United States
Environmental Protection
1=1 m m Agency
EPA/690/R-15/006F
Final
9-03-2015
Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for
1,1 -Dichloropropene
(CASRN 563-58-6)
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268

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AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
CHEMICAL MANAGER
Dan D. Petersen, PhD, DABT
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
This document was externally peer reviewed under contract to
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
110 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02421-3136
Questions regarding the contents of this document may be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of
Research and Development's National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health
Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS	iv
BACKGROUND	1
DISCLAIMERS	1
QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVs	 1
INTRODUCTION	2
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA (NONCANCER AND CANCER)	4
DERIVATION 01 PROVISIONAL VALUES	5
DERIVATION 01 ORAL REFERENCE DOSES	5
Feasibility of Deriving Subchronic and Chronic p-RfDs	5
DERIVATION OF INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATIONS	5
Feasibility of Deriving Subchronic and Chronic p-RfCs	5
CANCER WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR	5
MODE-OF-ACTION (MOA) DISCUSSION	5
ALTERNATIVE METHODS	5
REFERENCES	7
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COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
a2u-g
alpha 2u-globulin
MN
micronuclei
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental
MNPCE
micronucleated polychromatic

Industrial Hygienists

erythrocyte
AIC
Akaike's information criterion
MOA
mode of action
ALD
approximate lethal dosage
MTD
maximum tolerated dose
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
NAG
N-acetyl-P-D-glucosaminidase
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
NCEA
National Center for Environmental
atm
atmosphere

Assessment
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and
NCI
National Cancer Institute

Disease Registry
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect level
BMD
benchmark dose
NTP
National Toxicology Program
BMDL
benchmark dose lower confidence limit
NZW
New Zealand white (rabbit breed)
BMDS
benchmark dose software
OCT
ornithine carbamoyl transferase
BMR
benchmark response
ORD
Office of Research and Development
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
PBPK
physiologically based pharmacokinetic
BW
body weight
PCNA
proliferating cell nuclear antigen
CA
chromosomal aberration
PND
postnatal day
CAS
chemical abstracts service
POD
point of departure
CASRN
chemical abstracts service registry
PODadj
duration-adjusted POD

number
QSAR
quantitative structure-activity
CBI
covalent binding index

relationship
CHO
Chinese hamster ovary (cell line cells)
RBC
red blood cell
CL
confidence limit
RDS
replicative DNA synthesis
CNS
central nervous system
RfC
inhalation reference concentration
CPN
chronic progressive nephropathy
RfD
oral reference dose
CYP450
cytochrome P450
RGDR
regional gas dose ratio
DAF
dosimetric adjustment factor
RNA
ribonucleic acid
DEN
diethylnitrosamine
SAR
structure activity relationship
DMSO
dimethylsulfoxide
SCE
sister chromatid exchange
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
SD
standard deviation
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
SDH
sorbitol dehydrogenase
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
SE
standard error
FEVi
forced expiratory volume of 1 second
SGOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, also
GD
gestation day

known as AST
GDH
glutamate dehydrogenase
SGPT
glutamic pyruvic transaminase, also
GGT
y-glutamyl transferase

known as ALT
GSH
glutathione
SSD
systemic scleroderma
GST
glutathione-S-transferase
TCA
trichloroacetic acid
Hb/g-A
animal blood-gas partition coefficient
TCE
trichloroethylene
Hb/g-H
human blood-gas partition coefficient
TWA
time-weighted average
HEC
human equivalent concentration
UF
uncertainty factor
HED
human equivalent dose
UFa
interspecies uncertainty factor
i.p.
intraperitoneal
UFh
intraspecies uncertainty factor
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
UFS
subchronic-to-chronic uncertainty factor
IVF
in vitro fertilization
UFd
database uncertainty factor
LC50
median lethal concentration
U.S.
United States of America
LD50
median lethal dose
WBC
white blood cell
LOAEL
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level


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PROVISIONAL PEER-REVIEWED TOXICITY VALUES FOR
1,1-DICHLOROPROPENE (CASRN 563-58-6)
BACKGROUND
A Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Value (PPRTV) is defined as a toxicity value
derived for use in the Superfund Program. PPRTVs are derived after a review of the relevant
scientific literature using established Agency guidance on human health toxicity value
derivations. All PPRTV assessments receive internal review by a standing panel of National
Center for Environment Assessment (NCEA) scientists and an independent external peer review
by three scientific experts.
The purpose of this document is to provide support for the hazard and dose-response
assessment pertaining to chronic and subchronic exposures to substances of concern, to present
the major conclusions reached in the hazard identification and derivation of the PPRTVs, and to
characterize the overall confidence in these conclusions and toxicity values. It is not intended to
be a comprehensive treatise on the chemical or toxicological nature of this substance.
The PPRTV review process provides needed toxicity values in a quick turnaround
timeframe while maintaining scientific quality. PPRTV assessments are updated approximately
on a 5-year cycle for new data or methodologies that might impact the toxicity values or
characterization of potential for adverse human health effects and are revised as appropriate. It is
important to utilize the PPRTV database flittp://hhpprtv.ornl.gov) to obtain the current
information available. When a final Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) assessment is
made publicly available on the Internet (http://www.epa.eov/iris). the respective PPRTVs are
removed from the database.
DISCLAIMERS
The PPRTV document provides toxicity values and information about the adverse effects
of the chemical and the evidence on which the value is based, including the strengths and
limitations of the data. All users are advised to review the information provided in this
document to ensure that the PPRTV used is appropriate for the types of exposures and
circumstances at the site in question and the risk management decision that would be supported
by the risk assessment.
Other U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) programs or external parties who
may choose to use PPRTVs are advised that Superfund resources will not generally be used to
respond to challenges, if any, of PPRTVs used in a context outside of the Superfund program.
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. EPA policy and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVs
Questions regarding the contents and appropriate use of this PPRTV assessment should
be directed to the EPA Office of Research and Development's National Center for
Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300).
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INTRODUCTION
1,1-Dichloropropene (1,1-DCPe) (CASRN 563-58-6) is an industrial chemical found at
some Superfund sites. No repeat-dose studies are available in the scientific literature on which to
base a hazard identification or a dose-response evaluation for the derivation of toxicity values.
The related compound 1,3-dichloropropene is used as a pesticide, while the other four
dichloropropenes have no reported uses and are present in lower concentrations (ATSDR. 2008).
1,1-DCPe is on the Tox 21 list [10,000 chemicals, U.S. EPA (2015b)1 currently undergoing in
vitro toxicity testing. The molecular formula of 1,1-DCPe is C3H4CI2 (see Figure 1). A list of
physicochemical properties is provided in Table 1.
CI
Figure 1. 1,1-Dichloropropene Structure
Table 1. Physicochemical Properties of 1,1-Dichloropropene (CASRN 563-58-6)a
Property (unit)
Value
Boiling point (°C)
76.5
Melting point (°C)
ND
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C)
ND
Vapor pressure (lmnHg at 20°C)
90.8
pH (unitless)
ND
Solubility in water (mg/L at 25 °C)
749
Relative vapor density (air = 1)
ND
Molecular weight (g/mol)
110.97
aChemIDplus (2015).
ND = no data.
Table 2 provides a summary of available toxicity values for 1,1-DCPe
(CASRN 563-58-6) from U.S. EPA and other regulatory agencies or organizations.
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Table 2. Summary of Available Toxicity Values for
1,1-Dichloropropene (CASRN 563-58-6)
Sou rce/Parameterab
Value (applicability)
Reference
Noncancer
ACGIH
NV
ACGIH (2015)
ATSDR
NV
ATSDR (2015)
Cal/EPA
NV
Cal/EPA (2015b): Cal/EPA (2014)
NIOSH
NV
NIOSH (2015)
OSHA
NV
OSHA (2011): OSHA (2006)
IRIS
NV
U.S. EPA (2015a)
DWSHA
NV
U.S. EPA (2012)
HEAST
NV
U.S. EPA (2011)
CARA HEEP
NV
U.S. EPA (1994)
WHO
NV
WHO (2015)
Cancer
IRIS
NV
U.S. EPA (2015a)
HEAST/WOE
NV
U.S. EPA (2011)
IARC
NV
IARC (2015)
NTP
NV
NTP (2014)
Cal/EPA
NV
Cal/EPA (2015a): Cal/EPA (2011)
aSources: ACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; ATSDR = Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry; Cal/EPA = California Environmental Protection Agency; CARA = Chemical
Assessments and Related Activities; DWSHA = Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories;
HEAST = Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables; HEEP = Health and Environmental Effects Profile;
IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer; IRIS = Integrated Risk Information Systems;
NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NTP = National Toxicology Program;
OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration; WHO = World Health Organization.
' Parameters: WOE = cancer weight of evidence (U.S. EPA. 1986).
NV = not available.
Literature searches were conducted on sources published from 1900 through April 2015
for studies relevant to the derivation of provisional toxicity values for 1,1-DCPe
(CASRN 563-58-6). Searches were conducted using U.S. EPA's Health and Environmental
Research Online (HERO) database of scientific literature. HERO searches the following
databases: AGRICOLA; American Chemical Society; BioOne; Cochrane Library; DOE: Energy
Information Administration, Information Bridge, and Energy Citations Database; EBSCO:
Academic Search Complete; GeoRef Preview; GPO: Government Printing Office;
Informaworld; IngentaConnect; J-STAGE: Japan Science & Technology; JSTOR:
Mathematics & Statistics and Life Sciences; NSCEP/NEPIS (EPA publications available through
the National Service Center for Environmental Publications [NSCEP] and National
Environmental Publications Internet Site [NEPIS] database); PubMed: MEDLINE and
CANCERLIT databases; SAGE; Science Direct; Scirus; Scitopia; SpringerLink; TOXNET
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(Toxicology Data Network): ANEUPL, CCRIS, ChemlDplus, CIS, CRISP, DART, EMIC,
EPIDEM, ETICBACK, FEDRIP, GENE-TOX, HAPAB, HEEP, HMTC, HSDB, IRIS, ITER,
LactMed, Multi-Database Search, NIOSH, NTIS, PESTAB, PPBIB, RISKLINE, TRI; and
TSCATS; Virtual Health Library; Web of Science (searches Current Content database among
others); World Health Organization; and Worldwide Science. The following databases outside
of HERO were searched for toxicity values: ACGIH, ATSDR, Cal/EPA, U.S. EPA IRIS,
U.S. EPA HEAST, U.S. EPA HEEP, U.S. EPA OW, U.S. EPA TSCATS/TSCATS2, NIOSH,
NTP, OSHA, and RTECS.
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY RELEVANT DATA
(NONCANCER AND CANCER)
The available data on 1,1-DCPe (CASRN 563-58-6) primarily focuses on its
biodegradation, biotransformation by soil organisms, and use in the development of analytical
methods. 1,1-DCPe is a contaminant in some drinking water sources. Because of this and the
fact that no toxicological data were available for this compound, which is structurally similar to
the rodent carcinogen 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCPe), 1,1-DCPe was placed on the EPA's
Contaminant Candidate List. No information is available on repeated-dose oral or inhalation
exposure of humans or animals to 1,1-DCPe. A genetic toxicology study was conducted in
several Salmonella strains (Granville et at.. 2005). The study evaluated mutagenicity using the
Salmonella assay, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage (comet assay), and the apoptotic
(caspase assay) activities in human lymphoblastoid cells. In Salmonella, 1,1-DCPe was not
mutagenic in strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA104 ±S9 mix. However, it was clearly
mutagenic in strain RSJ 100, which expresses the rat GSTT1-1 gene. 1,1-DCPe did not induce
DNA damage in GSTTl-l-deficient human lymphoblastoid cells, and it induced apoptosis in
these cells only at 5 mM. Consistent with its mutagenesis in RSJ 100, 1,1-DCPe reacted with
glutathione (GSH) in vitro, suggesting an addition-elimination mechanism to account for the
detected GSH conjugate. 1,1-DCPe was approximately 5,000 times more mutagenic than
1,1 -dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE). Neither 1,1-DCE nor 1,3-DCPe showed enhanced mutagenicity
in strain RSJ 100, indicating a lack of activation of these congeners by GSTT1-1. Thus,
1,1-DCPe appears to be a base-substitution mutagen, requiring activation by GSTT1-1, and
possibly involving the production of a reactive episulfonium ion. This bioactivation mechanism
of 1,1-DCPe is thus different from that of its congeners 1,1-DCE and 1,3-DCPe. 1,1-DCPe also
has caused genotoxicity in fish (Winn et aL 2006). It is being tested as part of Tox 21, and is in
the NTP 1408 compound library. However, following EPA guidance, the available mechanistic
studies do not provide endpoints that are currently usable for identifying a point of departure
(POD).
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DERIVATION OF PROVISIONAL VALUES
DERIVATION OF ORAL REFERENCE DOSES
Feasibility of Deriving Subchronic and Chronic p-RfDs
No sub chronic-duration, chronic-duration, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity,
or carcinogenicity studies on 1,1-dichloropropene via the oral route were identified. Thus, no
oral reference doses (RfDs) could be derived. However, as noted below, a computational
toxicological surrogate approach was attempted.
DERIVATION OF INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATIONS
Feasibility of Deriving Subchronic and Chronic p-RfCs
No sub chronic-duration, chronic-duration, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity,
or carcinogenicity studies on 1,1-dichloropropene via the inhalation route were identified. Thus,
no inhalation reference doses (RfCs) could be derived. However, as noted below, a
computational toxicological surrogate approach was attempted.
CANCER WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE (WOE) DESCRIPTOR
Limitations in the available data preclude development of a weight-of-evidence (WOE)
descriptor.
MODE-OF-ACTION (MOA) DISCUSSION
Limitations in the available data preclude determination of a mode-of-action (MOA)
discussion.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS
The surrogate approach allows for the use of data from related compounds to calculate
screening values when data for the compound of interest are limited or unavailable. Details
regarding searches and methods for surrogate analysis are presented in Wane et al. (2012).
Three types of potential surrogates (structural, metabolic, and toxicity) are identified to facilitate
the final surrogate chemical selection. The surrogate approach may or may not be route-specific
or applicable to multiple routes of exposure. All information was considered together as part of
the final weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach to select the most suitable surrogate both
toxicologically and chemically.
An initial surrogate search focused on the identification of structurally similar chemicals
with toxicity values from the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), PPRTV, and Health
Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) databases to take advantage of the
well-characterized chemical-class information. This was accomplished by searching the
US EPA's DSSTox database (DSSTox. 2012) at similarity levels >60%, and the National
Library of Medicine's C hem 1 Dpi us database (ChcmlDplus. 2015) at similarity levels >70%.
Both ChemlDplus (which uses 3D QSAR models) and DSSTox (which uses 2D QSAR models)
identified an overlapping list of analogs (see Table 3).
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Table 3. Structural Analogues for 1,1-Dichloropropene
Chemical Name
Structural Similarity
Information Source
1 -B ro mo -1 -chloropropene
90%
CliemlDDlus (2015)
1,1 -Dibromopropene
88%
1,1 -Dichlorobutene
87%
T richloroethylene
80%
1,1,2-Trichloropropene
77%
1,2 -Dichloro-1 -flouroethy lene
76%
2-Bromo-l, 1 -dichloroethylene
75%
1,1 -Dichloroethylene
74%
1-Chloropropene
80%
DSSTox (2012)
1,1-DCE
70%
Dimethylvinyl chloride
67%
T etrachloroethylene
64%
T richloroethylene
64%
1,3 -Dichloropropene
62%
While there was in vivo repeat-dose information on some of these closely related
compounds, including 1,1-DCE, 1,3-DCPe, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene, there was
no data on the parent compound 1,1-DCPe to match health effects. The structurally closely
related chemicals' toxicity profiles also showed no consistent pattern of target organ toxicity, as
shown in Table 4. Due to a lack of matching repeat-dose toxicity information for any of the
potential structural surrogates, derivation of risk values (e.g., RfD, RfC, and oral cancer slope
factor [OSF]) based on the computational toxicological surrogate approach Wane et al. (2012) is
not feasible for 1-DCPe.
Table 4: The Target Organs and RfD of Potential Surrogates
Potential Surrogate Chemical
Target Organ
RfD
T richloroethylene
Immune system
5 x 10 4 mg/kg-d
T etrachloroethylene
Nervous system
6 x 10 3 mg/kg-d
1,1-DCE
Liver
5 x 10 2 mg/kg-d
1,3-DCPe
Nasal respiratory epithelium chronic irritant
3 x 10 2 mg/kg-d
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