StoveTeam International, Ecocina Stove with Wood Fuel Air Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Test Report


May 2016
Test Report
StoveTeam International, Ecocina Stove with Wood Fuel
Air Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Efficiency
Prepared by:
James J. Jetter, P.E,
Seth Ebersvilier, Ph.D.
Guofeng Shen, Ph.D.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ARCADIS
Cookstove Testing Facility operated by:
Craig Williams
Jerroll Faircloth
ARCADIS U.S., Inc.
A contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

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Notice
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and
Development, has financially supported the testing described here. This document has been
reviewed by the Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation by the EPA for use.
Prepared by:
James J. Jetter, P.E., Principal Investigator
Seth Ebersviller, Ph.D., EPA Post-Doctoral Fellow
Guofeng Shen, Ph.D., Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Post-Doctoral Fellow
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
i

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Executive Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) cookstove testing program was first developed to
assist the EPA-led Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (1) and is now part of the U.S. Government's
commitment to the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (the Alliance) (2). Goals of the testing program
are to:
1.	Support the development of testing protocols and standards for cookstoves through ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) TC (Technical Committee) 285: Clean
Cookstoves and Clean Cooking Solutions (3).
2.	Support the development of international Regional Testing and Knowledge Centers (many
sponsored by the Alliance) for scientifically evaluating and certifying cookstoves to international
standards (4).
3.	Provide an independent source of data to Alliance partners.
This work supports EPA's mission to protect human health and the environment. Household air
pollution, mainly from solid-fuel cookstoves in the developing world, is estimated to cause
approximately four million premature deaths per year (5), and emissions of black carbon and other
pollutants from cookstoves affect regional and global climate (6). An Alliance-coordinated multi-
national multi-disciplinary approach, including the development of standards and testing, is designed to
improve global health and the environment through clean cooking solutions (7).
This report provides testing results for a cookstove system consisting of the stove, cooking vessels, fuel,
and operating procedure. A detailed description of the system is provided in the body of the report.
During testing, the stove was operated as intended by the manufacturer. Actual performance of a
cookstove used in the field may vary if the system is different (e.g., a different fuel is used) or is not
operated as intended.
The cookstove system was tested using the Water Boiling Test (WBT) Version 4.2.3 (8) and following the
ISO IWA (International Workshop Agreement) 11-2012, Guidelines for Evaluating Cookstove
Performance (9) (10), unanimously affirmed by more than 90 stakeholders at the ISO International
Workshop on Cookstoves on February 28-29, 2012 in The Hague, Netherlands. IWA 11:2012 provides
guidelines for rating cookstoves on tiers of performance for four important indicators: [1] Efficiency/fuel
use, [2] Total Emissions, [3] Indoor Emissions, and [4] Safety; and the guidelines are being used while
further development of testing protocols and standards is underway through ISO Technical Committee
285 (3). For measuring air pollutant emissions, the "total capture" method (also known as the "hood"
method) was used, as described on Pages 60-61 of the WBT protocol (8) and similar to EPA Method 5G
(11). The protocol specifies that the stove be tested at high power (cold- and hot-start phases) and low
power (simmer phase). The cold-start phase begins with the stove at ambient temperature, and the
hot-start phase begins with the stove at operating temperature. During both phases, the stove is
operated at high power to heat water in the cooking vessel from ambient to boiling temperature.
During the simmer phase, the stove is operated at low power to maintain the target water temperature
at 3°C below the boiling point. Fuel burning rates determine the power levels. During testing, variation
in fuel burning rates between test replications is minimized. Actual performance of a cookstove used in
ii

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the field may vary if the stove is operated at different fuel burning rates and hence at different power
levels.
Test results summarized on Page iv were obtained in accordance with IWA 11:2012 guidelines, and tier
ratings range from 0 (baseline) to 4 (best). Tier 0 represents the performance of typical traditional open
three-stone fires used for cooking, and Tier 4 represents aspirational goals for solid-fuel cookstoves.
Efficiency/fuel use, total emissions, and indoor emissions are tested at high- and low-power operating
conditions, and sub-tier values and ratings are reported for the two power levels, while the overall
rating is the lowest sub-tier rating, as specified in the IWA. Sub-tier values and ratings for many
different stove types are compared in Figures 4 and 6-9 of this report. Following are brief descriptions
of performance indicators specified in the IWA.
Efficiency/fuel use is an important indicator, especially for cookstoves used in areas where fuel is scarce
or expensive or where forest degradation is an issue due to unsustainable harvesting of wood for fuel.
Greater fuel efficiency is desirable, but increased efficiency does not always correlate with reduced
emissions of air pollutants. Efficiency/fuel use tier levels are based on thermal efficiency at high power
and specific energy use at low power, per the IWA.
Total emissions of air pollutants from cookstoves have potential impact on human health and climate
change. CO (carbon monoxide) and PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) are indicator pollutants specified in
IWA 11:2012, and emissions of additional pollutants are quantified in this report, including gaseous
pollutants C02 (carbon dioxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), CH4 (methane), and NOx (nitrogen oxides), as
well as particulate OC (organic carbon), EC (elemental carbon), and BC (black carbon). Total emission
tier levels are based on the mass of pollutant emitted per unit of useful energy delivered at high power
and the specific emission rate at low-power, per the IWA.
Indoor emissions have a potential direct impact on human health, and emissions may be reduced by
stoves with cleaner combustion and/or with chimneys (flues). Stoves without chimneys are tested for
total emissions into the indoor space, and stoves with chimneys are tested for fugitive emissions from
the stove. Indoor emissions tier levels are based on emission rates, per the IWA.
Safety is also an important indicator included in IWA 11:2012 for evaluation of stoves for protection
from risk of burns and other injuries, but safety is not evaluated in this report.
Cooking power is not an IWA performance indicator, but it is reported in the summary because it can be
important for meeting user needs.
Fuel burning rates are reported to define the test conditions.
IWA tier ratings are based on the performance of the stove system operated as intended with low-
moisture fuel. Additional test results are provided in this report for energy efficiency, fuel use, and air
pollutant emissions for low- and high-moisture fuel and for use of the stove with an optional cooking
griddle. Discussion of results, observations, and quality assurance is also included in the report.
iii

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Stove Manufacturer
& Model
StoveTeam International, Eugene, OR, USA
Ecocina Stove
Testing Center
EPA-Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
Test Protocol
WBT Version 4.2.3, EPA Rev. 4 [see Reference (8)]
Fuel Used
Red oak wood, 7.7% moisture (wet basis), 2 x 2 x 36 cm
Cooking Vessel Used
Standard flat-bottom 7 L pot with 5 L of water, with pot skirt
Test results were obtained in accordance with ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) IWA (International Workshop Agreement) 11:2012. See previous page for
brief description.

Metric
Value
Unit
Sub-Tier
Efficiency / Fuel Use
Tier

High Power Thermal Efficiency
27
%
2
Z
Low Power Specific Energy Use
0.038
MJ / (min L)
2
Total Emissions


High Power CO
5.23
g / MJdelivered
4
Tier
1
Low Power CO
0.12
g/ (min L)
2
1
High Power PM2.5
578
mg / MJdelivered
1


Low Power PM2.5
2.8
mg / (min L)
2
Indoor Emissions


High Power CO
0.37
g/ min
4
Tier
0
Low Power CO
0.48
g/ min
3
High Power PM2.5
43.4
mg / min
0


Low Power PM2.5
11.8
mg / min
2

Value
Unit
Cooking Power (average of Cold Start and Hot Start phases)
1219
W
Fuel burning rate (average for Cold Start, based on equivalent dry fuel consumed)
13.9
g/ min
Fuel burning rate (average for Hot Start, based on equivalent dry fuel consumed)
16.5
g/ min
Fuel burning rate (average for Simmer, based on equivalent dry fuel consumed)
9.0
g/ min
iv

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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Alliance	Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials (now known as ASTM International)
BC	black carbon
C	carbon
C3H8	propane
CH4	methane
cm	centimeter(s)
CO	carbon monoxide
C02	carbon dioxide
CPC	condensation particle counter
EC	elemental carbon
EPA	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
g	gram(s)
HEPA	high-efficiency particulate air
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
IWA	International Workshop Agreement
kg	kilogram(s)
kJ	kilojoule(s)
L	liter(s)
MCE	modified combustion efficiency
Met Lab	Metrology Laboratory
mg	milligram(s)
min	minute(s)
MJ	megajoule(s)
MJdeiivered	megajoule(s) of useful energy delivered
mm	millimeter(s)
n.a.	not applicable
NIOSH	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOx	nitrogen oxides
OC	organic carbon
PM2.5	particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 micrometers
PTFE	polytetrafluoroethylene
OA	quality assurance
RTP	Research Triangle Park
SD	standard deviation
SOP	Standard Operating Procedure
TC	Technical Committee
TC	total carbon, the sum of EC (elemental carbon) and OC (organic carbon)
THC	total hydrocarbon
W	Watt(s)
WBT	Water Boiling Test
v

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Contents
Notice	i
Executive Summary	ii
Acronyms and Abbreviations	v
List of Figures	vi
List of Tables	vii
Cookstove Testing Program	1
Description of Cookstove System Tested	1
Test Protocol	3
Test Results	4
Test Results for High-Moisture Fuel	6
Test Results for Stove Use with Griddle (Comal)	6
Discussion of Results and Observations	10
Quality Assurance/Quality Control	12
Tables	13
Acknowledgments	41
References	42
List of Figures
Figure 1. Ecocina components: 1 Pot, 2 Pot Skirt, 3 Comal, 4 Pot Supports, 5 Body, 6 Wood Support	2
Figure 2. Ecocina stove with pot skirt	2
Figure 3. Cooking power versus fire power during high-power	7
Figure 4. Specific energy consumption during low-power versus thermal efficiency during high-power... 7
Figure 5. Modified combustion efficiency, low-power versus high-power	8
Figure 6. CO versus PM25 emissions per useful energy delivered to water in the cooking vessel during
high-power	8
Figure 7. CO versus PM25 emissions per liter of water simmered per minute during low-power	9
Figure 8. CO versus PM25 indoor emission rates during high-power	9
Figure 9. CO versus PM25 indoor emission rates during low-power	10
Figure 10. Real-time data for a typical test sequence	12
vi

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List of Tables
Table 1. Low-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters	14
Table 2. Low-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters	16
Table 3. Low-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters	18
Table 4. Low-moisture fuel - emissions of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5	20
Table 5. Low-moisture fuel - PM2.5 mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC) and
elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)	21
Table 6. Low-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer	22
Table 7. High-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters.... 23
Table 8. High-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters	24
Table 9. High-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters.... 25
Table 10. High-moisture fuel - emissions of PM2.5 OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon)	26
Table 11. High-moisture fuel - PM2.5 mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC) and
elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)	26
Table 12. High-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer	27
Table 13. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous
pollutant parameters	28
Table 14. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous
pollutant parameters	30
Table 15. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant
emission parameters	32
Table 16. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel - emissions of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental
carbon) in PM2.5	34
Table 17. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel - PM2.5 mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon
(OC/TC) and elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)	35
Table 18. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with
aethalometer	36
Table 19. Comparison of results with pot/griddle and low-/high-moisture fuel - WBT, PM2.5 and gaseous
pollutant parameters	37
Table 20. Comparison of results with pot/griddle and low-/high-moisture fuel - emissions of OC (organic
carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5	39
Table 21. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with
aethalometer	39
Table 22. Carbon balance, percent difference based on fuel carbon	40
Table 23. Measurement quality objectives for critical measurements	41
vii

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Cookstove Testing Program
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) cookstove testing program was first developed to
assist the EPA-led Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (1) and is now part of the U.S. Government's
commitment to the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (the Alliance) (2). Goals of the testing program
are to:
1. Support the development of testing protocols and standards for cookstoves through ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) TC (Technical Committee) 285: Clean
Cookstoves and Clean Cooking Solutions (3).
2. Support the development of international Regional Testing and Knowledge Centers (many
sponsored by the Alliance) for scientifically evaluating and certifying cookstoves to international
standards (4).
3. Provide an independent source of data to Alliance partners.
This work supports EPA's mission to protect human health and the environment. Household air
pollution, mainly from solid-fuel cookstoves in the developing world, is estimated to cause
approximately 4 million premature deaths per year (5), and emissions of black carbon and other
pollutants from cookstoves affect regional and global climate (6). An Alliance-coordinated multi-
national multi-disciplinary approach, including the development of standards and testing, is designed to
improve global health and the environment through clean cooking solutions (7).
Description of Cookstove System Tested
A cookstove system consists of the stove, cooking vessel, fuel, and operating procedure. The default
operating procedure used for testing is the set of written instructions provided by the manufacturer, or
operation as intended by the manufacturer. Actual performance of a cookstove used in the field may
vary if the system is not operated as intended, or if the stove is used with a different type of fuel or
cooking vessel.
Development and dissemination. Nancy Hughes and a team of volunteers from the Eugene
Southtowne Rotary Club, Oregon, USA, developed the Ecocina cookstove. Stoves are produced in
factories with all local materials in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
Type of stove. The StoveTeam Ecocina Stove is a natural-draft rocket-type of cookstove designed for
wood fuel. Electrical power is not required for natural-draft stoves (power is required for some forced-
draft stoves). As shown in Figure 1, the stove may be used with a cooking pot or comal (a griddle, also
known as a plancha) for making tortillas or frying foods. For cooking with a pot, the comal may be
removed to expose the pot directly to flames and hot combustion gases for improved efficiency. A
rocket-type combustion chamber is located under the cooking pot or comal. An adjustable pot skirt
enhances heat transfer to the sides, as well as the bottom, of the pot. The stove is designed to burn
sticks of fuel wood or other biomass (e.g., corn cobs) that are manually fed into an opening in the lower
front of the stove. Cooking power is controlled by the amount of fuel fed into the combustion chamber.
The stove is designed to be manufactured in a small factory.
1

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3
Credit: StoveTeam
International
Figure 1. Ecocina components: 1 Pot, 2 Pot Skirt, 3 Comal, 4 Pot Supports, 5 Body, 6 Wood Support.
Construction materials. The Ecocina stove body is made of ferro-cement (steel-reinforced concrete),
and the internal combustion chamber is made of low-fired tile surrounded by insulating pumice. Pot
supports, wood support, comal, and a rim around the upper body are made of steel, and the pot skirt is
made of galvanized steel. Weight of the stove is 38 kg with pot supports and wood supports, but
without the comal, pot, or skirt.
Dimensions.
Stove height: 36 cm
Stove lower body diameter: 36 cm
Stove upper body diameter: 48.5 cm
Combustion chamber internal width: 12 cm
Combustion chamber internal depth: 14 cm
Combustion chamber internal height: 14 cm
Fuel/air opening: 13 cm x 13 cm
Height of fuel/air opening from bottom: 4 cm
Figure 2. Ecocina stove with pot skirt
Accessories. The stove was supplied with the following removable parts: adjustable pot skirt, comal, pot
support, and wood support. A pot was not supplied with the stove.
Cooking vessel. A default standard flat-bottomed pot was used for the tests. This pot has a weight of
approximately 815 grams. Full capacity is approximately 7 liters, and the pot is used with 5 liters of
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water for the tests. Material is stainless steel. Outside diameter of the rolled edge at the top of the pot
is 257 mm, and inside diameter of the pot at the top is 244 mm. Outside diameter at the bottom is 243
mm. Height (not including handles) is 162 mm. The pot was obtained from the CICCI Company
(Copenhagen, Denmark) that provides supplies for emergency relief and development projects around
the world.
Fuel. A hardwood, Red Oak (Quercus rubra), was obtained from a local supplier in Raleigh, NC. Bark was
removed, and the wood was saw-cut to dimensions of 2 cm x 2 cm x 36 cm long for low-moisture fuel
and dimensions of 1 cm x 2 cm x 36 cm long for high-moisture fuel. Wood was air dried, and high-
moisture fuel was preserved in air-sealed containers in a freezer. Moisture content on a wet basis is
reported in Tables 1-3 for low-moisture fuel and in Tables 7-9 for high-moisture fuel.
Operating procedure. Operating instructions were supplied with the stove, and the instructions were
followed during testing.
Cost. According to StoveTeam information, in 2011, approximate production cost was US$35, wholesale
cost was US$44, and retail cost was US$50.
Quantity disseminated. As of May 2016, factories produced and sold more than 56,334 stoves,
according to StoveTeam International (12).
Lifetime. Estimated typical lifetime is approximately five years, but lifetime may vary depending on
hours of use, fuel quality, environmental conditions, and other factors. In the future, a durability testing
protocol may be developed through ISO TC 285, and durability testing may provide more comparable
and quantitative results than estimated lifetime.
Test Protocol
The cookstove system was tested using the Water Boiling Test (WBT) Version 4.2.3 (8) and following the
ISO International Workshop Agreement Guidelines for Evaluating Cookstove Performance (9) (10).
Further development of testing protocols and standards is underway through ISO Technical Committee
285 (3). For measuring air pollutant emissions, the "total capture" method (also known as the "hood"
method) was used, as described on Pages 60-61 of the WBT protocol (8) and similar to EPA Method 5G
(11). Emissions were captured in a fume hood and were drawn under negative pressure through a
primary dilution tunnel and then through a secondary tunnel with additional HEPA (high-efficiency
particulate air)-filtered dilution air. Gaseous air pollutants were sampled from the primary dilution
tunnel, and particulate pollutants were sampled from the secondary dilution tunnel for testing of this
stove/fuel. Indoor emissions results were determined from total emissions for the Ecocina cookstove
without a chimney. The WBT protocol specifies that the stove be tested at high power (cold- and hot-
start phases) and low power (simmer phase). The cold-start phase begins with the stove at ambient
temperature, and the hot-start phase begins with the stove at operating temperature. During both
phases, the stove is operated at high power to heat water in the cooking vessel from ambient to boiling
temperature. During the simmer phase, the stove is operated at low power to maintain the target
water temperature at 3°C below the boiling point. Fuel burning rates determine the power levels.
During testing, variation in fuel burning rates between test replications is minimized. Actual
3

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performance of a cookstove used in the field may vary if the stove is operated at different fuel burning
rates and hence at different power levels.
During each of the three separate phases of the test protocol, PM2.5 (particulate matter with an
aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 micrometers) was isokinetically sampled and collected on PTFE
(polytretrafluoroethylene)-membrane filters for gravimetric analysis and on quartz-fiber filters for OC
(organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) analyses. Gravimetric analysis was performed with a
microbalance in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room. OC and EC analyses were performed
using NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Method 5040 (13), including analysis
of gas-phase samples collected on quartz fiber filters downstream of PTFE membrane filters to account
for the gas-phase absorption artifact (14). BC (black carbon) concentrations were measured in real-time
with a microAeth® Model AE51 (AethLabs, San Francisco, CA, USA) aethalometer. Gaseous pollutant
concentrations were measured in real-time with continuous emission monitors. CO (carbon monoxide)
and C02 (carbon dioxide) were measured with non-dispersive infrared analyzers, THC (total
hydrocarbons) and CH4 (methane) were measured with flame-ionization detection analyzers, and
nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured with a chemiluminescence analyzer.
Fuel moisture content was measured using the oven-drying method (15), and fuel heat of combustion
was measured using the calorimeter method (16).
The cookstove was also tested with its optional griddle (comal), as shown in Figure 1, following
guidelines (17) developed by an ad-hoc group of stove testing experts from Latin America at the Plancha
Stove Testing Protocol Workshop at Zamorano University in Honduras on October 29-31, 2013. WBT
Version 4.2.3 was followed, except the pot was replaced with the comal, and a flexible cooking vessel
constructed from polyester film (0.13 mm thick) was used to hold water for the test. The flexible
cooking vessel conformed to the surface of the griddle and covered 60 percent of the surface area, per
the plancha stove testing guidelines (17).
Test Results
A summary of results is presented in accordance with ISO IWA 11:2012 (9) on Page iv of this report. IWA
tier ratings are based on the performance of the stove system operated as intended with low-moisture
wood fuel.
Ecocina test results are compared with previously published results (18) in Figures 3-9. Key indicators of
performance shown in the figures are described in Jetter et al. 2012 (18). Error bars on the data points
for the Ecocina stove indicate standard deviations or 95% confidence intervals (using the t-distribution),
as specified in the figures. For reference, data points for the 3-stone fire are indicated by red-colored X
markers. Two data points are shown on each graph for a carefully-tended and a minimally-tended 3-
stone fire. The carefully-tended fire performed better than the minimally-tended fire in all measures
(18). Data points (blue diamonds indicated by the letter "P") are indicated for comparison with the
Philips Model HD4012 - a well-known and relatively high-performing forced-draft solid-fuel household
stove. Data points for other stoves with previously published results are not identified in Figures 3-9,
but stoves are identified in the journal article (18). All data shown in the figures are for stoves tested
with low-moisture solid fuels, as described in the published results (18).
4

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Cooking power versus fire power (in measurement units of Watts) data are shown in Figure 3 for high-
power (average of cold-start and hot-start phases of the WBT). Cooking power is the rate of useful
energy delivered to the contents of the cooking vessel, while fire power is the rate of fuel energy used.
Adequate cooking power is important for user acceptability, and cooking power is correlated with "time-
to-boil" (18). The ratio of cooking power to fire power is thermal efficiency - shown in Figure 4.
Specific energy use during low-power (simmer phase of the WBT) versus thermal efficiency during
high-power (average of cold-start and hot-start phases of the WBT) data are shown in Figure 4. These
metrics are used to determine IWA Tier ratings, and the IWA Sub-Tiers are indicated in the figure.
Low-power versus high-power MCE (modified combustion efficiency) data are shown in Figure 5. MCE
is defined as [C02/(C02 + CO)] on a molar basis and is considered a reasonable proxy for true combustion
efficiency. MCE is not used to determine IWA Tier ratings, but stoves with higher MCEs tend to have
lower emissions of air pollutants. Best performance is indicated in the upper right corner of the graph.
CO versus PM2.5 emissions per useful energy delivered (MJdeiivered) to the water in the cooking vessel
during high-power phases of the WBT data are shown in Figure 6. Pollutant emissions per useful energy
delivered and thermal efficiency are key IWA metrics because they are based on the fundamental
desired output - cooking energy - that enables valid comparisons between all stoves and fuels.
CO versus PM2.5 emissions per minute per liter of water simmered during the low-power phase of the
WBT data are shown in Figure 7. Useful cooking energy is not accurately measured during the low-
power test phase of the WBT (18), therefore the specific emission rate is used as the metric, per the
IWA.
CO versus PM2.5 indoor emission rates during high-power phases of the WBT data are shown in Figure
8.
CO versus PM2.5 indoor emission rates during low-power data are shown in Figure 9.
Tabulated data for the Ecocina with low-moisture wood fuel, including data for test replicates, are
shown in Tables 1-3 for parameters of the Water Boiling Test (8) and emissions of PM2.5 and gaseous air
pollutants, as described in Jetter et al. 2012 (18). Test Numbers shown in the column headings may not
be sequential, because some tests were rejected for the reasons given in footnotes to the tables. The
number of accepted test replicates performed was seven for low-power, seven for high-power hot-start,
and nine for high-power cold-start test phases. A sufficient number of replicates was performed to
reduce 95% confidence intervals for ISO IWA tier ratings (Figures 4 and 6-9).
OC and EC particulate emissions data are reported for low-moisture fuel in Table 4. Mass fractions of
organic and elemental carbon to total carbon in particulate matter are reported in Table 5.
BC emissions data are reported for low-moisture fuel in Table 6.
5

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Test Results for High-Moisture Fuel
Tabulated data for the Ecocina stove with high-moisture fuel are shown in Tables 7-12 in the same
format as Tables 1-6, as described in the previous section for low-moisture fuel. Three test replicates
were performed to enable the calculation of standard deviations as an indicator of test variability.
Moisture content was approximately 30 percent (wet basis) for high-moisture wood fuel, but some low-
moisture fuel was required for starting the fire and maintaining combustion. Fuel moisture content is
reported as the average (on a mass basis) of low- and high-moisture fuels, as described in Jetter et al. -
see Supporting Information (18).
Test Results for Stove Use with Griddle (Comal)
Tabulated data for the Ecocina stove with its optional griddle (comal) are shown in Tables 13-18 in the
same format as Tables 1-6, as described above. The number of acceptable test replicates performed was
seven for low-power, eight for high-power hot-start, and eight for high-power cold-start test phases.
Tests with the griddle were performed with low-moisture wood fuel.
A side-by-side comparison of results with pot/griddle and low-/high-moisture is provided in Tables 19-
22. Results for high-moisture "green" wood fuel are indicated by the green background color in the
tables, results for low-moisture (dry) fuel are indicated by the tan color, and results for the griddle are
indicated by the blue color.
6

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¦




~ A


~


¦A *

X


'J ¦
~ A
¦
¦
T

X



A



~O* .


X
3-stone fire






¦
~
Charcoal stove
Forced-draft stove





~
o
Matural-draft stove
Liquid-fuel stove











2,000	4,000	6,000
Fire Power (W)
8,000
10,000
^ Ecocina stove
Error bars:
± one standard
deviation
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
12,000
Figure 3. Cooking power versus fire power during high-power
5%
f^T^
X	3-stone fire
¦	Charcoal stove
~	Forced-draft stove
A	Natural-draft stove
O	Liquid-fuel stove
~> A
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
Sub-Tier 0 Sub-Tier 1 Sub-Tier 2
Sub-Tier 3 Sub-Tier 4 (best)
Thermal Efficiency, High-Power
^ Ecocina stove
Error bars:
95% confidence interval
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
Figure 4. Specific energy consumption during low-power versus thermal efficiency during high-power
7

-------

P O*
~

X	3-stone fire
¦	Charcoal stove
~	Forced-draft stove
A	Natural-draft stove
O Liquid-fuel stove
80%
85%	90%	95%
Modified Combustion Efficiency, High-Power
100%
A Ecocina stove
Error bars:
± one standard
deviation
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
Figure 5. Modified combustion efficiency, low-power versus high-power
100
1,000
Sub-Tier 0
X
3-stone fire
¦
Charcoal stove
~
Forced-draft stove
~
Natural-draft stove
o
Liquid-fuel stove
^ Ecocina stove
Error bars:
95% confidence interval
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
10,000
PM2,5 Emission, High-Power (mg/MJdenuerecj)
Figure 6. CO versus PM2.s emissions per useful energy delivered to water in the cooking vessel during
high-power
8

-------
c
£
ao
o
O.
O
u
1.0
0.1
0.01
0
~ *
X
u
. A i
22j[
~ P
10
u	
X	3-stone fire
¦	Charcoal stove
~	Forced-draft stove
A	Natural-draft stove
O	Liquid-fuel stove
100

3
2
1
Sub-Tier 0
A Ecocina stove
Error bars:
95% confidence interval
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
PM2.5 Emission, Low-Power (mg/min/L)
Figure 7. CO versus PM2.s emissions per liter of water simmered per minute during low-power
c
E
ao
O
Cl
-C
.2?
x
oT
+¦»
03
en
c
o
o
o
T3
c
O
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10 1
0

-------
Q)
I
Q-
i
DC
O
O
"O
_c
O
u
0.01

X
3-stone fire
¦
Charcoal stove
~
Forced-draft stove
~
Natural-draft stove
0
Liquid-fuel stove
Ecocina stove
Error bars:
95% confidence interval
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
100
1,000

3
2
1
Sub-Tier 0
PM2 5 Indoor Emission Rate, Low-Power (mg/min)
Figure 9. CO versus PM2.s indoor emission rates during low-power
Discussion of Results and Observations
As shown in the Results Summary on Page iv, the Ecocina's cooking power was approximately 1.2 kW
(average of cold-start and hot-start test phases of the WBT). Average cooking power was greater during
the hot-start phase because more heat was absorbed by the stove's thermal mass during the cold-start
(see Tables 1 and 2). As shown in Figure 3, average cooking power for the Ecocina was similar to that for
the 3-stone fire, but fire power for the Ecocina was lower due to its better thermal efficiency. The
Ecocina is rated at Tier 2 for Efficiency/Fuel Use, as shown in Figure 4. MCE was greater during high-
power than during low-power, as shown in Figure 5.
The Ecocina is rated at Tier 1 for Total Emissions, as shown in the Results Summary. High-power CO
emissions are rated at Sub-Tier 4, and low-power emissions of both CO and PM2.5 are rated at Sub-Tier 2,
but high-power PM2.5 emissions are rated at Sub-Tier 1. The overall Tier rating is based on the lowest
Sub-Tier rating, per the IWA. As shown in Figures 6 and 7, most previously tested natural-draft stoves
were rated in Sub-Tiers 1 and 2 for Emissions.
As shown in the Results Summary, the Ecocina is rated at Tier 0 for Indoor Emissions. High-power CO
emissions are rated at Sub-Tier 4, and low-power emissions of CO and PM2.5 are rated at Sub-Tiers 3 and
2, respectively, but high-power PM2.5 emissions are rated at Sub-Tier 0. Indoor Emissions Tiers are
based on emission rates (pollutant mass per time) into the household space, as shown in Figures 8 and
9. A stove with an effective chimney could have relatively high Total Emissions (low Tier rating) but low
Indoor Emissions (high Tier rating). The Ecocina does not have a chimney, although an attachment for a
chimney has been demonstrated at the Ecocomal Factory near Antigua, Guatemala. The stove with
attachment and chimney has not been tested by EPA.
10
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The fraction of organic to total carbon in PM2.5 was similar at low- and high-power, as shown in Table 5.
Elemental carbon is generally considered a reasonable proxy for black carbon, but black carbon is not
yet scientifically well defined. Black carbon emissions can be operationally defined by an aethalometer
instrument, as presented in Table 6. Discrepancies in mass between EC and BC and between TC and
PM2.5 may sometimes be observed due to the different methods and measurement uncertainties.
As expected, performance was generally better with low-moisture fuel than with high-moisture fuel, as
shown in Table 19. With low-moisture fuel, fuel consumption was lower, thermal efficiency was higher,
cooking power was higher, and air pollutant emissions based on useful energy delivered were mostly
lower, except PM2.5 emissions were higher during the hot-start test phase. Cooking power was greater
during the hot-start test phase than during the cold-start phase for both low- and high-moisture fuels,
because the stove's thermal mass absorbs more heat during the cold-start. Emissions of particle-phase
organic carbon were lower with low-moisture fuel for low-power and high-power cold-start test phases,
but emissions were lower with high-moisture fuel for the high-power hot-start phase, as shown in Table
20. Emissions of elemental and black carbon were lower with low-moisture fuel for the low-power test
phase, but emissions were lower with high-moisture fuel for the high-power phases, as shown in Tables
20-21.
Thermal efficiency was better with the pot than with the griddle, as shown in Table 19. The plancha
(griddle) testing protocol (17) was developed to evaluate thermal efficiency based on the measurement
of heat transfer directly to the surface of the griddle - water in direct contact with the griddle simulates
food (e.g., tortillas and meat) cooked directly on the griddle. If a pot is heated on top of a griddle,
thermal efficiency is typically relatively low due to the limited contact area for the conduction of heat
from the griddle to the pot and due to the conduction of heat away from the pot by the griddle (18).
Stoves with fixed griddles typically have relatively low thermal efficiency for cooking with pots (18) (19),
but the Ecocina has a removable griddle (comal - Figure 1) that enables relatively high thermal efficiency
with the use of a pot and pot skirt.
Real-time data for a typical test sequence are shown in Figure 10. Data are shown for pollutant
concentrations measured in the dilution tunnel, and pot water temperature indicates the three phases
of WBT test sequence. Concentrations fluctuated over time as fuel was fed into the stove. C02
concentration indicates the rate of fuel consumption. THC concentrations were reported as C3H8
(propane). Concentrations of THC, CH4, and NOx were relatively low, but clearly above background
levels.
The Ecocina performed without any problems during testing. The Ecocina is simple to operate - similar
to typical rocket stoves. The Ecocina is portable, but with a mass of 38 kg, it is heavier than typical metal
stoves. Stoves are manufactured in small factories [see Ecocina web site (12)], and the Ecocina seems
solidly made.
11
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10000
—	C02 (ppm)
—	NOx (ppm)
! THC(ppm)
—CO (ppm)
CH4 (ppm)
—Pot water temp (C)
1000
100
0.1
9:00
9:15
9:30
9:45
10:00
10:15
10:30
10:45
Time (hr:min)
Figure 10. Real-time data for a typical test sequence
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
A Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) meeting EPA requirements (20) was prepared and was
reviewed by an EPA Quality Manager. Specifically, work was in compliance with Category II Quality
Assurance Project Plan requirements "...for important, highly visible Agency projects involving areas
such as supporting the development of environmental regulations and standards" (21).
In February 2014, EPA QA staff conducted a technical systems audit (TSA) of this project. The purpose of
this TSA was to conduct an independent and objective assessment of on-site activities through an in-
depth evaluation of technical system documents, on-site laboratory work, equipment, procedures, and
record keeping activities to ensure (1) that environmental data collection activities and the resulting
data comply with the project's QAPP; (2) that these activities are implemented effectively; and (3) that
these activities are suitable to achieve the project's data quality goals.
The TSA was conducted in accordance with principles described in Guidance on Technical Audits and
Related Assessments for Environmental Data Operations (22). The technical basis of the TSA was the
QAPP entitled Cookstove Testing for Air Pollutant Emissions, Energy Efficiency, and Fuel Use, Revision 1,
September 2013.
In general, the audit findings were positive in nature and indicated that the project was implemented as
described in the QAPP. Note that the term "findings" as used in this document was consistent with the
QA/G-7 definition and does not necessarily imply non-conformance. There were no findings that
indicated a quality problem requiring corrective action. All phases of the implementation were found to
be acceptable and to be performed in a manner consistent with the QAPP and with EPA quality
assurance requirements.
In May 2016, EPA QA staff conducted an ADQ (audit of data quality) of the test results being reported in
this publication. The ADQ was conducted in accordance with Guidance on Technical Audits and Related
Assessments for Environmental Data Operations (22). It examined the results after they had been
collected and verified by project personnel. It determined how well the measurement system performed
12
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with respect to the performance goals specified in the QAPP and whether the data were accumulated,
transferred, reduced, calculated, summarized, and reported correctly. It documented and evaluated the
methods by which decisions were made during treatment of the data. It found that there is sufficient
documentation of all procedures used in the data collection effort and that the data were collected
according to these procedures. Enough information is provided to allow a potential user to determine
the quality and limitations of the data and whether the intended use of the data is appropriate. The
data are of sufficient quality with respect to measurement quality objectives and other performance
criteria for their intended use.
An important indicator of overall data quality for cookstove performance testing is the carbon mass
balance. Carbon measured in the emissions is compared with carbon measured in the fuel consumed. A
percent difference based on carbon in the fuel is calculated for each test phase. A positive result
indicates that more carbon was measured in the fuel than in the emissions, and a negative result
indicates that less carbon was measured in fuel than in emissions. The absolute value of the percent
difference is used as a quality indicator and is considered to be excellent when < 10%, good when < 15%,
acceptable when < 20%, and unacceptable when > 20%. A continuous improvement process is used in
pursuit of excellent results, and tests are rejected when the carbon balance is > 20%. Carbon-balance
results are shown in Table 22. Measurement uncertainties for both emissions and fuel are reflected in
the carbon-balance results. Negative values in Table 17 indicate potential positive bias for carbon
measured in emissions and/or negative bias for carbon measured in fuel. Test replicates were rejected
if the carbon balance was unacceptable, and data were rejected if measurement quality objectives
(described below) were unacceptable.
The carbon balance is an overall indicator of many of the critical measurements included as
measurement quality objectives listed in Table 23. Test results included in this report were based on
measurements that met or exceeded these quality objectives. Data were rejected if measurements did
not meet acceptance criteria.
Tables
Following are tabulated data and information, as described above.
13
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Table 1. Low-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.7
1.0
9.4
9.4
7.2
7.1
7.7
7.7
6.6
7.1
7.2
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
700
86
819
731
790
703
564
711
585
654
743
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
554
73
650
562
647
576
431
540
468
527
589
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
40.45
7.46
51.62
45.67
42.83
37.45
27.28
42.08
33.13
37.33
46.68
Thermal efficiency
%
24.0
2.8
21.3
22.2
20.3
21.2
27.9
26.3
26.9
25.5
24.4
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
13.9
1.3
12.6
12.3
15.1
15.4
15.8
12.8
14.1
14.1
12.6
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
112
17
137
114
132
110
85
112
90
105
122
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
2011
336
2513
2090
2414
2016
1497
1977
1592
1855
2146
Fire power
W
4149
410
3841
3758
4611
4695
4649
3772
4152
4151
3709
Cooking power
W
994
149
817
834
938
995
1295
993
1115
1057
904
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.9
0.5
96.8
98.0
98.2
98.2
97.3
98.2
98.2
97.9
98.1
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1149
175
1300
846
1390
1075
1336
1215
1113
1044
1026
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
246
38
284
180
299
225
277
267
233
222
223
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1769
365
1643
1213
1860
1678
2499
1807
2064
1703
1454
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2238
484
2071
1577
2270
2046
3267
2379
2579
2114
1836
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
125
28
113
86
124
112
185
135
146
120
104
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
519
85
532
388
609
527
665
512
544
470
427
mass per time
mg/hour
1885
556
1564
1165
2058
1888
3099
1831
2185
1790
1389
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
13.3
4.8
25.4
13.2
12.7
10.5
13.3
10.9
9.0
11.9
12.5
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
2.84
1.06
5.54
2.80
2.73
2.20
2.75
2.39
1.89
2.53
2.71
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
19.9
5.3
32.1
18.9
17.0
16.4
24.8
16.2
16.7
19.4
17.6
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
25.2
6.8
40.4
24.5
20.7
20.0
32.4
21.3
20.9
24.1
22.3
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.40
0.37
2.21
1.34
1.13
1.09
1.84
1.21
1.18
1.37
1.26
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
5.92
1.80
10.37
6.03
5.57
5.16
6.59
4.59
4.41
5.36
5.18
mass per time
g/hour
20.9
5.6
30.5
18.1
18.8
18.5
30.7
16.4
17.7
20.4
16.9
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
942
151
1218
1027
1059
893
742
932
763
853
992
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
202
35
266
218
228
187
154
205
160
182
216
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1423
51
1539
1472
1418
1394
1387
1387
1415
1392
1405
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1799
83
1940
1913
1730
1699
1814
1826
1769
1727
1775
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
100
5
106
104
95
93
103
104
100
98
101
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
423
47
498
471
465
438
369
393
373
384
413
mass per time
g/hour
1494
113
1465
1413
1569
1568
1721
1405
1498
1463
1343
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.40
0.67
2.96
1.47
1.55
1.04
1.72
1.09
0.83
1.10
0.83
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.30
0.15
0.65
0.31
0.33
0.22
0.36
0.24
0.17
0.23
0.18
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.10
0.84
3.74
2.11
2.08
1.62
3.21
1.62
1.54
1.79
1.17
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.66
1.09
4.72
2.75
2.53
1.98
4.20
2.13
1.93
2.22
1.48
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.15
0.06
0.26
0.15
0.14
0.11
0.24
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.08
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.63
0.27
1.21
0.68
0.68
0.51
0.85
0.46
0.41
0.49
0.34
14
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mass per time
g/hour
2.22
0.94
3.56
2.03
2.30
1.83
3.99
1.64
1.63
1.88
1.12
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.40
0.17
0.78
0.45
0.31
0.20
0.53
0.35
0.28
0.35
0.33
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.08
0.04
0.17
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.07
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.60
0.24
0.98
0.65
0.41
0.31
1.00
0.52
0.51
0.57
0.46
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.76
0.32
1.24
0.84
0.50
0.37
1.31
0.69
0.64
0.71
0.59
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.02
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.18
0.07
0.32
0.21
0.13
0.10
0.27
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.14
mass per time
g/hour
0.63
0.28
0.93
0.62
0.45
0.34
1.24
0.53
0.54
0.60
0.44
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.37
0.12
n.a.1
0.41
0.62
0.43
0.25
0.32
0.24
0.30
0.38
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.08
0.03
n.a.1
0.09
0.13
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.08
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.56
0.13
n.a.1
0.59
0.83
0.66
0.47
0.48
0.45
0.49
0.54
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.71
0.15
n.a.1
0.77
1.02
0.81
0.61
0.63
0.56
0.61
0.69
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.01
n.a.1
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.17
0.05
n.a.1
0.19
0.27
0.21
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.16
mass per time
g/hour
0.60
0.16
n.a.1
0.57
0.92
0.75
0.58
0.49
0.47
0.51
0.52
1 N0X concentration measurement failed acceptance criteria
15
-------
Table 2. Low-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 41
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.6
0.9
9.4
7.1
7.7
7.7
6.6
7.1
7.2
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
549
46
601
616
520
524
536
560
489
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
417
51
454
497
391
366
422
438
351
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
25.46
3.73
32.25
28.67
21.23
24.38
24.50
23.17
24.03
Thermal efficiency
%
29.6
3.3
27.6
26.2
29.3
33.8
28.4
27.5
34.6
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
16.5
1.9
14.1
17.3
18.4
15.0
17.2
18.9
14.6
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
82.5
10.5
93.9
97.7
76.6
73.4
80.9
85.6
69.2
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
1473
214
1719
1789
1351
1295
1428
1511
1222
Fire power
W
4905
555
4296
5285
5410
4418
5064
5566
4293
Cooking power
W
1444
130
1187
1383
1583
1494
1440
1533
1485
Modified combustion efficiency
%
98.0
0.5
97.4
97.9
97.8
98.3
98.5
97.4
98.5
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1302
255
1101
1315
1759
1255
1346
n.a.2
1034
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
273
51
236
280
363
266
279
n.a.2
216
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
2543
571
1897
2313
3562
2534
2715
n.a.2
2235
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
3386
776
2510
2871
4743
3626
3449
n.a.2
3116
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
190
46
137
157
269
206
195
n.a.2
177
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
637
155
496
599
918
608
687
n.a.2
511
mass per time
mg/hour
3317
1061
2120
2984
5235
3269
3563
n.a.2
2729
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
9.4
3.2
14.7
11.2
9.4
7.2
6.3
11.3
5.9
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
1.98
0.69
3.14
2.39
1.93
1.52
1.30
2.36
1.22
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
17.9
4.8
25.3
19.7
19.0
14.5
12.7
21.6
12.7
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
23.6
6.0
33.4
24.5
25.2
20.8
16.1
27.5
17.7
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.32
0.32
1.83
1.34
1.43
1.18
0.91
1.56
1.00
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
4.55
1.39
6.60
5.11
4.89
3.48
3.21
5.66
2.90
mass per time
g/hour
23.4
6.3
28.2
25.4
27.9
18.7
16.7
31.3
15.5
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
703
93
858
815
648
663
654
662
624
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
148
21
184
174
134
141
136
138
130
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1356
75
1478
1434
1312
1339
1320
1261
1350
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1795
129
1957
1779
1747
1916
1677
1609
1882
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
101
7
107
97
99
109
95
91
107
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
342
28
387
372
338
321
334
331
308
mass per time
g/hour
1766
105
1653
1849
1928
1727
1732
1828
1648
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.10
0.59
1.87
1.05
1.48
0.63
0.68
1.68
0.31
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.23
0.12
0.40
0.22
0.31
0.13
0.14
0.35
0.06
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.08
1.05
3.23
1.84
3.00
1.28
1.38
3.19
0.67
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.73
1.35
4.27
2.29
3.99
1.83
1.75
4.08
0.94
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.15
0.08
0.23
0.12
0.23
0.10
0.10
0.23
0.05
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.53
0.28
0.84
0.48
0.77
0.31
0.35
0.84
0.15
16
-------
mass per time
g/hour
2.76
1.47
3.61
2.38
4.40
1.65
1.81
4.63
0.82
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.32
0.17
0.50
0.22
0.46
0.20
0.23
0.52
0.12
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.07
0.03
0.11
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.05
0.11
0.02
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.61
0.30
0.85
0.38
0.93
0.40
0.46
0.98
0.25
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.80
0.39
1.13
0.47
1.24
0.57
0.58
1.25
0.35
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.02
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.16
0.08
0.22
0.10
0.24
0.10
0.12
0.26
0.06
mass per time
g/hour
0.81
0.45
0.95
0.49
1.37
0.51
0.60
1.42
0.31
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.25
0.06
n.a.3
0.37
0.20
0.28
0.22
0.22
0.23
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.05
0.01
n.a.3
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.50
0.09
n.a.3
0.65
0.41
0.56
0.44
0.42
0.50
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.66
0.13
n.a.3
0.81
0.55
0.80
0.56
0.53
0.70
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.01
n.a.3
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.04
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.12
0.02
n.a.3
0.17
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.12
mass per time
g/hour
0.66
0.10
n.a.3
0.84
0.61
0.72
0.58
0.60
0.62
1	Test 2 rejected due to fuel burning rate too low, Test 3 rejected due to fuel burning rate too high
2	PM2.5 outlier rejected
3	NOx concentration measurement failed acceptance criteria
17
-------
Table 3. Low-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 51
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.9
1.1
9.4
9.4
7.7
7.7
6.6
7.1
7.2
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
248
36
277
311
260
229
212
226
221
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
270
27
285
312
285
272
232
252
255
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
9.0
0.9
9.5
10.4
9.5
9.1
7.7
8.4
8.5
Specific fuel consumption
g/liter
64.4
7.4
68.5
77.1
66.6
64.7
54.4
59.6
60.0
Specific energy use
kJ/liter
1150
150
1254
1412
1175
1142
959
1052
1059
Fire power
W
2680
302
2887
3178
2793
2663
2276
2468
2497
Modified combustion efficiency
%
95.1
0.5
95.4
95.7
95.1
95.2
94.7
94.2
95.5
PM2.5 total mass
mg
355
47
n.a.2
418
404
318
347
345
298
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
84.4
12.2
n.a.2
103.2
94.5
75.9
81.2
81.7
70.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1467
123
n.a.2
1344
1552
1390
1636
1530
1347
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1327
132
n.a.2
1338
1418
1172
1493
1371
1170
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
74.7
7.5
n.a.2
73.1
80.4
66.4
84.6
77.7
66.3
mass per time
mg/hour
710
94
n.a.2
836
808
637
693
690
596
CO total mass
g
14.6
1.8
16.0
14.6
15.6
13.3
13.9
17.0
11.5
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
3.46
0.45
3.86
3.60
3.65
3.17
3.25
4.02
2.71
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
59.4
9.2
57.9
46.9
60.0
58.1
65.5
75.2
51.9
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
54.1
7.9
56.3
46.6
54.8
49.0
59.8
67.4
45.1
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
3.04
0.46
3.08
2.55
3.11
2.77
3.39
3.82
2.56
mass per time
g/hour
29.1
3.7
32.0
29.1
31.3
26.6
27.8
33.9
23.0
C02 total mass
g
448
56
522
507
479
419
390
436
381
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
107
15
126
125
112
100
91
103
90
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1812
103
1886
1631
1841
1828
1842
1934
1721
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1655
115
1834
1623
1682
1541
1681
1733
1495
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
93
6
100
89
95
87
95
98
85
mass per time
g/hour
895
111
1041
1014
959
837
781
872
762
THC (as CsHs) total mass
g
0.59
0.32
1.23
0.78
0.44
0.35
0.33
0.41
0.56
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.14
0.08
0.30
0.19
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.13
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.30
1.04
4.46
2.50
1.70
1.53
1.56
1.84
2.53
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.13
1.06
4.33
2.49
1.55
1.29
1.42
1.65
2.20
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.12
0.06
0.24
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.12
mass per time
g/hour
1.17
0.64
2.46
1.55
0.88
0.70
0.66
0.83
1.12
CH4 total mass
g
0.26
0.08
0.41
0.31
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.31
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.06
0.02
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.07
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1.06
0.27
1.47
1.01
0.94
0.86
0.93
0.78
1.41
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.97
0.27
1.43
1.00
0.86
0.73
0.85
0.70
1.22
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.05
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.07
mass per time
g/hour
0.53
0.17
0.81
0.63
0.49
0.40
0.39
0.35
0.62
18
-------
NOx total mass
g
0.13
0.03
n.a.3
0.19
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.10
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.03
0.01
n.a.3
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.53
0.06
n.a.3
0.60
0.49
0.53
0.50
0.59
0.45
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.48
0.07
n.a.3
0.60
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.52
0.39
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.03
0.00
n.a.3
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
mass per time
g/hour
0.26
0.06
n.a.3
0.38
0.26
0.24
0.21
0.26
0.20
1	Tests 3 and 4 rejected due to fuel burning rates too high
2	PM2.5 outlier rejected
3	NOx concentration measurement failed acceptance criteria
19
-------
Table 4. Low-moisture fuel - emissions ofOC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
High-power cold-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
262
72
409
227
207
212
354
274
237
229
210
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
56.0
15.6
89.3
48.4
44.6
44.4
73.3
60.0
49.6
48.8
45.6
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
403
122
516
326
278
330
661
407
440
374
297
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
512
164
651
424
339
403
865
536
550
464
375
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
28.6
9.4
35.5
23.1
18.5
22.0
49.0
30.4
31.2
26.3
21.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
118
32
167
104
91
104
176
115
116
103
87
mass per time
mg/hour
429
163
491
313
307
372
820
412
466
393
284
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
786
148
670
530
1020
798
938
853
836
690
741
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
168
31
147
113
220
167
195
187
175
147
161
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1219
318
847
760
1366
1245
1755
1270
1550
1126
1050
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1541
412
1068
988
1667
1518
2295
1672
1937
1397
1326
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
86.1
23.9
58.3
54.0
91.0
82.9
130.0
94.7
109.8
79.2
75.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
357
78
274
243
447
391
467
360
409
311
308
mass per time
mg/hour
1304
449
806
730
1511
1401
2176
1286
1641
1183
1003
High-power hot-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
291
205
210
n.a.1
n.a.2
231
700
239
245
n.a.2
121
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
60.9
42.1
44.9
n.a.1
n.a.2
49.3
144.5
50.8
50.8
n.a.2
25.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
571
423
361
n.a.1
n.a.2
407
1417
484
494
n.a.2
262
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
759
564
478
n.a.1
n.a.2
505
1887
692
627
n.a.2
366
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
42.7
32.2
26.1
n.a.1
n.a.2
27.6
107.0
39.2
35.6
n.a.2
20.7
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
144
111
94
n.a.1
n.a.2
105
365
116
125
n.a.2
60
mass per time
mg/hour
767
657
404
n.a.1
n.a.2
525
2083
624
648
n.a.2
320
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
970
82
871
n.a.1
n.a.2
992
1022
993
1071
n.a.2
871
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
204
16
186
n.a.1
n.a.2
212
211
211
222
n.a.2
182
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1894
242
1500
n.a.1
n.a.2
1746
2069
2007
2160
n.a.2
1882
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2524
361
1985
n.a.1
n.a.2
2167
2755
2871
2745
n.a.2
2624
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
142
23
108
n.a.1
n.a.2
118
156
163
156
n.a.2
149
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
473
60
392
n.a.1
n.a.2
452
534
481
547
n.a.2
430
mass per time
mg/hour
2448
485
1676
n.a.1
n.a.2
2252
3041
2588
2835
n.a.2
2298
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
OC total mass
mg
60.3
18.0
n.a.3
68.7
n.a.2
n.a.2
59.2
43.0
55.5
44.0
91.3
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
14.3
4.3
n.a.3
16.9
n.a.2
n.a.2
13.8
10.2
13.0
10.4
21.5
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
251
84
n.a.3
221
n.a.2
n.a.2
227
188
262
195
413
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
226
71
n.a.3
220
n.a.2
n.a.2
208
158
239
175
359
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
12.8
4.0
n.a.3
12.0
n.a.2
n.a.2
11.8
9.0
13.6
9.9
20.3
mass per time
mg/hour
121
36
n.a.3
137
n.a.2
n.a.2
118
86
111
88
183
EC total mass
mg
224
53
n.a.3
271
n.a.2
n.a.2
276
205
215
243
134
20
-------
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
53.2
12.9
n.a.3
66.8
n.a.2
n.a.2
64.5
48.7
50.4
57.4
31.5
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
920
177
n.a.3
871
n.a.2
n.a.2
1061
893
1015
1075
604
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
834
171
n.a.3
867
n.a.2
n.a.2
969
753
926
963
525
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
47.0
9.7
n.a.3
47.3
n.a.2
n.a.2
54.9
42.7
52.5
54.6
29.7
mass per time
mg/hour
448
105
n.a.3
542
n.a.2
n.a.2
552
409
430
485
267
1	Test rejected due to fuel burning rate too low
2	Test rejected due to fuel burning rate too high
3	OC/EC outliers rejected
Table 5. Low-moisture fuel - PM2.s mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC)
and elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)

High-Power Cold-Start
High-Power Hot-Start
Low-Power (Simmer)
Mass fraction of OC/TC
0.250
0.231
0.212
Mass fraction of EC/TC
0.750
0.769
0.788
21
-------
Table 6. Low-moisture fuel - emissions ofBC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer
Parameter Units Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
High-power cold-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
760
144
676
596
1055
858
860
741
738
617
699
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
162
30
148
127
227
180
178
163
154
131
152
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1171
269
854
855
1412
1339
1608
1103
1369
1006
991
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1479
341
1077
1111
1723
1632
2102
1452
1711
1249
1251
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
82.5
19.5
58.8
60.7
94.1
89.1
119.1
82.3
97.0
70.8
70.9
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
345
75
276
273
463
421
428
312
361
278
291
mass per time
mg/hour
1252
400
813
821
1562
1507
1994
1117
1449
1057
947
High-power hot-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
705
98
590
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
852
648
704
n.a.3
729
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
148
19
126
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
176
137
146
n.a.3
152
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1409
270
1016
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
1725
1309
1421
n.a.3
1576
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1904
376
1345
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
2297
1873
1805
n.a.3
2198
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
107
22
73
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
130
106
102
n.a.3
125
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
349
66
266
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
445
314
360
n.a.3
360
mass per time
mg/hour
1830
503
1136
n.a.1
n.a.2
n.a.3
2536
1688
1865
n.a.3
1925
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
BC total mass
mg
128
37
180
167
n.a.2
n.a.2
123
97
104
n.a.3
98
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
31
9
43
41
n.a.2
n.a.2
29
23
24
n.a.3
23
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
503
83
651
538
n.a.2
n.a.2
472
423
491
n.a.3
444
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
465
103
633
535
n.a.2
n.a.2
432
356
448
n.a.3
386
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
26.0
5.2
34.6
29.2
n.a.2
n.a.2
24.5
20.2
25.4
n.a.3
21.9
mass per time
mg/hour
256
73
359
335
n.a.2
n.a.2
246
194
208
n.a.3
197
1	Test rejected due to fuel burning rate too low
2	Test rejected due to fuel burning rate too high
3	BC aethalometer attenuation exceeded limit
22
-------
Table 7. High-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 21
Test 4
Test5
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
16.7
0.8
16.7
15.9
17.5
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
887
99
111
970
913
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
649
66
577
707
664
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
50.31
7.81
42.17
57.75
51.00
Thermal efficiency
%
20.5
0.3
20.2
20.4
20.7
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
13.0
0.7
13.7
12.2
13.0
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
133
17
113
145
140
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
2428
312
2072
2654
2559
Fire power
W
3964
220
4179
3739
3974
Cooking power
W
811
43
846
762
824
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.1
0.3
97.1
97.3
96.8
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1328
92
1222
1377
1385
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
286
27
255
302
302
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1589
78
1674
1519
1574
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2167
84
2252
2084
2164
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
118
5
123
114
118
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
578
26
607
558
570
mass per time
mg/hour
1691
159
1850
1531
1690
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
20
2
18
19
23
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
4.31
0.60
3.84
4.10
4.98
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
23.9
2.9
25.2
20.6
25.9
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
32.6
3.8
33.9
28.3
35.6
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.78
0.21
1.85
1.54
1.94
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
8.70
0.98
9.15
7.57
9.38
mass per time
g/hour
25.5
4.1
27.9
20.8
27.8
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
1032
64
958
1068
1070
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
222
20
200
234
233
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1235
69
1312
1178
1216
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1684
76
1766
1616
1672
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
92
4
96
88
91
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
450
23
476
433
440
mass per time
g/hour
1314
131
1450
1188
1306
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
2.43
0.24
2.70
2.33
2.26
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.52
0.04
0.56
0.51
0.49
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.94
0.65
3.70
2.57
2.56
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
4.01
0.84
4.97
3.53
3.52
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.22
0.05
0.27
0.19
0.19
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
1.07
0.23
1.34
0.94
0.93
mass per time
g/hour
3.14
0.82
4.09
2.59
2.75
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.48
0.05
0.42
0.50
0.50
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.10
0.01
0.09
0.11
0.11
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.57
0.01
0.58
0.55
0.57
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.77
0.01
0.78
0.76
0.78
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.042
0.001
0.043
0.041
0.043
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.207
0.003
0.210
0.203
0.206
mass per time
g/hour
0.60
0.04
0.64
0.56
0.61
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.46
0.05
0.40
0.48
0.49
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.10
0.01
0.08
0.11
0.11
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.55
0.01
0.55
0.53
0.56
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.75
0.02
0.74
0.73
0.77
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.041
0.001
0.041
0.040
0.042
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.199
0.004
0.201
0.195
0.202
mass per time
g/hour
0.58
0.04
0.61
0.53
0.60
1 Tests 1 and 3 not included due to testing errors
23
-------
Table 8. High-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
16.7
0.5
16.4
16.5
17.3
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
666
48
719
651
627
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
477
21
499
477
456
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
24.81
1.29
26.25
23.75
24.42
Thermal efficiency
%
24.1
0.7
23.5
23.9
24.8
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
19.2
0.7
19.0
20.1
18.7
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
93.3
4.5
98.0
92.6
89.1
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
1708
82
1796
1697
1632
Fire power
W
5875
223
5798
6127
5700
Cooking power
W
1413
52
1360
1464
1414
Modified combustion efficiency
%
98.0
0.3
98.3
97.6
98.1
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
927
187
726
1095
960
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
192
38
151
227
199
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1496
378
1070
1791
1626
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2075
473
1543
2448
2236
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
113
26
84
134
122
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
470
102
359
559
492
mass per time
mg/hour
2403
601
1758
2947
2505
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
9.53
1.92
8.61
11.73
8.25
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
1.98
0.39
1.79
2.43
1.71
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
15.3
3.5
12.7
19.2
14.0
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
21.2
4.3
18.3
26.2
19.2
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.16
0.24
1.00
1.43
1.05
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
4.82
1.01
4.25
5.99
4.22
mass per time
g/hour
24.6
6.0
20.8
31.6
21.5
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
734
51
768
759
675
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
152
11
160
157
140
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1172
61
1131
1242
1143
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1633
63
1631
1697
1571
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
89
3
89
93
86
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
371
22
380
388
346
mass per time
g/hour
1887
143
1858
2043
1761
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.30
0.73
0.69
2.12
1.10
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.27
0.15
0.14
0.44
0.23
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.12
1.24
1.02
3.46
1.86
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.92
1.66
1.47
4.73
2.56
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.16
0.09
0.08
0.26
0.14
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.66
0.38
0.34
1.08
0.56
mass per time
g/hour
3.42
2.07
1.68
5.70
2.87
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.19
0.13
0.09
0.34
0.15
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.03
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.31
0.22
0.13
0.56
0.25
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.43
0.30
0.18
0.76
0.34
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.02
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.17
0.08
mass per time
g/hour
0.50
0.37
0.21
0.92
0.38
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.30
0.03
0.33
0.29
0.27
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.06
0.01
0.07
0.06
0.06
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.47
0.02
0.49
0.48
0.45
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.66
0.05
0.71
0.65
0.62
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.036
0.002
0.039
0.035
0.034
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.15
0.01
0.16
0.15
0.14
mass per time
g/hour
0.76
0.06
0.81
0.78
0.69
24
-------
Table 9. High-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
18.0
4.4
14.2
16.8
22.8
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
350
47
297
388
364
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
306
31
302
338
276
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
10.2
1.0
10.0
11.2
9.2
Specific fuel consumption
g/liter
73.2
7.9
72.4
81.5
65.7
Specific energy use
kJ/liter
1341
145
1327
1493
1203
Fire power
W
3101
307
3064
3424
2813
Modified combustion efficiency
%
95.9
0.8
95.6
95.2
96.8
PM2.5 total mass
mg
568
144
465
733
506
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
136
35
111
177
120
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1615
255
1564
1891
1390
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1846
315
1538
2167
1831
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
101
17
84
118
100
mass per time
mg/hour
1132
286
927
1459
1012
CO total mass
g
15.4
4.3
16.1
19.2
10.8
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
3.68
1.05
3.86
4.63
2.56
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
44.5
13.1
54.2
49.6
29.6
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
49.7
9.5
53.3
56.8
39.0
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
2.71
0.52
2.91
3.10
2.12
mass per time
g/hour
30.6
8.5
32.1
38.2
21.5
C02 total mass
g
554
43
556
596
509
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
133
11
133
144
121
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1602
242
1870
1537
1399
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1815
46
1840
1761
1843
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
99
3
100
96
101
mass per time
g/hour
1104
83
1108
1185
1019
THC (as CsHs) total mass
g
0.80
0.15
0.93
0.85
0.63
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.19
0.04
0.22
0.21
0.15
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.35
0.71
3.12
2.20
1.73
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.62
0.40
3.06
2.53
2.28
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.14
0.02
0.17
0.14
0.12
mass per time
g/hour
1.60
0.31
1.85
1.70
1.26
CH4 total mass
g
0.15
0.05
0.20
0.17
0.09
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.02
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.45
0.21
0.66
0.43
0.25
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.49
0.16
0.65
0.50
0.33
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.02
mass per time
g/hour
0.30
0.11
0.39
0.33
0.18
NOx total mass
g
0.22
0.01
0.22
0.22
0.20
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.052
0.003
0.054
0.053
0.048
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.63
0.11
0.75
0.57
0.55
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.71
0.05
0.74
0.65
0.73
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.039
0.003
0.040
0.036
0.040
mass per time
g/hour
0.43
0.02
0.45
0.44
0.40
25
-------
Table 10. High-moisture fuel - emissions ofPM2.s OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon)
Parameter Units Average SD Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
Test5
High-power cold-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
501
98
n.a.1
410
n.a.1
604
488
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
108
24
n.a.1
86
n.a.1
133
107
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
595
63
n.a.1
562
n.a.1
667
555
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
811
90
n.a.1
756
n.a.1
915
763
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
44.3
4.9
n.a.1
41.3
n.a.1
49.9
41.6
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
217
25
n.a.1
204
n.a.1
245
201
mass per time
mg/hour
630
39
n.a.1
621
n.a.1
672
596
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
489
85
n.a.1
519
n.a.1
393
555
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
105
18
n.a.1
108
n.a.1
86
121
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
592
143
n.a.1
711
n.a.1
434
631
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
807
188
n.a.1
957
n.a.1
595
868
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
44.0
10.3
n.a.1
52.2
n.a.1
32.5
47.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
215
51
n.a.1
258
n.a.1
159
228
mass per time
mg/hour
634
178
n.a.1
786
n.a.1
438
678
High-power hot-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
205
113
97
323
194
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
42.4
23.4
20.1
66.8
40.3
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
333
193
143
528
329
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
460
258
205
722
453
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
25.1
14.1
11.2
39.4
24.7
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
104
59
48
165
100
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
mg/hour
537
318
234
869
507
n.a.2
n.a.2
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
639
81
552
714
652
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
133
17
115
148
135
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1028
189
814
1167
1104
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1429
225
1173
1595
1517
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
77.9
12.3
64.0
87.0
82.8
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
324
47
273
364
334
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
mg/hour
1652
295
1337
1921
1700
n.a.2
n.a.2
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
OC total mass
mg
156
47
161
200
107
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
37.5
11.4
38.6
48.3
25.5
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
452
136
542
517
295
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
505
105
534
593
389
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
27.5
5.7
29.1
32.3
21.2
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
mg/hour
312
92
321
399
215
n.a.2
n.a.2
EC total mass
mg
269
61
206
329
271
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
64.4
14.9
49.5
79.3
64.5
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
763
78
695
849
746
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
879
170
684
972
982
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
48.0
9.2
37.3
53.0
53.6
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
mg/hour
536
121
412
654
543
n.a.2
n.a.2
1 Tests 1 and 3 not included due to testing errors
2 Tests 4 and 5 high-power cold-start test phase only
Table 11. High-moisture fuel - PM2.s mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC)
and elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)

High-Power Cold-Start
High-Power Hot-Start
Low-Power (Simmer)
Mass fraction of OC/TC
0.709
0.341
0.747
Mass fraction of EC/TC
0.291
0.659
0.253
26
-------
Table 12. High-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
High-power cold-start

BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
575
57
n.a.1
571
n.a.1
520
634
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
124
13
n.a.1
119
n.a.1
114
138
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
692
107
n.a.1
782
n.a.1
574
721
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
944
139
n.a.1
1052
n.a.1
788
991
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
51.5
7.6
n.a.1
57.4
n.a.1
43.0
54.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
252
37
n.a.1
284
n.a.1
211
261
mass per time
mg/hour
739
146
n.a.1
864
n.a.1
579
774
High-power hot-start

BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
616
37
575
647
625
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
128
7
120
134
130
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
988
122
847
1058
1058
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1374
132
1222
1446
1455
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
75.0
7.2
66.6
78.9
79.4
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
312
24
284
330
320
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
mg/hour
1588
178
1392
1741
1630
n.a.2
n.a.2
Low-power (30-minute simmer)

BC total mass
mg
244
67
187
226
318
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
58.3
15.7
44.8
54.5
75.5
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
695
156
628
584
873
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
813
293
618
669
1150
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
44.3
16.0
33.7
36.5
62.7
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
mg/hour
486
135
372
450
636
n.a.2
n.a.2
1 Tests 1 and 3 not included due to testing errors
2 Tests 4 and 5 high-power cold-start test phase only
27
-------
Table 13. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 81
Test 9
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.8
0.9
6.5
6.6
6.9
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
965
57
931
909
1047
926
951
1025
908
1024
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
758
39
754
737
810
713
735
773
722
818
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
44.31
3.20
46.67
43.22
44.80
41.48
39.70
43.12
45.47
50.02
Thermal efficiency
%
16.4
0.4
16.1
16.1
17.1
16.4
16.7
16.8
15.8
16.2
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
17.1
1.0
16.1
17.0
18.1
17.2
18.5
17.9
15.9
16.4
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
265
27
248
239
253
238
263
274
312
296
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
4819
489
4499
4345
4597
4320
4775
4980
5668
5370
Fire power
W
5186
293
4886
5158
5470
5196
5601
5424
4807
4949
Cooking power
W
851
69
786
830
933
853
936
912
759
803
Modified combustion efficiency
%
98.0
0.3
97.8
97.9
98.4
98.1
98.4
98.3
97.4
97.8
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
2083
115
1927
2138
2001
2008
2143
2174
2002
2268
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
593
47
533
587
541
553
614
629
630
657
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1760
114
1741
1988
1655
1786
1804
1728
1605
1776
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2241
137
2150
2453
2138
2322
2335
2292
2018
2222
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
123
8
118
135
118
128
129
126
111
122
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
753
46
736
840
690
778
769
751
704
754
mass per time
mg/hour
2309
229
2084
2509
2319
2393
2593
2465
1924
2181
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
23
5
24
23
18
20
18
19
32
29
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
6.54
1.79
6.66
6.18
4.92
5.54
5.08
5.50
10.01
8.41
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
19.2
4.1
21.8
20.9
15.0
17.9
14.9
15.1
25.5
22.7
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
24.4
4.7
26.9
25.8
19.4
23.3
19.3
20.0
32.1
28.4
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.34
0.26
1.48
1.42
1.07
1.28
1.06
1.10
1.77
1.57
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
8.24
1.79
9.19
8.84
6.28
7.81
6.36
6.57
11.19
9.65
mass per time
g/hour
24.9
3.4
26.0
26.4
21.1
24.0
21.4
21.6
30.6
27.9
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
1749
127
1689
1635
1743
1653
1669
1711
1907
1982
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
499
57
467
449
472
455
478
495
600
575
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1476
69
1527
1520
1441
1470
1405
1360
1529
1553
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1878
49
1885
1876
1862
1911
1818
1804
1922
1942
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
103
3
104
103
103
105
100
99
106
107
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
631
30
645
642
601
641
599
591
670
659
mass per time
g/hour
1929
74
1827
1919
2020
1970
2020
1941
1832
1906
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
2.08
0.23
2.30
1.79
2.07
2.06
1.76
2.36
2.00
2.29
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.59
0.07
0.64
0.49
0.56
0.57
0.50
0.68
0.63
0.66
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1.76
0.18
2.08
1.66
1.71
1.83
1.48
1.88
1.61
1.79
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.23
0.23
2.57
2.05
2.21
2.38
1.92
2.49
2.02
2.24
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.12
0.01
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.12
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.75
0.08
0.88
0.70
0.71
0.80
0.63
0.82
0.70
0.76
28
-------
mass per time
g/hour
2.30
0.25
2.49
2.10
2.40
2.45
2.13
2.68
1.93
2.20
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.46
0.07
0.55
0.37
0.45
0.38
0.38
0.53
0.46
0.53
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.13
0.02
0.15
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.14
0.15
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.38
0.06
0.50
0.35
0.37
0.34
0.32
0.42
0.37
0.42
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.49
0.07
0.61
0.43
0.48
0.44
0.42
0.56
0.46
0.52
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.027
0.004
0.034
0.024
0.026
0.024
0.023
0.031
0.025
0.029
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.16
0.02
0.21
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.18
0.16
0.18
mass per time
g/hour
0.50
0.07
0.59
0.44
0.52
0.45
0.46
0.61
0.44
0.51
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.88
0.07
0.84
0.79
0.88
0.82
0.83
0.89
0.99
0.96
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.25
0.03
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.31
0.28
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.74
0.03
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.73
0.70
0.71
0.79
0.76
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.94
0.03
0.94
0.91
0.94
0.94
0.91
0.94
0.99
0.94
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.052
0.001
0.052
0.050
0.052
0.052
0.050
0.052
0.055
0.052
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.32
0.01
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.32
0.03
0.31
0.35
0.32
mass per time
g/hour
0.96
0.04
0.91
0.93
1.02
0.97
1.01
1.01
0.95
0.93
1 Test 7 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
29
-------
Table 14. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 21
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
8.0
0.8
6.6
6.9
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
750
64
835
748
721
786
800
650
785
674
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
557
64
667
532
525
584
567
470
610
499
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
28.36
2.23
30.70
27.75
27.07
29.05
29.57
24.57
31.32
26.85
Thermal efficiency
%
19.8
1.2
18.9
21.7
19.9
19.6
20.9
20.3
17.7
19.6
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
19.6
1.0
21.7
19.2
19.4
20.1
19.2
19.1
19.5
18.6
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
201
27
169
171
186
218
227
194
247
198
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
3653
493
3076
3108
3378
3953
4115
3528
4475
3588
Fire power
W
5931
290
6576
5805
5871
6082
5803
5793
5894
5628
Cooking power
W
1174
71
1244
1258
1166
1190
1213
1178
1046
1102
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.9
0.4
98.1
97.7
97.7
98.4
98.4
98.2
97.3
97.5
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1987
252
1959
2230
2101
2145
2005
1895
2138
1426
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
552
77
465
581
580
609
593
552
631
408
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
2048
272
2194
2416
2268
2078
1854
2054
1991
1528
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2766
393
2744
3395
3114
2795
2615
2838
2561
2063
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
152
22
151
187
172
154
144
156
141
114
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
768
94
799
863
864
787
689
769
795
581
mass per time
mg/hour
3256
495
3578
3908
3626
3372
3010
3260
2994
2302
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
18.0
4.6
14.7
19.4
18.8
13.7
14.7
14.0
26.9
21.3
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
5.01
1.45
3.48
5.06
5.19
3.90
4.34
4.08
7.95
6.10
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
18.5
4.4
16.4
21.0
20.3
13.3
13.6
15.2
25.1
22.9
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
24.9
5.8
20.5
29.6
27.9
17.9
19.1
21.0
32.2
30.9
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.37
0.32
1.13
1.63
1.54
0.99
1.05
1.16
1.78
1.70
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
6.96
1.82
5.98
7.52
7.74
5.04
5.05
5.69
10.01
8.69
mass per time
g/hour
29.2
6.3
26.8
34.0
32.5
21.6
22.0
24.1
37.7
34.5
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
1317
115
1176
1294
1239
1344
1405
1234
1541
1305
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
368
53
279
337
342
381
415
359
455
373
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1354
51
1317
1402
1337
1302
1299
1338
1435
1399
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1827
95
1647
1970
1836
1751
1832
1848
1846
1888
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
101
5
91
109
101
96
101
102
102
104
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
509
31
480
501
509
493
483
501
573
531
mass per time
g/hour
2145
53
2148
2268
2138
2112
2108
2124
2158
2107
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.92
0.53
1.53
2.28
2.89
1.74
1.25
1.80
2.31
1.56
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.53
0.15
0.36
0.59
0.80
0.49
0.37
0.52
0.68
0.45
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1.99
0.60
1.71
2.47
3.12
1.68
1.16
1.95
2.15
1.67
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.69
0.84
2.14
3.46
4.29
2.27
1.63
2.69
2.77
2.25
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.15
0.05
0.12
0.19
0.24
0.12
0.09
0.15
0.15
0.12
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.75
0.23
0.62
0.88
1.19
0.64
0.43
0.73
0.86
0.63
30
-------
mass per time
g/hour
3.15
0.96
2.79
3.99
4.99
2.73
1.88
3.09
3.23
2.52
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.42
0.12
0.36
0.52
0.63
0.37
0.25
0.41
0.49
0.34
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.12
0.03
0.09
0.14
0.17
0.11
0.08
0.12
0.15
0.10
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.44
0.14
0.41
0.56
0.68
0.36
0.24
0.45
0.46
0.36
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.59
0.19
0.51
0.79
0.93
0.48
0.33
0.62
0.59
0.49
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.17
0.05
0.15
0.20
0.26
0.14
0.09
0.17
0.18
0.14
mass per time
g/hour
0.70
0.22
0.66
0.91
1.09
0.58
0.38
0.71
0.69
0.55
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.67
0.06
0.59
0.66
0.62
0.70
0.73
0.61
0.78
0.67
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.19
0.03
0.14
0.17
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.18
0.23
0.19
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.69
0.03
0.66
0.72
0.67
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.73
0.71
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.93
0.05
0.83
1.01
0.92
0.91
0.95
0.92
0.93
0.96
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.051
0.003
0.046
0.056
0.051
0.050
0.052
0.051
0.051
0.053
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.26
0.02
0.24
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.29
0.27
mass per time
g/hour
1.09
0.03
1.08
1.16
1.07
1.10
1.10
1.06
1.09
1.07
1 Test 1 high-power cold-start test phase only
31
-------
Table 15. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 21
Test 42
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
8.2
0.7
6.6
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
411
40
375
426
472
450
393
359
405
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
407
36
382
401
440
463
384
359
418
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
13.6
1.2
12.7
13.4
14.7
15.4
12.8
12.0
13.9
Specific fuel consumption
g/liter
105
12
98
101
117
124
97
90
104
Specific energy use
kJ/liter
1900
218
1788
1839
2129
2258
1755
1640
1893
Fire power
W
4102
365
3851
4045
4438
4672
3872
3624
4212
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.0
0.8
95.4
97.7
97.6
97.0
97.4
96.9
96.7
PM2.5 total mass
mg
567
125
537
581
715
719
426
404
586
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
146
36
138
147
191
193
107
102
146
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1367
193
1431
1365
1515
1598
1084
1125
1448
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1382
198
1406
1449
1625
1553
1108
1126
1404
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
76.1
10.9
77.5
79.8
89.5
85.5
61.1
62.0
77.3
mass per time
mg/hour
1134
249
1074
1163
1430
1439
851
809
1173
CO total mass
g
13.2
3.0
18.8
9.9
11.6
13.8
11.1
12.3
14.9
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
3.39
0.78
4.84
2.51
3.08
3.70
2.79
3.10
3.72
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
32.5
9.1
50.0
23.4
24.5
30.6
28.2
34.3
36.8
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
32.7
8.2
49.1
24.8
26.3
29.8
28.8
34.3
35.7
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.80
0.45
2.71
1.37
1.45
1.64
1.59
1.89
1.97
mass per time
g/hour
26.4
5.9
37.5
19.9
23.1
27.6
22.1
24.6
29.8
C02 total mass
g
667
48
613
673
737
703
663
600
684
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
172
16
158
170
196
189
167
151
171
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1626
58
1633
1581
1560
1562
1688
1668
1689
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1644
67
1605
1679
1674
1517
1726
1669
1638
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
91
4
88
92
92
84
95
92
90
mass per time
g/hour
1335
96
1226
1347
1473
1406
1326
1199
1368
THC (as CsHs) total mass
g
0.38
0.11
0.60
0.33
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.47
0.37
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.10
0.03
0.16
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.12
0.09
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.96
0.36
1.60
0.77
0.65
0.66
0.79
1.31
0.91
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.96
0.35
1.57
0.82
0.70
0.65
0.81
1.31
0.89
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.05
0.02
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.05
mass per time
g/hour
0.77
0.23
1.20
0.65
0.62
0.60
0.62
0.94
0.74
CH4 total mass
g
0.12
0.04
0.20
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.11
0.16
0.12
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.31
0.13
0.53
0.23
0.20
0.18
0.28
0.43
0.30
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.31
0.12
0.52
0.24
0.21
0.18
0.29
0.43
0.29
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
mass per time
g/hour
0.25
0.08
0.40
0.19
0.19
0.16
0.22
0.31
0.25
32
-------
NOx total mass
g
0.34
0.04
0.31
0.34
0.38
0.39
0.37
0.28
0.32
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.09
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.08
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.83
0.05
0.83
0.80
0.80
0.86
0.93
0.77
0.79
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.84
0.06
0.81
0.85
0.86
0.83
0.95
0.77
0.76
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.046
0.004
0.045
0.047
0.048
0.046
0.052
0.042
0.042
mass per time
g/hour
0.68
0.08
0.62
0.68
0.76
0.77
0.73
0.55
0.64
1 Test 1 high-power cold-start test phase only
2 Test 3 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
33
-------
Table 16. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel - emissions of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5
Parameter Units Average SD Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
High-power cold-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
418
93
526
570
313
385
303
436
NA
414
397
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
119
26
145
157
85
106
87
126
NA
130
115
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
356
98
475
530
259
342
255
347
NA
332
311
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
452
115
587
654
335
445
330
460
NA
418
389
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
24.9
6.3
32.3
36.1
18.4
24.5
18.2
25.3
NA
23.0
21.4
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
152
41
201
224
108
149
109
151
NA
146
132
mass per time
mg/hour
463
110
568
669
363
458
367
495
NA
398
382
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1364
158
1053
1324
1383
1321
1580
1480
NA
1304
1468
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
389
51
291
364
374
363
453
428
NA
411
426
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1150
114
951
1231
1143
1174
1330
1176
NA
1046
1150
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1467
164
1175
1519
1477
1527
1721
1560
NA
1315
1439
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
80.8
9.0
64.7
83.7
81.4
84.1
94.8
85.9
NA
72.4
79.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
492
49
402
520
477
512
567
511
NA
459
488
mass per time
mg/hour
1515
244
1138
1554
1603
1573
1911
1678
NA
1254
1412
High-power hot-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
387
105
NA
577
377
494
335
402
304
360
249
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
106
23
NA
137
98
136
95
119
88
106
71
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
402
126
NA
646
409
533
325
372
329
336
266
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
540
157
NA
807
575
732
437
525
455
432
359
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
29.8
8.6
NA
44.5
31.7
40.3
24.1
28.9
25.0
23.8
19.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
150
45
NA
235
146
203
123
138
123
134
101
mass per time
mg/hour
641
214
NA
1053
662
852
527
604
522
505
401
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1352
243
NA
1098
1654
1326
1597
1319
1370
1508
940
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
377
75
NA
261
431
366
453
390
399
445
269
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1390
239
NA
1229
1793
1431
1548
1220
1486
1404
1008
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1880
359
NA
1537
2519
1965
2082
1721
2052
1806
1360
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
104
20
NA
85
139
108
115
95
113
100
75
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
522
85
NA
448
640
545
586
454
556
561
383
mass per time
mg/hour
2209
410
NA
2005
2900
2288
2511
1980
2358
2112
1518
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
OC total mass
mg
86.9
24.4
NA
124.1
NA
52.9
80.4
105.7
64.4
97.3
83.1
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
22.4
6.5
NA
32.0
NA
13.4
21.4
28.4
16.2
24.5
20.8
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
214
70
NA
331
NA
124
170
235
164
271
205
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
215
66
NA
325
NA
132
183
228
168
271
199
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
11.8
3.6
NA
17.9
NA
7.3
10.1
12.6
9.2
14.9
11.0
mass per time
mg/hour
174
49
NA
248
NA
106
161
211
129
195
166
EC total mass
mg
376
121
NA
231
NA
459
514
496
304
232
396
34
-------
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
97.1
33.1
NA
59.7
NA
115.9
137.1
133.2
76.6
58.3
98.9
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
898
214
NA
616
NA
1077
1090
1102
775
645
978
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
911
233
NA
606
NA
1143
1169
1071
792
645
948
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
50.2
12.8
NA
33.4
NA
63.0
64.4
59.0
43.6
35.5
52.2
mass per time
mg/hour
752
242
NA
463
NA
917
1029
992
608
463
792
1	Rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
2	Test 1 high-power cold-start test phase only
Table 17. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel - PM2.s mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC)
and elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)

High-Power Cold-Start
High-Power Hot-Start
Low-Power (Simmer)
Mass fraction of OC/TC
0.235
0.223
0.188
Mass fraction of EC/TC
0.765
0.777
0.812
35
-------
Table 18. Tests with griddle, low-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
High-power cold-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1279
87
1167
1325
1221
1151
1382
1344
n.a.1
1310
1331
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
365
37
323
364
330
317
396
389
n.a.1
412
386
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1081
77
1054
1232
1010
1024
1163
1068
n.a.1
1050
1043
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1376
93
1302
1521
1304
1331
1505
1417
n.a.1
1320
1304
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
75.8
5.1
71.7
83.8
71.9
73.3
82.9
78.0
n.a.1
72.7
71.9
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
462
32
446
521
421
446
496
464
n.a.1
461
443
mass per time
mg/hour
1417
154
1262
1556
1415
1372
1672
1524
n.a.1
1259
1280
High-power hot-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1269
138
n.a.2
1224
1410
1262
1383
1290
1293
1328
964
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
353
46
n.a.2
291
368
348
393
381
376
392
276
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1308
151
n.a.2
1371
1528
1362
1340
1193
1402
1237
1033
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1767
228
n.a.2
1714
2147
1870
1802
1683
1936
1591
1395
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
97.4
12.6
n.a.2
94.5
118.3
103.0
99.3
92.7
106.7
87.7
76.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
491
50
n.a.2
499
546
519
508
444
525
494
392
mass per time
mg/hour
2080
283
n.a.2
2236
2472
2178
2174
1936
2224
1860
1556
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
BC total mass
mg
372
108
n.a.2
244
n.a.1
419
498
499
314
246
387
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
96.1
30.1
n.a.2
62.8
n.a.1
105.8
132.8
133.9
79.0
61.8
96.6
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
891
181
n.a.2
649
n.a.1
983
1056
1108
799
684
956
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
903
195
n.a.2
638
n.a.1
1044
1133
1077
817
684
927
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
49.7
10.8
n.a.2
35.1
n.a.1
57.5
62.4
59.3
45.0
37.7
51.0
mass per time
mg/hour
745
216
n.a.2
487
n.a.1
837
997
998
628
492
774
1 Rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
2 Test 1 high-power cold-start test phase only
36
-------
Table 19. Comparison of results with pot/griddle and low-/high-moisture fuel - WBT, PM2.s and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-minute simmer
Cooking vessel
n.a.
pot
pot
griddle
pot
pot
griddle
pot
pot
griddle
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.7
16.7
7.8
7.6
16.7
8.0
7.9
18.0
8.2
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
700
887
965
549
666
750
248
350
411
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
554
649
758
417
477
557
270
306
407
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
40.45
50.31
44.31
25.46
24.81
28.36
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
Thermal efficiency
%
24.0
20.5
16.4
29.6
24.1
19.8
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
Fuel burning rate, equivalent dry fuel basis
g/min
13.9
13.0
17.1
16.5
19.2
19.6
9.0
10.2
13.6
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
112
133
265
82.5
93.3
201
64.4
73.2
105
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
2011
2428
4819
1473
1708
3653
1150
1341
1900
Fire power
W
4149
3964
5186
4905
5875
5931
2680
3101
4102
Cooking power
W
994
811
851
1444
1413
1174
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.9
97.1
98.0
98.0
98.0
97.9
95.1
95.9
97.0
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1149
1328
2083
1302
927
1987
355
568
567
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
246
286
593
273
192
552
84.4
136
146
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1769
1589
1760
2543
1496
2048
1467
1615
1367
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
2238
2167
2241
3386
2075
2766
1327
1846
1382
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
125
118
123
190
113
152
74.7
101
76.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
519
578
753
637
470
768
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
mg/hour
1885
1691
2309
3317
2403
3256
710
1132
1134
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
13.3
20
23
9.4
9.53
18.0
14.6
15.4
13.2
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
2.84
4.31
6.54
1.98
1.98
5.01
3.46
3.68
3.39
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
19.9
23.9
19.2
17.9
15.3
18.5
59.4
44.5
32.5
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
25.2
32.6
24.4
23.6
21.2
24.9
54.1
49.7
32.7
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.40
1.78
1.34
1.32
1.16
1.37
3.04
2.71
1.80
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
5.92
8.70
8.24
4.55
4.82
6.96
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
20.9
25.5
24.9
23.4
24.6
29.2
29.1
30.6
26.4
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
942
1032
1749
703
734
1317
448
554
667
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
202
222
499
148
152
368
107
133
172
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1423
1235
1476
1356
1172
1354
1812
1602
1626
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1799
1684
1878
1795
1633
1827
1655
1815
1644
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
100
92
103
101
89
101
93
99
91
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
423
450
631
342
371
509
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
1494
1314
1929
1766
1887
2145
895
1104
1335
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.40
2.43
2.08
1.10
1.30
1.92
0.59
0.80
0.38
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.30
0.52
0.59
0.23
0.27
0.53
0.14
0.19
0.10
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.10
2.94
1.76
2.08
2.12
1.99
2.30
2.35
0.96
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.66
4.01
2.23
2.73
2.92
2.69
2.13
2.62
0.96
37
-------
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.15
0.22
0.12
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.12
0.14
0.05
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.63
1.07
0.75
0.53
0.66
0.75
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
2.22
3.14
2.30
2.76
3.42
3.15
1.17
1.60
0.77
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.40
0.48
0.46
0.32
0.19
0.42
0.26
0.15
0.12
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.07
0.04
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.03
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.60
0.57
0.38
0.61
0.31
0.44
1.06
0.45
0.31
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.76
0.77
0.49
0.80
0.43
0.59
0.97
0.49
0.31
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.02
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.18
0.21
0.16
0.16
0.10
0.17
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
0.63
0.60
0.50
0.81
0.50
0.70
0.53
0.30
0.25
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.37
0.46
0.88
0.25
0.30
0.67
0.13
0.22
0.34
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.08
0.10
0.25
0.05
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.052
0.09
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.56
0.55
0.74
0.50
0.47
0.69
0.53
0.63
0.83
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.71
0.75
0.94
0.66
0.66
0.93
0.48
0.71
0.84
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.051
0.03
0.04
0.046
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.17
0.20
0.32
0.12
0.15
0.26
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
0.60
0.58
0.96
0.66
0.76
1.09
0.26
0.43
0.68
1 Not applicable to the low-power 30-minute simmer phase
38
-------
Table 20. Comparison of results with pot/griddle and low-/high-moisture fuel - emissions of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.s
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-minute simmer
Cooking vessel
n.a.
pot
pot
griddle
pot
pot
griddle
pot
pot
griddle
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.7
16.7
7.8
7.6
16.7
8.0
7.9
18.0
8.2
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
262
501
418
291
205
387
60.3
156
86.9
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
56.0
108
119
60.9
42.4
106
14.3
37.5
22.4
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
403
595
356
571
333
402
251
452
214
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
512
811
452
759
460
540
226
505
215
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
28.6
44.3
24.9
42.7
25.1
29.8
12.8
27.5
11.8
mass per useful energy delivered
mg/MJ
118
217
152
144
104
150
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
mg/hour
429
630
463
767
537
641
121
312
174
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
786
489
1364
970
639
1352
224
269
376
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
168
105
389
204
133
377
53.2
64.4
97.1
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1219
592
1150
1894
1028
1390
920
763
898
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1541
807
1467
2524
1429
1880
834
879
911
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
86.1
44.0
80.8
142
77.9
104
47.0
48.0
50.2
mass per useful energy delivered
mg/MJ
357
215
492
473
324
522
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
mg/hour
1304
634
1515
2448
1652
2209
448
536
752
Mass fraction of OC/TC
-
0.250
0.709
0.235
0.231
0.341
0.223
0.212
0.747
0.188
Mass fraction of EC/TC
-
0.750
0.291
0.765
0.769
0.659
0.777
0.788
0.253
0.812
1 Not applicable to the low-power 30-minute simmer phase
Table 21. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - emissions ofBC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-minute simmer
Cooking vessel
n.a.
pot
pot
griddle
pot
pot
griddle
pot
pot
griddle
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.7
16.7
7.8
7.6
16.7
8.0
7.9
18.0
8.2
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
760
575
1279
705
616
1269
128
244
372
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
162
124
365
148
128
353
31
58.3
96.1
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1171
692
1081
1409
988
1308
503
695
891
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1479
944
1376
1904
1374
1767
465
813
903
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
82.5
51.5
75.8
107
75.0
97.4
26.0
44.3
49.7
mass per useful energy delivered
mg/MJ
345
252
462
349
312
491
n.a.1
n.a.1
n.a.
mass per time
mg/hour
1252
739
1417
1830
1588
2080
256
486
745
1 Not applicable to the low-power 30-minute simmer phase
39
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Table 22. Carbon balance, percent difference based on fuel carbon
Fuel
Moisture
Test phase
Units
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Tested with cooking pot
09/21/2012
09/25/2012
03/10/2014
03/17/2014
01/23/2015
01/26/2015
01/28/2015
01/29/2015
01/30/2015
Low
High-power cold-start
%
-10.5
-7.3
2.6
4.4
-2.4
-1.6
1.3
3.4
1.2
High-power hot-start
%
-11.0
Rejected1
Rejected2
-0.6
1.6
-6.4
6.6
8.4
-4.2
Low-power (simmer)
%
-5.4
7.3
Rejected2
Rejected2
3.2
11.3
2.7
-0.8
14.0
Tested with cooking pot
03/06/2014
03/14/2014
03/19/2014
04/08/2014
04/09/2014
...
...
...
...
High
High-power cold-start
%
Rejected3
1.3
Rejected3
9.9
6.6
...
...
...
...
High-power hot-start
%
10.3
5.5
13.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
Low-power (simmer)
%
-4.2
0.2
-1.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
Tested with cooking griddle
02/17/16
02/18/16
02/23/16
02/25/16
02/26/16
03/01/16
03/02/16
03/03/16
03/08/16
Low
High-power cold-start
%
-7.6
-6.8
-5.7
-8.4
-2.8
-2.2
Rejected4
-9.6
-10.4
High-power hot-start
%
n.a.5
6.3
-13.1
-5.1
0.9
-3.8
-5.0
-5.6
-7.9
Low-power (simmer)
%
n.a.5
6.9
Rejected4
5.2
5.3
13.9
2.3
5.0
6.7
1	Rejected due to fuel burning rate too low
2	Rejected due to fuel burning rate too high
3	Rejected due to testing error
4	Rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
5	High-power cold-start test phase only
40
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Table 23. Measurement quality objectives for critical measurements.
All data included in this report were based on measurements that met or exceeded these objectives.
Measurement
Reference
Indicators
Acceptance
Criteria
Water and Fuel Mass,
Electronic Balance
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP,
MS-0501.0
Accuracy
Precision
±lg
±lg
Water Temperature,
Thermocouple
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP,
TH-0301.0
Accuracy
Precision
± 0.5 °C
± 0.5 °C
Fuel Heat of Combustion
ASTM D5865-04
Accuracy
Precision
± 0.5%
± 0.5%
Fuel Moisture Content Mass,
Electronic Balance
ASTM D4442-07
Accuracy
Precision
±lg
±0.5g
PM2.5 Mass,
Microbalance
EPA Method 5
Accuracy
Precision
± 0.01 mg
± 0.01 mg
PM2.5 Mass,
Sampling Air Flow
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP
FV-0237.1
Accuracy
Precision
± 1 Lpm
± 1 Lpm
PM OC/EC Mass
NIOSH Method 5040
Accuracy
Precision
± 16.7%
± 10%
THC Concentration
CH4 Concentration
EPA Method 25A
Calibration linearity
Zero bias
Span bias
Zero drift
Span drift
± 2% of scale
± 5% of scale
± 5% of scale
± 3% of scale
± 3% of scale
CO Concentration
EPA Method 10
C02 Concentration
EPA Method 3A
NOx Concentration
EPA Method 7E
Duct Gas Velocity
EPA Methods 1 & 2
Accuracy
Precision
± 5% of reading
± 5% of reading
Duct Gas Temperature
Thermocouple
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP,
TH-0301.0
Accuracy
Precision
±1°C
±1°C
Acknowledgments
(Alphabetical Order)
Joan Bursey, EPA SEE (Senior Environmental Program) Quality Assurance
Dale Greenwell, EPA Instrumentation
Jerroll Faircloth, ARCADIS Instrumentation and Stove Operation
Michael Hays, EPA OC/EC Analysis
Amara Holder, EPA Aerosol Instrumentation
Laura Nessley, ARCADIS Quality Assurance
Bakul Patel, EPA OC/EC Analysis
Chris Pressley, EPA Electronics Shop
Michael Tufts, ARCADIS Metrology Laboratory
Richard Valentine, EPA Facilities
Craig Williams, ARCADIS Project Lead
Robert Wright, EPA Quality Assurance
41
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