United States
Environmental Protection
1=1 m m Agency
EPA/690/R-14/014F
Final
9-17-2014
Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for
Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
(Alpha Isomer [CASRN 52125-53-8] and
Beta Isomer [CASRN 1569-02-4])
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268

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AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
CHEMICAL MANAGER
Senthilkumar Perumal Kuppusamy, PhD, DVM, DABT
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
CONTRIBUTOR
Scott C. Wesselkamper, PhD
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
This document was externally peer reviewed under contract to
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
110 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421-3136
Questions regarding the contents of this document may be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of
Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health
Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS	ii
BACKGROUND	1
DISCLAIMERS	1
QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVs	 1
INTRODUCTION	2
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA (NONCANCER AND CANCER)	5
DERIVATION 01 PROVISIONAL VALUES	6
CANCER WEIGII I -01 -EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR	7
MODE-OF-ACTION (VIOA) DISCI SSION	7
APPENDIX A. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PUTATIVE STRUCTURAL
ANALOGS TO PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ISOMERS	8
APPENDIX B. REFERENCES	9
l

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COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
a2u-g
alpha 2u-globulin
MN
micronuclei
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental
MNPCE
micronucleated polychromatic

Industrial Hygienists

erythrocyte
AIC
Akaike's information criterion
MOA
mode-of-action
ALD
approximate lethal dosage
MTD
maximum tolerated dose
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
NAG
N-acetyl-P-D-glucosaminidase
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
NCEA
National Center for Environmental
atm
atmosphere

Assessment
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and
NCI
National Cancer Institute

Disease Registry
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect level
BMD
benchmark dose
NTP
National Toxicology Program
BMDL
benchmark dose lower confidence limit
NZW
New Zealand White (rabbit breed)
BMDS
Benchmark Dose Software
OCT
ornithine carbamoyl transferase
BMR
benchmark response
ORD
Office of Research and Development
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
PBPK
physiologically based pharmacokinetic
BW
body weight
PCNA
proliferating cell nuclear antigen
CA
chromosomal aberration
PND
postnatal day
CAS
Chemical Abstracts Service
POD
point of departure
CASRN
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry
POD[adj]
duration-adjusted POD

Number
QSAR
quantitative structure-activity
CBI
covalent binding index

relationship
CHO
Chinese hamster ovary (cell line cells)
RBC
red blood cell
CL
confidence limit
RDS
replicative DNA synthesis
CNS
central nervous system
RfC
inhalation reference concentration
CPN
chronic progressive nephropathy
RfD
oral reference dose
CYP450
cytochrome P450
RGDR
regional gas dose ratio
DAF
dosimetric adjustment factor
RNA
ribonucleic acid
DEN
diethylnitrosamine
SAR
structure activity relationship
DMSO
dimethylsulfoxide
SCE
sister chromatid exchange
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
SD
standard deviation
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
SDH
sorbitol dehydrogenase
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
SE
standard error
FEV1
forced expiratory volume of 1 second
SGOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, also
GD
gestation day

known as AST
GDH
glutamate dehydrogenase
SGPT
glutamic pyruvic transaminase, also
GGT
y-glutamyl transferase

known as ALT
GSH
glutathione
SSD
systemic scleroderma
GST
glutathione -S -transferase
TCA
trichloroacetic acid
Hb/g-A
animal blood-gas partition coefficient
TCE
trichloroethylene
Hb/g-H
human blood-gas partition coefficient
TWA
time-weighted average
HEC
human equivalent concentration
UF
uncertainty factor
HED
human equivalent dose
UFa
interspecies uncertainty factor
i.p.
intraperitoneal
UFh
intraspecies uncertainty factor
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
UFS
subchronic-to-chronic uncertainty factor
IVF
in vitro fertilization
UFd
database uncertainty factor
LC50
median lethal concentration
U.S.
United States of America
LD50
median lethal dose
WBC
white blood cell
LOAEL
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level


11

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PROVISIONAL PEER-REVIEWED TOXICITY VALUES FOR
PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER
(Alpha Isomer [CASRN 52125-53-8] and Beta Isomer [CASRN 1569-02-4])
BACKGROUND
A Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Value (PPRTV) is defined as a toxicity value
derived for use in the Superfund Program. PPRTVs are derived after a review of the relevant
scientific literature using established Agency guidance on human health toxicity value
derivations. All PPRTV assessments receive internal review by a standing panel of National
Center for Environment Assessment (NCEA) scientists and an independent external peer review
by three scientific experts.
The purpose of this document is to provide support for the hazard and dose-response
assessment pertaining to chronic and subchronic exposures to substances of concern, to present
the major conclusions reached in the hazard identification and derivation of the PPRTVs, and to
characterize the overall confidence in these conclusions and toxicity values. It is not intended to
be a comprehensive treatise on the chemical or toxicological nature of this substance.
The PPRTV review process provides needed toxicity values in a quick turnaround
timeframe while maintaining scientific quality. PPRTV assessments are updated approximately
on a 5-year cycle for new data or methodologies that might impact the toxicity values or
characterization of potential for adverse human health effects and are revised as appropriate. It is
important to utilize the PPRTV database (http://hhpprtv.ornl.gov) to obtain the current
information available. When a final Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) assessment is
made publicly available on the Internet (http://www.epa.gov/iris). the respective PPRTVs are
removed from the database.
DISCLAIMERS
The PPRTV document provides toxicity values and information about the adverse effects
of the chemical and the evidence on which the value is based, including the strengths and
limitations of the data. All users are advised to review the information provided in this
document to ensure that the PPRTV used is appropriate for the types of exposures and
circumstances at the site in question and the risk management decision that would be supported
by the risk assessment.
Other U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) programs or external parties who
may choose to use PPRTVs are advised that Superfund resources will not generally be used to
respond to challenges, if any, of PPRTVs used in a context outside of the Superfund program.
QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVs
Questions regarding the contents and appropriate use of this PPRTV assessment should
be directed to the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for
Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300).
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INTRODUCTION
Propylene glycol monoethyl ether (alpha isomer [CASRN 52125-53-8] and beta isomer
[CASRN 1569-02-4]) is a clear colorless liquid used to make lacquers, paints, leather finishes,
wood stains, furniture polishes, inks, polyglycol ethers, and cleaning products. It is also used as
an antifreeze, solvent, adhesive additive, as well as in agrochemical formulations and nail care
products (ChemlDplus. 2014). The molecular formula of both propylene glycol monoethyl ether
isomers is C5H12O2 (see Figure 1). A list of physicochemical properties of the propylene glycol
monoethyl ether isomers is provided in Table 1.
Alpha Isomer (CASRN 52125-53-8)
Beta Isomer (CASRN 1569-02-4)
OH
/	< /"¦
h3c 0	*
HO
O CH3
ch3
Figure 1. Chemical Structures of Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Isomers
Table 1. Physicochemical Properties of Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Isomers3
Property (unit)
Value
Alpha Isomer
(CASRN 52125-53-8)
Beta Isomer
(CASRN 1569-02-4)
Boiling point (°C)
ND
131
Melting point (°C)
ND
ND
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C)
ND
ND
pH (unitless)
ND
ND
Relative vapor density (air = 1)
ND
ND
Vapor pressure (mm Hg at 25 °C)
2.42
3.86
Solubility in water (mg/L at 25°C)
3.66 x 105
3.66 x 105
LogP (octanol-water)
NV
NV
Molecular weight (g/mol)
104.15
104.15
Henry's law constant (atm-m3/mol)
7.38 x 10-8
7.38 x 10-s
aChemIDplus (2014).
ND = no data; NV = no value.
Table 2 provides a summary of available toxicity values for propylene glycol monoethyl
ether from the U.S. EPA and other regulatory agencies or organizations.
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Table 2. Summary of Available Toxicity Values for Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Isomers
(Alpha Isomer [CASRN 52125-53-8f and Beta Isomer [CASRN 1569-02-4]b)
Source/Parameterc'd
Value (Applicability)
Notes
Reference
Date Accessed
Noncancer
ACGIH
NVa,b
NA
ACGIH (2013)
NA
ATSDR
NVa,b
NA
ATSDR (2013)
NA
Cal/EPA
NVa,b
NA
Cal/EPA (2014a)
9-9-2014d
NIOSH
NVa,b
NA
NIOSH (2010)
NA
OSHA
NVa,b
NA
OSHA (2011.2006)
NA
IRIS
NVa,b
NA
U.S. EPA
9-9-2014
Drinking water
NVa,b
NA
U.S. EPA (2012)
NA
HEAST
NVa
NA
U.S. EPA (2011)
NA
bChronic RfD = 7 x 10_1 mg/kg-day
bSubchronic RfD = 7 x 10° mg/kg-day
The critical effect is decreased weight gain in rats
for both the chronic and subchronic RfDs (Smyth
and Carocntcr. 1948).
U.S. EPA (2011)
HEA
NVa
NA
U.S. EPA (1984)
NA
bAIS = 476 mg/kg-day
bAIC = 47.6 mg/kg-day
Based on the incidence of reduced growth and
kidnev chanees in rats CSmvth and Carpenter.
1948).
U.S. EPA (1984)
CARA HEEP
NVa,b
NA
U.S. EPA (1994)
NA
WHO
NVa,b
NA
WHO
9-9-2014
Cancer
IRIS
NVa,b
NA
U.S. EPA
9-9-2014
HEAST/WOE
NVa,b
NA
U.S. EPA (2011)
NA
IARC
NVa,b
NA
IARC (2013)
NA
NTP
NVa,b
NA
NTP (2011)
NA
3
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Table 2. Summary of Available Toxicity Values for Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Isomers


(Alpha Isomer [CASRN 52125-53-8f and Beta Isomer [CASRN 1569-02-4]b)

Source/Parameterc'd
Value (Applicability)
Notes
Reference
Date Accessed
Cal/EPA
NVa,b
NA
Cal/EPA (2014b. 2009)
NA
aAlpha isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether
bBeta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether
°Sources: ACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; ATSDR = Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Cal/EPA = California
Environmental Protection Agency; CARA = Chemical Assessments and Related Activities; HEA = Health Effects Assessment; HEAST = Health Effects Assessment
Summary Tables; HEEP = Health and Environmental Effects Profile; IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer; IRIS = Integrated Risk Information
System; NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NTP = National Toxicology Program; OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health
Administration; WHO = World Health Organization.
dThe Cal/EPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) Toxicity Criteria Database (http://oehha.ca.gov/tcdb/index.asp') was also reviewed and
found to contain no information on propylene glycol monoethyl ether.
AIC = acceptable intake chronic; AIS = acceptable intake subchronic; IDLH = immediately dangerous to life or health; NA = not applicable; NSRL = no significant risk
level; NV = not available; PEL = permissible exposure level; REL = recommended exposure level; RfD = oral reference dose TLV = threshold limit value; TWA = time
weighted average; WOE = cancer weight of evidence.
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Literature searches were conducted on sources published from 1900 through August 2014
for studies relevant to the derivation of provisional toxicity values for propylene glycol
monoethyl ether (alpha isomer [CASRN 52125-53-8] and beta isomer [CASRN 1569-02-4]).
The following databases were searched by chemical name, synonyms, or CASRN: ACGIH,
ANEUPL, AT SDR, BIO SIS, Cal/EPA, CCRIS, CD AT, ChemlDplus, CIS, CRISP, DART,
EMIC, EPIDEM, ETICBACK, FEDRIP, GENE-TOX, HAPAB, HERO, HMTC, HSDB, IARC,
INCHEM IPCS, IP A, ITER, IUCLID, LactMed, NIOSH, NTIS, NTP, OSHA, OPP/RED,
PESTAB, PPBIB, PPRTV, PubMed (toxicology subset), RISKLINE, RTECS, TOXLINE, TRI,
U.S. EPA IRIS, U.S. EPA HEAST, U.S. EPA HEEP, U.S. EPA OW, and U.S. EPA
TSCATS/TSCATS2. The following databases were searched for toxicity values or exposure
limits: ACGIH, AT SDR, Cal/EPA, U.S. EPA IRIS, U.S. EPA HEAST, U.S. EPA HEEP,
U.S. EPA OW, U.S. EPA TSCATS/TSCATS2, NIOSH, NTP, OSHA, and RTECS.
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA
(NONCANCER AND CANCER)
The available data on both isomers of propylene glycol monoethyl ether primarily focus
on their physicochemical properties. No repeated-dose toxicity studies via the oral or inhalation
route of exposure are available in humans or laboratory animals for the alpha isomer of
propylene glycol monoethyl ether. For the beta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether, the
only relevant study that warrants any consideration for derivation of provisional references doses
(p-RfDs) is an oral range-finding study by Smyth and Carpenter (1948). In this study, propylene
glycol monoethyl ether was administered in the drinking water to groups of Sherman rats
(5/sex/dose) at doses of 0 (control), 160, 680, or 2,140 mg/kg-day for 30 days. Body weight,
appetite, and morbidity were measured, and microscopic analysis of the adrenals, upper intestine,
kidney, liver, and spleen were performed (although the time at which these measurements were
conducted was not reported, it was assumed to have been at study termination). Appetite was
judged on the basis of water consumption (in mL). Reduced appetite and reduced growth at
2,140 mg/kg-day were reported by the study authors (sex of rats affected was not specified).
Although propylene glycol monoethyl ether-induced "kidney changes" were mentioned in the
U.S. EPA (1984) Health Effects Assessment (HEA), no such changes were mentioned in the
original Smyth and Carpenter (1948) study report. No details regarding the examination or
observation of other toxicological endpoints were provided in the study.
Oral toxicity values have been previously derived using the Smyth and Carpenter (1948)
range-finding study (U.S. EPA. 2011. 1984: see Table 2). However, the HEA (U.S. EPA. 1984)
document reported that the Smyth and Carpenter (1948) study is only marginally adequate for
risk assessment purposes, as this study utilized a relatively small number of animals, and
hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, and detailed histopathology were not
reported. Thus, the Smyth and Carpenter (1948) study does not comprehensively evaluate
sufficient toxicological endpoints, and is not considered adequate for use in the derivation of any
p-RfD values by current standards.
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No toxicity information is available regarding inhalation exposure of humans or animals
to the beta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether.
DERIVATION OF PROVISIONAL VALUES
DERIVATION OF ORAL REFERENCE DOSES
Feasibility of Deriving Subchronic and Chronic p-RfDs
No sub chronic-duration, chronic-duration, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity,
or carcinogenicity studies on the alpha isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether via the oral
route were identified. For the beta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether, only a 30-day
oral range-finding study (Smyth and Carpenter. 1948) in Sherman rats is available. However, as
stated above, this study is not considered adequate for use in the derivation of any p-RfD values
by current standards. Thus, an attempt was made to use a computational toxicological surrogate
approach to identify surrogate chemicals for both isomers of propylene glycol monoethyl ether
(see Wang et al.. 2012 for details on this established methodology). For the alpha isomer of
propylene glycol monoethyl ether, no suitable analogs with >50% structural similarity and
possessing repeated-dose toxicity values were identified using the ChemlDplus database. For
the beta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether, two putative structural analogs
(l-methoxy-2-hydroxypropane [or propylene glycol monomethyl ether; CASRN 107-98-2] and
propylene glycol [CASRN 57-55-6]) with >50% structural similarity and possessing repeated-
dose toxicity values were identified using the ChemlDplus database. Although subchronic and
chronic p-RfDs are available in a PPRTV assessment of propylene glycol (U.S. EPA. 2008).
these p-RfDs are based on hematological endpoints observed in male Wistar rats following
5 weeks of oral administration in drinking water (Vaille et al.. 1971). Thus, when compared to
the beta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl ether, it cannot be determined whether the
l-methoxy-2-hydroxypropane and propylene glycol structural analogs share similar target organs
of toxicity or toxicity endpoints following oral exposure. Additionally, due to the general lack of
information on the physicochemical properties of the alpha and beta isomers of propylene glycol
monoethyl ether (see Table 1), it is difficult to analyze for comparability with those of the two
putative structural analogs (see Appendix A; note known differences in solubility and vapor
pressure). Finally, no metabolism information is available for either of the propylene glycol
monoethyl ether isomers. Taken together, a computational toxicological surrogate approach
based on the established Wang et al. (2012) methodology is not feasible for either isomer of
propylene glycol monoethyl ether; therefore, no p-RfDs are derived in this PPRTV assessment.
DERIVATION OF INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATIONS
Feasibility of Deriving Subchronic and Chronic Provisional Reference Concentrations
(p-RfCs)
Although a chronic inhalation reference concentration (RfC) is available on IRIS for the
l-methoxy-2-hydroxypropane structural analog to the beta isomer of propylene glycol monoethyl
ether (U.S. EPA. 1995). no short-term-duration, sub chronic-duration, chronic-duration,
developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, or carcinogenicity studies on either the alpha or
beta isomers of propylene glycol monoethyl ether via the inhalation route were available for
comparative toxicity analysis. Thus, application of a computational toxicological surrogate
approach in the derivation of p-RfCs is precluded in this PPRTV assessment.
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CANCER WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR
Limitations in the available data preclude development of a WOE descriptor for both
isomers of propylene glycol monoethyl ether.
MODE-OF-ACTION (MOA) DISCUSSION
Limitations in the available data preclude determination of a MOA discussion for both
isomers of propylene glycol monoethyl ether.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PUTATIVE STRUCTURAL
ANALOGS TO PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ISOMERS
Physicochemical Properties of Putative Structural Analogs to Propylene Glycol
Monoethyl Ether Isomers11
Property (unit)
Value
l-Methoxy-2-Hydroxypropane
(CASRN 107-98-2)
Propylene Glycol
(CASRN 57-55-6)
Boiling point (°C)
119
187.6
Melting point (°C)
-1.42 x 102
-6.00 x 101
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C)
ND
ND
pH (unitless)
ND
ND
Relative vapor density (air =1)
ND
ND
Vapor pressure (mm Hg at 25 °C)
12.5
0.129
Solubility in water (mg/L at 25°C)
1.00 x 106
1.00 x 106
LogP (octanol-water)
-0.490
-0.92
Molecular weight (g/mol)
90.12
76.09
Henry's law constant (atm-m3/mol)
9.20 x 10-7
1.29 x 10-8
aChemIDplus (20141.
ND = no data.
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APPENDIX B. REFERENCES
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). (2013). 2013 TLVs and
BEIs. Based on documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and
physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH.
AT SDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (2013). Minimal risk levels
(MRLs) for hazardous substances. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp
Cal/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2009). Appendix A: Hot spots unit risk
and cancer potency values. Sacramento, CA: Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot spots/2009/AppendixA.pdf
Cal/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2014a). All OEHHA acute, 8-hour and
chronic reference exposure levels (chRELs) as of June 2014. Sacramento, CA: Office of
Health Hazard Assessment, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/allrels.html
Cal/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). (2014b). Chemicals known to the state
to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity June 6, 2014. (Proposition 65 list). Sacramento,
CA: California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment, http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65 list/files/P65single060614.pdf
Cal/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). OEHHA toxicity criteria database.
Sacramento, CA: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
http ://www. oehha. ca. gov/tcdb/
ChemlDplus. (2014). Propylene glycol monoethyl ether [Database], Bethesda, MD: National
Institutes of Health, National Library of Medcine. Retrieved from
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (2013). Bitumens and bitumen emissions,
and some N- and S-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. IARC monographs
on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 103. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/voll03/monol03.pdf
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). (2010). NIOSH pocket guide to
chemical hazards. Index of chemical abstracts service registry numbers (CAS No.).
Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgdcas.html
NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2011). Report on carcinogens: Twelfth edition (12th ed.).
Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, National Institutes of Health.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/rocl2.pdf
OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration). (2006). Table Z-l limits for air
contaminants. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=STANDARDS&p
id=9992
OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration). (2011). Air contaminants: occupational
safety and health standards for shipyard employment, subpart Z, toxic and hazardous
substances. (OSHA Standard 1915.1000). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show document?p table=STANDARDS&p
id=l0286
Smyth. HF. Jr; Carpenter. CP. (1948). Further experience with the range finding test in the
industrial toxicology laboratory. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30: 63-68.
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U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1984). Health effects assessment for glycol
ethers [EPA Report], (EPA/540/1-86/052). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
http://www.ntis.gov/search/product.aspx?ABBR=PB86134632
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1994). Chemical assessments and related
activities (CARA) [EPA Report], (600/R-94/904; OHEA-I-127). Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
http://nepis. epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL. cgi?Dockev=6000 lG8L.txt
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1995). IRIS summary for propylene glycol
monomethyl ether (PGME) (CASRN 107-98-2). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System.
http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/04Q4.htm
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2008). Provisional peer reviewed toxicity
values for propylene glycol (CASRN 57-55-6) [EPA Report], Cincinnati, OH: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2011). Health effects assessment summary
tables (HEAST). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, http://epa-heast.ornl. gov/
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2012). 2012 Edition of the drinking water
standards and health advisories. (EPA/822/S-12/001). Washington, DC: Office of Water.
http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/dwstandards2012.pdf
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Integrated risk information system (IRIS)
[Database], Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk
Information System. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/iris/
Vaille. C: Debrav. C: Roze. C: Souchard. M; Martin. E. (1971). [Hyperglycemic action of
propylene glycol], Ann Pharm Fr 29: 577-582.
Wang. NC: Zhao. OJ: Wesselkamper. SC: Lambert. JC: Petersen. D; Hess-Wilson. JK. (2012).
Application of computational toxicological approaches in human health risk assessment.
I. A tiered surrogate approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 63: 10-19.
http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.vrtph.2012.02.006
WHO (World Health Organization). Online catalog for the Environmental Health Criteria Series.
Available online at http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/ehc/en/
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