN
TRAP USE TINE
g dry kg hr
BURN WOOD
RATE NC
kg/hr dry X
PN PN
CATCH FACTOR AVG.
g g/kg g/kg
0.0391
0.0405
0.0609
0.0379
0.0332
0.0301
0.0085
0.0085
0.0100
0.0137
0.0463
0.0585
0.0154
0.0350
0.0466
0.0421
0.0399
0.0398
0.0245
0.0339
0.0250
0.0228
0.0054
0.0069
0.0084
0.0058
0.0002 0.0031
0.0004 0.0041
0.0012
0.0010
0.0004
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0006
0.0006
0.0012
0.0008
0.0007
0.0004
0.0006
0.0004
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0009
0.0011
0.0007
99.1
93.4
52.5
50.0
54.0
40.2
64.3
34.8
28.6
29.1
32.0
37.5
16.2
39.4
34.0
39.1
44.1
29.2
104.9
133.1
117.8
95.6
91.5
39.6
94.5
81.4
0.0103
0.0156
0.0103
0.0255
0.0012
0.0067
0.0046
0.0033
0.0124
0.0144
0.0056
0.0070
0.0064
0.0045
0.0088
0.0136
0.0071
0.0127
0.0202
0.0287
0.0089
124.6
135.7
76.3
67.7
54.2
47.6
72.4
41.7
34.9
41.2
52.4
61.5
29.5
65.8
72.1
51.9
64.9
47.6
132.6
149.0
105.9
87.1
127.1
71.9
106.9
99.0
147.7
138.8
112.9
137.7
60.5
81.6
63.2
71.2
38.1
33.2
21.8
23.0
26.0
32.3
44.8
37.3
39.9
24.6
60.8
61.6
59.8
0.80
0.69
0.69
0.75
1.01
0.85
0.90
0.84
0.83
0.71
0.62
0.62
0.55
0.60
0.48
0.76
0.69
0.62
0.80
0.90
1.12
1.11
0.73
0.56
0.89
0.83
29.0 19.0
32.5 43.5
102.0
110.9
86.9
103.0
37.6
63.3
57.2
57.5
42.0
49.7
34.8
40.6
37.7
43.4
68.9
69.6
54.0
50.2
70.1
78.7
58.6
11.2
13.7
15.1
14.7
12.8
14.4
13.0
16.6
14.2
13.7
13.3
13.2
11.9
14.1
13.9
13.3
10.2
12.2
32.8
52.3
55.9
33.4
13.0
11.8
12.1
12.4
1.46
1.26
1.31
1.35
1.62
1.30
1.12
1.25
0.92
0.67
0.63
0.57
0.70
0.75
0.66
0.54
0.75
0.49
0.0581
0.0542
0.0777
0.0472
0.0467
0.0434
0.0100
0.0127
0.0154
0.0203
0.0620
0.1047
0.0213
0.0556
0.0815
0.0594
0.0492
0.0505
0.0557
0.0635
0.0483
0.0497
0.0097
0.0129
0.0140
0.0074
1.54 9.3 0.0031
0.75 12.7 0.0051
17.4
15.5
20.5
21.1
18.0
18.5
28.4
22.0
11.0
10.7
9.8
10.3
8.3
6.8
12.2
9.9
12.3
13.2
25.1
18.7
44.1
32.8
35.7
32.5
6.5
9.6
11.9
12.6
0.0169
0.0187
0.0150
0.0307
0.0017
0.0150
0.0081
0.0048
0.0225
0.0230
0.0089
0.0116
0.0090
0.0069
0.0042
0.0176
0.0089
0.0152
22.4
36.3
10.1
24.5
43.8
19.6 29.3
22.1
37.3
27.0
27.2
31.2
21.5
23.4
19.6
22.4
8.0
11.1
14.1
11.2
4.4
4.3
14.7
13.4
11.6
16.9
2.8
11.5
6.9
3.6
12.5
14.0
8.5
9.9
7.3
4.7
3.1
21.6
8.6
15.2
28.9
21.7
11.1
14.1
6.2
9.5
12.1
0.86 16.28
0.77 17.7
0.98 14.4
0.0305 17.3
0.0440 22.8
0.0123 9.8
CO
CO
PN
CO
ICTOR
AVG.
RATE
RATE
ROW
i/kg
g/kg
g/hr
g/hr
NO.
139
20.0
110
12
ERR
149
137
12.9
103
13
ERR
14
171
30.4
118
15
ERR
157
24.2
116
16
ERR
144
35.5
144
17
ERR
138
153
27.5
117
18
ERR
19
61
5.8
55
20
ERR
59
8.0
49
21
ERR
66
9.8
54
22
ERR
62
62
8.9
44
23
ERR
24
129
15.0
79
25
ERR
171
26.7
105
26
ERR
91
131
10.8
50
27
ERR
28
137
13.2
82
29
ERR
155
17.6
73
30
ERR
160
20.3
120
31
ERR
138
18.5
94
32
ERR
149
148
19.1
91
33
ERR
34
97
17.0
77
35
ERR
104
20.9
93
36
ERR
98
21.8
109
37
ERR
103
100
24.6
113
38
ERR
39
47
5.7
34
40
ERR
50
6.1
27
41
ERR
59
12.4
52
42
ERR
62
54
9.2
51
43
ERR
44
55
6.7
84
45
ERR
46
83
3.2
62
47
ERR
48
102
21.3
148
49
ERR
110
16.8
137
50
ERR
86
15.1
111
51
ERR
112
102
22.5
149
52
ERR
53
54
4.4
86
54
ERR
75
14.8
96
55
ERR
60
7.6
66
56
ERR
61
62
4.5
76
57
ERR
58
111
11.3
101
59
ERR
114
9.3
76
60
ERR
102
5.3
64
61
ERR
99
5.6
56
62
ERR
122
5.1
84
63
ERR
95
107
3.5
71
64
ERR
65
94
2.0
61
66
ERR
103
11.5
55
67
ERR
98
6.4
72
68
ERR
120
104
7.4
59
69
ERR
104
13.7
84.7
ERR
112
17.1
83.8
93
9.2
85.8
-------
w
I
(Ji
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOVE
CODE
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
1CC03
EARTH 1002-C
960214A
C
1CC03
EARTH 1002-C
970227B
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307B
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960313A
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960320A
C
2CN01
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960327A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960307A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960319A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325A
C
2C002
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960401A
C
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960318D
C
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960325B
C
2C003
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960330A
C
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960306A
C
2CO04
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960312A
C
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960318B
C
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960323B
C
2C004
ENGLANDER
18-PC
960328A
C
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960212B
C
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960219A
c
2CP01
JOTUL
BC
960226B
c
2CP01
JOTUL
8C
960302A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960205A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960215A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960220A
c
2CJ02
VC ENCORE
960226A
c
2NM01
AVALON 796
960323A
N
2NM02
AVALON 796
960308A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960208A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960215B
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960222A
N
2NQ01
LOPI LIBERTY
960229A
N
2NL01
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960212A
N
2NL01
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960222B
N
2NL01
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960227A
N
2NL01
QUADRAFIRE 3100F960303A
N
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX
9602088
N
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX
960212C
N
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX
960217C
N
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX
960222C
N
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX
960228A
N
2NH04
SWEET HOME AFX
960304A
N
2NH01
SWEET HOKE AFX
96021OA
N
2NH01
SWEET HOME AFX
960217A
N
2NH01
SWEET HOME AFX
960224A
N
2NH01
SWEET HOME AFX
960301A
N
COMMENTS
Combined k
262.4
PROBE ANGLED DOWN INTO STACK AT RETRIEVAL, SOME PM MAY HAVE BEEN LOST
FAILED POST-TEST LEAK CHECK, LEAK MAY HAVE BEEN CREATED DURING WORKUP
SPILLED ABOUT 5% OF ACETONE WASH, DATA HAS BEEN ADJUSTED
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER ON BUT NOT READING PROPERLY; OPERATOR REPORTED CHIMNEY FIRE
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER ON BUT NOT READING PROPERLY; SNOWING WHILE TAKING MOISTURE CONTENT
SUSPECTED THAT NEEDLE VALVE WAS ACCIDENTLY BUMPED TO AN ALMOST CLOSED POSITION
MINIMAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
38% OF WOOD WEIGHT WAS ESTIMATED AS ADDITIONAL WOOD BURNED
SAMPLER UNPLUGGED FOR ONE DAY BY OPERATORS; FAILED POST-TEST LEAK CHECK
EVIDENCE OF LEAKAGE
STUDY AVG.
CAT. AVG.
NCAT AVG.
-------
SET
EMPTY
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOVE
EPA
FUEL
POINT
PETRI
CODE
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
CERT.
TYPE
deg C
9
Z1
BLANK
960212D
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z2
BLANK
96021SC
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
23
BLANK
960222D
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z4
BLANK
960301B
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z5
BLANK
960318C
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z6
BLANK
960320B
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z 7
BLANK
960322A
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z8
BLANK
960330B
BLANK
BLANK
BLANK
Z9
AVERAGE
Z91
STD DEV
w
1
-------
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOVE
LINE
LINE
FILTER 1
FILTER 1
FILTER 2
FILTER 2
CODE
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
9 pre
9 post
9 pre
9 post
9 pre
9 post
Z1
BLANK
960212D
BLANK
31.1908
31.1928
0.1249
0.1248
0.1245
0.1243
Z2
BLANK
960215C
BLANK
36.3137
36.3157
0.1244
0.1244
0.1244
0.1241
Z3
BLANK
960222D
BLANK
28.0451
28.0458
0.1250
0.1250
0.1242
0.1240
Z4
BLANK
960301B
BLANK
25.9159
25.9157
0.1247
0.1240
0.1249
0.1247
Z5
BLANK
960318C
BLANK
32.0934
32.0916
0.1234
0.1239
0.1246
0.1246
Z6
BLANK
960320B
BLANK
34.6017
34.6011
0.1243
0.1242
0.1229
0.1229
Z7
BLANK
960322A
BLANK
36.3122
36.3124
0.1260
0.1260
0.1266
0.1268
Z8
BLANK
960330B
BLANK
28.9271
28.9273
0.1259
0.1260
0.1261
0.1261
Z9
AVERAGE
Z91
STD DEV
ffl
I
-J
FILTER 1 FILTER 2
TRAP RESIDUE RESIDUE
g post g g
TRAP
g pre
1.5660
1.5586
1.5730
1.5505
1.5794
1.5731
1.5519
1.5775
1.5663
1.5593
1.5742
1.5511
1.5810
1.5750
1.5529
1.5783
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0004
0.0005
0.0002
0.0002
0.0006
0.0001
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
PROBE
9
0.0000
-0.0004
-0.0009
-0.0005
-0.0002
-0.0018
-0.0001
-0.0006
-0.0006
0.0005
LINE
9
0.0020
0.0020
0.0007
-0.0002
-0.0018
-0.0006
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0012
FILTER1
CATCH
9
-0.0001
0.0002
0.0000
-0.0001
0.0005
0.0003
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
FILTER2
CATCH
9
-0.0000
0.0003
-0.0001
0.0005
0.0003
0.0001
0.0004
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
-------
uooo
BURN
BURN
WOOD
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOVE
TRAP
USE
TIME
RATE
MC
CODE
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
g
dry kg
hr
kg/hr
dry X
Z1
BLANK
96021ZD
BLANK
0.0003
ERR
41.0
ERR
ERR
zz
BLANK
960215C
BLANK
0.0007
ERR
41.5
ERR
ERR
Z3
BLANK
960222D
BLANK
0.0012
ERR
40.9
ERR
ERR
Z4
BLANK
960301B
BLANK
0.0006
ERR
50.4
ERR
ERR
Z5
BLANK
960318C
BLANK
0.0016
ERR
39.9
ERR
ERR
Z6
BLANK
960320B
BLANK
0.0019
ERR
47.5
ERR
ERR
Z7
BLANK
960322A
BLANK
0.0010
ERR
50.5
ERR
ERR
28
BLANK
960330B
BLANK
0.0008
ERR
42.6
ERR
ERR
Z9
AVERAGE
0.0010
ERR
44.3
ERR
ERR
Z91
STD DEV
0.0005
ERR
4.2
ERR
ERR
w
I
CO
PM PM CO CO PM
CATCH FACTOR AVG. FACTOR AVG. RATE
0 g/kg g/kg g/kg g/kg g/hr
CO
RATE ROW
g/hr NO. COMMENTS
-------
Combined k
STOVE
STOVE
TEST
STOVE
CODE
MODEL
NUMBER
TYPE
Z1
BLANK
960212D
BLANK
Z2
BLANK
960215C
BLANK
Z3
BUNK
960222D
BLANK
Z4
BLANK
960301B
BLANK
Z5
BLANK
960318C
BLANK
Z6
BLANK
960320B
BLANK
Z 7
BLANK
960322A
BLANK
Z8
BLANK
960330B
BLANK
Z9
AVERAGE
Z91
STD DEV
W
1
VD
------- |